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1
Shiraishi, Tomohiro, Ryuichi Hirata, and Takashi Hirano. "New Inventories of Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions through Biomass Burning in 2001–2020." Remote Sensing 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 1914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13101914.
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Recently, the effect of large-scale fires on the global environment has attracted attention. Satellite observation data are used for global estimation of fire CO2 emissions, and available data sources are increasing. Although several CO2 emission inventories have already been released, various remote sensing data were used to create the inventories depend on the studies. We created eight global CO2 emission inventories through fires from 2001 to 2020 by combining input data sources, compared them with previous studies, and evaluated the effect of input sources on CO2 emission estimation. CO2 emissions were estimated using a method that combines the biomass density change (by the repeated fires) with the general burned area approach. The average annual CO2 emissions of the created eight inventories were 8.40 ± 0.70 Pg CO2 year−1 (±1 standard deviation), and the minimum and maximum emissions were 3.60 ± 0.67 and 14.5 ± 0.83 Pg CO2 year−1, respectively, indicating high uncertainty. CO2 Emissions obtained from four previous inventories were within ±1 standard deviation in the eight inventories created in this study. Input datasets, especially biomass density, affected CO2 emission estimation. The global annual CO2 emissions from two biomass maps differed by 60% (Maximum). This study assesses the performance of climate and fire models by revealing the uncertainty of fire emission estimation from the input sources.
2
Um Min Allah, Fazal, and Alexandru Gruia. "Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Bioethanol on Emission Performance of Diesel Engine for Rapeseed Biodiesel-Diesel Blends." Applied Mechanics and Materials 823 (January 2016): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.823.319.
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Global warming and climate change are the motives to find a solution for emission reduction of diesel engines. Bioethanol is renewable fuel which can be used in diesel engine as a part of biodiesel-diesel blends. The effect of bioethanol on the emission performance of diesel engine for rapeseed biodiesel-diesel blends as a function of engine load is evaluated in this paper. KDE 6500E diesel generator is used for this purpose. Carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are recorded with the help of VLT-458 exhaust gas analyzer. Blends with higher concentrations of bioethanol have shown lower CO emissions while HC emissions increase with the increase in bioethanol concentration in the blends. CO2 emissions are recorded more at higher loads for all types of biodiesel and bioethanol concentrations than that of diesel fuel.
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Lebedevas, Sergejus, Lukas Norkevičius, and Peilin Zhou. "Investigation of Effect on Environmental Performance of Using LNG as Fuel for Engines in Seaport Tugboats." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020123.
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Decarbonization of ship power plants and reduction of harmful emissions has become a priority in the technological development of maritime transport, including ships operating in seaports. Engines fueled by diesel without using secondary emission reduction technologies cannot meet MARPOL 73/78 Tier III regulations. The MEPC.203 (62) EEDI directive of the IMO also stipulates a standard for CO2 emissions. This study presents the results of research on ecological parameters when a CAT 3516C diesel engine is replaced by a dual-fuel (diesel-liquefied natural gas) powered Wartsila 9L20DF engine on an existing seaport tugboat. CO2, SO2 and NOx emission reductions were estimated using data from the actual engine load cycle, the fuel consumption of the KLASCO-3 tugboat, and engine-prototype experimental data. Emission analysis was performed to verify the efficiency of the dual-fuel engine in reducing CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions of seaport tugboats. The study found that replacing a diesel engine with a dual-fuel-powered engine led to a reduction in annual emissions of 10% for CO2, 91% for SO2, and 65% for NOx. Based on today’s fuel price market data an economic impact assessment was conducted based on the estimated annual fuel consumption of the existing KLASCO-3 seaport tugboat when a diesel-powered engine is replaced by a dual-fuel (diesel-natural gas)-powered engine. The study showed that a 33% fuel costs savings can be achieved each year. Based on the approved methodology, an ecological impact assessment was conducted for the entire fleet of tugboats operating in the Baltic Sea ports if the fuel type was changed from diesel to natural gas. The results of the assessment showed that replacing diesel fuel with natural gas achieved 78% environmental impact in terms of NOx emissions according to MARPOL 73/78 Tier III regulations. The research concludes that new-generation engines on the market powered by environmentally friendly fuels such as LNG can modernise a large number of existing seaport tugboats, significantly reducing their emissions in ECA regions such as the Baltic Sea.
