Dissertations / Theses: 'CO2 fluxe'

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SILVA, Paulo Ferreira da. "Fluxos de CO2, água e energia em pastagens e caatinga no semiárido pernambucano." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2015. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6574.

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The natural vegetation of Caatinga is relatively well adapted and tolerant to drought and to high temperatures. It is known that forest conversions to pasture and/or crop cultivation are human interventions, which affect energy exchanges, water and carbon between land surface and the atmosphere. However, up to the present moment, there is no study measuring these fluxes in the caatinga and pastures areas in the Brazilian semiarid lands. Thus, this paper aimed at determining the fluxes of energy, H2O and CO2 in areas of caatinga and pastures, as well as at analyzing the seasonal variability patterns of these fluxes. The land activities were carried out in two areas, one of them located on the Buenos Aires farm (7° 59’ 31’’ S and 38° 17’ 59’’ O), and the other located on the Lagoinha farm (07° 56’ 50,4’’ S and 38° 23’ 29’’ O), cultivated with pasture of grass chain (Urochloa mosambicensis), both properties located in the city of Serra Talhada, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. In order to determine the fluxes of energy, H2O and CO2, a methodology of correlation of swirls was adopted, by means of micrometeorological towers, installed in the center of each experimental area. Along with the index of foliar area, we have also measured the aboveground phytomass of both the pasture and the caatinga herbaceous vegetation, as well as water storage in the soil, by means of TDR sensors. On the basis of the results, it has been found that the maximum production of dry pasture mass was in the order of 2,208 kg ha-1 and annual average of 832 kg ha-1. On the other hand, the caatinga dry mass was in the order of 2,559 kg ha-1 and the annual average was 626 kg ha-1. Water storage in the soil (0-40 cm) of pasture was 29% greater than the one of the caatinga. This fact was possibly attributed to the interception of rain by the caatinga canopy. In relation the fluxes of energy, radiation balance (Rb) was used mainly as sensitive flow of heat (H), with 51% in the pasture and 47% in the caatinga. The fraction of Rb used as flow of latent heat (LE) was of 23% in the pasture and 32% in the caatinga. In relation to the evapotranspiration, the caatinga had total values (523 mm) and average values (1,4 mm d-1) greater than the pasture (389 mm and 1,1 mm d-1), possibly due to the greater depth of its radicular system. During the experimental period, the fluxes of daily average CO2 were ˗ 0,91 and ˗ 0,68 μmol m-2 s-1 for the caatinga and the pasture, respectively. Not only during the rainy season but also the dry season, the vegetation acted as atmospheric CO2 sink. The caatinga was more efficient than the pasture, sequestrating in average 14,6 kg of C ha-1 d-1, during the rainy season and 4,3 kg of C ha-1 d-1, in the dry season, while the pasture sequestrated 11,7 kg of C ha-1 d-1, in the rainy season and 2,5 kg of C ha-1 d-1, in the dry season. The caatinga has proved more efficient than the pasture in using soil water (greater ET) and in sequestrating atmospheric CO2.
A vegetação natural da Caatinga é relativamente bem adaptada e tolerante à seca e a altas temperaturas. Sabe-se que a conversão de florestas em pastagens e/ou cultivo de lavouras são intervenções humanas que afetam as trocas de energia, água e carbono entre a superfície da terra e a atmosfera. No entanto, até o momento não se tem nenhum estudo medindo esses fluxos em áreas de caatinga e de pastagens no semiárido brasileiro. Desse modo, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os fluxos de energia, H2O e CO2 em áreas de caatinga e de pastagens, além de analisar os padrões de variabilidade sazonal desses fluxos. A s atividades de campo foram realizadas em duas áreas, sendo uma localizada na Fazenda Buenos Aires (7º 59’ 31” S e 38º 17’ 59” O) e a outra localizada na Fazenda Lagoinha (07° 56’ 50,4”S e 38° 23’ 29” O), cultivada com a pastagem capim corrente (Urochloa mosambicensis), ambas propriedades localizadas no Município de Serra Talhada PE. Para a determinação dos fluxos de energia, H2O e CO2 foi usada a metodologia da correlação dos turbilhões, por meio de torres micrometeorológicas instaladas no centro de cada área experimental. Foram medidos o índice de área foliar e a biomassa áerea da pastagem e da vegetação herbácea da caatinga e o armazenamento de água no solo, por meio de sensores TDR. Dos resultados, verificou-se que a produção máxima de massa seca da pastagem foi de 2.208 kg ha-1 e média anual de 832 kg ha-1, já a massa seca máxima da caatinga foi de 2.559 kg ha-1 e a média anual de 626 kg ha-1. O armazenamento de água no solo (0-40 cm) da pastagem foi 29% maior que da caatinga, possivelmente devido a interceptação da chuva pelo dossel da caatinga. Com relação aos fluxos de energia, o saldo de radiação (Rn) foi utilizado principalmente como fluxo de calor sensível (H), com 51% na pastagem e 47% na caatinga. A fração do Rn usada como fluxo de calor latente (LE) foi de 23% na pastagem e 32% na caatinga. Com relação a evapotranspiração, a caatinga teve valores totais (523 mm) e médios (1,4 mm d-1) maiores que a pastagem (389 mm e 1,1 mm d-1), possivelmente, devido a maior profundidade de seu sistema radicular. Durante o período experimental os fluxos de CO2 médios diários foram de -0,91 e -0,68 mol m-2 s-1 para a caatinga e a pastagem, respectivamente. Tanto na estação chuvosa quanto na estação seca, ambas as vegetações atuaram como sumidouro de CO2 atmosférico. A caatinga foi mais eficiente que a pastagem, sequestrando em média 14,6 kg de C ha-1 d-1, na estação chuvosa e 4,3 kg de C ha-1 d-1, na estação seca; enquanto a pastagem sequestrou 11,7 kg de C ha-1 d-1, na estação chuvosa e 2,5 kg de C ha-1 d-1, na estação seca. A caatinga demonstrou ser mais eficiente em usar a água do solo (maior ET) e sequestrar CO2 atmosférico que a pastagem.

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RIBEIRO, Apolo Alves. "Fluxos de CO2 e de vapor d’água em feijão cultivado no agreste meridional pernambucano." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2014. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6645.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Many important processes occurring in ecosystems, such as photosynthesis and productivity of vegetation, are associated with the exchange of CO2, water and energy. Accurate measurement of these fluxes are therefore fundamental to a broad understanding of the carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. However, no such study was conducted under the conditions of the Agreste of Pernambuco, with the bean crop. Given the above, this study aimed to quantify the water, energy and CO2 fluxes in soil cultivated with bean under rainfed conditions. The study was conducted in a bean producing area of the city of São João, where were installed sensors to measure these fluxes, using the energy balance method - eddy covariance (energy and CO2 fluxes) and soil water balance method (water fluxes) in the period from 31/05/2013 to 08/20/2013. In addition to these measurements were also measured height, leaf area index (LAI) and the bean yield. Regarding the components of the water balance was found that the flow of water at a depth of 35 cm (deep drainage and/or capillarity rise) had very low values. It was also observed that the periods of high rainfall resulted in higher water storage in soil and increased evapotranspiration (ET). The ET obtained by water balance method had a total and average values of 146.0 mm and 1.78 mm d-1, respectively. The bean presented its highest water consumption during the reproductive period (29/06/2013 to 29/07/2013), with an average value of 2.55 mm d-1. Regarding the energy fluxes, it was found that the latent heat flux (LE) consumed on average 78.46% of the radiation (Rn). The ET, measured by the eddy covariance method, was total value of 179.3 mm, with a mean value of 2.2 mm d-1. Bean yield was 2,050 kg ha-1, with water use efficiency of 1.16 kg m-3. Regarding the CO2 fluxes, it was observed that the same varied from -11.21 to -0.75 mol m-2 s-1, indicating the occurrence of carbon sequestration by the crop. On average, bean sequestered 54 kg C ha-1 per day, the equivalent to 3.3 t C ha-1 during the trial period.
Muitos processos importantes que ocorrem nos ecossistemas, tais como, a fotossíntese e a produtividade da vegetação, estão associados com as trocas de CO2, água e energia. Medições precisas desses fluxos são, portanto, fundamentais para uma ampla compreensão do ciclo do carbono em ecossistemas terrestres. No entanto, nenhum estudo desse tipo foi realizado nas condições do agreste meridional de Pernambuco, com a cultura do feijão. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho objetivou quantificar os fluxos de água, de energia e de CO2 em solo cultivado com feijão sob condições de sequeiro. O trabalho foi realizado em uma área produtora de feijão do município de São João, onde se instalou sensores para medir esses fluxos, usando as metodologias do balanço de energia - correlação dos turbilhões (fluxos de energia e de CO2) e do balanço hídrico no solo (fluxos de água) no período de 31/05/2013 a 20/08/2013. Também foram determinadas a altura, o índice de área foliar (IAF) e a produtividade do feijão. Em relação aos componentes do balanço hídrico verificou-se que o fluxo de água (drenagem profunda e/ou ascensão capilar) na profundidade de 35 cm teve valores muito baixos, como também que os períodos de elevada pluviosidade resultaram em maior armazenamento de água no solo e maior evapotranspiração (ET). A ET do feijão pelo método do balanço hídrico teve valor total e médio de 146,0 mm e 1,78 mm d-1, respectivamente. A cultura apresentou seu maior consumo de água no período reprodutivo (29/06/2013 a 29/07/2013), com valor médio de 2,55 mm d-1. Quanto aos fluxos de energia, verificou-se que o fluxo de calor latente (LE) consumiu em média 78,46% do saldo de radiação (Rn). A ET medida pela metodologia da correlação dos turbilhões obteve valor total durante o período experimental de 179,3 mm, com média de 2,2 mm d-1. A produtividade do feijão foi de 2.050 kg ha-1, com eficiência do uso de água de 1,16 kg m-3. Em relação aos fluxos de CO2, observou-se que os mesmos variaram de -0,75 a -11,21 mol m-2 s-1, indicando a ocorrência de sequestro de carbono pelo feijão. Em média, o feijão sequestrou 54 kg de C ha-1 por dia, o equivalente a 3,3 t de C ha-1 durante o período experimental.

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Bianchi, Alejandro. "Sea-air CO2 fluxes in the Patagonia sea." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066613.

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Les plateaux continentaux sont des régions très productives et pourraient constituer de régions de puits significatif de CO2 pour l’atmosphère. De 2000 à 2006, vingt-deux sections océanographiques sur le plateau continental de la Mer de Patagonie (Projets ARGAU et GEF PATAGONIA) ont permis d'étudier la variabilité saisonnière des différences de pression partielle de CO2 (pCO2) et des flux de CO2 (FCO2) entre la mer et l'atmosphère. Ce travail présente une analyse de l'influence des différentes variables environnementales et des processus physiques et biologiques sur les flux de CO2 à l’interface Océan-Atmosphère en mer de Patagonie. Malgré une variabilité saisonnière importante de pCO2 dans les eaux de surface, la mer de Patagonie constitue un puits pendant toutes les saisons. Dans ce plateau continental, le puits de CO2 est dû à des processus dynamiques (stratification, mélange vertical et fronts) et est intensifié par la pompe biologique. Il est montré que les diatomées sont beaucoup plus efficaces pour le pompage du CO2 que les dinoflagellées. Le premier bilan du CO2 (naturel et anthropique) pour l’Argentine montre que la mer de Patagonie capture une quantité de CO2 similaire aux émissions dues à la consommation d’énergie domestique.

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Vandeburie, Emile. "CO2-emissions from rivers and streams : Seasonal variation of pCO2-levels and CO2-fluxes." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekoteknik- och hållbart byggande, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-40804.

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Since the industrial evolution, the CO2-levels have been increasing in a way that’s never seen in the history of the earth. To mitigate and adapt to the happening climate change it is really important to understand the global carbon cycle and each component that plays a role in it. Some studies suggest that there has been an underestimation on the influence from inland waters in the total carbon budget.To address this issue, there has been Eddy Covariance measurements going on the boreal Indalsälven river in front of the Kattstrupeforsen water dam. In this study continuous data has been collected which includes air-river CO2-flux, pCO2-values in the air and the water and some more meteorological parameters such as the wind speed, relative humidity and the air and water temperature. The aim of this study is to look into the seasonal variation in pCO2-levels and the CO2-fluxes on the Indalsälven river.The data indicates that the CO2-fluxes are mainly positive from January till July (average flux = 0.2 μmol m-2s-1) and mainly negative from September till November (average flux = -0.59 μmol m-2s-1) with an average flux of 0.212 μmol m-2s-1 during 2019. The main range of CO2-fluxes per month lies between -2 and 2 μmol m-2s-1, with the exception of March and December where there is a bigger range of fluxes. The pCO2-levels in the water mainly range between 400 and 1000 ppm. With the exception of 2 periods, one in the end of May where there is a peak to 4000ppm and more which can be explained by the spring flood and in the end of July and beginning of August where there is a peak to 3000 ppm.

2020-06-17

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Molina, Carpio Luis. "Modélisation inverse des flux de CO2 en Amazonie." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV040/document.

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Une meilleure connaissance des variations saisonnières et interannuelles du cycle du carbone dans en Amazonie est essentielle afin de comprendre le rôle de cet écosystème dans le changement climatique. La modélisation atmosphérique inverse est un outil puissant pour estimer ces variations, en exploitant l'information sur la distribution spatiale et temporelle des flux de CO2 en surface contenue dans des observations de CO2 atmosphériques. Néanmoins, la confiance en les estimations des flux en Amazonie obtenues à partir des systèmes d'inversion mondiale est faible du fait du manque d'observations dans cette région.Dans ce contexte, j'ai d'abord analysé en détail les estimations de l'échange net de CO2 entre la biosphère et l'atmosphère (NEE) générées par deux inversions mondiales pour la période 2002 — 2010. Ces deux inversions ont assimilé des données provenant du réseau mondial d'observation du CO2 atmosphérique hors de l’Amérique du Sud, et une d'elles a assimilé des observations de quatre stations de surface en Amazonie, qui n'ont jamais été exploitées dans les études d'inversion précédentes. J'ai montré que dans une inversion mondiale les observations de stations loin d'Amazonie et les observations locales contrôlaient la NEE. Pourtant, les résultats ont révélé des structures à très grande échelle peu réalistes. L'analyse a confirmé le manque de stations en Amazonie pour fournir des estimations fiables, et les limites des systèmes d’inversion mondiale avec des modèles à très basse résolution.J'ai donc ensuite évalué l'apport de l'utilisation du modèle atmosphérique régional BRAMS, par rapport à celle du système mondial de prévision météorologique ECMWF, pour le forçage météorologique du modèle de transport atmosphérique CHIMERE simulant le CO2 en Amérique du Sud à haute résolution (~35 km). J'ai simulé le CO2 avec les deux modèles de transport―CHIMERE-BRAMS et CHIMERE-ECMWF. J'ai évalué ces simulations avec les profils verticaux de mesures aéroportées, en analysant les mesures individuelles et les gradients horizontaux de CO2 calculés entre paires de stations dans le sens du vent, à différentes altitudes ou intégrés sur la verticale. Les deux modèles de transport ont simulé les observations de CO2 avec une performance similaire, mais j'ai trouvé une importante incertitude sur les modèles de transport. Les mesures individuelles et les gradients horizontaux ont été surtout sensibles à la NEE, mais aussi, pendant la saison sèche, aux émissions des feux de biomasse (EFIRE). J'ai trouvé que l'assimilation des gradients horizontaux était plus approprié pour les inversions que celle des mesures individuelles, étant donné que les premiers ont été moins sensibles au signal associé aux flux hors de l'Amérique du Sud et à l'incertitude sur le modèle de transport en altitude.Finalement, j'ai développé deux systèmes d'inversion régionale pour l'Amérique du Sud tropicale avec les deux modèles de transport, et j'ai lancé des inversions avec quatre types de vecteurs d'observation: de mesures individuelles et gradients horizontaux sur cinq niveaux verticaux, à la surface, ou de gradients horizontaux intégrés sur la verticale. J'ai trouvé une forte dépendance des estimations des bilans régionaux et sub-régionaux de NEE et EFIRE au modèle de transport, ainsi qu'au vecteur d'observation. Les inversions assimilant des gradients horizontaux ont séparé mieux les signaux de NEE et EFIRE. Cependant, les grandes incertitudes sur les flux inversés ont réduit la confiance en ces estimations. Par conséquent, si mon étude n'a pas amélioré la connaissance des variations saisonnières et interannuelles de la NEE en Amazonie, elle a montré les besoins d'amélioration de la modélisation du transport dans la région et de la stratégie de modélisation inverse, du moins à travers une définition du vecteur d'observation appropriée qui prenne en compte les caractéristiques des données disponibles, et les limitations des modèles de transport actuels
A better knowledge of the seasonal and inter-annual variations of the Amazon carbon cycle is critical to understand the influence of this terrestrial ecosystem on climate change. Atmospheric inverse modeling is a powerful tool to estimate these variations by extracting the information on the spatio-temporal patterns of surface CO2 fluxes contained in observations of atmospheric CO2. However, the confidence in the Amazon flux estimates obtained from global inversion frameworks is low, given the scarcity of observations in this region.In this context, I started by analyzing in detail the Amazon net ecosystem exchange (NEE) inferred with two global inversions over the period 2002 — 2010. Both inversions assimilated data from the global observation network outside Amazonia, and one of them also assimilated data from four stations in Amazonia that had not been used in previous inversion efforts. I demonstrated that in a global inversion the observations from sites distant from Amazonia, as well as local observations, controlled the NEE inferred through the inversion. The inferred fluxes revealed large-scale structures likely not consistent with the actual NEE in Amazonia. This analysis confirmed the lack of observation sites in Amazonia to provide reliable flux estimates, and exposed the limitations of global frameworks, using low-resolution models to quantify regional fluxes. This limitations justified developing a regional approach.Then I evaluated the benefit of the regional atmospheric model BRAMS, relative to the global forecast system ECMWF, when both models provided the meteorological fields to drive the atmospheric transport model CHIMERE to simulate CO2 transport in tropical South America at high resolution (~35 km). I simulated the CO2 distribution with both transport models―CHIMERE-BRAMS and CHIMERE-ECMWF. I evaluated the model simulations with aircraft measurements in vertical profiles, analyzing the concentrations associated to the individual measurements, but also with horizontal gradients along wind direction between pairs of sites at different altitudes, or vertically integrated. Both transport models simulated the CO2 observations with similar performance, but I found a strong impact of the uncertainty in the transport models. Both individual measurements and horizontal gradients were most sensitive to NEE, but also to biomass burning CO2 emissions (EFIRE) in the dry season. I found that horizontal gradients were more suitable for inversions than individual measurements, since the former were less sensitive fluxes outside South America and further decreased the impact of the transport model uncertainty in altitude.Finally, I developed two analytical regional inversion systems for tropical South America, driven with CHIMERE-BRAMS and CHIMERE-ECMWF, and made inversions with four observation vectors: individual concentration measurements and horizontal gradients at five vertical levels, close to the surface, or horizontal gradients vertically integrated. I found a strong dependency of the inverted regional and sub-regional NEE and EFIRE emissions budgets on both the transport model and the observation vector. Inversions with gradients yielded a better separation of NEE and EFIRE signals. However, the large uncertainties in the inverted fluxes, did not yield high confidence in the estimates. Therefore, even though my study did not improve the knowledge of seasonal and year-to-year variations of the NEE in Amazonia, it demonstrated need of further efforts to improve transport modeling in the region and the inverse modeling strategy, at least through a careful definition of the observation vector that accounts for the characteristics of the available data, and the limitations of the current transport models

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Schneider, Julia [Verfasser]. "Dynamics of CO2 fluxes from boreal peatlands / Julia Schneider." Greifswald : Universitätsbibliothek Greifswald, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1016213255/34.

