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1
Jian, Wei, Moritz Albrecht, Bernd Lehmann, Jingwen Mao, Ingo Horn, Yanhe Li, Huishou Ye, Zongyan Li, Guanguan Fang, and Yongsheng Xue. "UV-fs-LA-ICP-MS Analysis of CO2-Rich Fluid Inclusions in a Frozen State: Example from the Dahu Au-Mo Deposit, Xiaoqinling Region, Central China." Geofluids 2018 (2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3692180.
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The recently developed technique of ultraviolet femtosecond laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (UV-fs-LA-ICP-MS) combined with a freezing cell is expected to improve the analysis of CO2-rich fluid inclusions by decreasing their internal pressure and avoiding the common problem of uncontrolled explosive fluid release on ablation. Here, we report the application of this technique through the case study of CO2-rich fluid inclusions from the quartz vein-style Au-Mo deposit of Dahu in the Xiaoqinling region of central China. The concentrations of Li, B, Na, Al, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Te, Cs, Ba, Au, Pb, and Bi were analyzed in 124 (not all for Al and Ca) fluid inclusions, which have low to moderate salinity and multiphase composition (liquid H2O + liquid CO2 ± vapor CO2 ± solids). The Dahu fluids are dominated by Na and K. The concentrations of Mo are always below the detection limit from 0.005 to 2 ppm (excluding values obtained from fluid inclusions with accidentally trapped solids). The Dahu ore fluids differ from metamorphic fluids in compositions and most likely represent two separate pulses of spent fluids evolved from an unexposed and oxidized magmatic system. The UV-fs-LA-ICP-MS analysis of fluid inclusions in a frozen state improves the overpressure problem of CO2-rich fluid inclusions during laser ablation. The transformation of gaseous and liquid CO2 into the solid state leads to a significant decline in the internal pressure of the fluid inclusions, while femtosecond laser pulses generate a minimal heat input in the sample and thus maintain the frozen state during ablation. Transient signals of CO2-rich fluid inclusions obtained in this study typically had one or multiple peaks lasting for more than 15 seconds, without an initial short signal spike as obtained by ns-LA-ICP-MS analysis of CO2-rich fluid inclusions at room temperature.
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Zozulya, Dmitry, Lyudmila Lyalina, Ray Macdonald, Bogusław Bagiński, Yevgeny Savchenko, and Petras Jokubauskas. "Britholite Group Minerals from REE-Rich Lithologies of Keivy Alkali Granite—Nepheline Syenite Complex, Kola Peninsula, NW Russia." Minerals 9, no. 12 (November 27, 2019): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9120732.
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The Keivy alkali granite-nepheline syenite complex, Kola Peninsula, NW Russia, contains numerous associated Zr-REE-Y-Nb occurrences and deposits, formed by a complex sequence of magmatic, late-magmatic, and post-magmatic (including pegmatitic, hydrothermal, and metasomatic) processes. The REE-rich lithologies have abundant (some of economic importance) and diverse britholite group minerals. The REE and actinides distribution in host rocks indicates that the emanating fluids were alkaline, with significant amounts of F and CO2. From chemical studies (REE and F variations) of the britholites the possible fluid compositions in different lithologies are proposed. Fluorbritholite-(Y) and britholite-(Y) from products of alkali granite (mineralized granite, pegmatite, quartzolite) formed under relatively high F activity in fluids with low CO2/H2O ratio. The highest F and moderate CO2 contents are characteristic of fluid from a mineralized nepheline syenite, resulting in crystallization of fluorbritholite-(Ce). Britholite group minerals (mainly fluorcalciobritholite and ‘calciobritholite’) from a nepheline syenite pegmatite formed from a fluid with composition changing from low F and high CO2 to moderate F and CO2. An extremely high F content is revealed for metasomatizing fluids emanating from alkali granitic magma and which affected the basic country rocks. The dominant substitution scheme for Keivy britholites is REE3+ + Si4+ = Ca2+ + P5+, showing the full range of ‘britholite’ and ‘calciobritholite’ compositions up to theoretical apatite.
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Peletiri, Suoton, Nejat Rahmanian, and Iqbal Mujtaba. "CO2 Pipeline Design: A Review." Energies 11, no. 9 (August 21, 2018): 2184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092184.
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There is a need to accurately design pipelines to meet the expected increase in the construction of carbon dioxide (CO2) pipelines after the signing of the Paris Climate Agreement. CO2 pipelines are usually designed with the assumption of a pure CO2 fluid, even though it usually contains impurities, which affect the critical pressure, critical temperature, phase behaviour, and pressure and temperature changes in the pipeline. The design of CO2 pipelines and the calculation of process parameters and fluid properties is not quite accurate with the assumption of pure CO2 fluids. This paper reviews the design of rich CO2 pipelines including pipeline route selection, length and right of way, fluid flow rates and velocities, need for single point-to-point or trunk pipelines, pipeline operating pressures and temperatures, pipeline wall thickness, fluid stream composition, fluid phases, and pipeline diameter and pressure drop calculations. The performance of a hypothetical pipeline was simulated using gPROMS (ver. 4.2.0) and Aspen HYSYS (ver.10.1) and the results of both software were compared to validate equations. Pressure loss due to fluid acceleration was ignored in the development of the diameter/pressure drop equations. Work is ongoing to incorporate fluid acceleration effect and the effects of impurities to improve the current models.
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Cai, Mingyu, Yuliang Su, Lei Li, Yongmao Hao, and Xiaogang Gao. "CO2-Fluid-Rock Interactions and the Coupled Geomechanical Response during CCUS Processes in Unconventional Reservoirs." Geofluids 2021 (February 26, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6671871.
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The difficulty of deploying remaining oil from unconventional reservoirs and the increasing CO2 emissions has prompted researchers to delve into carbon emissions through Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technologies. Under the confinement of nanopore in unconventional formation, CO2 and hydrocarbon molecules show different density distribution from in the bulk phase, which leads to a unique phase state and interface behavior that affects fluid migration. At the same time, mineral reactions, asphaltene deposition, and CO2 pressurization will cause the change of porous media geometry, which will affect the multiphase flow. This review highlights the physical and chemical effects of CO2 injection into unconventional reservoirs containing a large number of micro-nanopores. The interactions between CO2 and in situ fluids and the resulting unique fluid phase behavior, gas-liquid equilibrium calculation, CO2 adsorption/desorption, interfacial tension, and minimum miscible pressure (MMP) are reviewed. The pore structure changes and stress distribution caused by the interactions between CO2, in situ fluids, and rock surface are discussed. The experimental and theoretical approaches of these fluid-fluid and fluid-solid reactions are summarized. Besides, deficiencies in the application and safety assessment of CCUS in unconventional reservoirs are described, which will help improve the design and operation of CCUS.
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Kampman, N., A. Maskell, M. J. Bickle, J. P. Evans, M. Schaller, G. Purser, Z. Zhou, et al. "Scientific drilling and downhole fluid sampling of a natural CO<sub>2</sub> reservoir, Green River, Utah." Scientific Drilling 16 (November 5, 2013): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-16-33-2013.
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Abstract. A scientific borehole, CO2W55, was drilled into an onshore anticline, near the town of Green River, Utah for the purposes of studying a series of natural CO2 reservoirs. The objective of this research project is to recover core and fluids from natural CO2 accumulations in order to study and understand the long-term consequences of exposure of supercritical CO2, CO2-gas and CO2-charged fluids on geological materials. This will improve our ability to predict the security of future geological CO2 storage sites and the behaviour of CO2 during migration through the overburden. The Green River anticline is thought to contain supercritical reservoirs of CO2 in Permian sandstone and Mississippian-Pennsylvanian carbonate and evaporite formations at depths > 800 m. Migration of CO2 and CO2-charged brine from these deep formations, through the damage zone of two major normal faults in the overburden, feeds a stacked series of shallow reservoirs in Jurassic sandstones from 500 m depth to near surface. The drill-hole was spudded into the footwall of the Little Grand Wash normal fault at the apex of the Green River anticline, near the site of Crystal Geyser, a CO2-driven cold water geyser. The hole was drilled using a CS4002 Truck Mounted Core Drill to a total depth of 322 m and DOSECC’s hybrid coring system was used to continuously recover core. CO2-charged fluids were first encountered at ~ 35 m depth, in the basal sandstones of the Entrada Sandstone, which is open to surface, the fluids being effectively sealed by thin siltstone layers within the sandstone unit. The well penetrated a ~ 17 m thick fault zone within the Carmel Formation, the footwall damage zone of which hosted CO2-charged fluids in open fractures. CO2-rich fluids were encountered throughout the thickness of the Navajo Sandstone. The originally red sandstone and siltstone units, where they are in contact with the CO2-charged fluids, have been bleached by dissolution of hematite grain coatings. Fluid samples were collected from the Navajo Sandstone at formation pressures using a positive displacement wireline sampler, and fluid CO2 content and pH were measured at surface using high pressure apparatus. The results from the fluid sampling show that the Navajo Sandstone is being fed by active inflow of CO2-saturated brines through the fault damage zone; that these brines mix with meteoric fluid flowing laterally into the fault zone; and that the downhole fluid sampling whilst drilling successfully captures this dynamic process.
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Kulazynski, Marek, Marek Stolarski, Hanna Faltynowicz, Beata Narowska, Lukasz Swiatek, and Marcin Lukaszewicz. "Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Vegetable Materials." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 10, no. 4s (December 25, 2016): 637–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht10.04si.637.