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Orre, Joel, Lena Sundqvist Ökvist, Axel Bodén, and Bo Björkman. "Understanding of Blast Furnace Performance with Biomass Introduction." Minerals 11, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020157.
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The blast furnace still dominates the production and supply of metallic units for steelmaking. Coke and coal used in the blast furnace contribute substantially to CO2 emissions from the steel sector. Therefore, blast furnace operators are making great efforts to lower the fossil CO2 emissions and transition to fossil-free steelmaking. In previous studies the use of pre-treated biomass has been indicated to have great potential to significantly lower fossil CO2 emissions. Even negative CO2 emission can be achieved if biomass is used together with carbon capture and storage. Blast furnace conditions will change at substantial inputs of biomass but can be defined through model calculations when using a model calibrated with actual operational data to define the key blast furnace performance parameters. To understand the effect, the modelling results for different biomass cases are evaluated in detail and the overall performance is visualised in Rist- and carbon direct reduction rate (CDRR) diagrams. In this study injection of torrefied biomass or charcoal, top charging of charcoal as well as the use of a combination of both methods are evaluated in model calculations. It was found that significant impact on the blast furnace conditions by the injection of 142 kg/tHM of torrefied biomass could be counteracted by also top-charging 30 kg/tHM of charcoal. With combined use of the latter methods, CO2-emissions can be potentially reduced by up to 34% with moderate change in blast furnace conditions and limited investments.
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Dkhili, H., and L. B. Dhiab. "Management of Environmental Performance and Impact of the Carbon Dioxide Emissions (CO2) on the Economic Growth in the GCC Countries." Marketing and Management of Innovations, no. 4 (2019): 252–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2019.4-20.
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This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue the Management of Environmental Performance and the Carbon Dioxide Emissions (CO2) on the Economic Growth, with an innovative study in the context of the GCC countries. The main goal of the paper is to examine empirically the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for the GCC countries. The methodological tool of this contribution tries to measure the effect of the emission of the CO2 on the Growth Economic and environmental performance. The main purpose of the research is focused on the empirical approach justified by the use of a dynamic panel modeling on a sample of the GCC countries during the period of 2002-2018. Systematization literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of the reaction of the development of the Environmental Performance with the level of the the Carbon Dioxide Emissions (CO2) and the economic growth. The study employed a GMM model system. Subsequently, the authors displayed a Panel Co-integration test of Pedroni (2004), the Kao Residual Co-integration test (1999), and the Granger causality tests. The results found unidirectional causal relationships between economic growth and the entire variable of the sample, except the variable CO2 emission. These relationships are statistically significant at the level of 5%. For the relation between Economic Growth and CO2 emission, one the hypothesis of the paper was checking a non-significant and unidirectional relationship. The results showed a long-run unidirectional causality between the variables and implied that Economic Growth in the GCC countries has a positive and significant unidirectional relation with Environment Performance, trade openness, foreign direct investment, and investment. The results confirm the existence of a negative relationship as insignificant, and unidirectional, between economic growth and CO2 emissions in the GCC countries. Finally, this finding doesn’t support the validity of the EKC hypothesis and provide information's to take the necessary policy suggestions to maintain the environmental performance and limit the average of the CO2 emissions. The results of the research can be useful for the GCC countries to avoid the higher level of Carbon Dioxide Emissions (CO2) and maintain a good Environmental Performance. Keywords: environmental performance, Environmental Kuznets Curve, CO2 emissions.