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Goret, Marine. "Etude des interactions entre le climat urbain et le CO2 : modélisation des flux de CO2 et application à l'échelle d'une ville." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0119.

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Climat et CO2 sont intimement liés. Le lien entre les deux et si bien établi que les objectifs de limitation du réchauffement climatique s’expriment en quantité maximale d’équivalent CO2 que l’on s’autorise à émettre. La quantité de CO2 présente dans l’atmosphère à un instant donné est le résultat d’échanges et d’équilibres complexes entre l’atmosphère et la surface terrestre. Cette dernière est composée non seulement des océans, de la végétation et des sols naturels mais également des villes. Les échanges entre l’atmosphère et les surfaces urbaines proviennent majoritairement de quatre contributeurs : les émissions des bâtiments, le trafic routier, la respiration humaine et la végétation urbaine. Deux de ces contributeurs dépendent du climat : les bâtiments et la végétation. En effet, aux hautes et aux moyennes latitudes, les émissions des bâtiments sont fortement liées au chauffage, et fluctuent donc avec la température extérieure. La végétation quant à elle croît et s’épanouit plus ou moins vite en fonction des conditions météo-climatiques et plus particulièrement de la température, des précipitations et de l’ensoleillement. Le CO2 émit par la ville est ensuite transporté à travers l’atmosphère suivant la circulation atmosphérique locale qui est le résultat de la situation synoptique modifiée par la présence de la ville. Il existe donc, à l’échelle de la ville, des interactions fortes entre climat et CO2 : le bilan carbone de la ville dépend du climat local, et le transport du CO2 à travers l’atmosphère est influencé par la circulation atmosphérique induite par la ville. Cette thèse vise à étudier ces interactions. Pour cela, on a ajouté la modélisation des échanges de CO2 entre les surfaces urbaines et l’atmosphère dans le modèle de micro-climat urbain TEB. Cela a permis de vérifier que les processus physiques qui relient les émissions/captations de CO2 en ville et le climat urbain étaient bien identifiés et compris. Le modèle a été évalué sur deux cas d’étude permettant chacun d’évaluer plus spécifiquement l’un des contributeurs aux échanges de CO2 ville/atmosphère qui soit météosensible : les bâtiments sur le site de Toulouse, et la végétation sur le site de Kumpula (Finlande). Ces deux sites ont prouvé la capacité du modèle à reproduire les échanges de CO2 entre les surfaces urbaines et l’atmosphère ainsi que leurs cycles journaliers et saisonniers. Le site de Toulouse a souligné l’importance de connaître finement le comportement énergétique des habitants pour simuler les émissions de CO2 des bâtiments. Celui de Kumpula a démontré la capacité du modèle ISBA, conçu pour décrire les interactions entre la végétation en milieu non urbain et l’atmosphère, à décrire les échanges de CO2 entre la végétation urbaine et l’atmosphère. Le modèle, ainsi validé, a été utilisé pour réaliser des simulations d’émissions de CO2 par les bâtiments à l’échelle de l’ensemble de l’agglomération urbaine de Toulouse. Ces simulations ont mis à nouveau en évidence l’intérêt de la bonne connaissance des comportements énergétique des habitants : sur notre cas d’étude (quatre jours en hiver), l’abaissement de 2°C de la température de consigne du chauffage la nuit réduit de 33% les émissions de CO2. Lors de ces simulations, le transport du CO2 émis par la ville à travers l’atmosphère a également été suivi. On a ainsi mis en évidence que, malgré une situation météorologique de vent calme, le panache de CO2 créé par la ville se dissipe rapidement (moins d’une journée), ce qui limite l’augmentation de la concentration en CO2 au-dessus de la ville. Des simulations sur d’autres villes sont nécessaires pour savoir si ce résultat se généralise. Lors de cette thèse, on a étudié les interactions climat/CO2 à l’échelle d’une ville. Par la suite, il serait intéressant de réaliser des simulations en climat futur ou bien en mode couplé avec des modèles de climat afin d’étudier les rétroactions entre les liens climat/CO2 aux échelles locale et globale
Climate and CO2 are closely tied. The link between them is so well established that the objectives for global warming mitigation are expressed in terms of the maximum amount of CO2 equivalent that can be emitted. The amount of CO2 present in the atmosphere at a given time is the result of complex exchanges and equilibriums between the atmosphere and the earth's surface. The latter is composed not only of oceans, vegetation and natural soils, but also cities. Exchanges between the atmosphere and urban surfaces come mainly from four contributors: building emissions, road traffic, human respiration and urban vegetation. Two of these contributors depend on climate: buildings and vegetation. Buildings emissions, at least at high and medium latitudes, are strongly related to space heating, and therefore fluctuate with the outside temperature. As for the vegetation, its growth and open-up speed depends on the weather and climate conditions and more particularly on temperature, precipitation and solar radiation. The CO2 emitted by the city is then transported through the atmosphere by the local atmospheric circulation which is the result of the synoptic situation modified by the city's influence. Therefore there are strong interactions between climate and CO2 at the city scale: the city's carbon footprint depends on the local climate, and the transport of CO2 through the atmosphere is influenced by the atmospheric circulation induced by the city. The aim of this thesis is to study these interactions. That's why, the modeling of CO2 exchanges between urban surfaces and the atmosphere has been added to the urban micro-climate model TEB. This allows to verify that the physical processes that link CO2 emissions/uptakes in the city and the urban climate are well identified and understood. The model is evaluated on two case studies each of which specifically assessed one of the contributors to city/atmosphere CO2 exchanges that is weather-sensitive: the buildings on the Toulouse site (France), and the vegetation on the Kumpula site (Finland). These two sites demonstrate the model's ability to reproduce CO2 exchanges between urban surfaces and the atmosphere as well as their daily and seasonal cycles. The Toulouse site underlines the importance of a detailed knowledge of the inhabitants' energy behaviour in order to simulate the CO2 emissions of buildings. Kumpula site demonstrates the ability of the ISBA model, designed to describe the interactions between non-urban vegetation and the atmosphere, to describe the CO2 exchanges between urban vegetation and the atmosphere. The model, thus validated, is used to carry our simulations of CO2 emissions from buildings on the scale of the entire urban agglomeration of Toulouse. These simulations once again highlighted the necessity of a good knowledge of the inhabitant's energy behaviors: on our case study (four days in winter), the 2°C reduction of the nigth-time space heating setpoint temperature reduces CO2 emissions by 33%. During these simulations, the transport of CO2 emitted by the city through the atmosphere is also monitored. This shows that, despite a calm wind situation, the CO2 plume created by the city dissipates rapidly (less than a day), limiting the increase in CO2 concentration over the city. Simulations on other cities are neeeded to determine if this result can be generalized. During this thesis, we studied climate/CO2 interactions at the city scale. In the future, it would be interesting to carry out simulations in future climate or in coupled mode with climate models in order to study the feedback between local and global climate/CO2 links

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8

Fonseca, Fábio Luís Alves da. "Variação diurna do fluxo de CO2 na interface ar-mar do Oceano Atlântico Equatorial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14133/tde-27062013-114814/.

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O ciclo diurno do fluxo de CO2 no oceano Atlântico equatorial para o mês de agosto é estimado utilizando um algoritmo de transferência de gases. O algoritmo é baseado na teoria de similaridade de Monin-Obukhov para fluxos turbulentos na interface ar-mar e na física da transferência de CO2 na camada molecular oceânica. O ciclo diurno do fluxo de CO2, obtido na região, caracteriza o oceano Atlântico equatorial, durante o período, como fonte de CO2 para a atmosfera e seus valores estão entre 0,71 e 0,85 mol CO2 m^-2 ano^-1.
The diurnal cycle of CO2 is estimated for the month of August on the Atlantic Ocean using a gas transfer algorithm. The algorithm is based on the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory for turbulent transfer at the air-sea interface and the physics of the CO2 transfer at the oceanic molecular layer.

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9

Carvalho, Felipe Rust de. "Fluxo de CO2 e CH4 em uma lagoa tropical (Pantanal, Brasil) com gradiente de turbidez." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/413.

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Ecossistemas de água doce (rios, lagos e reservatórios) desempenham um papel essencial na ciclagem de carbono nos continentes. Esses ambientes são fontes significantes de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) para a atmosfera, principalmente de gás carbônico (CO2) e metano (CH4). Apesar do aumento do número de estimativas, a dinâmica e o controle das emissões naturais de GEE em ambientes aquáticos ainda é pouco estudada, especialmente nos trópicos. O objetivo geral da dissertação foi estimar os fluxos de CO2 e CH4 em uma lagoa tropical rasa com gradiente de turbidez. O trabalho foi realizado na lagoa Sinhá Mariana (MT), uma lagoa pantaneira com a ocorrência de duas regiões hidrológicas distintas; a lagoa é ligada ao rio Mutum de águas claras, pobre em material em suspensão, e baixa turbidez e ao rio Cuiabá de águas túrbidas, que apresenta alta taxa de material em suspensão. Duas coletas foram realizadas no ambiente, caracterizando os períodos hidrológicos de águas altas e águas baixas. A variação temporal, espacial e o pulso de inundação mostraram serem fatores importantes no fluxo de CO2, que variou de -4,95 mmol m-2 d-1 a 282 mmol m-2 d-1 nos períodos amostrados e diferenças significativas foram observadas entre um período e outro, com maiores emissões no período de águas altas (142 ± 40 mmol m-2 d-1) e menores nas águas baixas (2,3 ± 11,5 mmol m-2 d-1). Além disso, os fluxos de CO2 foram significantemente m/aiores nas proximidades do rio Mutum e menores na região túrbida e intermediária da lagoa, em ambos os períodos. Diferentemente, o fluxo total de CH4, embora estimado apenas nas águas altas, registrou os maiores valores médios na região de maior turbidez da lagoa (10,9 ± 6,9 mmol m-2 d-1), seguido pela região intermediária (5,1 ± 3,9 mmol m-2 d-1) e pela região influenciada pela água clara (2,5 ± 1,4 mmol m-2 d-1). A ebulição foi o principal processo de emissão de CH4, responsável por 78% do fluxo total. O gradiente de turbidez registrado ao longo da lagoa pareceu ter sido um fator determinante na dinâmica do fluxo tanto de CO2 quanto do CH4. Os dados deste trabalho reforçam a necessidade da amostragem espacial dos fluxos de CH4 e CO2 em lagos tropical, além de reforçar que estes fluxos podem ser controlados principalmente pela turbidez e pelo pulso de inundação (CO2).
Freshwater ecosystems (lakes, rivers and reservoirs) play an essential role in carbon cycling in the continents. These environments are significant sources of greenhouse gases (GHG), especially carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), to the atmosphere. Despite the increase in the number of estimates, the natural GHG emissions dynamics in aquatic environments is still poorly studied, especially in the tropics. The general aim of this work was to estimate the CO2 and CH4 fluxes in a shallow tropical lake with turbidity gradient. The work was conducted in the Sinhá Mariana lake (MT), a wetland lake with the occurrence of two distinct hydrological regions; the lake is connected to the Mutum river (clear water), poor in suspended material with low turbidity, and connected to the Cuiabá River (turbid waters), which features high rate of suspension material. Samples were taken for characterizing the hydrological periods of high and low water. The temporal, spatial variation and the flood pulse shoed to be important factors affecting the CO2 flux, which ranged from -4.95 mmol m-2 d-1 to 282 mmol m-2 d-1. Significant differences were observed from one period to another, with higher emissions during high waters (142 ± 40 mmol m-2 d-1) and lower in the low water (2.3 ± 11.5 mmol m-2 d-1). In addition, the CO2 flux was significantly higher near the Mutum river and lower in the turbid region, in both periods. The total CH4 flux, although estimated only in high waters, showed the highest mean rates in the higher turbidity region of the lake (10.9 ± 6.9 mmol m-2 d-1), followed by the intermediate region (5.1 ± 3.9 mmol m-2 d-1) and the area influenced by clear water (2.5 ± 1.4 mmol m-2 d-1). The ebullition flux was the main CH4 emission pathway, responsible for 78% of the total flux. The turbidity gradient observed along the lake appeared to have been a determining factor in the flux dynamics of both CO2 and CH4. This study data reinforce the need for spatial sampling of CH4 and CO2 fluxes in tropical lakes, in addition to reinforcing that these fluxes can be controlled by turbidity and by the flood pulse (CO2).

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10

Boiron, Olivier. "Caractérisation aérothermique d'un laser CO2 de puissance à flux axial rapide." Aix-Marseille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX22093.

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Le fonctionnement des lasers continus a gaz requiert un procede de refroidissement d'une grande efficacite pour evacuer l'energie deposee par effet joule dans le milieu amplificateur. Les lasers a flux axial rapide utilisent a cet effet un transport du milieu gazeux permettant son refroidissement par des echangeurs thermiques dans les systemes a circuit ferme. Les proprietes intrinseques de cet ecoulement, turbulence et compressibilite notamment, induisent sur la decharge electrique et sur le depot d'energie dans le gaz, des phenomenes qu'il convient de mieux apprehender afin d'optimiser le rendement et le dimensionnement de ce type de laser. Cette etude a eu pour objet d'etudier experimentalement les proprietes aerothermiques du milieu amplificateur s'ecoulant dans un tube a decharge d'un laser co2 continu, a flux axial turbulent. Les techniques de mesures mises en place a cet effet, anemometrie laser a effet doppler et thermometrie par fluorescence induite, ont permis de mettre en evidence le recollement tres rapide de l'ecoulement a l'aval du dispositif d'injection et de quantifier plus precisement l'evolution du depot d'energie dans le gaz, le long du tube a decharge

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11

Norman, Maria. "Air-Sea Fluxes of CO2 : Analysis Methods and Impact on Carbon Budget." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-194960.

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Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important greenhouse gas, and the atmospheric concentration of CO2 has increased by more than 100 ppm since prior to the industrial revolution. The global oceans are considered an important sink of atmospheric CO2, since approximately one third of the anthropogenic emissions are absorbed by the oceans. To be able to model the global carbon cycle and the future climate, it is important to have knowledge of the processes controlling the air-sea exchange of CO2. In this thesis, measurements as well as a model is used in order to increase the knowledge of the exchange processes. The air-sea flux of CO2 is estimated from high frequency measurements using three methods; one empirical method, and two methods with a solid theoretical foundation. The methods are modified to be applicable for various atmospheric stratifications, and the agreement between methods is good in average. A new parameterization of the transfer velocity (the rate of transfer across the air-sea interface), is implemented in a Baltic Sea model. The new parameterization includes also the mechanism of water-side convection. The impact of including the new parameterization is relatively small due to feedback processes in the model. The new parameterization is however more representative for flux calculations using in-situ measurement or remote sensing products. When removing the feedback to the model, the monthly average flux increases by up to 20% in some months, compared to when water-side convection is not included. The Baltic Sea carbon budget was estimated using the Baltic Sea model, and the Baltic Sea was found to be a net sink of CO2. This is consistent with some previous studies, while contradictory to others. The dissimilarity between studies indicates the difficulty in estimating the carbon budget mainly due to variations of the CO2 uptake/release in time and space. Local variations not captured by the model, such as coastal upwelling, give uncertainties to the model. Coastal upwelling can alter the uptake/release of CO2 in a region by up to 250%. If upwelling would be included in the model, the Baltic Sea might be considered a smaller sink of CO2.

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12

Beijer, Martin, and Madeleine Skoglund. "Summer CO2 fluxes : A field study from three large lakes in Sweden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157304.