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The paper presents the base and conditions for the extraction of organic materials with solvents in the supercritical state with particular attention to use of CO2 as the extraction agent. The advantages and disadvantages of this process are described. The examples of extraction of organic materials using supercritical of CO2 are presented.
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Kampman, Niko, Mike Bickle, Max Wigley, and Benoit Dubacq. "Fluid flow and CO2–fluid–mineral interactions during CO2-storage in sedimentary basins." Chemical Geology 369 (March 2014): 22–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.11.012.
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Lüttge, Andreas, Paul Metz, Johannes Walther, Egon Althaus, and Wllhelm Heinrich. "CO2-H2O fluid inclusions in forsterite: An experimental study." European Journal of Mineralogy 8, no. 5 (October 30, 1996): 997–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/8/5/0997.
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Yamamoto, Junji, Kazuhiko Otsuka, Hiroaki Ohfuji, Hidemi Ishibashi, Naoto Hirano, and Hiroyuki Kagi. "Retentivity of CO2 in fluid inclusions in mantle minerals." European Journal of Mineralogy 23, no. 5 (December 1, 2011): 805–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2011/0023-2150.
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Channer, D. M. DeR, and E. T. C. Spooner. "Geochemistry of late (~ 1.1 Ga) fluid inclusions in rocks of the Kapuskasing Archean crustal section." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 1235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e94-109.
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Three outcrops, well constrained by geochronological and structural studies, and representing a traverse running from tonalite-dominated outcrops in the eastern Wawa gneiss terrane to high-grade granulites of the Kapuskasing structural zone, were mapped and sampled in detail in order to study the trapped fluids. All fluid inclusions in quartz are secondary and consist mostly of CO2-dominated (type II) and saline aqueous (type IIIa) fluids usually occurring on separate healed fractures but also coexisting on some fractures. Healed fractures in quartz contain fluid inclusions but are associated with carbonate–sericite alteration where they pass into adjacent mineral grains. Homogeneous H2O–CO2–salt fluid inclusions (type Ia) in carbonate-rich veins of probable Keweenawan (~ 1.1 Ga) age were trapped at 400–550 °C and ambient pressures of 1.5–2 kbar (1 kbar = 100 MPa). As these fluids cooled on penetration into cool (~ 200 °C) country rocks along fractures they underwent open-system H2O-CO2 phase separation from ~ 350 °C down to ~ 190 °C, producing a range of fluid compositions, including physically segregated CO2-rich (type II) and H2O–salt–rich (type IIIa). Combined gas and ion chromatographic bulk fluid inclusion analyses show that fluid types II and IIIa are not related to shield brines. Br−/Cl− ratios of samples containing phase-separated fluids are similar to the Br−/Cl− ratio of fluids in the carbonate-rich vein. The results of this study show that Keweenawan alkalic magmatism caused widespread carbonate alteration throughout the Kapuskasing structural zone and Wawa gneiss domain. The CO2 component of the fluids is probably magmatic in origin, whereas the aqueous part could also be magmatic or, alternatively, formation waters activated by Keweenawan magmatism.
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Harris, Phillip C. "Dynamic Fluid-Loss Characteristics Of CO2-Foam Fracturing Fluids." SPE Production Engineering 2, no. 02 (May 1, 1987): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/13180-pa.
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Zuddas, Pierpaolo, Stefano Salvi, Olivier Lopez, Giovanni De Giudici, and Paolo Censi. "Escape of Supercritical-CO2 Fluids Trapped in Calcite Nano-metric Pores." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 01056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199801056.
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Flow of supercritical CO2-bearing fluids through a rock is a fundamental phenomenon which acts upon a great many geological processes ranging from seismic activity to formation of ore deposits. Atomic Force Microscopy scanning experiments allowed us to infer movement of supercritical CO2-bearing fluids through calcite crystals and relate it to natural decrepitation of nanoscale fluid inclusions. Calculated velocities exceed the rate of diffusion predicated via current vacancy models by several orders of magnitude implying that CO2-rich fluid movement through micro and nano-pore space may presently be greatly underestimated.
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Suhendi, Cahli, and Mohammad Rachmat Sule. "ALTERNATIF PEMODELAN NUMERIK KOPEL THERMO-HYDRO -MECHANIC INJEKSI CO2 PADA FORMASI GEOLOGI BAWAH PERMUKAAN." Jurnal Geofisika Eksplorasi 6, no. 1 (March 18, 2020): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jge.v6i1.62.
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CO2 injection into subsurface formations is a potential method to reduce CO2 gas emissions in the atmosphere. Geological and geophysical studies are carried out as an effort to analyze the storage capacity and potential risks. The results are then used to analyze the response of reservoir rock to the injected CO2 fluid. The effect of fluid injection on reservoir rocks is complex and involves a coupled system of fluid flow-geomechanics. CO2 fluid injection can increase fluid pressure that affects the local stress conditions of reservoir and surrounding rock. Meanwhile, changes in temperature due to the presence of CO2 fluid also affect reservoir rock stress, although not significantly. The complexity of the subsurface reservoir system includes thermomechanical and hydromechanical analysis involving multi-phase and multi-component fluids. To study these complex interactions, a program which can simulate the coupling between multi-phase and multi-component fluid-flows-geomechanics is needed. To accommodate these needs, Rutqvist et al (2002) have proposed a numerical modeling approach by linking TOUGH2-ECO2N and FLAC3D. In this study we developed an external program that linking TOUGH2 with different fluid modul (ECO2M), and FLAC3D using these approaches to run the coupled THM simulation automatically and seamlessly until the end of simulation.
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Zhang, Xiangxiang, Kai Gu, Chengyu Liu, Yangbing Cao, J. G. Wang, and Feng Gao. "Study on Fluid Front Motion of Water, Nitrogen, and CO2 during Anisotropic Flow in Shale Reservoirs." Geofluids 2022 (December 5, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7202972.
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The fluid front motion is an important phenomenon during anisotropic fluid flow in rock engineering. The pore pressure and mechanical responses may be significantly influenced and show an obvious difference near the moving fluid front. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate the front motion of different types of fluids during anisotropic fluid flow. In this work, a numerical model was proposed to detect the front motion of water, nitrogen, and CO2 in anisotropic shale reservoirs. The full coupling effects among mechanical deformation, fluid flow, and moving boundary in anisotropic porous media were considered in the model construction. The impacts of different fluid properties among water, nitrogen, and CO2 on the anisotropic fluid flow have been discussed. Then, the proposed model was applied to study the differences in front motion among different types of fluids in anisotropic shales. The impacts of permeability and mobility on fluid front motion were investigated. The theoretical equations for predicting the fluid front motion of different types of fluids were established by introducing corresponding correction coefficients to the previous formulas. The results showed that the model can well describe the anisotropic fluid permeation process. The fluid front motion increased with the increase of permeability and mobility. At the same permeability or mobility, the nitrogen front motion was the largest and the water front motion was the smallest. The difference in fluid front motion among water, nitrogen, and CO2 was caused by the difference of their viscosity and compressibility. The proposed formulas can fast and accurately predict the evolution of fluid front motion for different types of fluids.
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Shen, Yunqi, Zhiwen Hu, Xin Chang, and Yintong Guo. "Experimental Study on the Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in Inter-Salt Shale Oil Reservoirs." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 15, 2022): 5909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165909.
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In response to the difficulty of fracture modification in inter-salt shale reservoirs and the unknown pattern of hydraulic fracture expansion, corresponding physical model experiments were conducted to systematically study the effects of fracturing fluid viscosity, ground stress and pumping displacement on hydraulic fracture expansion, and the latest supercritical CO2 fracturing fluid was introduced. The test results show the following. (1) The hydraulic fractures turn and expand when they encounter the weak surface of the laminae. The fracture pressure gradually increases with the increase in fracturing fluid viscosity, while the fracture pressure of supercritical CO2 is the largest and the fracture width is significantly lower than the other two fracturing fluids due to the high permeability and poor sand-carrying property. (2) Compared with the other two conventional fracturing fluids, under the condition of supercritical CO2 fracturing fluid, the increase in ground stress leads to the increase in inter-salt. (3) Compared with the other two conventional fracturing fluids, under the conditions of supercritical CO2 fracturing fluid, the fracture toughness of shale increases, the fracture pressure increases, and the fracture network complexity decreases as well. (4) With the increase in pumping displacement, the fracture network complexity increases, while the increase in the displacement of supercritical CO2 due to high permeability leads to the rapid penetration of inter-salt shale hydraulic fractures to the surface of the specimen to form a pressure relief zone; it is difficult to create more fractures with the continued injection of the fracturing fluid, and the fracture network complexity decreases instead.
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Craw, D., and Y. A. Cook. "Retrogressive fluids and vein formation during uplift of the Priestley metamorphic complex, north Victoria Land, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 7, no. 3 (September 1995): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102095000393.
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The poly-deformed Priestley schist (Wilson Terrane) of north Victoria Land, Antarctica ranges in metamorphic grade from lower greenschist facies to upper amphibolite facies. All grades of schist have been affected by structurally controlled retrogressive H2O-CO2 fluids with 45–70 mole % CO2. The fluids have deposited quartz-carbonate veins with pyrite and chlorite or biotite in late stage structures. Veins typically constitute < 1% of the rock mass, but in one greenschist facies area > 10% of the rock is vein. Veins in higher grade schists have been boudinaged after formation, and many have been annealed. Primary fluid inclusions are preserved in veins in biotite zone schists in two localities. At one locality, entrapment of immiscible fluids (water with c. 8 and 45 mole % CO2) occurred during vein formation, at about 280–300°C and 700 ± 200 bars fluid pressure. The aqueous fluid is slightly saline (4 wt % NaCl equivalent). At the other primary fluid inclusion locality, veins were formed from a single phase fluid (c. 70 mole % CO2) at 200–350°C and 1600 ± 500 bars fluid pressure. Both these vein systems are inferred to have formed between 2 and 8 km depth, near the brittle-ductile transition. Retrogressive fluid mobility and vein formation occurred throughout schist in the Priestly metamorphic complex during uplift in the latter part of the Ross Orogeny (c. 490 Ma), following near-isobaric cooling at metamorphic depths.