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Breen, Michael, Michael D. Murphy, and John Upton. "Assessing the Effect of Modifying Milking Routines on Dairy Farm Economic and Environmental Performance." AgriEngineering 3, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering3020018.
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The objective of this paper was to quantify the economic and environmental effects of changing a dairy farm’s milking start times. Changing morning and evening milking start times could reduce both electricity costs and farm electricity related CO2 emissions. However, this may also involve altering farmer routines which are based on practical considerations. Hence, these changes need to be quantified both in terms of profit/emissions and in terms of how far these milking start times deviate from normal operations. The method presented in this paper optimized the combination of dairy farm infrastructure setup and morning and evening milking start times, based on a weighting variable (α) which assigned relative importance to labor utilization, farm net profit and farm electricity related CO2 emissions. Multi-objective optimization was utilized to assess trade-offs between labor utilization and net profit, as well as labor utilization and electricity related CO2 emissions. For a case study involving a 195 cow Irish dairy farm, when the relative importance of maximizing farm net profit or minimizing farm electricity related CO2 emissions was high, the least common milking start times (06:00 and 20:00) were selected. When the relative importance of labor utilization was high, the most common milking start times (07:00 and 17:00) were selected. The 195 cow farm saved €137 per annum when milking start times were changed from the most common to the least common. Reductions in electricity related CO2 emissions were also seen when the milking start times were changed from most common to least common. However, this reduction in emissions was primarily due to the addition of efficient and renewable technology to the farm. It was deduced that the monetary and environmental benefits of altering farmer milking routines were unlikely to change normal farm operating procedures.
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Jiang, Xue-Ting, Min Su, and Rongrong Li. "Decomposition Analysis in Electricity Sector Output from Carbon Emissions in China." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 12, 2018): 3251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093251.
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Carbon emissions from China’s electricity sector account for about one-seventh of the global carbon dioxide emissions, or half of China’s carbon dioxide emissions. A better understanding of the relationship between CO2 emissions and electric output would help develop and adjust carbon emission mitigation strategies for China’s electricity sector. Thus, we applied the electricity elasticity of carbon emissions to a decoupling index that we combined with advanced multilevel Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index tools in order to test the carbon emission response to the electric output and the main drivers. Then, we proposed a comparative decoupling stability analysis method. The results show that the electric output effect played the most significant role in increasing CO2 emissions from China’s electric sector. Also, “relative decoupling” was the main state during the study period (1991–2012). Moreover, the electricity elasticity of CO2 emissions had a better performance regarding stability in the analysis of China’s electricity output.
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Szymczyk, Katarzyna, Dilek Şahin, Haşim Bağcı, and Ceyda Yerdelen Kaygın. "The Effect of Energy Usage, Economic Growth, and Financial Development on CO2 Emission Management: An Analysis of OECD Countries with a High Environmental Performance Index." Energies 14, no. 15 (August 1, 2021): 4671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154671.
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The environmental performance index was developed to protect public health, and to sustain and manage the ecological vitality that is a crucial factor in countries’ social and economic development. The increase in CO2 emissions has been threatening environmental and human health. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of economic growth, energy consumption, energy management, the urban population, trade openness, and financial development on CO2 emissions in the OECD countries that have a high ranking in the environmental performance index by utilizing the panel data analysis method for the years spanning 1990–2014. This assessment finds positive relationships between economic growth, energy consumption, and the urban population, and CO2 emissions. Moreover, it is put forward that a negative and significant relationship between financial development and CO2 emissions exists. Despite displaying a similar negative correlation, the relationship between trade openness and CO2 emissions is insignificant. In the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test conducted, it was seen that a two-way causality is prevalent between energy consumption and CO2 emissions. In addition, interrelations where CO2 emissions cause trade openness, and the urban population is an explanatory variable of the former relationship, were discovered.
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Wang, Ping, Wan Shui Wu, and Bang Zhu Zhu. "Using LMDI Method to Analyze the Energy-Related CO2 Emissions in Guangdong Province, China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 1556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1556.