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Increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere is a contributing cause to climate change. To give a better understanding, natural sources of CO2 is as important as anthropogenic sources, such as burning fossil fuels. The current role of large boreal lakes as emitters of CO2 are poorly understood and there is a clear lack of data from different types of systems. The aim of this thesis was to examine CO2 fluxes from Roxen, Glan and Vättern, three large lakes in Sweden. The purpose of the study was also to compare different approaches to get empirical CO2 flux data, and to investigate if there was difference between the lakes and study periods. Floating chambers were used as method with both direct measured fluxes and calculated fluxes. The direct fluxes were measured with sensors equipped inside the chambers. The calculated fluxes were obtained with gas samples from the chambers, water samples and wind speed in k-wind models. The results showed both temporal and spatial variability between the periods and the lakes. The results also showed a difference between the methods, where CO2 fluxes from sensors (direct measurements) ranged from -36 to 152 mmol m-2 d-1 and the calculated fluxes from the CC-model (Cole & Caraco 1998) ranged from –29 to 58 mmol m-2 d-1.
Ökande halter av CO2 i atmosfären är en bidragande faktor till klimatförändringar. För att få en bättre förståelse för de så behövs kunskap om naturliga flöden, inte enbart antropogena källor, som t.ex. förbränning av fossila bränslen som störst fokus kretsar kring. Den nuvarande kunskapsnivån om större nordiska sjöars CO2 utsläpp är begränsad, och det finns en tydlig brist i data från dessa typer av system. Målet med denna uppsats var att utforska CO2 flöden från Roxen, Glan och Vättern, tre stora sjöar i Sverige. Syftet med studien var också att jämföra olika sätt att samla in empiriskt material samt undersöka om det fanns skillnader mellan sjöarna samt de olika studerade perioderna. Flytande kammare användes för att samla in prover som mättes direkt genom en sensor, men de användes också för att ta manuella gasprover som sedan beräknade flödet av CO2 med hjälp av modeller i efterhand. Resultatet visade både på skillnader i tid och rum mellan perioderna och sjöarna. Resultatet visade även att det fanns en skillnad mellan de olika metoderna vi använde oss av, där sensor (direkta mätningar) var mellan -36 to 152 mmol m-2 d-1 och flödesberäkningarna från CC-modellen (Cole & Caraco 1998) var –29 to 58 mmol m-2 d-1.

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13

Román, Cascón Carlos. "Variability of turbulent fluxes (momentum, heat andCO2) during Upwelling conditions. A case study." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-303975.

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Measurements of turbulent fluxes (momentum, sensible heat, latent heat and CO2) at two different heights were studied from data of a tower at Ostergarnsholm Island (Baltic Sea) during one week, while calculations using bulk formulations of fluxes were done with measurements in the tower and in two buoys moored at different locations. Different behaviors are found for the different fluxes. Measured latent heat flux shows higher correlation with calculations than measured sensible heat flux. For the CO2 flux, this relation was not found. Also all measured fluxes at the tower agree better with calculations when they are done under unstable conditions, meaning that the tower is better measuring the area where the measurements are taken in the buoys (near the tower). The studied period includes an upwelling and a high horizontal surface heterogeneity was found during most of the periods. It was seen using the comparison between calculated and measured fluxes and also using satellite images of the studied site. The footprint area is the area at some distance upwind from the tower where the surface conditions are influencing the measurements of the flux of some quantity at certain height in the tower, and this footprint area is continuously changing because its highly dependence with the stratification. Since during all the period the stratification was changing from slightly stable to slightly unstable conditions, the surface heterogeneity can also be seen in the variability of measured fluxes at different heights. One important conclusion in the study is that calculations of the fluxes using bulk formulations may not be useful when high variability of different parameters (as sea surface temperature and pCO2w ) is expected, as for example during upwelling situations and near coast, where the phytoplankton can significantly influence the concentration of CO2 at the surface. A wide study is done, including meteorological and oceanographic parameters, fluxes, comparisons, relations with parameters, transfer coefficients, dependences with the stratification and satellite images.
Mätningar av flöden (impuls, värme, vattenånga och CO2) vid två olika höjder studerades med data från en mast på ön Östergarnsholm (i Östersjön) under en vecka, beräkningar av flödena gjordes med mätningar av atmosfäriska parametrar från samma mast samt data från två bojar på två olika platser. Man fann olika beteenden för de beräknade och uppmätta flödena. Direkt (sensibelt) värme visade högre korrelation mellan beräkningar och uppmätta sensibla värmeflöden . För CO2- flödet fann man inte detta samband. För alla flödena överensstämmer mätningarna bättre med beräknade flöden när de är gjorda under instabila förhållanden, vilket betyder att under dessa förhållanden representerar mätningarna i masten bättre området där bojarna är placerade. Den studerade perioden inkluderar en period med upvällning (upwelling) och en hög horisontell variabilitet i ytparametrar under den största delen av denna period. Detta visades genom jämförelser mellan de beräknade och de uppmätta flödena och även genom satellitmätningar. Det område uppvind masten där ytan påverkar flöden uppmätta i masten på en viss nivå kallas ”footprint area”, och denna footprint area förändras kontinuerligt på grund av det stora beroendet av skiktningen i atmosfären. Eftersom skiktningen under hela perioden förändrades från något stabilt till något instabilt, kan ytvariabiliteten även ses i variationen av uppmätta flöden på olika höjder. En viktig slutsats i studien är att beräkningar av flödena som görs med standardformler inte bör användas vid förhållanden med hög horisontell och vertikal variation av olika parameter (som havsytetemperatur och pCO2w), som till exempel under uppvällningssituationer och nära kusten, där phytoplankton markant kan påverka koncentrationen av CO2 vid ytan. Studien inkluderar meteorologiska, oceanografiska parametrar, flöden, samband med parametrar, överförings koefficienter, beroende av stabilitet och satellitbilder.
Flujos turbulentos (momento, calor sensible, calor latente y CO2) en 2 alturas diferentes fueron estudiadas usando medidas de una torre en la Isla de Östergarnsholm (Mar Báltico) durante una semana. Los flujos también fueron calculados usando formulaciones con medidas de la torre y de dos boyas ancladas en diferentes localizaciones. Diferentes características para los distintos flujos fueron encontradas. El flujo de calor latente muestra una relación más alta con los cálculos que el flujo de calor sensible. No se encontró esta relación para el flujo de CO2. También, todos los flujos medidos en la torre coinciden mejor con los flujos calculados cuando estos son hechos bajo condiciones de estratificación inestable, significando que la torre mide mejor el área donde son cogidas las medidas en las boyas (cerca de la torre). El periodo estudiado incluye un afloramiento costero y se encontró una alta heterogeneidad horizontal en la superficie del mar durante la mayoría de los periodos. Esto fue estudiado usando las comparaciones entre flujos calculados y medidos y también usando imágenes de satélite. El footprint area puede ser definido como el área a una distancia desde la torre hacia donde sopla el viento donde las condiciones de la superficie influyen las medidas del flujo de alguna cantidad en la torre, y este footprint area está continuamente cambiando debido a su alta dependencia con la estratificación. Durante todo el periodo la estratificación estuvo cambiando desde ligeramente estable a ligeramente inestable, y por ello la heterogeneidad de la superficie puede ser vista en la variabilidad de los flujos medidos a diferentes alturas. Una conclusión importante en este estudio es que los cálculos de los flujos usando formulaciones podrían no ser útiles cuando se espera una alta variabilidad de los diferentes parámetros (temperatura superficial del mar y pCO2w), como por ejemplo durante situaciones de afloramiento y también cerca de costa, donde el fitoplancton puede influenciar significativamente la concentración de CO2 en la superficie. Se presenta un amplio estudio, incluyendo parámetros meteorológicos y oceanográficos, comparaciones de flujos, relaciones con parámetros, coeficientes de transferencia, dependencias con la estratificación e imágenes de satélite.

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Prytherch, John. "Measurement and parameterisation of the air-sea CO2 flux in high winds." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/209567/.

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During a three year occupation of Station Mike (66°N 2°E), the Norwegian Ocean Weather Ship Polarfront was equipped with a range of meteorological and seastate measuring instruments, including the autonomous air-sea flux system “AutoFlux” (Yelland et al., 2009) and an underway ΔpCO2 system. An extensive set of direct, eddy covariance measurements of momentum, latent heat, sensible heat and CO2 flux was obtained over a wide range of open ocean conditions. The maximum recorded 20-minute mean wind speed was 25 m.s-1. The maximum significant wave height was 11 m. The initial CO2 flux results were subject to a large, commonly observed humidity cross-sensitivity error. A novel iterative correction procedure was developed, tested against an independent data set and proved to be robust (Prytherch et al., 2010a). Open-path sensors may now be used for air-sea CO2 flux measurement, greatly increasing the number of measurements available for analysis. There are large differences between existing gas transfer to wind speed relationships, particularly at high wind speeds, and there is significant uncertainty over the form (quadratic or cubic) of the relationship. From the 3938 direct CO2 flux measurements made onboard Polarfront, a new relationship between gas transfer velocity, k660 , and wind speed, U10n has been obtained: k660 = −0.51+ 0.095U10n 2.7 0 ≤U10n ≤ 20 m.s-1 The motion corrected fluxes were found to have a large signal at frequencies associated with platform motion. This signal is also apparent in results from previous air-sea experiments from both fixed and moving platforms. The cause of this signal, whether error or real wind-wave nteraction, remains unknown. The gas transfer relationship obtained after removal of this signal is: k660 = −0.09 + 0.02U10n 3.1 2 ≤U10n ≤ 20 m.s-1 demonstrating that the observed near cubic dependence on wind speed, also reported in some previous experiments over a more limited wind speed range (McGillis et al., 2001a), is a robust result. This suggests a significant role for wave breaking and bubble-mediated exchange in air-sea gas transfer.

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Santos, André Luís Diniz dos. "Cálculo do fluxo de CO2 com modelo de interação superfície-vegetação-atmosfera ISBA." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/44982.

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Orientador : Prof. Maurício Felga Gobbi
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental. Defesa: Curitiba, 26/07/2016
Inclui referências : f. 147-157
Resumo: Este trabalho implementa primeiramente um método para calcular o fluxo de gás carbônico em uma plantação de soja, utilizando uma versão modificada por Vissotto (2003) do modelo de transferência entre superfície-vegetação-atmosfera SVAT ISBA (Noilhan e Planton, 1989). O modelo ISBA consiste em seis equações diferenciais ordinárias prognósticas para temperatura na superfície, temperatura média na camada de raízes, umidade na camada superficial do solo, umidade média na camada de raízes, umidade média na camada de sub-raízes e umidade retida na vegetação, utilizando como forçantes a temperatura do ar, radiação solar incidente, umidade relativa do ar, velocidade do vento e precipitação. O modelo calcula fluxos de calor, temperaturas e umidades do solo. O cálculo da evapotranspiração utiliza parâmetros puramente físicos, pois havia apenas interesse na liberação de água para evapotranspiração. Adicionalmente foi acoplado o módulo A-gs proposto por Jacobs (1994) para descrever os processos fisiológicos na escala das folhas, levando em consideração a assimilação líquida de gás carbônico pela vegetação. Este novo modelo denominado de ISBA-A-gs, teve ainda nesta pesquisa módulos inseridos para o cálculo da respiração noturna da vegetação e estresse hídrico no solo. O modelo foi calibrado, utilizando-se duas séries de dados robustas de medições de campo no estado do Paraná e aplicado posteriormente com sucesso em uma região na Argentina onde existem dados do fluxo de CO2 medido sobre uma plantação de soja. Palavras-chave: fluxo CO2, modelo numérico, soja.
Abstract: In this dissertation we implement a model to calculate the carbon dioxide flux in a soybean culture, using a modified version of the surface-vegetation-atmosphere transfer model (SVAT) ISBA (Noilhan e Planton, 1989). The model consists of a six ordinary differential equations for the surface temperature, temperature of root soil layer, moisture of soil surface, moisture of root soil layer, moisture of the subroot soil layer. and moisture retained on the vegetation canopy, and it is forced by air temperature, solar radiation, air relative humidity, wind speed and precipitation. As in the original ISBA the model also predicts heat and moisture fluxes. While the original ISBA computes evapotranspiration with purely physical terms, the present model couples ISBA with the module A-gs proposed by Jacobs (1994) to describe the physiological processes in the leaves, taking into account the net assimilation of carbon dioxide by vegetation. This new model called ISBA-A-gs is similar to Calvet et al. (1998), with the inclusion of several improvements. The model was calibrated using two data series of measurements made in the state of Paraná and was successfully applied to a soybean field in Argentina where comparisons with the CO2 fluxes were made. Keywords: CO2 flux, numeric model, soy.

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Sousa, Eliete dos Santos. "Fluxo evasivo de CO2 em ambientes fluviais no sudoeste da Amazônia, Acre, Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-04092013-142901/.

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Na maior bacia hidrográfica do Planeta, o rio Amazonas transporta para os oceanos grande quantidade de carbono particulado e dissolvido. Esta visão tradicional dos rios, como carreadores de carbono para os oceanos, tem sido revista nas últimas décadas, em função de novos resultados que mostram emissões de CO2 destes sistemas para atmosfera superiores ao transporte na descarga em até uma ordem de grandeza. Diversos trabalhos já foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar os processos que controlam essas emissões. No entanto, os mesmos ainda permanecem como uma grande fonte de incertezas. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi quantificar os fluxos de CO2 em rios e igarapés do sudoeste da Amazônia (bacia do rio Purus, estado do Acre), levando em consideração as características químicas e físicas de cada sistema, bem como a sazonalidade da região e, assim, contribuir para melhorar as estimativas das emissões de carbono em toda a bacia Amazônica. Os resultados mostraram que durante o período de estiagem os rios apresentam águas com concentrações relativamente elevadas de bicarbonato, indicando a importância do intemperismo de carbonatos como fonte de carbono. Análises da composição isotópica do carbono inorgânico dissolvido corroboraram estes resultados. Nos igarapés, no entanto, a principal fonte de carbono é a matéria orgânica do solo. A sazonalidade exerce forte influência na pCO2 e, consequentemente, nos fluxos de CO2, com os maiores valores ocorrendo no período chuvoso. No entanto, não foi encontrada variabilidade sazonal nas taxas respiratórias o que mostra que, além da respiração, outros fatores também estão influenciando os fluxos de CO2. No período seco, o aumento significativo das concentrações de clorofila a pode indicar que processos fotossintéticos também desempenham um papel importante no balanço de C destes sistemas
In the largest basin of the planet, the Amazon river carries large amounts of particulate and dissolved carbon to the oceans. This traditional view of rivers as carriers of carbon to the oceans has been reviewed in the last decades due to new results showing that CO2 emissions to the atmosphere from these systems can surpass C transport in discharge in one order of magnitude. Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the processes controlling these emissions. However they still remain a major source of uncertainty. The main objective of this study was to quantify CO2 evasive fluxes in rivers and streams of Southwestern Amazon (Purus river basin, Acre state), taking into account chemical and physical characteristics of each system, as well as seasonality in this region and, thus, contribute to improve estimates of carbon emissions throughout the Amazon basin. The results showed that during low water the rivers have relatively high bicarbonate concentrations, indicating that carbonate weathering is an important carbon source. Dissolved inorganic carbon isotopic composition corroborated these results. However, in streams the main carbon source is soil organic matter. Seasonality has a strong influence on pCO2 and consequently on CO2 fluxes, with the highest values occurring in the rainy season. However there was no seasonal variability in respiration rates, which shows that other factors than respiration are also influencing CO2 fluxes. During the dry period, increases in chlorophyll a indicate that photosynthetic processes also play an important role in the C balance of these systems.

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Vendrame, Nadia. "Study of vegetation-atmosphere interactions over vineyards: CO2 fluxes and turbulent transport mechanics." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425729.

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The study of vegetation‒atmosphere exchanges is today of great interest in order to understand and model plant responses to environmental conditions and their potential influence on global climate change. A special attention is usually given to carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and, in general, natural ecosystems such as forests received more attention. In the present work we investigated vegetation‒atmosphere interactions over vineyards, focusing on the annual carbon budget and turbulent transport processes driving exchanges of mass and energy. Vineyard is a complex ecosystem with distributed sources/sinks of scalars (water vapour, carbon dioxide, heat), where vines and soil surface combine to give the overall flux of the canopy. In Northern Italy vineyard inter-row is often grassed, playing then an important role in the whole carbon budget. In this context, the partitioning of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) into soil and vine components deserves a special attention. We monitored vineyard NEE applying the eddy covariance (EC) method for three years, while soil CO2 flux measurements have been carried on using soil chambers (transparent and dark). In 2015, the annual carbon budget of the vineyard was about ‒ 80 g C m‒2 y‒1, however the largest part of carbon assimilation was due to grassed soil compartment (‒ 60 g C m‒2 y‒1). The interannual variability of seasonal carbon budget showed to be high and significantly affected by heat waves and drought spells in summer. During the growing season of 2014, characterized by plenty of rainfall, NEE reached its maximum value of about ‒ 250 g C m‒2. The organization in rows of the vineyard determines a peculiar turbulent transport dynamics within the canopy. However, the morphological structure of the vineyard is greatly variable over the year, shifting from an empty canopy during vine dormancy to dense foliage in summer. We investigated the influence of foliage development on turbulence statistics deploying a vertical array of sonic anemometers. Turbulent flow showed to be greatly influenced by canopy structure. Without leaves, turbulent regime is typical of a rough‒wall boundary layer flow, whereas at full foliage development it assumes the features of a mixing‒layer flow, even if the inflection point at canopy top is weak, due to sparseness of the vineyard. Coherent structures involved in momentum transport and their temporal scales have been also investigated, showing the increasing importance of sweeps throughout the growing season. The average duration of dominating coherent structures was in the order of 6 ‒ 10 s and no clear influence by canopy structure evolution was detected. The research demonstrated the importance of long‒term monitoring of vegetation‒atmosphere exchanges, and also the complexity of turbulent transport dynamics in the canopy space. However, only a thorough comprehension of this mechanics could lead to a solid interpretation of the role of vegetation in fundamental biogeochemical cycles.
Lo studio delle interazioni tra vegetazione e atmosfera è oggi un tema di grande interesse nell’ottica di migliorare la comprensione della risposta delle piante alle variabili ambientali e la modellizzazione del loro ruolo nel cambiamento climatico globale. Particolare attenzione è di solito rivolta ai flussi di anidride carbonica (CO2) e, in genere, gli ecosistemi naturali come le foreste hanno ricevuto una maggiore attenzione. In questa ricerca sono state studiate le interazioni vegetatione-atmosfera su una coltura agraria importante per il bacino mediterraneo, quale il vigneto, focalizzandosi sul monitoraggio del bilancio annuale di carbonio e approfondendo lo studio della meccanica del trasporto turbulento che è alla base degli scambi di energia e materia. Il vigneto è un sistema complesso con diverse sorgenti e sink di scalari (vapore d’acqua, anidride carbonica, calore), in cui le due principali componenti, vite e suolo, compongono il flusso totale della canopy in un rapporto che varia nel corso dell’anno. Nei vigneti del Nord Italia, l’interfila è solitamente non lavorata e inerbita, giocando un ruolo importante nel bilancio del carbonio del sistema. In questo contesto, risulta cruciale la ripartizione dello scambio netto di CO2 dell’ecosistema (Net Ecosystem Exchange, NEE) nelle componenti suolo e vite. Nel corso di questa indagine, la NEE di un vigneto è stata monitorata per tre anni utilizzando la tecnica micrometeorologica dell’ eddy covariance (EC), mentre la misura dei flussi di CO2 al suolo è stata effettuata con camere (a cupola trasparente e oscura). Nel 2015, il bilancio annuale di carbonio del vigneto è stato di circa ‒ 80 g C m‒ 2 a‒ 1, dimostrando quindi la capacità di agire da sink, ma la maggior parte dell’assimilazione è risultata legata al suolo inerbito (‒ 60 g C m‒2 a‒1). In ogni caso, il sistema ha dimostrato un’elevata variabilità interannuale del bilancio del carbonio stagionale, in cui ondate di calore e periodi di siccità estivi hanno giocato un ruolo primario. Nella stagione 2014, caratterizzata da un regime di precipitazione abbondante, la NEE ha raggiunto il valore massimo di circa ‒ 250 g C m‒2. L’organizzazione del vigneto in filari determina una particolare dinamica del trasporto turbolento dentro canopy. Inoltre, la struttura morfologica del vigneto è altamente variabile durante il corso dell’anno, passando da una canopy praticamente vuota nel periodo di dormienza della vite a una situazione dove il fogliame è denso e concentrato nelle file al culmine della stagione vegetativa. L’influenza dello sviluppo della densità fogliare sulle statistiche della turbolenza è stato studiato installando un profilo verticale di anemometri ad ultrasuoni. Il flusso turbolento è risultato fortemente influenzato dalla struttura della canopy. Senza foglie, il regime turbolento è caratteristico di un flusso di parete, mentre con lo sviluppo completo del fogliame assume le proprietà tipiche di un flusso con mixing‒layer, sebbene il flesso al limite superiore della canopy sia poco accentuato, a causa della bassa densità fogliare del vigneto. Infine, è stata condotta un’analisi specifica delle strutture coerenti coinvolte nel trasporto di quantità di moto e sulle loro scale temporali. L’importanza di eventi discendenti che trasportano aria più veloce del flusso medio (sweeps) è aumentata nel corso della stagione. La durata media delle strutture coerenti dominanti è stato nell’ordine di 6 ‒ 10 s e, in questo caso, non è stata riscontrata nessuna chiara correlazione con lo sviluppo della struttura della canopy. Lo studio ha messo in evidenza l’importanza del monitoraggio a lungo termine degli scambi tra vegetazione e atmosfera, ma anche la complessità dei fenomeni di trasporto turbolento che li caratterizzano. Tuttavia, solo la piena comprensione della meccanica di questi processi può portare alla corretta interpretazione del ruolo della vegetazione nei cicli biogeochimici più fondamentali.