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Poutiainen, Matti. "Evolution of a metamorphic fluid during progressive metamorphism in the Joroinen-Sulkava area, southeastern Finland, as indicated by fluid inclusions." Mineralogical Magazine 54, no. 375 (June 1990): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1990.054.375.07.
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AbstractFluid inclusions in the progressively metamorphosed rocks of the Joroinen-Sulkava area, located in the south-eastern end of the Raahe-Ladoga zone near the Archaean-Proterozoic boundary, southeastern Finland, fall into four main categories: (1) H2O-rich, (2) CO2-rich, (3) mixed H2O-CO2 and (4) CH4-N2 inclusions. The samples were collected from quartz veins associated with different deformation phases (D2-D4) and from metapelites. The progressive stage of metamorphism took place mainly during the D2 deformation. The age of metamorphism and D2 deformation becomes younger with increase in metamorphic grade from amphibolite to granulite facies.Regional distribution of the different fluid types indicates a change in fluid regime from H2O to CO2-dominant during the progressive stage of the metamorphism. H2O entered preferentially into the anatectic melt. The possibility of CO2 infiltration from deeper crust can not be excluded, because granulite facies rocks occur most probably below the lower grade zones. A zone enriched in CH4-N2 fluids is located near the lineament zones caused by the D3 deformation. This fluid type dominates the Au-bearing D2–D3 quartz lenses in the K-feldspar-sillimanite zone. Density data of early CO2 inclusions in combination with estimates of metamorphic temperatures (645–750°C) in the different metamorphic zones indicate a pressure range of 3.0–4.5 kbar, which is consistent with data derived from mineral geobarometry. The diversity of fluid types encountered in the D2–D4 quartz veins are a result of the passage of different fluids through veins at different times without re-equilibrating with the wall rocks. However, it is supposed that the CH4-N2 fluid is derived from a CO2-rich fluid with XCH4 ⩽ 0.4 by re-equilibration during its passage through the rocks.
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Eysel, Hans H., Michael Jackson, Henry H. Mantsch, and Glen T. D. Thomson. "Carbon Dioxide Clathrates: An IR Spectroscopic Marker for Arthritis?" Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 9 (September 1993): 1519–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067586.
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The IR spectra of dry films of synovial fluid from normal and arthritic joints are presented. The spectra suggest the existence of CO2 clathrates in these fluids which are of remarkable stability in comparison to well-known CO2 clathrate hydrates. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the formation of CO2 clathrates in biological media. The proportion of CO2 clathrates found in synovial fluid appears to vary with the state of health of joints and thus may be of use in the clinical diagnosis of arthritis.
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Liu, Shusheng, Linnan Guo, Jun Ding, Lin Hou, Siwei Xu, Meifeng Shi, Huimin Liang, Fei Nie, and Xiaoyu Cui. "Evolution of Ore-Forming Fluids and Gold Deposition of the Sanakham Lode Gold Deposit, SW Laos: Constrains from Fluid Inclusions Study." Minerals 12, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020259.
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The Sanakham gold deposit is a newly discovered gold deposit in the Luang Prabang (Laos)–Loei (Thailand) metallogenic belt. It consists of a series of auriferous quartz-sulfide veins, which is distinguished from the regional known porphyry-related skarn and epithermal gold deposits. There are four mineralization stages identified in Sanakham, with native gold grains mainly occurring in stages II and III. Evolution of ore-forming fluids and gold deposition mechanisms in Sanakham are discussed based on fluid inclusion petrography, microthermometry, and Laser Raman spectroscopy. The original ore-forming fluids belong to a medium-high temperature (>345 °C) CH4-rich CH4–CO2–NaCl–H2O system. In stages II and III, the ore fluids evolve into a NaCl–H2O–CO2 ± CH4 system characterized by medium temperature (~300 °C), medium salinity (~10 wt% NaCl eq.), and CO2-rich (~10% mol). They might finally evolve into a NaCl–H2O system with temperature decreasing and salinity increasing in stage IV. Two fluid immiscibility processes occurred in stages II and III, which created high-CH4 & low-CO2 and low-CH4 & high-CO2 end-members, and CO2-poor and CO2-rich endmembers, respectively. Gold-deposition events are suggested to be associated with the fluid immiscibility processes, with P–T conditions and depth of 236–65 MPa, 337–272 °C, and 8.7–6.5 km, respectively.
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Moritz, Robert P., and Serge R. Chevé. "Fluid-inclusion studies of high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Ashuanipi complex, eastern Superior Province: constraints on the retrograde P–T path and implications for gold metallogeny." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 2309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-180.
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The high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Ashuanipi complex have been the subject of a microthermometric fluid-inclusion study. Four types of fluid inclusions were observed: CO2-rich fluids; low-temperature, high-salinity H2O fluids; CH4 ± N2-rich fluids; and high-temperature, low-salinity H2O fluids. The regionally distributed CO2-rich fluids are the earliest fluids, and their calculated isochores indicate a clockwise post-peak metamorphic P–T–t path for the Ashuanipi complex. The low-temperature, high-salinity aqueous fluid inclusions are also distributed regionally and can be interpreted as late brines, retrograde metamorphic fluids, or the wicked-off aqueous component of H2O–CO2 fluid inclusions. Both CH4 ± N2-rich fluids and the high-temperature, low-salinity aqueous fluid inclusions were found only locally in gold-bearing metamorphosed banded iron formations. Fluid-inclusion microthermometry, arsenopyrite thermometry, and metamorphic petrologic study at Lac Lilois, one of the principal gold showings, suggest that some gold deposition may have occurred during regional post-peak metamorphic exhumation and cooling at P–T conditions near the amphibolite–greenschist transition. However, it is possible that gold deposition began at higher near-peak metamorphic P–T conditions. Another major gold showing, Arsène, is characterized by CH4 ± N2-rich fluid inclusions, tentatively inferred to be either directly related to gold deposition or responsible for secondary gold enrichment. The association of CH4 ± N2-rich fluids with gold occurrences in the Ashuanipi complex is comparable to gold deposits of the Abitibi greenstone belt and of Wales, Finland, and Brazil.
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Chai, Peng, Hong-rui Zhang, Zeng-qian Hou, Zhi-yu Zhang, and Lei-lei Dong. "Ore geology, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope constraints on the origin of the Damoqujia gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, China." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 57, no. 12 (December 2020): 1428–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0247.
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The Damoqujia gold deposit within the Zhaoping Fault Zone on Jiaodong Peninsula in eastern China is hosted primarily by Mesozoic granitoids and contains >60 t of gold, making it an important gold producer. Three mineralization stages are distinguished (early, middle, and late): (K-feldspar)–sericite–quartz–pyrite, quartz – gold – polymetallic sulfides, and quartz–carbonate. Gold deposition occurred mainly in the middle stage. The primary fluid inclusions of three stages are mainly homogenized at temperatures of 236–389, 191–346, and 104–251 °C, with salinities of 2.96–11.33, 1.39–17.28, and 0.53–11.48 wt.% NaCl equivalent, respectively. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that the metallogenic system evolved from CO2-rich mesothermal homogeneous fluids to CO2-poor aqueous fluids due to inputs of meteoric waters. The gold was carried as a bisulfide complex in the ore-forming fluids. Precipitation of gold was caused by a combination of fluid immiscibility and water–rock interaction. Studies of the fluid inclusion characteristics (medium temperature, CO2-rich, and low salinity H2O–CO2–NaCl homogeneous system), hydrogen and oxygen isotopes ([Formula: see text] = –1.0‰ to 7.6‰, δD = –109‰ to –77‰), sulfur values ([Formula: see text] = 4.5‰ to 8.5‰), and regional geological events show that the ore-forming fluids reservoir was likely metamorphic in origin. Based on the immiscibility of fluid inclusion assemblages, the estimated depth and pressure of trapping are 8.3–10.2 km and 83–276 MPa, respectively, corresponding to the depth and pressure of mineralization.
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Xing, Tiange, Hamed O. Ghaffari, Ulrich Mok, and Matej Pec. "Creep of CarbFix basalt: influence of rock–fluid interaction." Solid Earth 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-13-137-2022.
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Abstract. Geological carbon sequestration provides permanent CO2 storage to mitigate the current high concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. CO2 mineralization in basalts has been proven to be one of the most secure storage options. For successful implementation and future improvements of this technology, the time-dependent deformation behavior of reservoir rocks in the presence of reactive fluids needs to be studied in detail. We conducted load-stepping creep experiments on basalts from the CarbFix site (Iceland) under several pore fluid conditions (dry, H2O saturated and H2O + CO2 saturated) at temperature, T≈80 ∘C and effective pressure, Peff=50 MPa, during which we collected mechanical, acoustic and pore fluid chemistry data. We observed transient creep at stresses as low as 11 % of the failure strength. Acoustic emissions (AEs) correlated strongly with strain accumulation, indicating that the creep deformation was a brittle process in agreement with microstructural observations. The rate and magnitude of AEs were higher in fluid-saturated experiments than in dry conditions. We infer that the predominant mechanism governing creep deformation is time- and stress-dependent subcritical dilatant cracking. Our results suggest that the presence of aqueous fluids exerts first-order control on creep deformation of basaltic rocks, while the composition of the fluids plays only a secondary role under the studied conditions.