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In recent years, Guangdong has achieved remarkable performance in economic development; meanwhile it is being faced with problems of increasing CO2 emissions. Following the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, we estimated the energy-related CO2 emissions in Guangdong during the period of 1980-2010. We employed the logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) method to decompose the CO2 emissions into energy intensity, energy structure, per capita GDP and population scale effects. Besides, we deduced the calculation methods for the year by year effects, the accumulated effects and the contribution degrees. Using 1980 as the base year, the empirical results show that the accumulated effects of energy intensity and energy structure in 2010 are negative, while those of per capita GDP and population scale are positive. Per capita GDP is the chief positive influence on the CO2 emissions. Energy intensity is becoming more significant; however, its direction is instability. Population scale has a significant positive effect on the CO2 emissions. Energy structure has a negligible negative impact on the CO2 emissions. Some suggestions on CO2 emissions reduction in Guangdong are given based on the analysis.
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Arneth, A., Ü. Niinemets, S. Pressley, J. Bäck, P. Hari, T. Karl, S. Noe, et al. "Process-based estimates of terrestrial ecosystem isoprene emissions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 4 (August 23, 2006): 8011–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-8011-2006.
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Abstract. In recent years evidence has emerged that the amount of isoprene emitted from a leaf is affected by the CO2 growth environment. Many – though not all – laboratory experiments indicate that emissions increase significantly at below-ambient CO2 concentrations and decrease when concentrations are raised to above ambient levels. A small number of process-based leaf isoprene emission models can reproduce this CO2-stimulation and -inhibition. These models are briefly reviewed, and their performance in standard conditions compared with each other and to an empirical algorithm. One of the models was judged particularly useful to be incorporated into a dynamic vegetation model framework, LPJ-GUESS, aiming to develop a tool that allows the interactive effects of climate and increasing CO2 concentration on vegetation distribution, productivity, and leaf and ecosystem isoprene emissions to be explored. The coupled vegetation dynamics-isoprene model is described and used here in a mode particularly suited for the ecosystem scale, but it can be employed at the global level as well. Annual and/or daily isoprene emissions simulated by the model were evaluated against flux measurements (or model estimates that had previously been evaluated with flux data) from a wide range of environments, and agreement between modelled and simulated values was generally good. By using a dynamic vegetation model, effects of canopy composition, disturbance history, or trends in CO2 concentration can be assessed. We show here for five model test sites that the suggested CO2-inhibition of leaf-isoprene metabolism can be large enough to offset increases in emissions due to CO2-stimulation of vegetation productivity and leaf area growth. When effects of climate change are considered atop the effects of atmospheric composition the interactions between the relevant processes will become even more complex. The CO2-isoprene inhibition may have the potential to significantly dampen the expected steep increase of ecosystem isoprene emission in a future warmer atmosphere with higher CO2 levels; this effect raises important questions for projections of future atmospheric chemistry and its connection to the terrestrial vegetation and carbon cycle.
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Zhang, Liufeng, Yinghua Yang, and Jiongfeng Liang. "Cost and CO2 Emission Reduction Effects of a Partially Encased Composite Precast Concrete Beam." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (June 8, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7062819.
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In order to study the performance of partially precast partially encased assembled composite beam (PPECB) in reducing costs and reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, this paper obtained the bearing capacity of PPECBs by a static test. Considering the load conditions and beam height conditions as constraints, the steel-concrete composite beam (SCCB) and reinforced concrete beam (RCB) were optimized and designed based on the principle of fully utilizing the advantages of steel and concrete. On the basis of investigating the quantity of different materials, the cost and CO2 emissions of the three different types of beams were analyzed. The cost and CO2 emission of the PPECB are the lowest, and SCCBs have the highest cost and CO2 emissions. This paper can provide reference for design choice and further research from the perspective of cost and CO2 emission and lay a solid foundation for the realization of economic and environment-friendly buildings.