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Kleine, Barbara. "How do fluids move through rocks? : High fluxes of CO2 in the Earth's crust." Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för geologiska vetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-84007.

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Metamorphic hydrous, CO2-bearing fluids play a critical role in the global carbon cycle. However, how big this influence is on the global carbon cycle and therefore on global climatic processes, is unknown. The actual amount of CO2 which is released into the atmosphere due to metamorphic processes is still debated. For this purpose, fluid-driven reactions in metamorphic rocks must be studied by tracking fluid-rock interactions along pathways of ancient fluids. In the study presented in this thesis, we study fluid-rock interaction in the southeastern part of the Greek island Syros in the Cycladic Archipelago (Aegean). On Syros fluid-rock interaction is recorded by the preservation of blueschist facies assemblages at greenschist facies conditions along a normal shear zone. Blueschist preservation is caused by a combination of metasomatic addition of SiO2 and Na2O and elevated XCO2 which is maintained by high fluxes of a CO2-bearing, hydrous fluid along the shear zone. This research aims to provide a better understanding of the role of mountain building in the carbon cycle. Flux estimates for climate-forcing fluid components (e.g. carbon) require that their concentration in the fluid, fluid volumes and velocities are known. This will be the focus of future work. Further, whole rock chemistry and the availability of specific minerals will be studied to achieve knowledge about which kind of parameters influence and enhance the propagation of fluids through rocks.

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Correard, Gilson Carlos de Castro. "Desenvolvimento de um laser de CO2 contínuo, de alta potência e de alto fluxo." Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2009. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=876.

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Neste trabalho, são apresentados os detalhes do projeto, da construção e do desenvolvimento de um laser de CO2 de alto fluxo. O trabalho surgiu de necessidades específicas do Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Aplicações de Laser e Óptica (DedALO) da Divisão de Fotônica do IEAv, onde é necessário um laser de CO2 contínuo, com potência da ordem de 1 kW e que possa ser operado como amplificador de um oscilador pulsado de baixa potência, para aplicações em processamento de materiais, propulsão a laser e evaporação de metais utilizados nos projetos de separação isotópica. Por meio de estudos teóricos e observações práticas, procurou-se reunir o maior número de dados disponíveis para a montagem de lasers de CO2 de alto fluxo. São apresentados os detalhes de projeto da cavidade ressonante, do trocador de calor, resistor ballast, sistema de vácuo, sistema elétrico e sistema de fluxo. São também descritos os componentes, a sua montagem, técnicas de alinhamento de espelhos, medição de potência e de fluxo. Com o primeiro protótipo foram obtidos 200 W de potência contínua, uma eficiência de conversão de energia elétrica em óptica de 13%, quando operando com uma pressão ótima de 24 Torr (3200 Pa) de uma mistura padrão de 10% de CO2, 10% de N2, 80% de He, com uma vazão de 0,121 m3/s. Estes resultados são comparados com os previstos pelos modelos utilizados e é verificada uma boa concordância entre eles.

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Brandão, Daysiane Barbosa. "Estimativa do fluxo de CO2 no oceano atlântico utilizando dados de navios e satélite." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/27338.

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BRANDÃO, D. B. Estimativa do fluxo de CO2 no oceano atlântico utilizando dados de navios e satélite. 2017. 68 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Marinhas Tropicais) - Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2017.
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Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is responsible for more than half of the warming potential of the greenhouse effect by anthropogenic emissions, and its basis is the conversion of the balance between sources and sinks. The ocean is one of the main CO2 sinks, which can also act as a source of CO2 for an atmosphere, depending on its concentration in the ocean. An analysis of ocean temperature and salinity data and CO2 fugacity (fCO2) are essential for an estimation of the CO2 flow without an ocean-atmosphere system, which enables a better understanding of the role of the oceans without climate, as well as the Variability of atmospheric CO2. Studies have shown that the Tropical Atlantic Ocean (TAO) is an important source of CO2 for an atmosphere but little is known about seasonal and interannual variability of its flux at the ocean-atmosphere interface, as well as the impact of atmospheric CO2 flux, due, for example, to anthropogenic effects. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the CO2 flux at the ocean-atmosphere interface in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean, for the calculation of fCO2 data, sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSM), obtained by voluntary observation vessels, which crossed the tropical Atlantic Ocean (15º S to 20º N) during the years 2008 to 2014, and wind speed data during this period were obtained from ECMWF re-examinations (European Center for Medium-Time Forecasting). As analyzes indicated that the interannual variability of CO2 fugacity generally presents an increase in the sampled period when considered as a study area as a whole. However, a presence of the InterTropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) caused a decrease in fCO2sw (CO2 fugacity in seawater). This decrease is related to the rainfall characteristic of the ITCZ, which causes a decrease in SSM. A correlation between fCO2sw and SSM was significant (r = 0.7 ~ 0.9), consequently, resulting in CO2 absorption causing this region of the OAT to act as a sink for atmospheric CO2. It was also verified that, in some periods, a CO2 fugacity showed no correlation with a SST and SSM, which suggests an influence of other biophysical variables in the estimation of fugacity. The region between 10 o N and 20o N presents seasonally related behavior, acting as a sink in the months in which the TSM (December to May), presents smaller values in magnitude when compared to the other periods. On the other hand, when a TSM is higher (June to October), it acts as a source of CO2 for the atmosphere. On average, the CO2 flow from the ocean to the atmosphere in the sampled period was 0.84 μmol.m-2.d-1, confirming its performance as a source of CO2 for the atmosphere. An elaboration of a single pre-launch model of fCO2sw for the entire study region proved to be infeasible because the study region was presented, for example, as being linked to the current system of currents in the region.
O dióxido de carbono (CO2) atmosférico é responsável por mais da metade do potencial de aquecimento do efeito estufa por emissões antropogênicas, sendo sua concentração resultante do balanço entre fontes e sumidouros. O oceano é um dos principais reservatórios sumidouros de CO2, o qual também pode atuar como fonte de CO2 para a atmosfera, dependendo de sua concentração no oceano. A análise de dados de temperatura e salinidade de águas oceânicas e fugacidade do CO2 (fCO2), são essenciais para a estimativa do fluxo de CO2 no sistema oceano-atmosfera, o que possibilita uma melhor compreensão do papel dos oceanos no clima, bem como da variabilidade do CO2 atmosférico. Estudos tem demostrado que o oceano Atlântico Tropical (OAT) é uma importante fonte de CO2 para a atmosfera, porém pouco se sabe sobre a variabilidade sazonal e interanual de seu fluxo na interface oceano-atmosfera, bem como o impacto nesse fluxo diante do aumento do CO2 atmosférico, devido, por exemplo, aos efeitos antropogênicos. Com finalidade de contribuir para um melhor entendimento do fluxo de CO2, na interface oceano-atmosfera, no OAT, utilizou-se, para o cálculo desse fluxo dados de fCO2, temperatura da superfície do mar (TSM), salinidade da superfície do mar (SSM), obtidos por navios de observação voluntária, que cruzaram o oceano Atlântico Tropical (20 ºN a 15 ºS), durante os anos de 2008 a 2014, sendo que os dados de velocidade do vento, nesse período, foram obtidos a partir das reanalises do ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). As análises indicaram que a variabilidade interanual da fugacidade de CO2 apresentou, de modo geral, aumento no período amostrado, quando considerado a área de estudo como um todo. Porém, a presença da Zona de Convergência InterTropical (ZCIT) ocasionou diminuição na fCO2sw (fugacidade do CO2 na água do mar). Esta diminuição está relacionada ao regime pluviométrico característico da ZCIT, que causa diminuição da SSM. A correlação obtida entre o fCO2sw e a SSM foi significativa (r = 0,7 ~ 0,9), consequentemente, resultando em absorção de CO2 fazendo com que essa região do OAT atue como sumidouro do CO2 atmosférico. Verificou-se também que, em alguns períodos, a fCO2 não apresentou correlação com a TSM e a SSM, o que sugere a influência de outras variáveis biofísicas na estimativa da fugacidade. A região entre 10o N e 20o N, apresenta comportamento relacionado à sazonalidade, atuando como sumidouro nos meses em que a TSM (dezembro a maio), apresenta valores menores em magnitude se comparado aos demais períodos do ano. Por outro lado, quando a TSM está mais elevada (junho a outubro), ela atua como fonte de CO2 para atmosfera. Em média o fluxo de CO2 do oceano para a atmosfera, no período amostrado, foi 0,84 mmol.m-2.d-1, confirmando sua atuação como fonte de CO2 para a atmosfera. A elaboração de um único modelo preditivo de fCO2sw para toda a região de estudo mostrou-se inviável, devido a região do estudo apresentar diferentes características, por exemplo, como as ligadas ao sistema de correntes atuantes na região.

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Alves, José Darlon Nascimento. "Partição do fluxo de CO2 e eficiência do uso de água em pastagem natural." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2017. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/10203.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
As pastagens naturais são importantes para os ciclos de água e carbono no planeta, contribuindo para o armazenamento de matéria orgânica no solo, alimentação animal e para a diversificação da fauna e flora. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi particionar o fluxo de carbono e quantificar a eficiência do uso de água em pastagem natural por meio da técnica de covariância de vórtices turbulentos. O sítio experimental está localizado em uma área de pastagem natural com aproximadamente 3.487 hectares, na Universidade do Estado do Kansas, em Manhattan, Kansas, Estados Unidos. Foram analisados dados de fluxos obtidos durante o período de maio a outubro de 2016. As medições dos fluxos de CO 2 e fluxo de calor latente foram realizadas por meio da técnica da covariância de vórtices turbulentos. As medidas de velocidade do vento, concentração de CO 2 , calor sensível e vapor d’água ocorreram a uma frequência de 20 Hz utilizando-se um sistema de aquisição de dados. Os dados brutos foram processados pelo software EddyPro 6.0. Foi realizada a estimativa da respiração durante o dia, a partir da relação não linear entre a troca líquida do ecossistema durante a noite e a temperatura e umidade do solo noturna, a cada dois meses (maio-junho, julho- agosto, setembro-outubro), em que foi obtida melhor relação apenas com a temperatura do solo. Em seguida, foi feita a separação do fluxo de CO 2 em fotossíntese (GPP) e respiração do ecossistema (Reco) e análise da eficiência do uso de água durante a estação de crescimento. Observou-se variação de NEE na pastagem entre -30 μmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 e 15 μmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 . Ao realizar a partição do fluxo de CO 2 do ecossistema, verificou-se maior intervalo de incerteza nos meses de julho e agosto, em decorrência do baixo R 2 encontrado, porém foram obtidas maiores taxas de fotossíntese em relação à respiração do ecossistema em todos os meses analisados. O valor médio de eficiência do uso de água do ano de 2016 foi de 3,1 gC/kg H 2 O. Durante o experimento, o ecossistema atuou como sumidouro de carbono, o que refletiu em aumento de biomassa. Além disso, as atividades metabólicas e balanço de água são afetados diretamente pela temperatura do ar.
Grasslands play an important role for water and carbon global cycles. Grasslands contribute to the storage of organic matter in the soil, animal feed and for biodiversity. The objective this study was to partition of the CO 2 net ecossystem exchange (NEE) and to quantify the use water use efficiency in grassland using the eddy covariance technique. The experimental site is located in a grassland ecossystem with and area of approximately 3,487 hectares at the Kansas State University in Manhattan, Kansas, United States. The flux data obtained were analyzed during the period from May to October 2016. The measurements of CO 2 and latent heat fluxes were measured using the eddy covariance technique. Measurements of wind velocity orthogonal components, CO 2 and water vapor concentration were taken at a frequency of 20 Hz using a datalogger. The raw files were processed using the EddyPro 6.0 software. Estimates of daytime respiration were performed using the nonlinear relationship between nighttime net ecosystem exchange and soil temperature for bi-monthly periods (May-June, July-August, September-October). Then, the net ecosystem exchange was separate in gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco). The water use efficiency was calculated for the growing season. The values of NEE in the grassland varied from -30 μmol CO 2 m -2 s - to 15 μmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 . The flux partitioning uncertainties were larger for the months of July and August, due to the low R 2 found. The average value of water use efficiency was 3,1 gC/kg H 2 O. Thus, that ecosystem acted as a carbon sink, which reflected an increase in biomass. In addition, metabolic activities and water balance are directly affected by air temperature.

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Slonek, Jaroslav. "Využití spalin jako zdroje CO2 pro kultivaci řas v bioreaktorech." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442857.

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This master`s thesis is focused on possibility of use of flue gas as source of CO2 for algae cultivation in bioreactors. The first part of the master`s thesis is devoted to a qualitative and quantitative description of flue gas sources as CO2 source for algae cultivation. In the thesis industry sectors with the largest share of CO2 emissions on a global scale and in the Czech republic are summarized. On the basis of these data it was possible to determine cheap sources of CO2 for algae cultivation producing valuable biomass and other bio-products. The composition of flue gas from these sources was discussed in this section also with given expected outlook within the following years. The next part of the thesis is devoted to the influence of flue gas properties on algae cultivation. The impact of flue gas individual parameters on cell growth rate, quality and composition of biomass is described there. The description and design of the bioreactor is processed in the next part of the thesis. The experimental part of the thesis was performed on a bioreactor with similar properties. The next part of the thesis describes the effect of light on algae cultivation and the design of a regulation scheme for bioreactor light source. The experimental part of the thesis describes methods used to determine the concentrations of flue gas substances that could pass from flue gas into cultivation medium for algae cultivation to measure the changing composition of the flue gas in the closed experimental bioreactor system. The processed data from experimental measurements are presented and are discussed. The change in the composition of the culture medium for algae (without the presence of algae) due to flue gas aeration was monitored in the experimental part. It includes also the measurement of the change in the composition of the flue gas in time. All obtained and collected information are then summarized and discussed in the final part of the master`s thesis.

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23

Hu, Yukun. "CO2 capture from oxy-fuel combustion power plants." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Energiprocesser, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-48666.

