Academic literature on the topic 'CO2 émissions urbain'
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Journal articles on the topic "CO2 émissions urbain":
Ciais, Philippe, Michel Ramonet, Thomas Lauvaux, François-Marie Bréon, Jinghui Lian, Olivier Laurent, Delphine Combaz, et al. "Suivi atmosphérique des émissions de CO2 de la région parisienne." La Météorologie, no. 114 (2021): 030. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2021-0070.
Ndour, Cheikh Tidiane. "Urbanisation et émission de CO2 en Afrique : quel rôle pour la gouvernance?" Revue Internationale des Économistes de Langue Française 7, no. 1 (2022): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/rielf.2022.1.3.
Faudon, Valérie. "Quel role pour le nucléaire dans la décarbonation des villes ?" Revue Générale Nucléaire, no. 6 (November 2019): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rgn/20196032.
Drèze, Jacques H., and Edmond Malinvaud. "Croissance et emploi : l'ambition d'une initiative européenne." Revue de l'OFCE 49, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 247–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reof.p1994.49n1.0247.
Raux, Charles, Lény Grassot, Eric Charmes, Elise Nimal, and Marie Sévenet. "La mobilité quotidienne face à la contrainte carbone : Quelles politiques privilégier ?" Les Cahiers Scientifiques du Transport - Scientific Papers in Transportation 74 | 2018 (November 30, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.46298/cst.12179.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "CO2 émissions urbain":
Goret, Marine. "Etude des interactions entre le climat urbain et le CO2 : modélisation des flux de CO2 et application à l'échelle d'une ville." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0119.
Climate and CO2 are closely tied. The link between them is so well established that the objectives for global warming mitigation are expressed in terms of the maximum amount of CO2 equivalent that can be emitted. The amount of CO2 present in the atmosphere at a given time is the result of complex exchanges and equilibriums between the atmosphere and the earth's surface. The latter is composed not only of oceans, vegetation and natural soils, but also cities. Exchanges between the atmosphere and urban surfaces come mainly from four contributors: building emissions, road traffic, human respiration and urban vegetation. Two of these contributors depend on climate: buildings and vegetation. Buildings emissions, at least at high and medium latitudes, are strongly related to space heating, and therefore fluctuate with the outside temperature. As for the vegetation, its growth and open-up speed depends on the weather and climate conditions and more particularly on temperature, precipitation and solar radiation. The CO2 emitted by the city is then transported through the atmosphere by the local atmospheric circulation which is the result of the synoptic situation modified by the city's influence. Therefore there are strong interactions between climate and CO2 at the city scale: the city's carbon footprint depends on the local climate, and the transport of CO2 through the atmosphere is influenced by the atmospheric circulation induced by the city. The aim of this thesis is to study these interactions. That's why, the modeling of CO2 exchanges between urban surfaces and the atmosphere has been added to the urban micro-climate model TEB. This allows to verify that the physical processes that link CO2 emissions/uptakes in the city and the urban climate are well identified and understood. The model is evaluated on two case studies each of which specifically assessed one of the contributors to city/atmosphere CO2 exchanges that is weather-sensitive: the buildings on the Toulouse site (France), and the vegetation on the Kumpula site (Finland). These two sites demonstrate the model's ability to reproduce CO2 exchanges between urban surfaces and the atmosphere as well as their daily and seasonal cycles. The Toulouse site underlines the importance of a detailed knowledge of the inhabitants' energy behaviour in order to simulate the CO2 emissions of buildings. Kumpula site demonstrates the ability of the ISBA model, designed to describe the interactions between non-urban vegetation and the atmosphere, to describe the CO2 exchanges between urban vegetation and the atmosphere. The model, thus validated, is used to carry our simulations of CO2 emissions from buildings on the scale of the entire urban agglomeration of Toulouse. These simulations once again highlighted the necessity of a good knowledge of the inhabitant's energy behaviors: on our case study (four days in winter), the 2°C reduction of the nigth-time space heating setpoint temperature reduces CO2 emissions by 33%. During these simulations, the transport of CO2 emitted by the city through the atmosphere is also monitored. This shows that, despite a calm wind situation, the CO2 plume created by the city dissipates rapidly (less than a day), limiting the increase in CO2 concentration over the city. Simulations on other cities are neeeded to determine if this result can be generalized. During this thesis, we studied climate/CO2 interactions at the city scale. In the future, it would be interesting to carry out simulations in future climate or in coupled mode with climate models in order to study the feedback between local and global climate/CO2 links
Albarus, Ivonne. "Bridging Political Pledges and Physical Observations : Projection of Urban CO2 Mitigation Strategies at High Spatial Resolution." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ012.
Reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel consumption remains the primary objective to limit the impact of climate change in the coming decades. Urban areas, major contributors to global emissions, are focal points for climate action, reflecting their dual role in exacerbating and mitigating climate change but also highlighting their high vulnerability to its impacts. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories are vital for policymakers to assess, monitor, report, and reduce carbon emissions. Organizations like ICLEI, GCoM, and C40 provide frameworks for cities to report emissions and share knowledge. Activity-based methodologies have been widely embraced, yet challenges persist, including standardized methodologies, data availability and transparency, and long-term funding. Recent advancements with hybrid approaches, combining inventories and atmospheric measurements, show promising results in providing more accurate and timely emission estimates to support urban climate action. While emission inventories provide the basis for effectively targeting climate policies, urban Climate Action Plans articulate carbon mitigation efforts to reduce emissions. Many cities aim for net zero emissions by mid-century, necessitating deep decarbonization, systemic transformation, robust governance, and socio-economic considerations. Atmospheric GHG monitoring supports effective emission tracking, but careful network design is crucial to monitor key sectors and adapt to rapidly changing urban landscapes.The main objective of this thesis is to establish a link between the anticipated spatial impacts of political pledges on future anthropogenic CO2 emissions in Paris and Munich for 2030 and 2050, and the resulting recommendations on the physical characteristics of long-term urban GHG observation networks.Chapter I introduces the importance of urban areas and provides an overview of different carbon accounting methods like activity-based emission inventories, atmospheric observations, and modeling approaches. Additionally, it depicts the crucial role of climate action plans and network design studies.Chapter II, a joint study of Munich and Paris, reveals divergent emission trajectories due to distinct climate targets, underlining the complexity of reducing urban emissions influenced by socio-economic factors. The quantification of mitigation actions and the analysis of whether the sum of those actions reaches the given climate targets remains challenging. The research underscores the need for quantitative assessments of climate actions to strengthen climate policies.Chapter III provides a more detailed analysis of Paris's Climate Action Plan by quantifying the most impacting mitigation actions across sectors. The resulting carbon-saving potentials are projected to evaluate their temporal, spatial, and socio-economic impacts and assess the feasibility of meeting the city's climate targets. The high-granular spatially resolved emission maps reveal significant disparities in emission reductions, highlighting the complex city-suburb interactions, socio-economic impacts, and climate mitigation strategies.Chapter IV critically analyzes the design of long-term atmospheric monitoring networks for the Greater Paris region using the spatialized projections of carbon mitigation actions. The study employs a model-observation framework, integrating the WRF-Chem transport model and LPDM in backward mode. The study computes tower footprints for existing and theoretical monitoring stations based on hourly observations with varying sensor sensitivity. It assesses station sensitivity to surface GHG emissions, emphasizing the importance of careful network design and sensor placement for monitoring decreasing emission trends in rapidly evolving urban landscapes.Chapter V summarizes the study's main findings, discusses the significance of the results, and outlines potential directions for future research
Danjou, Alexandre. "Émissions de CO2 estimées par données satellitaires sur les villes à forte croissance démographique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ029.