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Karaduman, Hasan Ağan, Arzu Karaman-Akgül, Mehmet Çağlar, and Halil Emre Akbaş. "The relationship between logistics performance and carbon emissions: an empirical investigation on Balkan countries." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 12, no. 4 (July 13, 2020): 449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-05-2020-0041.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of logistics performance on the carbon (CO2) emissions of Balkan countries. Design/methodology/approach Fixed-effects panel regression analysis is used to estimate the causal relationship between CO2 emissions and logistic performances of Balkan countries. Logistics performance is measured by logistics performance index (LPI) which was published by the World Bank in 2007, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016 and used for ranking countries by means of their logistics performance. LPI is based on six main indicators: customs procedures, logistics costs and the quality of the infrastructure for overland and maritime transport. As a measure of carbon emissions of sampled countries, the natural logarithm of carbon dioxide emission per capita is used in this study. Findings The results obtained reveal that there is a positive and significant relationship between logistics performance and CO2 performances of the sampled Balkan countries. Research limitations/implications This study is based on only 11 Balkan countries. In this sense, the data used in the analysis is limited. Originality/value Considering the important geostrategic position of the Balkan region, logistics sector has an important role for the development of the countries in that region. In this sense, the findings of this study may provide useful insights for policymakers to achieve sustainable economic development. Furthermore, as far as the authors know, this is the first study that focuses on the relationship between logistics performance and carbon emissions of Balkan countries.
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Candan, Feyyaz, Murat Ciniviz, and Ilker Ors. "Effect of cetane improver addition into diesel fuel: Methanol mixtures on performance and emissions at different injection pressures." Thermal Science 21, no. 1 Part B (2017): 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160430265c.
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In this study, methanol in ratios of 5-10-15% were incorporated into diesel fuel with the aim of reducing harmful exhaust gasses of Diesel engine, di-tertbutyl peroxide as cetane improver in a ratio of 1% was added into mixture fuels in order to reduce negative effects of methanol on engine performance parameters, and isobutanol of a ratio of 1% was used as additive for preventing phase separation of all mixtures. As results of experiments conducted on a single cylinder and direct injection Diesel engine, methanol caused the increase of NOx emission while reducing CO, HC, CO2, and smoke opacity emissions. It also reduced torque and power values, and increased brake specific fuel consumption values. Cetane improver increased torque and power values slightly compared to methanol-mixed fuels, and reduced brake specific fuel consumption values. It also affected exhaust emission values positively, excluding smoke opacity. Increase of injector injection pressure affected performances of methanol-mixed fuels positively. It also increased injection pressure and NOx emissions, while reducing other exhaust emissions.
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Arneth, A., Ü. Niinemets, S. Pressley, J. Bäck, P. Hari, T. Karl, S. Noe, et al. "Process-based estimates of terrestrial ecosystem isoprene emissions: incorporating the effects of a direct CO<sub>2</sub>-isoprene interaction." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 1 (January 10, 2007): 31–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-31-2007.
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Abstract. In recent years evidence has emerged that the amount of isoprene emitted from a leaf is affected by the CO2 growth environment. Many – though not all – laboratory experiments indicate that emissions increase significantly at below-ambient CO2 concentrations and decrease when concentrations are raised to above-ambient. A small number of process-based leaf isoprene emission models can reproduce this CO2 stimulation and inhibition. These models are briefly reviewed, and their performance in standard conditions compared with each other and to an empirical algorithm. One of the models was judged particularly useful for incorporation into a dynamic vegetation model framework, LPJ-GUESS, yielding a tool that allows the interactive effects of climate and increasing CO2 concentration on vegetation distribution, productivity, and leaf and ecosystem isoprene emissions to be explored. The coupled vegetation dynamics-isoprene model is described and used here in a mode particularly suited for the ecosystem scale, but it can be employed at the global level as well. Annual and/or daily isoprene emissions simulated by the model were evaluated against flux measurements (or model estimates that had previously been evaluated with flux data) from a wide range of environments, and agreement between modelled and simulated values was generally good. By using a dynamic vegetation model, effects of canopy composition, disturbance history, or trends in CO2 concentration can be assessed. We show here for five model test sites that the suggested CO2-inhibition of leaf-isoprene metabolism can be large enough to offset increases in emissions due to CO2-stimulation of vegetation productivity and leaf area growth. When effects of climate change are considered atop the effects of atmospheric composition the interactions between the relevant processes will become even more complex. The CO2-isoprene inhibition may have the potential to significantly dampen the expected steep increase of ecosystem isoprene emission in a future, warmer atmosphere with higher CO2 levels; this effect raises important questions for projections of future atmospheric chemistry, and its connection to the terrestrial vegetation and carbon cycle.