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Wilkinson, J. J. "The role of metamorphic fluids in the development of the Cornubian orefield: fluid inclusion evidence from south Cornwall." Mineralogical Magazine 54, no. 375 (June 1990): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1990.054.375.08.
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AbstractVeins developed during contact metamorphism associated with the emplacement of the Cornubian granite batholith contain both H2O-rich and CO2-rich fluid inclusions. Microthermometric data indicate that unmixing of a low-CO2, low-salinity fluid occurred at 400–200°C and 1000–500 bars to produce low-density CO2-rich vapour and saline aqueous fluids (8–42 wt. % NaCl equivalent). Decrepitation-linked ICP analyses show that the cation composition of the brines is dominated by Na, K and Ca, but that significant amounts of Li, Sr, Ba, Fe, Mn, Zn and B are also present. Bulk volatile analyses confirm the dominance of CO2 over N2 and CH4 in the vapour phase, with CO2/N2 molar ratios of 15.3–28.7 and CO2/CH4 molar ratios of 66.9–292. The relative abundance of nitrogen suggests an aureole-derived ‘organic’ component is present.The source of the fluids is ambiguous as they are intermediate in composition between ideal ‘magmatic’ and ‘metamorphic’ end-members. It is proposed that this is due to mixing of the two types of fluid in the contact aureole during granite intrusion. A model is suggested in which magmatic-metamorphic circulation occurred synchronously with granite emplacement and subsequently evolved to a meteoric-dominated system with the bulk of the ore deposits forming in response to the influx of meteoric fluids.
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Bakhsh, Allah, Liang Zhang, Huchao Wei, Azizullah Shaikh, Nasir Khan, Zeeshan Khan, and Ren Shaoran. "Development of CO2-Sensitive Viscoelastic Fracturing Fluid for Low Permeability Reservoirs: A Review." Processes 10, no. 5 (April 29, 2022): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10050885.
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There are economic and technical challenges to overcome when increasing resource recovery from low permeability reservoirs. For such reservoirs, the hydraulic fracturing plan with the development of clean and less expensive fracturing fluid plays a vital aspect in meeting the energy supply chain. Numerous recent published studies have indicated that research on worm-like micelles (WLMs) based on viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluid has progressed substantially. This study looks at the development of CO2-sensitive viscoelastic fracturing fluid (CO2-SVFF), its applications, benefits, limitations, and drawbacks of conventional fracturing fluids. The switchable viscoelasticity of CO2-SVFF system signifies how reusing of this fluid is attained. Compared to conventional surfactants, the CO2-SVFF system can be switched to high viscosity (to fracture formation and transporting proppants) and low viscosity (easy removal after causing fracture). The effect of pH, conductivity, temperature, and rheological behaviors of CO2-SVFFs are also highlighted. Further, the aid of Gemini surfactants and nanoparticles (NPs) with low concentrations in CO2-SVFF can improve viscoelasticity and extended stability to withstand high shear rates and temperatures during the fracturing process. These studies provide insight into future knowledge that might lead to a more environmentally friendly and successful CO2-SVFFs in low-permeability reservoirs. Despite the increased application of CO2-SVFFs, there are still several challenges (i.e., formation with high-temperature range, pressure, and salinity).
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Ansari, Esmail, Eugene Holubnyak, and Franciszek Hasiuk. "Simple Statistical Models for Predicting Overpressure Due to CO2 and Low-Salinity Waste-Fluid Injection into Deep Saline Formations." Water 15, no. 4 (February 7, 2023): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15040648.
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Deep saline aquifers have been used for waste-fluid disposal for decades and are the proposed targets for large-scale CO2 storage to mitigate CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Due to relatively limited experience with CO2 injection in deep saline formations and given that the injection targets for CO2 sometimes are the same as waste-fluid disposal formations, it could be beneficial to model and compare both practices and learn from the waste-fluid disposal industry. In this paper, we model CO2 injection in the Patterson Field, which has been proposed as a site for storage of 50 Mt of industrial CO2 over 25 years. We propose general models that quickly screen the reservoir properties and calculate pressure changes near and far from the injection wellbore, accounting for variable reservoir properties. The reservoir properties we investigated were rock compressibility, injection rate, vertical-to-horizontal permeability ratio, average reservoir permeability and porosity, reservoir temperature and pressure, and the injectant total dissolved solids (TDS) in cases of waste-fluid injection. We used experimental design to select and perform simulation runs, performed a sensitivity analysis to identify the important variables on pressure build-up, and then fit a regression model to the simulation runs to obtain simple proxy models for changes in average reservoir pressure and bottomhole pressure. The CO2 injection created more pressure compared to saline waste-fluids, when similar mass was injected. However, we found a more significant pressure buildup at the caprock-reservoir interface and lower pressure buildup at the bottom of the reservoir when injecting CO2 compared with waste-fluid injection.
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de Alvarenga, C. J. S., M. Cathelineau, and J. Dubessy. "Chronology and orientation of N2–CH4, CO2-H2O, and H2O-rich fluid-inclusion trails in intrametamorphic quartz veins from the Cuiabá gold district, Brazil." Mineralogical Magazine 54, no. 375 (June 1990): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1990.054.375.10.
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AbstractThe upper Proterozoic Cuiabá group of Mato Grosso, Brazil, is composed of low-grade clastic meta-sediments which have been folded by several successive tectonic events. Three generations of quartz veins are associated with the structural evolution of this area. The first veins are deformed by the main tectonic phases and show a complex deformational patterns. The second set is parallel to the cleavage and was formed syntectonically during the main folding phase, whilst the last quartz veins are related to a later stage of deformation. A systematic study of fluid inclusions in relation with a statistical study of microstructural markers (fluid inclusion trails, opened microcracks) was carried out on quartz veins from three localities. On the basis of microthermometric studies and Raman spectrometry analysis, four differents types of fluids have been distinguished, each trapped in specific fluid inclusion trails: (i) CO2-rich liquids and vapours (Lc, Vc) at Casa de Pedra, (ii) Lc and Vc inclusions with variable amounts of CO2, CH4, N2 in the vapour phase at BR-70, (iii) CH2-N2-rich vapours (Vn-m), and (iv) aqueous inclusions (L) with variable salinities representing the last fluid generations at all localities.At Casa de Pedra and BR-70, most fluids are observed within the three generations of quartz veins, indicating an important fluid circulation associated with the last phase of brittle deformation. Fluid inclusions of type (iii) and (iv) are oriented along several well defined directions. The study shows the importance of integrated microstructural and fluid-inclusion studies for understanding the geometry and chronology of fluid circulation.
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Zhu, Dongya, Quanyou Liu, Juntao Zhang, Qian Ding, Zhiliang He, and Xuefeng Zhang. "Types of Fluid Alteration and Developing Mechanism of Deep Marine Carbonate Reservoirs." Geofluids 2019 (June 24, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3630915.
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Accurate recognition of the types of alteration fluid and the development mechanisms are important concerns in studying deep marine carbonate reservoirs. Major fluid types, such as seawater, meteoric water, deep burial formation water, hydrothermal fluid, and thermochemical sulfate reduction- (TSR-) derived fluid, were identified based on carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope compositions of many samples from the Tarim, Sichuan, and Ordos basins in China. Compared with normal marine limestones, seawater calcite cement has similar isotopic compositions. Calcite cement precipitated from meteoric water has extremely light oxygen isotope compositions, and its δ18OV-PDB reaches -18.8‰. Due to the fractionation of oxygen isotopes at high temperatures (101.2~145.6°C), calcite precipitated from deep burial formation water and deep hydrothermal fluid has moderately light oxygen isotope compositions. The TSR process consumes organic matter to produce CO2/CO32-, and the calcite from TSR-derived fluid has very light carbon isotopes (δ18OV-PDB, -18.9‰) due to the incorporation of organic CO2/CO32-. Formation water and TSR-derived fluid generally originate and are confined within the carbonates and are consequently termed endogenous fluids. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of calcite cements from endogenous fluids are basically the same as those of surrounding carbonates. Meteoric water and hydrothermal fluid originate outside the carbonate strata and are exogenous fluids. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of calcite cements from exogenous fluids are higher than those of surrounding carbonates, up to 0.710558. For karst carbonate reservoirs developed in tectonic uplift-meteoric water environments, the reservoir spaces of karst caves and fractures occur principally under and near unconformity surfaces and megacrystalline calcite cements occur below the karst zone. In deep fault-hydrothermal fluid environments, high-quality carbonate reservoirs develop downward into ultradeep strata. In deep burial-TSR-derived fluid environments, dissolution porosity can be well preserved for a long geological time due to high CO2 and H2S concentrations.
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Hu, Wenxuan, Xiaolin Wang, Dongya Zhu, Donghua You, and Haiguang Wu. "An overview of types and characterization of hot fluids associated with reservoir formation in petroliferous basins." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 36, no. 6 (March 15, 2018): 1359–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598718763895.