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To mitigate the global greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions, carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) has the potential to play a significant role for reaching mitigation target. Oxy-fuel combustion is a promising technology for CO2 capture in power plants. Advantages compared to CCS with the conventional combustion technology are: high combustion efficiency, flue gas volume reduction, low fuel consumption, near zero CO2 emission, and less nitrogen oxides (NOx) formation can be reached simultaneously by using the oxy-fuel combustion technology. However, knowledge gaps relating to large scale coal based and natural gas based power plants with CO2 capture still exist, such as combustors and boilers operating at higher temperatures and design of CO2 turbines and compressors. To apply the oxy-fuel combustion technology on power plants, much work is focused on the fundamental and feasibility study regarding combustion characterization, process and system analysis, and economic evaluation etc. Further studies from system perspective point of view are highlighted, such as the impact of operating conditions on system performance and on advanced cycle integrated with oxy-fuel combustion for CO2 capture. In this thesis, the characterization for flue gas recycle (FGR) was theoretically derived based on mass balance of combustion reactions, and system modeling was conducted by using a process simulator, Aspen Plus. Important parameters such as FGR rate and ratio, flue gas composition, and electrical efficiency etc. were analyzed and discussed based on different operational conditions. An advanced evaporative gas turbine (EvGT) cycle with oxy-fuel combustion for CO2 capture was also studied. Based on economic indicators such as specific investment cost (SIC), cost of electricity (COE), and cost of CO2avoidance (COA), economic performance was evaluated and compared among various system configurations. The system configurations include an EvGT cycle power plant without CO2 capture, an EvGT cycle power plant with chemical absorption for CO2 capture, and a combined cycle power plant. The study shows that FGR ratio is of importance, which has impact not only on heat transfer but also on mass transfer in the oxy-coal combustion process. Significant reduction in the amount of flue gas can be achieved due to the flue gas recycling, particularly for the system with more prior upstream recycle options. Although the recycle options have almost no effect on FGR ratio, flue gas flow rate, and system electrical efficiency, FGR options have significant effects on flue gas compositions, especially the concentrations of CO2 and H2O, and heat exchanger duties. In addition, oxygen purity and water/gas ratio, respectively, have an optimum value for an EvGT cycle power plant with oxy-fuel combustion. Oxygen purity of 97 mol% and water/gas ratio of 0.133 can be considered as the optimum values for the studied system. For optional operating conditions of flue gas recycling, the exhaust gas recycled after condensing (dry recycle) results in about 5 percentage points higher electrical efficiency and about 45 % more cooling water consumption comparing with the exhaust gas recycled before condensing (wet recycle). The direct costs of EvGT cycle with oxy-fuel combustion are a little higher than the direct costs of EvGT cycle with chemical absorption. However, as plant size is larger than 60 MW, even though the EvGT cycle with oxy-fuel combustion has a higher COE than the EvGT cycle with chemical absorption, the EvGT cycle with oxy-fuel combustion has a lower COA. Further, compared with others studies of natural gas combined cycle (NGCC), the EvGT system has a lower COE and COA than the NGCC system no matter which CO2 capture technology is integrated.
QC 20111123

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24

Green, Vicki C. "CO2 Recovery by Scrubbing with Reclaimed Magnesium Hydroxide." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1378196688.

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Mieres, Luciana da Silva. "Reanálise CFSR-NCEP aplicada ao modelo SiB2 na simulação de fluxos de CO2 sobre o cultivo de soja em Cruz Alta." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/62124.

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Este trabalho buscou avaliar o comportamento dos fluxos de CO2, simulados pelo modelo de superfície SiB2, a partir da adoção dos dados de reanálise CFSR-NCEP como condições de contorno atmosféricas. Para a validação dos resultados obtidos utilizou-se uma análise estatística, através de um coeficiente de ajuste, o qual foi embasado nos parâmetros simulados em comparação aos dados observados, sendo estes obtidos pela torre micrometeorológica sitiada na área de cultivo. O estudo foi aplicado ao sítio experimental de soja localizado em Cruz Alta (-28,6036; -53,6736) no Rio Grande do sul e o período adotado compreendeu os anos de 2008 e 2009. Inicialmente foi necessário realizar a calibração de alguns parâmetros presentes nas sub-rotinas (módulos) do modelo. Para tanto, foi adotada uma metodologia em que os parâmetros foram calibrados conforme os módulos sequenciais, respeitando a seguinte ordem: aerodinâmico, transferência radiativa, difusão hidráulica do solo e fotossíntese e condutância estomática. A calibração do módulo aerodinâmico foi aplicada aos parâmetros referentes à altura do dossel, fração de cobertura vegetal e distribuição do ângulo foliar. No módulo de transferência radiativa, foi calibrado o parâmetro de reflectância da folha viva no visível. A calibração dos parâmetros referentes ao módulo de difusão hidráulica do solo foi realizada na porosidade do solo, profundidade individual das camadas e expoente de umidade. No módulo de fotossíntese e condutância estomática os parâmetros testados foram índice de área foliar, condutância estomática mínima e temperatura crítica para a respiração foliar. A calibração destes parâmetros permitiu que se obtivesse uma substancial melhoria na simulação dos fluxos de CO2 pelo modelo, obtendo-se um ganho expressivo na qualidade da simulação. Esta etapa constitui fundamental importância, uma vez que permitiu que a adoção dos dados de reanálise fosse efetuada no modelo adequado à área de estudo. No que tange a etapa final desta pesquisa, destaca-se que os dados do CFSR foram utilizados como condição de contorno atmosférica. Estas condições são necessárias à inicialização do modelo e originalmente utilizam-se as variáveis meteorológicas obtidas a partir da estação do INMET. Foram adotadas as variáveis referentes à temperatura do ar, pressão atmosférica ao nível do mar, precipitação, radiação de onda curta incidente e velocidade do vento, utilizadas para descrever o estado físico da atmosfera nas novas simulações dos fluxos de CO2, as quais foram comparadas aos dados observados da torre. A partir dos resultados obtidos, presumiu-se que a utilização dos dados de reanálise CFSR-NCEP pode ser considerada aceitável na aplicação de estudos dos fluxos de CO2 a partir do modelo SiB2, ressaltando-se que a calibração do referido modelo à área de estudo é de grande importância para sua adequação e obtenção de resultados mais satisfatórios.
The present work aimed to evaluate the behavior of CO2 fluxes, run by the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB2), by adopting CFSR-NCEP data reanalyzed as an atmospheric boundary condition. A statistical analysis was used in order to validate the results obtained using a coefficient for the adjusted model based on the simulation parameters when compared to the data observed in field, which was obtained by the micrometeorological tower located on the cultivation areas. The study was applied in a soybean experimental site located in Cruz Alta (-28,6036; -53,6736), in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil between 2008 and 2009. Some of the parameters presented in the subroutines of the model had to be adjusted first. For such, a methodology in which the parameters were calibrated in sequential modules was applied according to the following order: aerodynamics, radiative transfer, hydraulic diffusion of the soil and photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. In the aerodynamics module, the calibration was made using the parameters for the canopy height, vegetation coverage and leaf-angle distribution. For the radiative transfer, the calibration used the parameters for the live leaf transmittance visible reflectance. The calibration for the hydraulic diffusion of the soil was accomplished in the soil porosity, depth of individual layers and humidity exponent. For the photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, the parameters tested were the leaf area index, minimum stomatal conductance and leaf respiration critical temperature. It could thus be possible to obtain a considerable improvement for the simulation of the CO2 fluxes in this model for a high-quality simulation. That stage was significantly important since it enabled the reanalysis data to be set in the best model for the studied area. Regarding the final stage of this study, data from the CFSR were used as the atmospheric boundary condition instead of originally applied meteorological variables from the INMET station. Variables concerning air temperature, air pressure at sea level, precipitation, incident short-wave radiation and wind speed were used in order to describe the physical condition of the atmosphere in new simulations with CO2 fluxes, and then compared to the data observed in the micrometeorological tower. From the results, using the CFSR-NCEP reanalysis data can be considered acceptable for studies on CO2 fluxes from the SiB2 model. Yet, calibrating this model for the studied area is a key factor for its suitability and for obtaining adequate results.

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26

Chronopoulos, Theodore. "Microwave Swing Adsorption for post-combustion CO2 capture from flue gases using solid sorbents." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/3199.

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In recent years, there has been an increasing global interest in carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) as an important technology for climate change mitigation. However, improved technologies for the CO2 capture process that could possibly lead CCS to be highly competitive against the renewable energy market, are necessary. The evaluation of a CO2 capture system is often driven by energy demands and in adsorption technology this energy is particularly required for the desorption step. As a result, efficient regeneration systems ensuring multiple re-use of adsorbent materials, while minimizing energy use, are required, in an attempt to replace the conventional PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption) and TSA (Temperature Swing Adsorption) technologies. This study presents and analyses a relatively new approach for CO2 sorbent regeneration, namely Microwave Swing Adsorption (MSA). The aim of this research is to intensify the CO2 desorption process from solid materials, focusing on improving the regeneration efficiency and kinetics as well as the energy spent during this step. The hypothesis that the direct absorption of energy during microwave heating by the solid adsorbent may enable a fast process with a low purge gas flow rate low desorption temperature resulting in low energy demands, is examined. However, MSA depends on numerous parameters, divided in two main categories, namely process parameters (flue gas composition, desorption temperature, moisture presence, gas flow rate) and material parameters (adsorbent shape and size, porosity, surface modifications, dielectric properties). To this regard, an extensive investigation of the above criteria and their connection with the performance of the MSA system is studied. In terms of the adsorption step, it was found that a switch to higher total flow rates results in an increase in the CO2 adsorption capacity of the GAC. Moreover, moisture presence also enhances the CO2 adsorption, as a result of an increase in the total flow rate and in the adsorption temperature. With regards to the desorption step, it was shown that MSA technology leads to enhanced performance efficiency of the sorbent by ~10%, while preserving its porous structure. Moreover, the regeneration time and the energy consumption were also considerably reduced (30% and 40%, respectively), for MSA compared to TSA.

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Chavrit, Déborah. "Cartographie globale des flux de CO2 à l'axe des dorsales océaniques : une approche pétrologique." Nantes, 2010. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=71f43d4d-5741-47b5-8add-0e8ca42daa12.

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Les mesures de la vésicularité dans les basaltes sont importantes car elles sont directement liées au dégazage des magmas, qui est le paramètre clé pour comprendre les transferts de gaz de l’intérieur de la Terre vers l’hydrosphère et l’atmosphère. Mais de telles données sont rares empêchant toute approche globale. Pour pallier ce problème, nous avons déterminé très précisément les caractéristiques de la vésicularité de 64 verres basaltiques de ride médio-océanique. Les distributions de taille des bulles (VSD) montrent que les MORBs de l’Océan Pacifique ont des vésicularités en moyenne 14 fois plus faibles, des diamètres moyens de bulles 5 fois plus faibles et des densités de bulles 3 fois plus importantes que ceux provenant des océans Atlantique et Indien. La comparaison des vésicularités avec une large gamme de paramètres chimiques et physiques ont mis en évidence l’influence de 3 paramètres sur la vésicularité des MORBs. Le paramètre principal contrôlant la vésicularité des basaltes est le taux d’accrétion (50%) et dans une moindre mesure la profondeur d’éruption et l’enrichissement en éléments incompatibles du manteau (25% chacun). La relation empirique, reliant le logarithme de la vésicularité en fonction du taux d’accrétion, de la profondeur de l’axe de la dorsale et du rapport K2O/TiO2, a permis de calculer pour la première fois le flux de CO2 émis par chaque segment de dorsale. Le flux de CO2 total est de 5,8±1,6. 1011 mol/an et la teneur moyenne en CO2 dans le manteau de ppm, avec des valeurs plus élevées à proximité des points chauds. Le flux de CO2 provenant du volcanisme le plus important de la Terre ne représente donc que 0,1% du flux anthropogénique
Vesicularity measurements in basalts are important because they are directly linked to magma degassing, the key parameter to understand gas transfer from the Earth interior to the hydrosphere and atmosphere. But such data are limited, preventing any global approach. In order to circumvent this problem, vesicularity characteristics have been precisely determined on 64 mid-ocean ridge basalts. Vesicle size distribution (VSD) shows that Pacific MORBs have vesicularities and mean diameter respectively 14 times and 5 times lower and bubble density 3 times greater than the ones from the Atlantic and Indian oceans. The comparisons of the vesicularities with a large range of geochemical and geophysical parameters suggest that 3 parameters control MORB vesicularity. We show that the main parameter is the spreading rate (50%), and to a lesser extent eruption depth and mantle compositional variations (25% each). The empirical equation defining the logarithm of vesicularity as a function of spreading rate, depth axis ridge and the K2O/TiO2 ratio, allows the calculation for the first time of the CO2 flux released at each ridge segment. CO2 total flux is 5. 8±1. 6. 1011 mol/yr and the mean CO2 content of the mantle is ppm, with higher values near hot spots. CO2 flux from the most important volcanic activity on Earth is only 0. 1% of the anthropogenic flux

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28

Campbell, Elliott. "Optimal recovery of regional CO2 surface fluxes by data assimilation of anthropogenic and biogenic tracers." Diss., University of Iowa, 2007. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/182.

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Dias, Jadson Dezincourt. "Fluxo do CO2 proveniente da respiração do solo em áreas de floresta nativa da Amazônia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-04102006-163445/.

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O sistema climático global e o ciclo do carbono interagem intensamente, e o CO2 constitui um fator dominante na definição do clima, sendo gerado e consumido pelas plantas e pela atividade de microrganismos em ecossistemas aquáticos, terrestres e na atmosfera. Na atmosfera, esse gás contribui para o efeito estufa. Em um ecossistema de floresta tropical, grande parte da produção de CO2 é proveniente da respiração do solo, e os fluxos de CO2 na interface solo-atmosfera dependem de mudanças nas características físicas, químicas e biológicas na superfície do solo. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a variabilidade sazonal dos fluxos de CO2, decorrente da respiração do solo de diferentes florestas nativas da Amazônia, localizadas nos municípios de Sinop (MT), Caxiuanã (PA), Manaus (AM) e Santarém (PA), e determinar os principais parâmetros de correlação dos fluxos de CO2 do solo com a temperatura e umidade. As amostragens foram realizadas durante as estações seca e chuvosa em cada local. Os fluxos de CO2 foram medidos por meio de câmaras dinâmicas, que se baseiam na variação da concentração do gás no interior da câmara em função do tempo e foram calculados utilizando-se de equações lineares. Os valores médios encontrados para as regiões estudadas nas estações seca e chuvosa foram respectivamente: Sinop, 3,03 μmol.CO2 m-2s-1 e 5,76 μmol. CO2 m-2s-1; Caxiuanã, 5,07 μmol.CO2 m-2s-1 e 6,09 μmol.CO2 m-2s-1; Manaus, 5,47 μmol.CO2 m-2s-1 e 5,44 μmol.CO2 m-2s-1 e Santarém, 2,90 μmol.CO2 m-2s-1 e 5,64 μmol.CO2 m-2s-1. Estes resultados demonstraram que houve variação regional e influência da sazonalidade na dinâmica do fluxo de CO2 do solo, sendo que, os maiores fluxos foram obtidos durante o período chuvoso, indicando que a disponibilidade de água e a temperatura do solo foram os principais condicionadores da produção do CO2. Foram coletadas amostras de serapilheira e raízes para estimar o estoque e a influencia sobre os fluxos de CO2 do solo, sendo estas, vias de entrada de nutrientes e principalmente de carbono para o solo. Para todas as regiões os maiores estoques foram encontrados na estação seca.
Carbon dioxide is an important contributor to the greenhouse effect, and by extension, the global climate system as a whole; it is generated and consumed through the activities of terrestrial and aquatic microorganisms. Tropical forest CO2 fluxes at the soil-atmosphere interface depend on changes in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil surface. The objective of the present study is to investigate seasonal variability of CO2 fluxes from soil respiration in Amazonian native forest located in the municipalities of Sinop (MT), Caxiuanã (PA), Manaus (AM) e Santarém (PA) and to determine the effects of determining parameters such as temperature and soil moisture. The CO2 fluxes were measured using dynamic chambers during both dry and wet seasons at each site. As the concentration of the gas inside the chamber varies with time, samples were taken at given time intervals and fluxes then calculated using linear regression equations. The average values found for Sinop in the dry and wet seasons were 3.03 and 5.92 μmol.CO2 m-2s-1 respectively; for Caxiuanã, 5.07 μmol.CO2 m-2s-1 and 6.09 μmol.CO2 m-2s-1; for Manaus, 5.47 and 5.44 μmol.CO2 m-2s-1; and for Santarém, 5.64 μmol.CO2 m-2s-1 in the wet season and during the dry season and 6.09 μmol.CO2 m-2s-1. Our results showed that there was a seasonal variation of the CO2 flux. The results also showed that there was an influence of the seasonality in the dynamics of the soil CO2 flux, where the greater fluxes were obtained during the wet season, indicating that water availability and soil temperature were the main factors determining production. Litter samples had been collected and roots esteem the supply and influence it on the CO2 fluxs of in the soil, being these, ways of entrance of nutrients and mainly of carbon for the ground. For all the regions the biggest supplies had been found in the dry station.

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Allard, Vincent. "Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on carbon and nitrogen fluxes in a grazed pasture." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2003_ALLARD_V.pdf.

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Prédire la réponse des prairies pâturées à une élévation de la concentration en CO2 revêt une importance majeure dans la mesure où cet écosystème représente environ 20% de la surface terrestre non immergée mais aussi, parce que les sols prairiaux représentent un puit majeur de carbone (C). La réponse des prairies à un enrichissement en CO2 est fortement contrôlée par la disponibilité des autres nutriments et en particulier l'azote (N). De nombreuses expériences ont par le passé étudié le cycle de l'azote en prairie sous CO2 enrichi mais aucunes de ces études n'a inclus le pâturage. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, je présente des données concernant les effets du CO2 sur le cycle de l'N provenant d'un système expérimental (FACE: enrichissement en dioxyde de carbone à l'air libre) permettant d'inclure des ruminants. Cette thèse est dédiée à l'étude des effets de l'élévation en CO2 sur les différents processus impliqués dans les retours de matière organique (MO) de la plante vers le sol et leurs conséquences pour la disponibilité en N. Dans le Chapitre 1, il a été montré que le CO2 pouvait modifier les retours d'N par les ruminants en affectant la partition d'N entre l'urine et les faeces, ce qui induisait des pertes d'N potentiellement accrues. La décomposition de la litière végétale, considérée à l'échelle de l'écosystème, n'a pas été affectée par le CO2 (Chapitre 3) mais une forte augmentation du volume de MO retournant au sol depuis les racines a induit une accumulation de MO grossière dans le sol (Chapitre 4). Au cours du Chapitre 5, à l'aide d'un double marquage isotopique 14C et 15N, nous avons comparé les effets court terme (transmis par la plante) et long terme (transmis par le sol) du CO2 sur la dynamique de la MO du sol et il a été conclu que l'accumulation de MO n'était pas causée par une limitation en C ou en N mais probablement par la disponibilité en autres nutriments. Cette thèse démontre que l'inclusion des ruminants peut fortement modifier la réponse des prairies au CO2. Dans la mesure où ce mode d'utilisation des pâtures est largement majoritaire, prédire les réponses des pâtures à un enrichissement en CO2 doit provenir de systèmes où les ruminants sont partie intégrante.