15
Zhou, You, Wei Hong, Ye Yang, Xiaoping Li, Fangxi Xie, and Yan Su. "Experimental Investigation of Diluents Components on Performance and Emissions of a High Compression Ratio Methanol SI Engine." Energies 12, no. 17 (September 1, 2019): 3366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173366.
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Increasing compression ratio and using lean burn are two effective techniques for improving engine performance. Methanol has a wide range of sources and is a kind of suitable fuel for a high-compression ratio spark-ignition lean burn engine. Lean burn mainly has a dilution effect, thermal effect and chemical effect. To clarify the influences of different effects and provide guidance for improving composition of dilution gases and applications of this technology, this paper chose Ar, N2 and CO2 as diluents. A spark-ignition methanol engine modified from a diesel engine with a compression ratio of 17.5 was used for the experiments. The results obtained by using methanol spark ignition combustion indicated that at engine speed of 1400 rpm and 25% load, NOx dropped by up to 77.5%, 100% and 100% by Ar, CO2 and N2. Gases with higher specific heat ratio and lower heat capacity represented by Ar exhibited the least adverse effect on combustion and showed a downward break-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) trend. Gas with high specific heat capacity represented by CO2 can decrease NOx and total hydro carbons (THC) emissions at the same time, but the BSFC of CO2 showed the worst trend, followed by N2. Gas affecting the combustion process like CO2 had chemical effect.
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Sperber, Jessica L., Braden Troyer, Mitch Norman, Levi J. McPhillips, Andrea K. Watson, and Galen E. Erickson. "41 Effect of Biochar Supplementation in Beef Cattle Finishing Diets on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carcass Performance." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.058.
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Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of feeding biochar in a finishing diet on cattle performance, carcass quality, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Biochar was sourced from ponderosa pine wood waste (High Plains Biochar, Laramie, WY) and was 83% C with 426 m2/g surface area. Crossbred steers (n = 128; initial BW = 480 kg ± 82 kg) were utilized in a randomized block design (blocked by BW), steers assigned randomly to pen (n = 16), and pen was assigned randomly to treatment. Two treatments were evaluated, a finisher control (CON) without biochar and the same finisher with biochar included at 1.0% of diet dry matter replacing corn (CHAR). Four pen replications per treatment were paired within BW block and rotated randomly through an emissions barn with two chambers (each treatment evaluated simultaneously) to capture average weekly emissions of CH4 and CO2. Pen was experimental unit and chamber was included as a fixed effect for emissions data. Dry matter intake (DMI; P < 0.01) and average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.02) were 2.4 and 5.9% lower for CHAR steers, respectively. Feed efficiency (P = 0.22) and production of CO2 and CH4 (P ≥ 0.60) did not differ between treatments. Methane production was numerically lower for CHAR steers when reported as g per day (1.8% lower) or g per kg of DMI (4.8% lower). Hot carcass weight tended to be lighter (P = 0.10) and calculated USDA yield grade was decreased (P = 0.02) for CHAR steers. There was no difference between treatments for LM area, USDA quality grade, or 12th rib fat (P ≥ 0.12). In conclusion, biochar supplementation at 1.0% of diet DM reduced DMI and ADG and had no effect on CH4 and CO2 emissions in finishing steers.