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Increasing petroleum explorations indicate that the formation of many reservoirs is in close association with deep hot fluids, which can be subdivided into three groups including crust-derived hot fluid, hydrocarbon-related hot fluid, and mantle-derived hot fluid. The crust-derived hot fluid mainly originates from deep old rocks or crystalline basement. It usually has higher temperature than the surrounding rocks and is characterized by hydrothermal mineral assemblages (e.g. fluorite, hydrothermal dolomite, and barite), positive Eu anomaly, low δ18O value, and high 87Sr/86Sr ratio. Cambrian and Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the central Tarim Basin, northwestern China serve as typical examples. The hydrocarbon-related hot fluid is rich in acidic components formed during the generation of hydrocarbons, such as organic acid and CO2, and has strong ability to dissolve alkaline minerals (e.g. calcite, dolomite, and alkaline feldspar). Extremely 13C-depleted carbonate cements are indicative of the activities of such fluids. The activities of hydrocarbon-related hot fluids are distinct in the Eocene Wilcox Group of the Texas Gulf Coast, and the Permian Lucaogou Formation of the Jimusaer Sag and the Triassic Baikouquan Formation of the Mahu Sag in the Junggar Basin. The mantle-derived hot fluid comes from the upper mantle. The activities of mantle-derived hot fluids are common in the rift basins in eastern China, showing a close spatial relationship with deep faults. This type of hot fluid is characterized by high CO2 content, unique gas compositions, and distinct noble gas isotopic signatures. In the Huangqiao gas field of eastern China, mantle-derived CO2-rich hot fluids have created more pore spaces in the Permian sandstone reservoirs adjacent to deep faults.
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Cai, Pengjie, Rongke Xu, Youye Zheng, Yueming Yin, Xin Chen, Xianbin Fan, and Chao Ma. "Fluid Inclusion and H–O–S–Pb Isotope Geochemistry of the Yuka Orogenic Gold Deposit, Northern Qaidam, China." Geofluids 2019 (October 7, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6912519.
Full textAbstract:
The Yuka gold deposit, located in the western part of northern Qaidam, contains Au orebodies hosted in early Paleozoic metamorphic basic volcaniclastic rocks. The Yuka mineralization can be divided into three stages: early quartz-pyrite (stage-I), middle quartz-gold-polymetallic sulfide (stage-II), and late quartz-carbonate (stage-III). Gold deposition is primarily contained within stage-II. Three types of fluid inclusions were identified in the vein mineral assemblages using petrography and laser Raman spectroscopy: H2O-CO2-NaCl (C-type), H2O-NaCl (W-type), and pure CO2 (PC-type). Stage-I fluids record medium temperatures (205.2°C to 285.5°C) and H2O-CO2-NaCl±CH4 fluids with variable salinities (0.6–8.5 wt.% NaCl equiv.). Stage-II fluids evolved towards a more H2O-rich composition within a H2O-CO2-NaCl±CH4 hydrothermal system at medium temperatures (193.1°C to 271.1°C), with variable salinities (0.4–11.7 wt.% NaCl equiv.). Stage-III fluids are almost pure H2O and characterized by low temperatures (188.1°C to 248.5°C) and salinities (0.4–16.1 wt.% NaCl equiv.). These data indicate that ore-forming fluids are characterized by low to medium homogenization temperatures and low salinity and are evolved from a CO2-rich metamorphogenic fluid to a CO2-poor fluid due to inputs of meteoric waters, which is similar to orogenic-type gold deposits. The average δ18OW of quartz varies from 3.3‰ in stage-I to 2.1‰ in stage-II and to 1.4‰ in stage-III, with the δD values ranging from −41.6‰ to −58.5‰, suggesting that ore-forming fluids formed from metamorphic fluids mixed with meteoric waters. Auriferous pyrite δ34S ranges from 0.5 to 7.4‰ with a mean value of 4.43‰, suggesting that fluids were partially derived from Paleozoic rocks via fluid-wall rock interactions. Auriferous pyrites have 206Pb/204Pb of 18.238–18.600 (average of 18.313), 207Pb/204Pb of 15.590–15.618 (average of 15.604), and 208Pb/204Pb of 38.039–38.775 (average of 38.1697) and stem from the upper crust. Basing on geological characteristics of the ore deposit as well as new data from the ore-forming fluids, and H-O-S-Pb isotopes, the Yuka gold deposit is best described as an orogenic-type gold deposit.
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Chai, Peng, Zeng-qian Hou, Hong-rui Zhang, and Lei-lei Dong. "Geology, Fluid Inclusion, and H–O–S–Pb Isotope Constraints on the Mineralization of the Xiejiagou Gold Deposit in the Jiaodong Peninsula." Geofluids 2019 (April 3, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3726465.
Full textAbstract:
The Xiejiagou deposit is a representative medium-sized gold deposit in Jiaodong the Peninsula, which contains gold reserves of 37.5 t. The orebodies are hosted in the Linglong biotite granite with a zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb age of 160.5±1.3 Ma (N=15, MSWD=1.2) and are characterized by disseminated- or stockwork-style ores. Mineralization and alteration are structurally controlled by the NE-striking fault. Three stages of mineralization were identified with the early stage being represented by (K-feldspar) sericite quartz pyrite, the middle stage by quartz gold polymetallic sulfide, and the late stage by quartz carbonate. Ore minerals and gold mainly occurred in the middle stage. Three types of primary fluid inclusions were distinguished in the Xiejiagou deposit, including carbonic-aqueous, pure carbonic, and aqueous inclusions. The primary fluid inclusions of the three stages were mainly homogenized at temperatures of 262–386°C, 192–347°C, and 137–231°C, with salinities of 2.22–8.82, 1.02–11.60, and 1.22–7.72 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively. These data indicate that the initial ore-forming fluids were a medium temperature, CO2-rich, and low-salinity H2O–CO2–NaCl homogeneous system, and the ore-forming system evolved from a CO2-rich mesothermal fluid into a CO2-poor fluid. Considering the fluid inclusion characteristics, H–O–S–Pb isotopes, and regional geological events, the ore-forming fluid reservoir was likely metamorphic in origin. Trapping pressures of the first two hydrothermal stages estimated from the carbonic aqueous inclusion assemblages were ~224–302 MPa and ~191–258 MPa, respectively. This suggests that the gold mineralization of the Xiejiagou gold deposit occurred at a lithostatic depth of ~7.2–9.7 km. Au(HS)2− was the most probable gold-transporting complex at the Xiejiagou deposit. Precipitation of gold was caused by a CO2 effervescence of initial auriferous fluids.
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Neil Phillips, G. "Metamorphic fluids and gold." Mineralogical Magazine 57, no. 388 (September 1993): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1993.057.388.02.
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AbstractLow-salinity fluids (T > 200°C reduced S, modest CO2) and high geothermal gradients are common to many gold deposits and provinces. In contrast, host rocks, hosting structures, depth of formation (in the crust during deposition), subsequent metamorphic overprint, alteration mineralogy and isotopic signatures can vary dramatically within single deposits or provinces. Gold deposits with co-product base metals are an exception to the above comments, and probably relate to saline fluids.The low salinity fluids inferred for major gold-only deposits are not easily explained by seawater, basinal brines, meteoric fluid or common magmatic processes. In contrast, metamorphic devolatilisation of mafic/greywacke rocks is one effective way to produce low-salinity metamorphic fluids with characteristics matching the gold fluids. Such an origin also explains the link to geothermal gradients.The transition from chlorite—albite—carbonate assemblages to amphibole-plagioclase assemblages (commonly greenschist—amphibolite facies boundary) involves considerable loss of metamorphic fluid whose composition is buffered by the mineral assemblage, and is a function of P and T. This low salinity, H2O-CO2 fluid is evolved at T > 400°C commonly carries reduced sulphur, and may contain Au complexed with this sulphur. This auriferous fluid is likely to mix with other fluid types during times of elevated temperature, especially magmatic fluids at depth, and upper crustal fluids at higher levels.Gold deposits in Archaean greenstone belts exhibit good evidence of low salinity, H2O-CO2 fluids of T > 300°C these include examples from Canada, Australia, Brazil, Zimbabwe, India, and South Africa. Turbidite-hosted (slate-belt) deposits exhibit similar evidence for such fluids but commonly with appreciable CH4; the Victoria and Juneau (Alaska) goldfields are examples. The Witwatersrand goldfields also show evidence of low salinity, H2O-CO2 fluids carrying reduced sulphur and gold, but their distribution and timing are not well established. Epithermal (sensu lato) gold deposits have evidence for low salinity fluids carrying Au and S, but are much more diverse in character than those from the previously mentioned gold provinces: this probably arises from mixing of several fluid types at high crustal levels. Together these four types of gold provinces account for over 80% of the primary gold mined to date.
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Wang, Bin, Wei Tian, Bin Fu, and Jia-Qi Fang. "Channelized CO2-Rich Fluid Activity along a Subduction Interface in the Paleoproterozoic Wutai Complex, North China Craton." Minerals 11, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070748.
Full textAbstract:
Greenschist facies metabasite (chlorite schist) and metasediments (banded iron formation (BIF)) in the Wutai Complex, North China Craton recorded extensive fluid activities during subduction-related metamorphism. The pervasive dolomitization in the chlorite schist and significant dolomite enrichment at the BIF–chlorite schist interface support the existence of highly channelized updip transportation of CO2-rich hydrothermal fluids. Xenotime from the chlorite schist has U concentrations of 39–254 ppm and Th concentrations of 121–2367 ppm, with U/Th ratios of 0.11–0.62, which is typical of xenotime precipitated from circulating hydrothermal fluids. SHRIMP U–Th–Pb dating of xenotime determines a fluid activity age of 1.85 ± 0.07 Ga. The metasomatic dolomite has δ13CV-PDB from −4.17‰ to −3.10‰, which is significantly lower than that of carbonates from greenschists, but similar to the fluid originated from Rayleigh fractionating decarbonation at amphibolite facies metamorphism along the regional geotherm (~15 °C/km) of the Wutai Complex. The δ18OV-SMOW values of the dolomite (12.08–13.85‰) can also correspond to this process, considering the contribution of dehydration. Based on phase equilibrium modelling, we ascertained that the hydrothermal fluid was rich in CO2, alkalis, and silica, with X(CO2) in the range of 0.24–0.28. All of these constraints suggest a channelized CO2-rich fluid activity along the sediment–basite interface in a warm Paleoproterozoic subduction zone, which allowed extensive migration and sequestration of volatiles (especially carbon species) beneath the forearc.