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Dufour, Carolina. "Rôle des tourbillons océaniques dans la variabilité récente des flux air-mer de CO2 dans l'océan Austral." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENU040/document.

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L'océan Austral joue un rôle crucial dans la régulation du système climatique en absorbant de grandes quantités de CO2 atmosphérique. Toutefois de nombreuses incertitudes demeurent quant à l'évolution récente du puits de carbone austral notamment en raison du manque d'observations et des lacunes des modèles océaniques dans la représentation de processus dynamiques comme les tourbillons. Depuis quelques décennies notamment, l'efficacité du puits de carbone austral diminuerait en raison d'une intensification des vents liée à une tendance positive du Mode Annulaire Austral (SAM). L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse est de décrire et comprendre la variabilité spatiale et temporelle récente des flux air-mer de CO2 dans l'océan Austral. Pour cela, des simulations de sensibilité aux phases positives du SAM sont réalisées dans une configuration régionale de l'océan Austral (sud de 30°S), basée sur un modèle couplé dynamique-biogéochimie forcé par l'atmosphère et résolvant partiellement la méso-échelle océanique. Dans l'océan Austral, la réponse des flux de CO2 au SAM correspond à un dégazage intense de CO2 dans la zone antarctique dû à une augmentation des concentrations de surface de carbone inorganique dissous (DIC). Cette augmentation est pilotée par la dynamique de la couche de mélange et alimentée par un transport méridien de DIC qui résulte essentiellement de la compétition entre circulation induite par les vents et par les méandres stationnaires. Ces travaux montrent l'apport d'une augmentation de la résolution numérique des modèles pour la simulation des flux de CO2
By taking up large amounts of atmospheric CO2, the Southern Ocean helps to regulate the climate system. Southern Ocean carbon sink is poorly constrained, in part because data coverage is sparse and also because ocean models that have been used in such assessments fail to explicitly resolve key physical features such as mesoscale eddies. In recent decades, the growth of the Southern Ocean carbon sink may have been partly counteracted due to a loss of natural CO2 from the ocean driven by an intensification of westerlies, related to a positive trend in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). This thesis focuses on documenting and understanding recent spatial and temporal variability of air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean. Sensitivity to positive phases of the SAM are tested by making simulations with a regional model of the Southern Ocean (south of 30°S) that couples biogeochemistry to the dynamics, is forced by atmosphere reanalysis data, and partially resolves the mesoscale. The resulting response of Southern Ocean CO2 fluxes to the SAM is dominated by a strong CO2 efflux to the atmosphere from the Antarctic Zone due to an increase in surface dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). This increase is driven by the mixed-layer dynamics and is supplied by a meridional transport of DIC, a competition between the wind-driven circulation and the standing eddy-induced circulation. This work discusses the effect of increasing model resolution on simulated air-sea CO2 fluxes

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Gemayel, Elissar. "Contribution à l'estimation des paramètres du système des carbonates en Mer Mediterranée." Thesis, Perpignan, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PERP0023/document.

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L’objectif de la thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de contribuer à l’estimation des paramètres du système des carbonates en Mer Méditerranée, en particulier la pression partielle du CO2 dans l’eau (pCO2sw), l’alcalinité totale (AT), le carbone inorganique total (CT) et le pH. En premier lieu, on a calculé à partir des données des campagnes Boum en 2008 et MedSeA en 2013 les coefficients de mélange des masses d’eau dans les bassins Ouest et Est. L’analyse de ces coefficients nous a permis d’étudier l’évolution des masses d’eau en Mer Méditerranée entre les années 2008 et 2013.En deuxième lieu, on a présenté à partir des données de la mission MedSeA en mai 2013, les résultats des mesures récentes de pCO2sw sur une section longitudinale assez étendue allant du détroit de Gibraltar jusqu’au sous-bassin Levantin. Les résultats ont indiqué que les bassins Ouest et Est sont gouvernés par deux régimes différents de pCO2sw. Ces deux régimes ont été influencés par les propriétés physico-chimiques assez distinctes des deux bassins. A partir des mesures directes de pCO2sw on a calculé les flux journaliers de CO2 à travers l’interface air-mer en mai 2013 et cela pour le trajet couvert par la mission MedSeA. Pour aboutir à une analyse plus globale on s’est référé dans une étude ultérieure, aux données des campagnes Thresholds et MedSeA. On a établit ainsi deux équations pour estimer en mai 2007 et 2013, la pCO2sw à partir des données satellites de température de surface, Chlorophylle_a et l’index de la couleur de la matière organique dissoute. Puis, on a calculé et cartographié les flux air-mer de CO2 en mai 2013 à l’échelle de toute la Mer Méditerranée et pour une résolution spatiale de 4 km.Ensuite, on a établi à partir des données de la mission MedSeA, des régressions linéaires pour estimer l’AT et le CT à partir de la salinité, et cela pour chaque sous-bassin de la Mer Méditerranée et pour plusieurs intervalles de profondeur. Ultérieurement, on s’est concentré aux données physico-chimiques dans les eaux de surface, compilées de plusieurs campagnes océanographiques entre 1998 et 2013. Les équations établies pour estimer l’AT et le CT dans les eaux de surface, ont indiqué que le meilleur polynôme inclue la salinité et la température. Ces polynômes ont été appliqués sur les cartes climatologiques de température et de salinité du World Ocean Atlas, pour cartographier les variabilités spatiales et saisonnières de l’AT et du CT sur une moyenne de 7 ans. En outre, à partir des données de la mission MedSeA, on a estimé les concentrations en carbone anthropique (CANT) et la variation de l’acidification (∆pH) en Mer Méditerranée. Les résultats ont indiqué que la Mer Méditerranée est fortement contaminée par le CANT avec des concentrations bien plus élevées que celles enregistrées dans l’océan Pacifique ou Indien. Le calcul du ∆pH a indiqué que la Mer Méditerranée est déjà acidifiée de la surface jusqu’en profondeur. Enfin, on a présenté un modèle pour prédire le ∆pH en fonction de concentrations théoriques de CANT. On a montré que le seuil en CANT pour lequel l’acidification va fortement s’intensifier en Mer Méditerranée est déjà atteint. Aussi, les eaux profondes des bassins Occidental et Oriental, deviendront très probablement sous saturées par rapport à la calcite et à l’aragonite d’ici la fin du siècle prochain
The objective of the thesis is to contribute to the estimation of the carbonate system parameters in the Mediterranean Sea, in particular the partial pressure of CO2 in water (pCO2sw), total alkalinity (AT), total inorganic carbon (CT) and pH.The study was initiated by an adequate calculation of the water masses mixing coefficients in the Western and Eastern basins, using data from the Boum and MedSeA cruises in 2008 and 2013, respectively. The analysis of the mixing coefficients, allowed us to study the evolution of water masses in the Mediterranean Sea between the years 2008 and 2013.Subsequently, using data from the 2013 MedSeA cruise, we presented the results of recent measurements of pCO2sw on a wide longitudinal section from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Levantine sub-basin. The results indicated that the Western and Eastern basins were characterized by two different pCO2sw regimes. These regimes were mainly affected by the distinctive physico-chemical properties of each basin. From the direct measurements of pCO2sw we calculated along the track of the MedSeA cruise, the daily CO2 fluxes across the air-sea interface in May 2013. To achieve a more comprehensive analysis, we referred in a consecutive study to the data of the Thresholds and MedSeA cruises. From these data, we provided two equations to estimate in May 2007 and 2013; pCO2sw from satellite data of sea surface temperature, Chlorophyll_a and the chromophoric dissolved organic matter index. Furthermore, we calculated and mapped the air-sea CO2 fluxes in May 2013 across the whole Mediterranean Sea, with a spatial resolution of 4 km.Successively, we established from the MedSeA cruise data, linear regressions to estimate AT and CT from salinity, in each sub-basin of the Mediterranean Sea and for several depths. Later on, we focused on the physico-chemical data in surface waters, compiled from several oceanographic cruises between 1998 and 2013. The equations developed to estimate the AT and CT in surface waters, indicated that it is best to include in these polynomials both salinity and temperature. These polynomials were applied to the climatological fields of salinity and temperature of the World Ocean Atlas, in order to map the spatial and seasonal variability of AT and CT on a 7 years average.Moreover, we estimated from the MedSeA cruise data, the concentrations of anthropogenic carbon (CANT) and the variation of acidification (ΔpH) in the Mediterranean Sea. The results indicated that the Mediterranean Sea is heavily contaminated by CANT, with higher concentrations than those recorded in the Pacific or Indian Ocean. Also, the calculated ΔpH indicated that the Mediterranean Sea is already acidified from the surface to the deep waters. Finally, we presented a model to predict the ΔpH according to theoretical concentrations of CANT. Consequently, we showed that we already reached the tipping point of CANT, for which the acidification will strongly intensify in the Mediterranean Sea. Moreover, the deep waters of the Western and Eastern basins are very likely to become under saturated in calcite and aragonite by the end of the next century

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33

Villela, Franco Nadal Junqueira. "Análise decadal do fluxo de CO2 entre o oceano e a atmostera na Passagem de Drake, Oceano Austral." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-24112011-125748/.

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VILLELA, FRANCO N. J. Análise decadal do fluxo de CO2 entre o oceano e a atmosfera na passagem de Drake, Oceano Austral. 2011. 148 f. Dissertação (mestrado) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Ambiental (PROCAM), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2011. Para a área delimitada pelos paralelos 60ºS e 62,5ºS e pelos meridianos 60ºW e 65ºW, localizada no sul da Passagem de Drake, no Oceano Austral, próximo à Península Antártica, foram calculadas as distribuições médias de 2000 a 2009, sazonais e anual, do fluxo de CO2 na interface oceano-atmosfera e de suas variáveis associadas: a pressão parcial de CO2 na superfície marinha (PCO2sw), a pressão parcial de CO2 na atmosfera (PCO2ar), a diferença da pressão parcial de CO2 entre o oceano e a atmosfera (PCO2) e a taxa de transferência gasosa (TR), que é produto do coeficiente solubilidade do CO2 na água do mar pela velocidade de transferência gasosa. A parametrização utilizada no cálculo dos fluxos foi a de Takahashi et al. (2009) com TR dependente da velocidade do vento ao quadrado multiplicada por um fator de escala 0,26. A área de estudo tem cerca de 75 mil km2 e foi dividida em uma grade espacial de 0,5º x 0,5º, resultando em 50 quadrículas. Foram utilizados mais de 46 mil medições de PCO2sw, que na média espacial variou de 362,7 ±11,2 a 371,9 ±17,5 µatm, no verão e primavera respectivamente. A PCO2 variou de -0,4 a 5,7 µatm no outono e primavera, respectivamente. A TR variou de 0,065 ±0,04 a 0,088 ±0,002 gC.mês-1.m-2.µatm-1, no verão e inverno, respectivamente. O fluxo líquido, se tomando a concentração de gelo como negligenciável, variou de -0,039 ±0,865 a 0,456 ±1,221 gC.m-2.mês-1, no outono e inverno, respectivamente. O fluxo total anual de carbono, estimado através da média espacial por quadrícula, foi de 95 GgC.ano-1. Dessa maneira, na estimativa anual, a superfície do mar se comporta como fonte de CO2 para a atmosfera, principalmente devido à região da plataforma continental com PCO2sw consideravelmente maior que o da atmosfera. Sazonalmente sugere-se que no verão a maior disponibilidade de radiação solar, a temperatura da superfície do mar (TSM) mais elevada e os ventos mais fracos favorecem a produção de biomassa fitoplanctônica, fazendo com que a bomba biológica seja o processo dominante na diminuição da PCO2sw e na absorção de CO2 atmosférico pela superfície marinha. Já no inverno, os ventos se intensificam e, associados com o forte resfriamento da TSM, promovem a mistura com águas profundas ricas em carbono inorgânico dissolvido, levando a superfície marinha a um estado de supersaturação de CO2 em relação à atmosfera. Ventos circumpolares de oeste mais intensos e deslocados para sul tem sido apontados como a causa do aumento da PCO2sw em igual ou maior taxa do que ocorre na atmosfera. Na área de estudo foi levantada uma tendência média da intensidade do vento de 0,23 ±0,03 m.s-1.década-1 e um aumento na freqüência da componente zonal de oeste (positiva) de 1,47 ± 1,13 % .década-1. Sugere-se que estas tendências estejam relacionadas com o Modo Anular Austral (SAM). Entretanto, a tendência decadal estimada para a PCO2sw foi menor que para a atmosfera, apesar de ambas indicarem tendência de aumento. Acredita-se que a grande variabilidade e distribuição esparsa de dados tenham mascarado a magnitude da estimativa da tendência de PCO2sw.
VILLELA, FRANCO N. J. Decadal analysis of the CO2 sea-air flux in the Drake Passage, Southern Ocean 2011. 148 f. Dissertação (mestrado) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Ambiental (PROCAM), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2011. For the area bounded by parallels 60°S and 62.5°S and meridians 60°W and 65°W, located in the southern Drake Passage in the Southern Ocean, near the Antarctic Peninsula, mean seasonal and annual distributions of CO2 flux at the ocean-atmosphere interface, from 2000 to 2009, have been computed, as well as their associated variables: the CO2 partial pressure at sea surface (PCO2sw), the CO2 partial pressure in atmosphere (PCO2ar), the CO2 pressure difference between ocean and atmosphere (PCO2), and the gas transfer rate (TR), which is the product of the CO2 solubility coefficient in sea water by the gas transfer velocity. The parameterization used to calculate fluxes was that of Takahashi et al. (2009) with TR depending on the squared wind speed multiplied by a scale factor 0.26. The study area has about 75,000 km2 and was divided into a grid of 0.5° x 0.5°, resulting in 50 area boxes. Over 46,000 PCO2sw measurements were used, which in the spatial mean varied from 362.7±11.2 to 371.9±17.5 µatm, in summer and spring, respectively. The PCO2 varied from 0.4 to 5.7 µatm in autumn and spring, respectively. TR varied from 0.065±0.04 to 0,088±0.002 gC.month-1.m-2.µatm-1, in summer and winter, respectively. The net flux, taking ice concentration as negligible, varied from 0.039±0.865 to 0.456±1.221 gC.month-1.m-2, in autumn and winter, respectively. The total annual carbon flux, estimated through the spatial mean per square, was 95 GgC.y-1. Thus, in the annual estimate the region acts as a source to the atmosphere, mainly due to the continental shelf having PCO2sw considerably greater than that of the atmosphere. Seasonally, it is suggested that in summer the greater availability of solar radiation, warmer sea surface temperature (SST), and weaker winds favor the production of phytoplanktonic mass, making the biological pump the dominating process in lowering the PCO2sw and the absorption of atmospheric CO2 by the sea surface. On the other hand, in winter winds intensify and, in association with the strong cooling of the SST, promote mixing with deep waters rich in dissolved inorganic carbon, leading the sea surface to a state of supersaturation in CO2 relative to the atmosphere. Stronger circumpolar west winds and displaced to the south have been pointed as the cause for the increase of PCO2sw at a rate equal to or greater than that occurring in the atmosphere. In the study area it has been detected a mean trend of wind intensity 0.23±0.03 m.s-1.decade-1 and an increase in the western zonal component of 1.47±1.3%.decade-1. It is suggested that these trends are related to the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). However, the decadal trend estimated for the PCO2sw was smaller than for the atmosphere, in spite of both indicating increasing tendencies. It is believed that the great variability and scatter distribution of the data have masked the magnitude of the PCO2SW trend estimate.

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34

Khunsupat, Ratayakorn. "Poly(allylamine) and derivatives for co2 capture from flue gas or ultra dilute gas streams such as ambient air." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44909.

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Polymers rich in primary amine groups are proposed to be effective adsorbents for the reversible adsorption of CO2 from moderately dilute gas streams (10% CO2) and ultra-dilute gas streams (e.g. ambient air, 400 ppm CO2), with their performance under ultra-dilute conditions being competitive with or exceeding the state-of-the-art adsorbents based on supported poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI). The CO2 adsorption capacity (mmol CO2/g sorbent) and amine efficiency (mmol CO2/mmol amine) of linear poly(allylamine) (PAA), cross-linked poly(allylamine) prepared by post-polymerization crosslinking with epichlorohydrin (PAAEPI), and branched poly(allylamine) prepared by branching of poly(allylamine) with divinylbenzene (PAADVB) are presented here and compared with state-of-the-art adsorbents based on supported PEI, specifically branched and linear, low molecular weight PEI. Silica mesocellular foam, MCF, serves as the support material for impregnation of the amine polymers. In general, branched polymers are found to yield more effective adsorbents materials. Overall, the results of this work show that linear PAA, cross-linked PAAEPI, and branched PAADVB are promising candidates for solid adsorbents with high capacity for CO2.

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35

Cheung, Ocean. "Narrow-pore zeolites and zeolite-like adsorbents for CO2 separation." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för material- och miljökemi (MMK), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-101629.

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A range of porous solid adsorbents were synthesised and their ability to separate and capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from gas mixtures was examined. CO2 separation from flue gas – a type of exhaust gas from fossil fuel combustion that consists of CO2 mixed with mainly nitrogen and biogas (consists of CO2 mixed with mainly methane) were explicitly considered. The selected adsorbents were chosen partly due to their narrow pore sizes. Narrow pores can differentiate gas molecules of different sizes via a kinetic separation mechanism: a large gas molecule should find it more difficult to enter a narrow pore. CO2 has the smallest kinetic diameter in zeolites when compared with the other two gases in this study. Narrow pore adsorbents can therefore, show enhanced kinetic selectivity to adsorb CO2 from a gas mixture. The adsorbents tested in this study included mixed cation zeolite A, zeolite ZK-4, a range of aluminophosphates and silicoaluminophosphates, as well as two types of titanium silicates (ETS-4, CTS-1). These adsorbents were compared with one another from different aspects such as CO2 capacity, CO2 selectivity, cyclic performance, working capacity, cost of synthesis, etc. Each of the tested adsorbents has its advantages and disadvantages. Serval phosphates were identified as potentially good CO2 adsorbents, but the high cost of their synthesis must be addressed in order to develop these adsorbents for applications.