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Abdul Halim, Hairul Nazirah, Mohd Shariff Azmi, and Mohammad Azmi Bustam. "Effect of Liquid Flow Rate and Amine Concentration on CO2 Removal from Natural Gas at High Pressure Operation in Packed Absorption Column." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 1291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1291.
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Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from oil and natural gas operation at offshore platforms have significant contribution to global warming. The reduction of these GHG emissions is possible through CO2 capture technology. This study reports the absorption performance of monoethanolamine (MEA) for the removal of CO2 from natural gas (NG) at high pressure conditions. The absorption experiments were performed in an absorption column packed with Sulzer Metal Gauze Packing at 5.0 MPa operating pressure. The absorption performance was evaluated in terms of CO2 removal (%) with liquid flow rate ranging from 1.81 to 4.51 m3/m2.h and MEA concentration of 1.0 - 4.0 kmol/m3. It was found that CO2 removal (%) had increased with increasing liquid flow rate and MEA concentration.
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Saggai, Sofiane, Wafa Bouaka, Amira Benhaddou, and Ibtissam Belaid. "Use of Glass Powder and Sand Dune in Concrete: Characterization and Performance." Defect and Diffusion Forum 406 (January 2021): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.406.521.
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Cement and alluvial sand are very essential materials in concrete preparation. The first material production contributes to the emissions of greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide (CO2), and the extensive exploitation of second material constitutes a danger on the extinction of its deposits. The use of waste glass powder (WGP) to partially replace cement and dune sand as a replacement for a small amount of alluvial sand appears as a potential solution that solves several problems at once (disposal of glass waste, reduction of emissions gas and preservation of construction sand deposits). The objective of this study is to verify the effects of these partial replacements on concrete properties, their cost, and the CO2 emission reduction in the atmosphere. For this, three types of concrete are prepared: a control (0% of WGP); mixture 1 (10% WGP); and mixture 2 (20% WGP). In all three types, 5% of alluvial sand is replaced by dune sand. Obtained results show that these partial replacements do not affect the porosity (less than 20%), they give good indices as to the speed of sound propagation in the concrete (up to 3500 m/s), especially for the case of the second mixture after 56 days but this does not increase the concrete performance concerning compressive strength and performance of concrete with glass is less than that of control concrete. Economically, the reduction of 10% in cement saves 5 € per ton and environmentally, it reduces the emission of CO2 from cement industry by 0.5 to 0.7% of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
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Saggai, Sofiane, Wafa Bouaka, Amira Benhaddou, and Ibtissam Belaid. "Use of Glass Powder and Sand Dune in Concrete: Characterization and Performance." Defect and Diffusion Forum 406 (January 2021): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.406.521.
Full textAbstract:
Cement and alluvial sand are very essential materials in concrete preparation. The first material production contributes to the emissions of greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide (CO2), and the extensive exploitation of second material constitutes a danger on the extinction of its deposits. The use of waste glass powder (WGP) to partially replace cement and dune sand as a replacement for a small amount of alluvial sand appears as a potential solution that solves several problems at once (disposal of glass waste, reduction of emissions gas and preservation of construction sand deposits). The objective of this study is to verify the effects of these partial replacements on concrete properties, their cost, and the CO2 emission reduction in the atmosphere. For this, three types of concrete are prepared: a control (0% of WGP); mixture 1 (10% WGP); and mixture 2 (20% WGP). In all three types, 5% of alluvial sand is replaced by dune sand. Obtained results show that these partial replacements do not affect the porosity (less than 20%), they give good indices as to the speed of sound propagation in the concrete (up to 3500 m/s), especially for the case of the second mixture after 56 days but this does not increase the concrete performance concerning compressive strength and performance of concrete with glass is less than that of control concrete. Economically, the reduction of 10% in cement saves 5 € per ton and environmentally, it reduces the emission of CO2 from cement industry by 0.5 to 0.7% of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
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Fajari, Fendi Agong, and Abdul Ghofur. "PENGARUH VALVE CLEARANCE TERHADAP PERFORMANCE DAN EMISI GAS BUANG PADA MESIN YAMAHA JUPITER Z1." JTAM ROTARY 1, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jtam_rotary.v1i2.1749.