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Bhuiyan, Mohammad H., Nicolaine Agofack, Kamila M. Gawel, and Pierre R. Cerasi. "Micro- and Macroscale Consequences of Interactions between CO2 and Shale Rocks." Energies 13, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051167.
Full textAbstract:
In carbon storage activities, and in shale oil and gas extraction (SOGE) with carbon dioxide (CO2) as stimulation fluid, CO2 comes into contact with shale rock and its pore fluid. As a reactive fluid, the injected CO2 displays a large potential to modify the shale’s chemical, physical, and mechanical properties, which need to be well studied and documented. The state of the art on shale–CO2 interactions published in several review articles does not exhaust all aspects of these interactions, such as changes in the mechanical, petrophysical, or petrochemical properties of shales. This review paper presents a characterization of shale rocks and reviews their possible interaction mechanisms with different phases of CO2. The effects of these interactions on petrophysical, chemical and mechanical properties are highlighted. In addition, a novel experimental approach is presented, developed and used by our team to investigate mechanical properties by exposing shale to different saturation fluids under controlled temperatures and pressures, without modifying the test exposure conditions prior to mechanical and acoustic measurements. This paper also underlines the major knowledge gaps that need to be filled in order to improve the safety and efficiency of SOGE and CO2 storage.
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Neumayr, P., S. G. Hagemann, D. A. Banks, B. WD Yardley, J. F. Couture, G. P. Landis, and R. Rye. "Fluid chemistry and evolution of hydrothermal fluids in an Archaean transcrustal fault zone network: the case of the Cadillac Tectonic Zone, Abitibi greenstone belt, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 44, no. 6 (June 29, 2007): 745–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e06-130.
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Detailed fluid geochemistry studies on hydrothermal quartz veins from the Rouyn-Noranda and Val-d'Or areas along the transcrustal Cadillac Tectonic Zone (CTZ) indicate that unmineralized (with respect to gold) sections of the CTZ contained a distinct CO2-dominated, H2S-poor hydrothermal fluid. In contrast, both gold mineralized sections of the CTZ (e.g., at Orenada #2) and associated higher order shear zones have a H2O–CO2 ± CH4–NaCl hydrothermal fluid. Their CO2/H2S ratios indicate H2S-rich compositions. The Br/Cl compositions in fluid inclusions trapped in these veins indicate that hydrothermal fluids have been equilibrated with the crust. Oxygen isotope ratios from hydrothermal quartz veins in the CTZ are consistently 2 more enriched than those of associated higher order shear zones, which are interpreted to be a function of greater fluid/rock ratios in the CTZ and lower fluid/rock ratios, and more efficient equilibration of the hydrothermal fluid with the wall rock, in higher order shear zones. An implication from this study is that the lower metal endowment of the transcrustal CTZ, when compared with the higher metal endowment in higher order shear zones (ratio of about 1 : 1000), may be the result of the lack of significant amounts of H2O–H2S rich fluids in most of the CTZ. In contrast, gold mineralization in the higher order shear zones appear to be controlled by the high H2S activity of the aqueous fluids, because gold was likely transported in a bisulfide complex and was deposited during sulfidation reactions in the wall rock and phase separation in the quartz veins.
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SATISH-KUMAR, M., and M. SANTOSH. "A petrological and fluid inclusion study of calc-silicate–charnockite associations from southern Kerala, India: implications for CO2 influx." Geological Magazine 135, no. 1 (January 1998): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756897008145.
Full textAbstract:
Recent discovery of wollastonite-bearing calc-silicate assemblages adjacent to gneiss–charnockite horizons in the supracrustal terrain of the Kerala Khondalite Belt, southern India, provides an opportunity to evaluate the carbonic fluid infiltration model proposed for charnockite formation. Petrological and fluid inclusion studies across these horizons in three representative localities are presented in this study. The calc-silicate assemblages define peak metamorphic conditions of ∼800°C at 5 kbar and define a low aCO2. Adjacent charnockite assemblages developed through dehydration involving the breakdown of garnet, biotite and quartz to produce orthopyroxene under low aH2O conditions. Retrograde reactions preserved in the calc-silicate rocks, such as scapolite–quartz symplectites, and the partial breakdown of wollastonite previously has been attributed to a near isothermal decompression during which infiltration of CO2-rich fluids occurred. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that the earliest generation of fluids preserved in the calc-silicate assemblages are aqueous (with salinity ∼8 wt% NaCl equivalent), consistent with mineral phase equilibria defining low aCO2. The estimation of NaCl content in brines coexisting with scapolite, based on the Cl content of the scapolite, indicates the presence of up to 20 wt % NaCl during the formation of scapolite consistent with the saline primary fluid inclusions. Primary carbonic inclusions occur within the retrogressed calcite+quartz assemblage after wollastonite, and are considered to represent the post-peak metamorphic carbonic fluid infiltration event, synchronous with the development of charnockites in the adjacent gneisses. These inclusions have identical characteristics to those in the charnockites. We envisage that the Kerala Khondalite Belt fluid regime was largely internally buffered during the prograde path, and that CO2 infiltration post-dated peak metamorphism. Influx of CO2 was mostly structurally controlled, and occurred along a near-isothermal uplift path. Graphite-bearing pegmatitic dykes with abundant CO2-rich inclusions in these localities attest to the transfer of carbonic fluids through magmatic conduits.
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Baek, Seunghwan, and I. Yucel Akkutlu. "CO2 Stripping of Kerogen Condensates in Source Rocks." SPE Journal 24, no. 03 (April 5, 2019): 1415–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/190821-pa.
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Summary Significant research has been conducted on hydrocarbon fluids in the organic materials of source rocks, such as kerogen and bitumen. However, these studies were limited in scope to simple fluids confined in nanopores, while ignoring the multicomponent effects. Recent studies using hydrocarbon mixtures revealed that compositional variation caused by selective adsorption and nanoconfinement significantly alters the phase equilibrium properties of fluids. One important consequence of this behavior is capillary condensation and the trapping of hydrocarbons in organic nanopores. Pressure depletion produces lighter components, which make up a small fraction of the in-situ fluid. Equilibrium molecular simulation of hydrocarbon mixtures was carried out to show the impact of CO2 injection on the hydrocarbon recovery from organic nanopores. CO2 molecules introduced into the nanopore led to an exchange of molecules and a shift in the phase equilibrium properties of the confined fluid. This exchange had a stripping effect and, in turn, enhanced the hydrocarbon recovery. The CO2 injection, however, was not as effective for heavy hydrocarbons as it was for light components in the mixture. The large molecules left behind after the CO2 injection made up the majority of the residual (trapped) hydrocarbon amount. High injection pressure led to a significant increase in recovery from the organic nanopores, but was not critical for the recovery of the bulk fluid in large pores. Diffusing CO2 into the nanopores and the consequential exchange of molecules were the primary drivers that promoted the recovery, whereas pressure depletion was not effective on the recovery. The results for N2 injection were also recorded for comparison.
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Cheng, Xi-hui, Jiu-hua Xu, Jian-xiong Wang, Qing-po Xue, and Hui Zhang. "Carbonic fluids in the Hamadi gold deposit, Sudan: origin and contribution to gold mineralization." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 54, no. 5 (May 2017): 494–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2016-0058.
Full textAbstract:
The Hamadi gold deposit is located in North Sudan, and occurs in the Neoproterozoic metamorphic strata of the Arabian–Nubian Shield. Two types of gold mineralization can be discerned: gold-bearing quartz veins and altered rock ores near ductile shear zones. The gold-bearing quartz veins are composed of white to gray quartz associated with small amounts of pyrite and other polymetallic sulfide minerals. Wall-rock alterations include mainly beresitization, epidotization, chloritization, and carbonatization. CO2-rich inclusions are commonly seen in gold-bearing quartz veins and quartz veinlets from gold-bearing altered rocks; these include mainly one-phase carbonic (CO2 ± CH4 ± N2) inclusions and CO2–H2O inclusions with CO2/H2O volumetric ratios of 30% to ∼80%. Laser Raman analysis does not show the H2O peak in carbonic inclusions. In quartz veins, the melting temperature of solid CO2 (Tm,CO2) of carbonic inclusions has a narrow range of −59.6 to −56.8 °C. Carbonic inclusions also have CO2 partial homogenization temperatures (Th,CO2) of −28.3 to +23.7 °C, with most of the values clustering between +4.0 and +20 °C; all of these inclusions are homogenized into the liquid CO2 state. The densities range from 0.73 to 1.03 g/cm3. XCH4 of carbonic fluid inclusions ranges from 0.004 to 0.14, with most XCH4 around 0.05. In CO2–H2O fluid inclusions, Tm,CO2 values are recorded mostly at around −57.5 °C. The melting temperature of clathrate is 3.8–8.9 °C. It is suggested that the lowest trapping pressures of CO2 fluids would be 100 to ∼400 MPa, on the basis of the Th,CO2 of CO2-bearing one-phase (LCO2) inclusions and the total homogenization temperatures (Th,tot) of paragenetic CO2-bearing two-phase (LCO2–LH2O) inclusions. For altered rocks, the Tm,CO2 of the carbonic inclusions has a narrow range of −58.4 to ∼−57.0 °C, whereas the Th,CO2 varies widely (−19 to ∼+29 °C). Most carbonic inclusions and the carbonic phases in the CO2–H2O inclusions are homogenized to liquid CO2 phases, which correspond to densities of 0.70 to ∼1.00 g/cm3. Fluid inclusions in a single fluid inclusion assemblage (FIA) have narrow Tm,CO2 and Th,CO2 values, but they vary widely in different FIAs and non-FIAs, which indicates that there was a wide range of trapping pressure and temperature (P–T) conditions during the ore-forming process in late retrograde metamorphism after the metamorphism peak period. The carbonic inclusions in the Hamadi gold deposit are interpreted to have resulted from unmixing of an originally homogeneous aqueous–carbonic mixture during retrogress metamorphism caused by decreasing P–T conditions. CO2 contributed to gold mineralization by buffering the pH range and increasing the gold concentration in the fluids.