At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Papers 4-8: Manuscripts.

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36

Andreo, Ana Paula. "Ensaios de respirometria : monitorização do CO2 utilizando um sistema FIA com detecção condutometrica." [s.n.], 1999. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258092.

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Orientador: Jose Roberto Guimarães
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia Civil
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-26T20:50:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreo_AnaPaula_M.pdf: 6332629 bytes, checksum: 6b02356f946557e0aca1e2bf5148fc7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999
Resumo: A respirometria é uma técnica muito utilizada na determinação da biodegradação de resíduos misturados ao solo pela atuação de microrganismos presentes. O respirômetro normalmente utilizado é o de Bartha e Pramer, onde o CO2 produzido durante o processo é determinado via titulação ácido-base (convencional). O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a determinação do CO2 biodegradado, (CO2)b através de análise por injeção em fluxo (FIA) com detecção condutométrica, uma técnica cujas características são precisão, sensibilidade e curto tempo de resposta. Para tanto, fez-se necessário o estudo de parâmetros operacionais do sistema FIA utilizado. Realizou-se então ensaios de respirometria seguindo o Projeto de Norma 01:603.06-007/1993 da ABNT, com determinações do ((CO2)b por titulação e por sistema FIA. Os resultados obtidos foram bastante satisfatórios, verificando nas curvas obtidas o mesmo comportamento previsto pela teoria, permitindo assim, a identificação das fases do crescimento microbiano
Abstract: Respirometry is a technique frequently used for the determination of biodegradation of residues that are mixed to the soil, through the action of microorganisms present in it. The respirometer normally used is the Bartha and Pramer, in which the CO2 produced during the process is determined through acid-base volumetric analysis (conventional). The present work had as an objective the determination of the biodegraded CO2, (CO2)b, through the Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) with condutometric detection, a respected technique whose characteristics are precision, sensibility and shot response time. For this, the study of operation parameters of the FIA system used was made necessary, Assay of respirometry were done following the Project of Norm 01:603-06-007/1993 of ABNT, with the determination of (CO2 through volumetric analysis and FIA system. The results obtained are very satisfactory. It was possible to identify that the obtained curves present the same behavior as expected in theory, allowing the identification of the phase of microbiological growth
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

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37

Andersson, Andreas. "Air-sea exchange of O2 and CO2 : Processes controlling the transfer efficiency." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-314166.

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World oceans cover more than 70% of the earth surface and constitutes a major sink of atmospheric CO2. Two of the most important gases in the marine carbon cycling are O2 and CO2 and hence accurate descriptions of the air-sea gas exchange of these gases are crucial. Still there is a lack of knowledge of the relative importance of processes controlling the efficiency of the air-sea gas transfer. This is especially true for Arctic and high latitude seas were studies on air-sea gas exchange are few. By studying processes causing water-side turbulence, using gases of different solubility and various measurement techniques, more knowledge on the governing processes can be obtained. Here we present the very first air-sea fluxes of O2 using atmospheric eddy covariance measurements and investigate the dependence between the gas transfer velocity of O2 and turbulence generated by the mean wind. The instrument was found to suffer from the limited precision and time response, causing significant corrections on the O2 flux. After correcting for this, the O2 fluxes displays an anti-correlation with the air-sea fluxes of CO2 in agreement with the measured air-sea gradient of O2. The transfer velocities for O2 indicates a stronger wind dependence than other commonly used parameterizations of the transfer velocity for CO2 and O2, this especially for wind speeds > 5 m s-1 where the typical onset of wave breaking occur. During two winter months eddy covariance measurements were taken over a high Arctic fjord. The data revealed a significant enhancement of the gas transfer velocity for CO2 from water-side convection, generated by cooling of surface waters. The dependence between water-side convection and gas transfer velocity were found for winds as high as 9 m s-1, but were strongest for wind speeds< 7 m s-1. The data also showed on enhanced air-sea gas transfer of CO2 when conditions were unstable very close to neutral. This enhanced transfer were associated to increased contribution to the CO2 flux from downdraft of air with higher concentrations of CO2. The combined effect of water-side convection and turbulence generated by wind results in a very effective transfer, thus the air-sea gas exchange at these latitudes may be significantly underestimated.

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Jung, Kyung Sook. "CO2 separation and regeneration study from power plant flue gases with reclaimed Mg (OH)2." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1122333773.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2005.
Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Apr. 3, 2006). Includes abstract. Keywords: CO2 removal, Power plant, Mg(OH)2, Absorption. Includes bibliographical references.

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39

Okwananke, Anthony. "Flue gas injection for methane recovery from gas hydrate reservoirs and geological Storage of CO2." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/3395.

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The global energy system has been gradually de-carbonised over the years, from wood to coal, coal to oil, and then natural gas. Natural gas hydrates with their abundance in nature, therefore represent a potentially significant new clean energy source for the future. A few field trials have been conducted to recover natural gas (methane) from gas hydrate reservoirs. While the outcomes of these trials offer a glimmer of hope on the possibility of methane production from gas hydrate resources, there remains the nagging question of production sustainability as most field trials are short-lived due to high energy penalty, sand management issues, excessive water production, and potential environmental risks. This thesis reports the development of a novel technique for methane recovery from natural gas hydrate reservoirs by flue gas injection. Compared to the existing methods, the principal concept of the technique is to break the thermodynamic equilibrium of methane hydrate by flue gas injected, causing a shift in the equilibrium phase boundary to accommodate the presence of flue gas while releasing methane from hydrate dissociation. A series of experiments were conducted at different simulated hydrate reservoir conditions to demonstrate the feasibility of the technique vis-à-vis understanding how methane hydrate decomposes in the presence of flue gas, the impact of flue gas on the depressurisation process, and the possibility of the CO2 component in the flue gas being sequestered as CO2 or CO2-mixed hydrates. Furthermore, the impact of the excess aqueous phase, salinity, and sediment mineralogy on methane recovery were also investigated. Finally, peculiarities of gas flow in hydrate-bearing sediments were also investigated and modelled with existing permeability models. Results indicated significant dissociation of methane hydrate by a shift in the methane hydrate equilibrium phase boundary leading to a rise in methane concentration in the vapour phase. Enhanced methane recovery by depressurisation in the presence of flue gas generated a methane-rich vapour phase of up to 80 mol% methane at experimental conditions within the methane hydrate stability zone (HSZ). CO2 hydrate, N2-CO2-CH4 hydrate, and CO2-CH4 were formed simultaneously alongside methane recovery after flue gas injection. Up to 70% of CO2 in the vapour phase was captured and retained in the hydrate phase. Increased aqueous phase salinity enhanced methane recovery and increased CO2 capture and storage in excess water environments. Extension of the concept to air and nitrogen injection showed enhance depressurisation compared to flue gas injection with up to 90 mol% methane in the vapour phase at conditions still within the methane HSZ. It is also flexible, with the possibility of stepwise depressurisation with continuous and incremental methane recovery. Potentially these techniques are economically feasible as they save on costs in terms of thermal energy supply and chemical additives. On the operational front, it is not subject to injectivity constraints due to secondary hydrate formation. It also has the capacity to maintain reservoir energy, limit water production, and deliver better sand management. Additionally, direct capture and storage of CO2 from flue gas could provide huge savings in carbon capture and storage processes.

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Mongwe, Ndunisani Precious. "Understanding modelled sea-air CO2 flux biases in the Southern Ocean through the seasonal cycle." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29260.

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The Southern Ocean forms a vital component of the earth system as a sink of CO2 and heat, taking over 40% of the annual oceanic CO2 uptake (75% of global heat uptake), slowing down the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere and thus the rate of climate change. However, recent studies based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project version 5 (CMIP5) Earth System Models (ESMs) show that CMIP5 ESMs disagree on the phasing of the seasonal cycle of the CO2 flux (FCO2) and compare poorly with available observation estimates in the Southern Ocean. Notwithstanding these differences, the seasonal cycle is a dominant mode of CO2 variability in the Southern Ocean, and hence this is an important bias. Previous studies suggest that these biases of FCO2 in ESMs might be a significant limitation to the long-term simulation of CO2 characteristics in the Southern Ocean. Consequently, this study has three primary objectives: first, to develop a process-based diagnostic method to analyze and isolate key biases and their underlaying mechanisms in the model-observations seasonal cycle of FCO2 differences for forced ocean models and ESMs. Second, to use this framework to examine sources of biases responsible for the limited skill of CMIP5 models in simulating the seasonal cycle of FCO2 with respect to observed estimates. Thirdly, to investigate how these present-day biases in the seasonality and drivers of CO2 in CMIP5 ESMs affect modelled longterm changes in the mechanisms of CO2 uptake in the Southern Ocean. In the first part of the dissertation, an objective diagnostic framework was established to analyze model-observation biases in the seasonal scale of FCO2 using the NEMO PISCES ORCA2LP model output, and Takahashi et al. (2009) observed estimates. The diagnostic framework focuses on examining the relative contributions of the competing drivers (SST and DIC) and related processes (solubility, biological and mixing) to instantaneous monthly changes in surface pCO2 (and FCO2) at the seasonal scale. In the second part of the dissertation, this approach is applied to 10 CMIP5 models in the Southern Ocean, to investigate the mechanistic basis for the seasonal cycle of FCO2 biases. It was found that FCO2 biases in CMIP5 models can be grouped into two main categories, i.e. group-SST and group-DIC. Group-SST models are characterized by an exaggeration of the seasonal rates of change of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in autumn and spring during the cooling and warming peaks, respectively. These faster-than-observed rates of change of SST tip the control of the seasonal cycle of pCO2 and FCO2 towards SST and result in divergence between the observed and modelled seasonal cycles, particularly in the Sub-Antarctic Zone. While almost all analyzed models show these SST-driven biases, 3 out of 10 (namely NorESM1-ME, HadGEM2-ES and MPI-ESM, collectively the group-DIC models) compensate the solubility bias because of their exaggerated primary production, such that biologically-driven DIC changes become the regulators of the seasonal cycle of FCO2. It was also found that despite significant differences in the spatial characteristics of the mean annual fluxes, CMIP5 models show a zonal homogeneity in the seasonal cycle of FCO2 at the basin-scale in contrast to observed estimates. In the final third of the dissertation, using five CMIP5 ESMs from the RCP8.5 scenario, it was found that CMIP5 models present climate biases in the seasonality and drivers of FCO2 are fundamental to how models simulate long-term changes in the mechanisms of CO2 uptake in the Southern Ocean. Although all five analyzed models show an increased annual mean CO2 uptake by the end of the century, they show significant differences in the mechanisms. The present-day temperature biased models (group-SST) generally maintain the dominance of the temperature driver in the seasonal variability of FCO2 to end of the century. But show enhanced CO2 uptake due to increased anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 and decreased surface CO2 buffering capacity but they display a weak to null role of biological activity in the increased CO2 sink. On the other hand, the increased CO2 uptake at the end of the century in group-DIC models is explained increased biological driven CO2 uptake in spring, linked to increased Revelle factor and solubility driven CO2 uptake in winter. Increased Revelle factor at the end of the century enhance pCO2 changes for even smaller DIC changes.

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Smith, Pascalle. "Modélisation des cultures européennes au sein de la biosphère : phénologie, productivité et flux de CO2." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066250.

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L'extension des surfaces cultivées et l'intensification de leur gestion, en réponse à la demande croissante en produits agricoles, transforment les propriétés des continents depuis plusieurs centaines d'années. Or les surfaces continentales sont un maillon des grands cycles hydrologique, énergétique et de carbone de la planète. Les cultures occupent actuellement 35% de la superficie de l'Europe de l'Ouest. Leur fonctionnement spécifique (sélection génétique, semis, irrigation, fertilisation, récolte. . . ) n'était jusqu'à récemment pas pris en compte dans les modèles de biosphère, mais leur effet sur ces cycles est important et incertain. Cette thèse vise à quantifier la contribution des cultures au bilan de carbone européen. On poursuit et évalue l'amélioration, à l’échelle de l’Europe, de la représentation des surfaces cultivées dans le modèle de biosphère ORCHIDEE associé au modèle de cultures STICS. La comparaison des simulations d’ORCHIDEE-STICS aux indices de végétation satellitaires montre que le cycle saisonnier des cultures est mieux simulé. Par conséquent on simule plus réalistement la productivité annuelle moyenne des cultures et sa variabilité inter-annuelle et spatiale observées dans les statistiques agricoles. La chute de productivité comme lors de l'été caniculaire de 2003 est à l'origine d'une source de carbone pour l'atmosphère qui a annulé une partie des bénéfices du puits biosphérique européen. La source estimée avec ORCHIDEE-STICS est en bon accord avec les estimations atmosphériques inverses et contribue à augmenter d'un quart les émissions de CO2 par les activités humaines en Europe. Ce travail montre l'importance et quantifie l'effet de mieux prendre en compte les cultures dans un modèle de biosphère sur les composantes du bilan carbone de la végétation, à l'échelle européenne. Il ouvre la voie à de nombreuses études de l'effet non seulement biogéochimique mais aussi biophysique des surfaces cultivées sur le système climatique.

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42

Ferreira, Lilian Raquel Moretto. "Avaliação da corrosão por fluxo do aço AISI 1020 em solução de NaHCO3 saturada com CO2." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/37870.

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Orientador: Prof. Dr. Haroldo de Araújo Ponte
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência dos Materiais - PIPE. Defesa: Curitiba, 31/05/2012
Inclui referências
Área de concentração: Engenharia de materiais
Resumo: A corrosão por CO2 é a forma predominante de corrosão encontrada na produção de combustíveis fósseis e está presente tanto na composição das jazidas de petróleo e gás natural, quanto nos processos tecnológicos de extração e refino. Os aços carbono e de baixa liga são os mais utilizados na confecção de equipamentos e tubulações, principalmente por satisfazerem os requisitos mecânicos, estruturais e de fabricação, além de serem mais viáveis financeiramente. Entretanto, estes materiais possuem baixa performance em relação à corrosão generalizada e por CO2. Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo utilizar um eletrodo cilíndrico rotativo (ECR) nas técnicas eletroquímicas comumente empregadas para a avaliação da corrosão por fluxo do aço carbono em duas condições diferenciadas de acabamento superficial. Esta avaliação foi realizada, utilizando-se como meio corrosivo uma solução de NaHCO3 0,5 M saturada com CO2. Os eletrodos de trabalho tinham formato cilíndrico e foram confeccionados em aço carbono AISI 1020. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que a formação e a passivação da camada de carbonato de ferro, é influenciada pela presença do fluxo e da rugosidade superficial do aço. A taxa de corrosão do aço atingiu valores elevados e em seguida apresentou ligeira redução com o aumento da velocidade do fluxo para a superfície mais lisa. Para a superfície com rugosidade aumentada, o fluxo provocou um aumento na taxa de corrosão com tendência a um patamar, exibindo valores maiores do que os obtidos para a superfície mais lisa, somente a partir de uma velocidade de rotação em torno de 700 rpm. Como conclusão, observou-se que o eletrodo cilíndrico rotativo é uma importante ferramenta no estudo da corrosão em presença de fluxo e que o mecanismo de corrosão sob fluxo num meio contendo CO2 envolve basicamente a formação da camada de FeCO3 de acordo com a interação permitida pela estrutura da camada limite hidrodinâmica estabelecida. Palavras-chave: Corrosão por fluxo; CO2 ; Aço-carbono.
Abstract: The carbon dioxide corrosion (CO2) is the predominant form of corrosion found in the production of fossil fuels and is present both in the composition of petroleum and natural gas, as in technological processes of extraction and refining. Carbon steels and low alloy are the most used in equipment and pipes, mainly because they satisfy the requirements of mechanical, structural and manufacturing, in addition to being more financially viable. However, these materials have poor performance with respect to general corrosion and carbon dioxide corrosion. This work has as main objective to use a rotating cylinder electrode (ECR) in electrochemical techniques commonly used to assess the corrosion of carbon steel flow in two different conditions of surface finish. This evaluation was performed, using as solution with deionized water e 0.5 M NaHCO3 saturated with CO2. The working electrodes were cylindrical and were made of carbon steel AISI 1020. The results showed that formation and passivation layer of iron carbonate is influenced by the presence of flow and surface roughness of steel. The rate of corrosion of steel reached high values and then showed a slight decrease with increasing flow rate for the smoothest surface. For increased surface roughness, the flow caused an increase in rate of corrosion with a tendency to a threshold, displaying higher values than those obtained for the smoothest surface, only from a rotation rate about 700 rpm. In conclusion, it was observed that the rotating cylinder electrode is an important tool in the study of corrosion in the presence of flow and that the corrosion mechanism in a medium containing CO2 flow basically involves the formation of the layer FeCO3 according permitted by the interaction hydrodynamic boundary layer structure established. Keywords: Corrosion flow; carbon dioxide; carbon steel.

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43

Fiedler, Björn [Verfasser]. "CO2 and O2 Dynamics and Ocean-Atmosphere Fluxes in the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic / Björn Fiedler." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1137509651/34.

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44

MacBean, N. L. "Using earth observation and ground-based data to improve modelled CO2 and CH4 fluxes from peatlands." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1333236/.

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Peatlands are an important store of carbon; they contain ~15-30% of the world’s soil C while covering only ~3% of the land area. They are also the largest natural source of methane (CH4), but the global estimate is highly uncertain. Here, this issue is addressed by developing a combined data - modelling framework to provide optimal estimates of CO2 and CH4 fluxes from an upland UK peat site. An Observing Systems Simulation Experiment (OSSE), using a Bayesian inversion method, is implemented to investigate the CH4, NEP and soil moisture observation temporal frequency and uncertainty required to accurately constrain model parameters and to estimate model predictive uncertainty. The OSSE is used to examine the impact of parameter correlations, bias in low-resolution observations, and unknown model error. The highly model-sensitive parameters are constrained by almost all observations, with a corresponding improvement in model predictive uncertainty. However there is high degree of model equifinality. Biased observations and unaccounted-for model error can result in false confidence in inaccurate model predictions. The OSSE results demonstrate the importance of performing a synthetic experiment prior to using actual data. Finally, real data are used to calibrate the model, which is then used to determine the net CO2 and CH4 flux for the site. The results highlight a possible source of error in the model. It is suggested this is because of an inaccurate representation of the coupling between CO2 and CH4, due to an unaccounted for lag in the methanotrophic activity. This has significant implications for CH4 flux modelling, as many models use a similar formulation for CH4 dynamics. Results are compared with satellite and ground-based measurement characteristics and recommendations are made for the observation and modelling of ecosystems at small spatial scales. This information is useful for modellers, space agencies and field biologists.