Cities are responsible for more than half of all greenhouse gas emissions. While many cities have committed to emission reduction trajectories, many lack the infrastructure to develop their emissions budgets. The measurement of CO2 plumes from cities by satellite imagery, coupled with atmospheric inversion methods, could allow quantifying direct CO2 emissions from cities, or at least detecting trends in their evolution.OCO-3, with its Snapshot Area Maps (SAMs) mode, is the first instrument to provide 2D (≈80km*80km) images of the total CO2 column at high resolution (≈2km*2km). In particular, these SAMs target atmospheric plumes of CO2 from cities and powerplants, with the goal of quantifying their emissions. Methods to estimate these emissions must be reliable and fast to process all available images (several thousands for OCO-3), whose number will increase with the CO2M and GeoCarb missions. The inversion methods by direct flux calculation (Integrated Mass Enhancement, Cross-Sectional and Source Pixel) or with a Gaussian plume model require little computation time. This thesis aims to evaluate the accuracy of these CO2 plume inversion methods and to study the favorable cases in terms of target and observation condition. This is done in a theoretical framework (atmospheric transport simulations) and by applying the methods to acquired SAMs.We quantify and analyze the different sources of error of these methods in detail using satellite pseudo-images of plumes, first over Paris and then over 31 cities in the world. The error of these methods is mainly due to errors in the estimation of the background concentration (XCO2 concentration that does not come from the city emissions) and in the estimation of the effective wind that carried the plume. We show, with a decision tree learning method, the sensitivity of the error on the emission estimate to the variability of the wind direction in the PBL and to the city's emission budget. The set of pseudo-images for which the emissions are large (>2.1ktCO2/h) and the wind direction variability low (<11°) gives a bias and a theoretical IQR lower than 10% and 60% of the emissions, when these are estimated with the optimal inversion configuration with a Gaussian plume.We finally apply our methods to the OCO-3 SAMs and show that the sensitivities of the theoretical error to the two selection parameters are reflected in the difference of the emission estimates from our methods and from a spatialized inventory (here ODIAC). More than half of the SAMs are not usable with our methods (too few points, low sampling downwind of the city,..). Our emission estimates are lower than those of the ODIAC inventory (≈-25% with the inversion using the Gaussian plume). One source of this underestimation is the error in the wind reanalysis product used. The IQR of the difference between the emissions estimated by our methods and by the inventory is also larger (150%) than the theoretical error. Two important reasons for this are the uncertainties in the inventory emissions and in the wind field reanalyses used. This work suggests that the estimation of urban CO2 emissions requires further methodological development to reduce, amongst other, the error in the estimation of background plume concentrations. However, the error in the wind fields remains a problem, regardless of the inversion method used. Suggestions are made to add a selection layer to the pseudo-images. In addition, more frequent images will be needed to hope to detect trends in city emissions on a multi-year scale
Vanco, Florian. "Formes urbaines et durabilité du système de transports. : Une application par les coûts de la mobilité urbaine des ménages sur l’agglomération Lyonnaise." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO22003/document.
The aim of this thesis is to highlight and analyze the factors related to the spatial organization of the population and the economic activities which may produce a more sustainable mobility. By considering that the transport system is not sustainable, we measure mobility costs thanks to three indicators which represent the sustainability of household mobility: the annual costs of household urban mobility, the annual effort rate devoted by households to their transportation expenditures and the annual CO2 emissions. The link between urban form and mobility is not straightforward. Actually, it is a complex reciprocal link to be defined. The literature shows that three dimensions of local environment finally influence household mobility: density, diversity and accessibility. The method consists on confronting the factors alleged to explain the indicators of the sustainability of household mobility and on determining which part is explained by urban form. On the enlarged perimeter of the household travel survey of Lyon (2006), our approach based on household mobility costs enables, moreover, an approach to financial inequalities and introducing the notion of household vulnerability facing their transportation costs. In order to determine the share of mobility costs explained by urban form, we build some explanatory models, at the household level, by integrating urban form and socio-economic household variables. Especially the analysis focuses on the influence of secondary urban poles on the household vulnerability and mobility costs. Some explanatory models by household types show also that the effects of urban form are differentiated according to household categories. It is also interesting to measure the savings generated by marginal changes of urban form. To do that, we build some econometric models in a more aggregated level which allows computing elasticity coefficients. Thus, we can estimate, in economic terms, the expected savings that are triggered by urban form changes
Vanco, Florian. "Formes urbaines et durabilité du système de transports. Une application par les coûts de la mobilité urbaine des ménages au sein de l'agglomération Lyonnaise." Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00588787.