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Gutierrez, Marte, Daisuke Katsuki, and Abdulhadi Almrabat. "Seismic velocity change in sandstone during CO2 injection." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020502001.
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This paper presents analytical and experimental studies of the effects of supercritical CO2 injection on the seismic velocity of sandstone initially saturated with saline water. The analytical model is based on poroelasticity theory, particularly the application of the Biot-Gassmann substitution theory in the modeling of the acoustic velocity of porous rocks containing two-phase immiscible fluids. The experimental study used a high pressure and high temperature triaxial cell to clarify the seismic response of samples of Berea sandstone to supercritical CO2 injection under deep saline aquifer conditions. Measured ultrasonic wave velocity changes during CO2 injection in the sandstone sample showed the effects of pore fluid distribution in the seismic velocity of porous rocks. CO2 injection was shown to decrease the P-wave velocity with increasing CO2 saturation whereas the S-wave velocity was almost constant. The results confirm that the Biot-Gassmann theory can be used to model the changes in the acoustic P-wave velocity of sandstone containing different mixtures of supercritical CO2 and saline water provided the distribution of the two fluids in the sandstone pore space is accounted for in the calculation of the pore fluid bulk modulus.
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Yardley, B. W. D., D. A. Banks, S. H. Bottrell, and L. W. Diamond. "Post-metamorphic gold-quartz veins from N.W. Italy: the composition and origin of the ore fluid." Mineralogical Magazine 57, no. 388 (September 1993): 407–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1993.057.388.05.
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AbstractMulti-element crush-leach analysis of H2O-CO2 inclusion fluids from a suite of six vein samples from gold-quartz veins in the Brusson district demonstrates that their solute chemistry (c. 5 wt.% NaCl equivalent) is dominated by sodium chloride with lesser amounts of calcium bicarbonate, potassium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. The samples have been analysed both for gas species (CO2, H2O, N2 and H2S) and for Na, K, Li, Rb, Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Al, As, B, SO42−, F, Cl, Br and I. The fluids contain appreciable H2S (>10−3 molal), which correlates with the contents of As, CO2 and B. Concentrations of many cations remain similar irrespective of wall rock, but there is evidence of leaching of Li, and possibly I, from some wall rocks. Large variations in the K-content of the fluid may result from precipitation of sericite. The bicarbonate concentrations in the fluids, estimated from charge imbalance, are substantially less than their total CO2 content when trapped as single phase fluids, indicating a low pH. Sulphate : sulphide ratios suggest relatively reducing conditions, which is consistent with Fe concentrations significantly greater than Mn.The gold-quartz veins formed as H2O-CO2 fluids of modest salinity and very uniform composition ascended from depth. Halogen ratios of the fluids are consistent with an ultimate origin for these fluids from deep-penetrating surface or connate waters although such a model requires extremely low fluid : rock ratios, to account for the hydrogen isotope composition of many similar deposits. There is as yet insufficient reference data to use halogen ratios as a rigorous test for the alternative model of an origin for the fluid by metamorphic devolatilisation.
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Adijanto, Jeffrey, Tina Banzon, Stephen Jalickee, Nam S. Wang, and Sheldon S. Miller. "CO2-induced ion and fluid transport in human retinal pigment epithelium." Journal of General Physiology 133, no. 6 (May 25, 2009): 603–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200810169.
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In the intact eye, the transition from light to dark alters pH, [Ca2+], and [K] in the subretinal space (SRS) separating the photoreceptor outer segments and the apical membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In addition to these changes, oxygen consumption in the retina increases with a concomitant release of CO2 and H2O into the SRS. The RPE maintains SRS pH and volume homeostasis by transporting these metabolic byproducts to the choroidal blood supply. In vitro, we mimicked the transition from light to dark by increasing apical bath CO2 from 5 to 13%; this maneuver decreased cell pH from 7.37 ± 0.05 to 7.14 ± 0.06 (n = 13). Our analysis of native and cultured fetal human RPE shows that the apical membrane is significantly more permeable (≈10-fold; n = 7) to CO2 than the basolateral membrane, perhaps due to its larger exposed surface area. The limited CO2 diffusion at the basolateral membrane promotes carbonic anhydrase–mediated HCO3 transport by a basolateral membrane Na/nHCO3 cotransporter. The activity of this transporter was increased by elevating apical bath CO2 and was reduced by dorzolamide. Increasing apical bath CO2 also increased intracellular Na from 15.7 ± 3.3 to 24.0 ± 5.3 mM (n = 6; P < 0.05) by increasing apical membrane Na uptake. The CO2-induced acidification also inhibited the basolateral membrane Cl/HCO3 exchanger and increased net steady-state fluid absorption from 2.8 ± 1.6 to 6.7 ± 2.3 µl × cm−2 × hr−1 (n = 5; P < 0.05). The present experiments show how the RPE can accommodate the increased retinal production of CO2 and H2O in the dark, thus preventing acidosis in the SRS. This homeostatic process would preserve the close anatomical relationship between photoreceptor outer segments and RPE in the dark and light, thus protecting the health of the photoreceptors.
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Yu*, Jun, Romeo Toledo, Rakesh Singh, Leonard Pike, and Bhimanagouda Patil. "Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Limonoids from Grapefruit Seeds." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 806D—806. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.806d.
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Grapefruit seeds were studied for the extraction of limonoids using supercritical CO2 extraction (SC-CO2) technique. Limonin aglycone was successfully extracted with SC-CO2 directly from grapefruit seeds; and the limonin glycoside was extracted using SC-CO2 and ethanol as co-solvent from the spent seeds after the extraction of limonin aglycone. In an effort to optimize the extraction conditions of limonin aglycone, pressure, temperature, time effects were investigated. Various times of extraction, CO2 flow rate and the feeding modes of CO2 were also employed to obtain the highest yield of limonin aglycone. Optimal conditions to achieve the highest limonin aglycone (0.63 mg/g seeds) were 48.3 MPa, 50°C and 60 min with CO2 bottom feeding, flow rate about 5 L/min. The extraction conditions for limonin glycoside to achieve highest yield were further optimized. The highest extraction yield (0.62 mg limonin glycoside/g seeds) were at 48.3 MPa, 50°C, 30% molar fraction of ethanol (XEth =0.30) and 40 min with CO2 top feeding, flow rate about 5 L/min. The results demonstrated that supercritical CO2 extraction of limonoids from grapefruit seeds, a citrus juice industry byproduct, has practical significance for commercial production.
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Pan, Feng, Brian J. McPherson, and John Kaszuba. "Evaluation of CO2-Fluid-Rock Interaction in Enhanced Geothermal Systems: Field-Scale Geochemical Simulations." Geofluids 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5675370.
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Recent studies suggest that using supercritical CO2 (scCO2) instead of water as a heat transmission fluid in Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) may improve energy extraction. While CO2-fluid-rock interactions at “typical” temperatures and pressures of subsurface reservoirs are fairly well known, such understanding for the elevated conditions of EGS is relatively unresolved. Geochemical impacts of CO2 as a working fluid (“CO2-EGS”) compared to those for water as a working fluid (H2O-EGS) are needed. The primary objectives of this study are (1) constraining geochemical processes associated with CO2-fluid-rock interactions under the high pressures and temperatures of a typical CO2-EGS site and (2) comparing geochemical impacts of CO2-EGS to geochemical impacts of H2O-EGS. The St. John’s Dome CO2-EGS research site in Arizona was adopted as a case study. A 3D model of the site was developed. Net heat extraction and mass flow production rates for CO2-EGS were larger compared to H2O-EGS, suggesting that using scCO2 as a working fluid may enhance EGS heat extraction. More aqueous CO2 accumulates within upper- and lower-lying layers than in the injection/production layers, reducing pH values and leading to increased dissolution and precipitation of minerals in those upper and lower layers. Dissolution of oligoclase for water as a working fluid shows smaller magnitude in rates and different distributions in profile than those for scCO2 as a working fluid. It indicates that geochemical processes of scCO2-rock interaction have significant effects on mineral dissolution and precipitation in magnitudes and distributions.
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Makoundi, Charles, Khin Zaw, and Zakaria Endut. "Fluid Inclusion Study of the Penjom, Tersang, and Selinsing Orogenic Gold Deposits, Peninsular Malaysia." Minerals 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10020111.