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45

Curtarelli, Marcelo Pedroso. "Variabilidade espacial e temporal do fluxo difusivo de CO2 no reservatório hidrelétrico de Tucuruí, Amazônia, Brasil." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 2016. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m21b/2016/02.13.02.35.

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A hipótese que motivou esta pesquisa foi a de que a atual estimativa de emissão total de carbono por reservatórios hidrelétricos Amazônicos é imprecisa, uma vez que a variabilidade espacial e temporal do fluxo difusivo de CO$_{2}$ não é considerada de maneira adequada. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar a dinâmica da variabilidade espacial e temporal do fluxo difusivo de CO$_{2}$ no reservatório de Tucuruí, Pará, ao longo das estações de verão e inverno, e em condições de clima atual e futuro. Para tanto foi utilizada uma abordagem inovadora que buscou integrar dados coletados \emph{in situ}, dados obtidos por sensoriamento remoto e o uso de modelagem numérica tridimensional para simulação do fluxo difusivo de CO$_{2}$ . Foram realizados experimentos em condições de clima presente (ano 2013) e clima futuro (ano 2100), considerando dois cenários distintos do ponto de vista climático e de mudanças no uso e cobertura do solo na bacia de contribuição do reservatório. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos experimentos realizados em condições de clima presente mostraram que o fluxo difusivo de CO$_{2}$ apresenta alta variabilidade espacial e temporal em Tucuruí. Temporalmente, o fluxo difusivo de CO$_{2}$ variou, em média, entre -86 e -24 mg C m$^{-2}$ hora$^{-1}$ ao longo do dia no verão e entre -105 e -30 mg C m$^{-2}$ hora-1 ao longo do dia no inverno. Em ambos os períodos analisados as maiores taxas de emissão foram observadas no período noturno e início da manhã e as menores no período da tarde. O valor diário médio do fluxo difusivo de CO$_{2}$ obtido para o período de verão foi de -1.338 $\pm$ 1.335 mg C m$^{-2}$ dia$^{-1}$ e de -1.395 $\pm$ 925 mg C m$^{-2}$ dia$^{-1}$ para o período de inverno. Do ponto de vista espacial, o fluxo difusivo de CO$_{2}$ apresentou um padrão heterogêneo durante todo o verão, variando, em média, entre -6.950 (zona de transição) e 32 mg C m$^{-2}$ dia$^{-1}$ (absorção no interior dos igarapés). Por outro lado, durante o inverno o fluxo difusivo de CO$_{2}$ apresentou um padrão homogêneo, com grande parte da superfície do reservatório apresentando valores próximos à média espacial. Os principais fatores ambientais influenciando a evasão de CO$_{2}$ em Tucuruí foram a velocidade de troca gasosa, temperatura da coluna d'água, pressão parcial de CO$_{2}$ na água e componentes do balanço energético na camada de mistura. Desta forma a atuação de sistemas convectivos de mesoescala sobre o reservatório de Tucuruí apresentou o potencial de aumentar a evasão de CO$_{2}$ em cerca de 28\% nos dias em que ocorrem, uma vez que estes sistemas alteram as condições ambientais na região. Em condições de clima futuro, os experimentos realizados apontam que o fluxo difusivo poderá ser impactado de diferentes formas, sendo a eutrofização do reservatório, associada às mudanças no uso e cobertura do solo na bacia de contribuição, um dos principais fatores que irá influenciar as emissões de CO$_{2}$ no futuro. Os resultados alcançados na pesquisa permitiram aceitar a hipótese inicial, sendo demonstrado que a variação espacial e temporal do fluxo difusivo de CO$_{2}$ são aspectos importantes a serem considerados durante as estimativas de emissão de C em reservatório hidrelétricos Amazônicos. Extrapolando os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa para todo o bioma Amazônico, especula-se que a emissão total de carbono por reservatórios de usinas hidrelétricas possa ser até 22\% menor do que a estimativa mais atual reportada na literatura (9 Tg C ano$^{-1}$). Esta diferença significativa não deve ser negligenciada, uma vez que a emissão de carbono é um fator chave quando se comparam os impactos ambientais de diferentes fontes de geração de energia elétrica podendo influenciar a tomada de decisão para a escolha da fonte mais adequada do ponto de vista ambiental e no local de construção de novos empreendimentos hidrelétricos.
The hypothesis that motivated this research was that the current estimate of the total carbon emissions by Amazonian hydroelectric reservoirs is inaccurate, since the spatial and temporal variability of the diffusive CO$_{2}$ flux is not considered properly. Thus, this study aimed to study the spatial and temporal variability of the diffusive CO$_{2}$ flux in the Tucuruí reservoir, Pará, along the summer and winter seasons, and for current and future climate conditions. For this purpose we used an innovative approach which integrates data collected \emph{in situ}, data obtained by remote sensing and the use of three-dimensional numerical modeling to simulate the CO$_{2}$ diffusive flux. Experiments were carried out for present climate conditions (year 2013) and future climate conditions (2100), considering two different scenarios of climate and land use and land cover changes in the reservoir basin. The results obtained for the experiments conducted under present climate conditions showed that the diffusive CO$_{2}$ flux has a high spatial and temporal variability in Tucuruí. Temporally, the diffusive flux of CO$_{2}$ ranged, on average, between -86 and -24 mg C m$^{-2}$ hour$^{-1}$ throughout the day in the summer season and between -105 and -30 mg C m$^{-2}$ hour$^{-1}$ during the winter season. In seasons analyzed the highest emission rate was observed during the night and early morning, and the lowest rate during the afternoon. The mean daily value of the CO$_{2}$ diffusive flux obtained for the summer period was -1338 $\pm$ 1.335 mg C m$^{-2}$ day$^{-1}$ and -1395 $\pm$ 925 mg C m$^{-2}$ day$^{-1}$ for the winter period. From the spatial point of view, the diffusive flux of CO$_{2}$ showed a heterogeneous pattern during the summer, ranging between -6.950 (transition zone) and 32 mg C m$^{-2}$ day$^{-1}$ (absorption within the littoral zone). Moreover, during the winter season the diffusive flux of CO$_{2}$ showed a homogeneous pattern. The main environmental factors influencing the evasion of CO$_{2}$ in Tucuruí reservoir were the gas exchange piston velocity, temperature of the water column, partial pressure of CO$_{2}$ in the water and the components of energy balance in the mixed layer. Thus the occurrence of mesoscale convective systems over Tucuruí reservoir had the potential to increase the evasion of CO$_{2}$ by about 28\% on days in which they occurs, since these systems change the environmental conditions in the reservoir region. For the experiments under future climate conditions, the results showed that the diffusive CO$_{2}$ flux may be affected in different ways and the eutrophication of the reservoir, associated with the changes in land use and land cover in the reservoir basin, is one of the main factors that will influence the emissions of CO$_{2}$ in the future. The outcomes of this research allowed to accept the initial hypothesis, and demonstrated that the spatial and temporal variability of CO$_{2}$ diffusive flux are important aspects to be considered for the total carbon emission estimates in hydroelectric reservoir located at Amazon biome. Extrapolating the results obtained in this study for the entire Amazon biome, it is speculated that the total carbon emissions by hydroelectric reservoirs can be up to 22\% less than the latest estimate reported in the literature (9 Tg C yr$^{-1}$). This significant difference should not be neglected, since the carbon footprint is a key factor when comparing the environmental impacts of different sources of electricity generation and can influence the decision-making process for choosing the most appropriate source and the construction site of new hydroelectric projects.

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46

Arnold, Karin von. "Forests and Greenhouse gases. Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from drained forests on organic soils." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Dept. of Water and Environmental Studies, Univ, 2004. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2004/arts302s.pdf.

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Leal, Leila do Socorro Monteiro. "Variação sazonal do fluxo e da concentração de CO2 na região leste da Floresta Amazônica – PA." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2000. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/8131.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
Na década de 70, a Floresta Amazônica era considerada o "pulmão" do mundo, em virtude de uma possível maior produção de O2 e consumo de CO2. Já na década de 80, o conceito de “clímax” foi estabelecido, acreditando-se estar a floresta em equilíbrio, isto é, internamente, tudo que era produzido era consumido. Hoje, ao contrário do que se acreditava, experimentos observacionais vêm evidenciando que a floresta está fixando CO2 atmosférico. Atualmente, os pesquisadores que estudam fluxos na Amazônia procuram entender a magnitude dos fluxos de CO 2 e suas variações inter e intra-anuais, assim como entre diferentes localidades da região. Este trabalho vem auxiliar neste assunto, tendo como objetivo analisar as variações diária e sazonal da concentração e dos fluxos de CO 2 acima e dentro do dossel da floresta, bem como a influência dos elementos do clima sobre essas variações na região leste da Amazônia. Os dados utilizados no presente trabalho são provenientes do Projeto ECOBIOMA, desenvolvido na região leste amazônica, e foram obtidos ao longo do ano de 1999. Coletaram-se dados meteorológicos e de fluxos de CO2 acima do dossel da floresta, sendo também coletados os dados da concentração de CO2 acima e dentro do dossel. O valor médio de fluxo de CO2 no período analisado foi sempre negativo, indicando que a floresta absorve mais CO2 do que produz. Em geral, observou-se maior fluxo de CO2 na época chuvosa em relação à seca, o que se explica pela maior disponibilidade de água nos solos. Em termos de médias, o acúmulo de carbono nessa localidade corresponde a 5,87 t C ha-1 ano-1. A variação da concentração de CO2 apresentou comportamento cíclico, observando-se aumento na concentração durante a noite e diminuição rápida após o nascer-do-sol. Desacoplamento entre os níveis inferiores e superiores do dossel também foi observado, apontando maior influência biótica na biossíntese dos níveis inferiores da floresta e maior contribuição atmosférica no nível da copa das árvores.
In the decade of 70, the Amazon forest was considered as the lung of the world, by virtue of a possible larger production of O2 and I consummate of CO 2. Already in the decade of 80, the climax " concept was established, being believed to be the forest in balance, that is to say, internally, everything that was produced was consumed. Today, unlike what it was believed, experiments observationals comes showing that the forest is fastening CO2 atmospheric. Actually, the studies on flows in Amazon try to understand the magnitude of the flows of CO2 and its variations interannual and intrannual, as well as among different places of the area. This work comes to aid in this sense, tends as objectives to analyze the daily and seasonal of the concentration variations and of the flows of CO2 above and inside of the canopy of the forest, as well as the influence of the elements of the climate about these variations in the area east of Amazon. The data used in the present work they are coming of the Project ECOBIOMA developed at the Amazon area east, and they were obtained along the year current. Meteorological data were collected and of flows of CO2 above the canopy of the forest. They were also collected above the data of the concentration of CO2 and inside of the canopy. The medium value of flow of CO 2, in the analyzed period, was always negative, indicating that the forest absorbs more CO2 than it produces. In general, larger flow of CO2 was observed at that time rainy, in relation to the drought, what is explained by the largest readiness of water of the soils. In medium terms, the accumulation of carbon in this place corresponds to 5,87 t C ha-1 ano -1. The variation of the concentration of CO2, showed a recurrent behavior, being observed an increase in the concentration during the night and a fast decrease after being born of the sun. A uncouplement among the inferior and superior levels of the canopy was also observed that indicate a larger influence biotic in the biosynthesis of the inferior levels of the forest and a larger atmospheric contribution for the levels of the cup of the trees.
Não foi encontrado o CPF do autor.

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48

Tagliarolo, Morgana. "Adaptations métaboliques des organismes dans la zone de balancement des marées : implications sur la biodiversité locale dans un contexte de changement climatique." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00816887.

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La zone côtière représente seulement une petite partie de la surface océanique, mais elle joue un rôle important dans le cycle du carbone. Pour contribuer à préciser ce rôle, l'objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier les flux de carbone, en immersion et en émersion, des communautés benthiques intertidales vivant sur les estrans rocheux. La respiration et la calcification des principales espèces macrozoobenthiques ont été mesurées en laboratoire pour d'estimer les différentes adaptations métaboliques liées à une vie en milieu intertidal. En complément, les flux globaux de carbone des communautés ont été quantifiés aux interfaces air-sédiment et eau-sédiment grâce à des mesures in situ. D'une manière générale, la respiration de la communauté prévaut sur la production primaire, en conséquence les estrans rocheux semi-battus peuvent être considérés comme hétérotrophes. Grâce aux mesures de respiration en laboratoire et aux comptages d'espèces effectués sur les côtes rocheuses bretonnes, nous avons pu estimer la contribution du macrozoobenthos aux flux de carbone à une échelle régionale. La comparaison entre les résultats in situ et les études en laboratoire à permis de valider nos méthodes.

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Antonio, Regina Vasconcellos. "Efeito de lasalocid-A sobre o fluxo de Ca2+ mitocondrial." [s.n.], 1989. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/313903.

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Orientador : Anibal Eugenio Vercesi
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Em trabalho anterior,PEREIRA DA SILVA et alii (1984), apresentaram evidências de que lasalocid-A, em concentrações bastante abaixo da necessária para agir como ionóforo de Ca, inibe o efluxo do mesmo em mitocôndrias de fígado. No presente trabalho, estudamos o mecanismo desta inibição em mitocôndrias de fígado e de coração. Primeiramente, observamos que lasalocid-A, na faixa de concentração usada nestes experimentos (0-250 nM), promove a troca eletroneutra de K+ por H+ através da membrana interna mitocondrial e como conseqüência pode causar alterações importantes nos valores de 'delta¿ pH e à'delta¿U (os componentes químico e elétrico do potencial eletroquímico de prótons ('delta¿ 'mu¿ H+). O efeito indireto destas alterações na inibição da liberação de Ca2+ mitocondrial foi descartado pelos nossos experimentos nos quais são mostrados três padrões do efeito de lasalocid-A, dependendo do carregamento de Ca mitocondrial. Em baixo, carregamento de Ca (5-70 nmol de Ca /mg de proteína), sob condições experimentais nas quais a liberação de Ca é supostamente mediada por um antiporter Ca2+ /2H+, os dados cinéticos,indicam que lasalocid-Ainibe o efluxo do cátion por um mecanismo competitivo. A troca Ca /2Na , a via dominante para o efluxo de Ca2+ em mitocôndrias de coração, por lasalocid-A. Em carregamento intermediário de CA2+ . nmol de Ca /mg de proteína), lasalocid-A estimula levemente liberação de Ca2+. Este efeito parece estar relacionado a não foi afetada 2+ de Ca (70-110 a um aumento da permeabilidade da membrana causada pelo deslocamento de uma quantidade determinada de Mg estrutural ligado à membrana. Finalmente, em alto carregamento de Ca (110-140 2+ nmol de Ca rng de proteína ) , lasalocid-A aumentou a habilidade 60 de retenção de Ca2+ pela mitocôndria, mesmo na presença de agentes liberadores de Ca , tais como fosfato e agentes oxidantes de nucleotídeos de piridina mitocondriais. A manutenção de valores altos de potencial de membrana nestas condições, podem sugerir que lasalocid-A é um potente inibidor da abertura de "poros" induzidos na membrana pelo cátion.... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: A previous communication (PEREIRA DA SILVA et alii, 1984) presented evidence that lasalocid-A, at concentrations far below those required to act as Ca2+ ionophore, significantly inhibited Ca2+ efflux from liver mitochondria. In the present work we have studied the mechanism of this inhibition in liver and heart mitocondria. Firstly it was observed that lasalocid-A, in the range of concentration used in these experiments (0-250nM), promotes the electroneutral exchange of K+ for H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane and as a consequence can cause important alterations in the values for 'delta¿PH and 'delta¿ U (chemical and electrical components, respectively, of the electrochemical membrane potential ('delta¿ UH+). The indirect effect of those alterations in the inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ release eas ruled out by our experiments which have shown three patters of lasalocid-A effect, depending on the size of the mitochondrial Ca2+ load. ... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Mestrado
Bioquimica
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas

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50

Rangama, Yvan. "variabilite spatio-temporelle des flux air-mer de CO2 dans l'ocean sud : apport des mesures satellitaires." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007529.

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Nous étudions la variabilité de la pression partielle de CO2 à la surface de l'océan (pCO2) en nous servant de paramètres télédétectés (température de surface de la mer et couleur de l'océan) dans le but d'obtenir un aperçu de sa variabilité à petite échelle et de surveiller le flux air-mer de CO2 déduit de mesures satellitaires à l'échelle régionale. Nous analysons la variabilité spatiale et temporelle des flux air-mer de CO2 dans l'océan sud sur la région au sud de la Tasmanie et de la Nouvelle Zélande. Nous combinons mesures in situ et satellitaires afin d'estimer le flux de CO2 entre décembre 1997 et décembre 1998. Nous avons trouvé des anticorrélations entre la chlorophylle et pCO2 in situ dans les régions possédant un contenu en chlorophylle au dessus de 0.37 mg m-3 tandis que pCO2 est la plupart du temps corrélé négativement à la température de surface de la mer dans les régions pauvre en chlorophylle. Puis, nous déduisons les champs de pCO2 et du flux de CO2 des données satellitaires (température de surface de la mer et couleur de l'océan) grâce aux relations trouvées lors de cette étude et des distributions du coefficient d'échange du CO2 déduites de vent satellitaires. Nous estimons alors un flux absorbant annuel de -0.08 GtC an-1. Ce flux est moins absorbant que celui déduit des champs climatologiques du gradient de la pression partielle de CO2 de [Takahashi et al, 2002] et des mêmes distributions de coefficient d'échange (-0.13 GtC an-1).

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'CO2 fluxe'

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