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Ore-forming fluids in the auriferous district of the Central gold belt in Peninsular Malaysia were studied for their temperature, salinity, and relationship to the surrounding geology. Microthermometric analysis carried out showed homogenisation temperatures range from 210 to 348 °C (Tersang), between 194 and 348 °C (Selinsing), and from 221 to 346 °C (Penjom). Salinities range from 2.41 to 8.95 wt % NaCl equiv (Tersang), between 1.23 and 9.98 wt % NaCl equiv (Selinsing), and from 4.34 to 9.34 wt % NaCl equiv (Penjom). Laser Raman studies indicated that at the Tersang gold deposit, most inclusions are either pure or nearly pure CO2-rich (87–100 mol %), except for one inclusion, which contains CH4 gas (13 mol %). In addition, at Selinsing, most inclusions are CO2-rich (100 mol %). However, an inclusion was found containing CO2 (90 mol %), with minor N2 and CH4. Additionally, at the Penjom gold deposit, most fluid inclusions are CO2-rich (91–100 mol %), whereas one fluid inclusion is N2-rich (100 mol %) and another one has minor N2 and CH4. At a basin scale, homogenisation temperatures against salinity suggests an isothermal mixing of fluids. Most fluids are CO2-rich and are interpreted to be of metamorphic origin. The evidence further indicates involvement of magmatic fluids that is supported by the association of sandstone and carbonaceous black shales with magmatic rocks, such as rhyolite, rhyolite-dacite, and trachyte-andesite at the Tersang and Penjom orogenic gold deposits.
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Yang, Zhonghua, Lihong Shi, Minghua Zou, and Changquan Wang. "Factors Influencing the CO2 Corrosion Pattern of Oil–Water Mixed Transmission Pipeline during High Water Content Period." Atmosphere 13, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101687.
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After the oil field enters the high water content period, the oil–water mixed fluid in the mixing system will gradually change into the water-in-oil mixed fluid, while the dissolved CO2 causes the pH value of the mixed fluid to decrease. There is also a certain amount of bacteria in the output fluid, with many factors leading to the intensification in the corrosion of the oil–water mixed system pipeline in the high water content period. To clarify its corrosion law, through the mixed transmission pipeline material, 20# carbon steel, in high water conditions under the action of different single factor dynamic corrosion rate experiments, along with the use of the SPSS method, were used to determine the corrosion of the main control factors. The results show that in the high water content period, the corrosion rate of the mixed pipeline 20# steel gradually increases with the increase in temperature pressure, CO2 partial pressure, SRB content, Ca2+ + Mg2+ content, and Cl− content. The corrosion rate with the CO2 partial pressure and SRB content changes show a strong multiplicative power relationship; with Ca2+ + Mg2+ content, Cl− content changes show a logarithmic relationship, the relationship degree R2 is above 0.98. Through SPSS data analysis software combined with experimental data for correlation degree analysis, it is concluded that the correlation magnitude relationship between each factor and corrosion rate is CO2 partial pressure > SRB content > Cl− content > Ca2+ + Mg2+ content > temperature pressure, which provides a theoretical basis for the corrosion protection of an oil gathering pipeline.
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Rao, D. Rameshwar, Rajesh Sharma, and N. S. Gururajan. "Mafic granulites of the Schirmacher region, East Antarctica: fluid inclusion and geothermobarometric studies focusing on the Proterozoic evolution of the crust." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 88, no. 1 (1997): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300002285.
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AbstractIn the Proterozoic complex of the Schirmacher region of East Antarctica, a retrograde pressure–temperature (P–T) history has been inferred through quantitative geothermobarometry and fluid inclusion studies of the mafic granulites. Microthermometric investigations of the fluid phases trapped in quartz and garnet identified three types of inclusions, namely, earliest pure CO2 inclusions (0·987–1·057 g cm−3), CO2–H2O inclusions and aqueous inclusions.The temperature and pressure of metamorphism have been estimated through different calibrations of geothermometers and geobarometers. The mineral reactions and compositional zoning in the minerals record P–T conditions from nearly 837 ± 26°C, 7·1±0·2 kbar to 652 ± 33°C, 5·9 ± 0·3 kbar. A good correlation between the fluid and mineral data is observed. The isochores typical of highdensity CO2 fluids fall well within the P–T box estimated by mineral thermobarometry. The abundance of primary CO2 inclusions in early metamorphic minerals (notably quartz and primary garnet) and the general correspondence between fluid and mineral P–T data indicate a ‘fluid-present’ carbonic regime for the high-grade metamorpism; however, from the present data largescale CO2 advection could not be envisaged. The subsequent stages involved a decrease in CO2 density, a progressive influx of hydrous fluids and the generation of retrograde amphibolite facies metamorphism in the area.The estimated P–T conditions of the region suggest that the rocks were metamorphosed at a depth of 19–24 km, with a geothermal gradient of c. 3°5C km−1. The estimated P–T conditions of the rocks imply a clockwise P–T–t path with a gradual decrease in temperature of around 250°C and a decrease in pressure of around 1700 bar. They have a dP/dT gradient of ≈7 ± l bar °C−1, arguing for an isobaric cooling history of the terrane under normal thickened crust after the underplating of mantle-derived material.
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Afrough, Armin, M. Shakerian, M. S. Zamiri, Bryce MacMillan, Florea Marica, Benedict Newling, Laura Romero-Zerón, and Bruce J. Balcom. "Magnetic-Resonance Imaging of High-Pressure Carbon Dioxide Displacement: Fluid/Surface Interaction and Fluid Behavior." SPE Journal 23, no. 03 (February 7, 2018): 772–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/189458-pa.
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Summary Magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI) provides a wealth of information on petroleum-flooding-displacement mechanisms and in-situ pore-level behavior. This study demonstrates MRI methods that have potential for studying the mechanisms of carbon dioxide (CO2) displacement processes in Berea core plugs during the recovery of decane and heavy oil. The correlation between fluid saturation and transverse relaxation time (T2) revealed the contrast in decane/pore-surface interaction between miscible and immiscible drainage of decane by CO2. T2 profiles demonstrated changes in the composition and viscosity of the heavy oil caused by the extraction of light components by CO2.
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Kaneco, Satoshi, Hidekazu Kurimoto, Yasuhiro Shimizu, Kiyohisa Ohta, and Takayuki Mizuno. "Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 using TiO2 powders in supercritical fluid CO2." Energy 24, no. 1 (January 1999): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-5442(98)00070-x.
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Vry, Julie K., and Philip E. Brown. "Evidence for early fluid channelization, Pikwitonei granulite domain, Manitoba, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 1701–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-134.
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The results of field mapping and carbon isotope and phase equilibria studies suggest that two different, locally controlled fluid regimes existed during at least the early phases of high-grade metamorphism in the north Cauchon Lake region, Pikwitonei granulite domain, Manitoba, Canada. During the prograde stages of high-grade "anticlockwise" regional metamorphism, rocks already metamorphosed to at least sillimanite grade were thermally metamorphosed at temperatures near 900 °C by the intrusion of a charnockitic magma. It is likely that this magma released an oxidizing, CO2-bearing, probably CO2-rich fluid phase while the region was still at relatively shallow depths. Fluid migration was channelized along the intrusive contact, and local fluid buffering characterized many of the country rocks. The light carbon isotope values of graphites (gr) and CO2 in cordierites (crd) in pelitic lithologies (δ13Cgr = −41.8 to −30.4; δ13Ccrd = −31.8 to −34.9), and the low oxygen fugacities in many samples rule out infiltration of these units by large amounts of an externally derived CO2-rich fluid phase. Texturally early CO2-rich fluid inclusions occur in the cores of garnets in a variety of rock types along the intrusive contact. These fluid inclusions were probably trapped during early garnet growth at high temperatures and relatively low pressures, and appear to have undergone limited or no subsequent reequilibration. They do not appear to provide direct information about the highest regional metamorphic temperature and pressure conditions to have affected the region (750 °C and 7 kbar (1 kbar = 100 MPa)) but may instead retain evidence of the prograde metamorphic path. These studies demonstrate the importance of local controls on the sources, compositions, timing, and transport of metamorphic fluids in the north Cauchon Lake region.
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Wu, Dianguo, Yiwen Shi, Kun Lv, Bing Wei, Youyi Zhu, Hongyao Yin, and Yujun Feng. "Tunable Viscoelastic Properties of Sodium Polyacrylate Solution via CO2-Responsive Switchable Water." Molecules 26, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 3840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133840.
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Upon stimulus by CO2, CO2-switchable viscoelastic fluids experience a deliberate transition between non-viscous and highly viscous solution states. Despite attracting considerable recent attention, most such fluids have not been applied at a large- scale due to their high costs and/or complex synthesis processes. Here, we report the development of CO2-switchable viscoelastic fluids using commercially available sodium polyacrylate (NaPAA) and N,N-dimethyl ethanol amine (DMEA)-based switchable water. Upon bubbling CO2, into the solutions under study, DMEA molecules are protonated to generate quaternary ammonium salts, resulting in pronounced decreases in solutions viscosity and elasticity due to the influence of increased ionic strength on NaPAA molecular conformations. Upon removal of CO2 via introduction of N2, quaternary salts are deprotonated to tertiary amines, allowing recovery of fluid viscosity and elasticity to near the initial state. This work provides a simple approach to fabricating CO2-switchable viscoelastic fluids, widening the potential use of CO2 in stimuli-responsive applications.
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Kampman, N., M. J. Bickle, A. Maskell, H. J. Chapman, J. P. Evans, G. Purser, Z. Zhou, et al. "Drilling and sampling a natural CO2 reservoir: Implications for fluid flow and CO2-fluid–rock reactions during CO2 migration through the overburden." Chemical Geology 369 (March 2014): 51–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.11.015.
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