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Vehicle is the most needed tool as a transportation medium. This is due to the human need for vehicles is very important for the community. This study aims to determine the effect of valve clearance on performance and exhaust emissions on yamaha jupiter Z1 engine. In this study the researchers used variations of valve clearance intake and exhaust 0.06 mm up to 0.15 mm with dynotest experimental methods for performance testing and using experimental methods with gas analyzer parameters for exhaust gas emissions testing. From the results of performance tests that have been done got the best power and torque that supports engine performance. The 0.15 mm intake valve clearance variation obtained the best power yield with 93.11% achievement and the power value of 9,180 Hp at 8852 rpm, while for the best torque found on the 0.12 mm intake valve clearance variation obtained with achievement of 92.98% and the torque value is 9,205 Nm at 6136 rpm engine speed. From the exhaust gas emission test results, the valve gap size is sufficient to affect the results of exhaust emissions in a vehicle. Variations of valve clearance that obtained the results are ideal and safe for the environment that is 0.12 mm estrangement on the variation of exhaust and estrangement 0.15 mm on the variation of intake that has low emission levels. In the 0.12 mm exhaust variation, emission levels are CO 2.54%, CO2 8.81%, HC 74 ppm, O2 7.10% whereas in the intake variation 0.15 mm, emission levels are CO 4.92%, CO2 5,92%, HC 19 ppm, O2 8,88%. Keywords: Valve Clearance, Performance, Gas Emissions
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Ayvaz, Berk, Ali Osman Kusakci, and Gül T. Temur. "Energy-related CO2 emission forecast for Turkey and Europe and Eurasia." Grey Systems: Theory and Application 7, no. 3 (November 6, 2017): 436–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gs-08-2017-0031.
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Purpose The global warming, caused by the anthropogenic greenhouse gases, has been one of the major worldwide issues over the last decades. Among them, carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important one and is responsible for more than the two-third of the greenhouse effect. Currently, greenhouse gas emissions and CO2 emissions – the root cause of the global warming – in particular are being examined closely in the fields of science and they also have been put on the agenda of the political leaders. The purpose of this paper is to predict the energy-related CO2 emissions through using different discrete grey models (DGMs) in Turkey and total Europe and Eurasia region. Design/methodology/approach The proposed DGMs will be applied to predict CO2 emissions in Turkey and total Europe and Eurasia region from 2015 to 2030 using data set between 1965 and 2014. In the first stage of the study, DGMs without rolling mechanism (RM) will be used. In the second stage, DGMs with RM are constructed where the length of the rolling horizons of the respected models is optimised. Findings In the first stage, estimated values show that non-homogeneous DGM is the best method to predict Turkey’s energy-related CO2 emissions whereas DGM is the best method to predict the energy-related CO2 emissions for total Europe and Eurasia region. According to the results in the second stage, NDGM with RM (k=26) is the best method for Turkey while optimised DGM with RM (k=4) delivers most reliable estimates for total Europe and Eurasia region. Originality/value This study illustrates the effect of different DGM approaches on the estimation performance for the Turkish energy-related CO2 emission data.
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Chen, Jiabin, and Shaobo Wen. "Implications of Energy Intensity Ratio for Carbon Dioxide Emissions in China." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 6925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176925.
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Industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are mainly derived from fossil energy use, which is composed of procedures involving extraction of energy from the natural system as well as its exchange and consumption in the social system. However, recent research on low-carbon transitions considers the cost of energy commodities from a separate perspective—a biophysical or monetary perspective. We introduce the energy intensity ratio (EIR), which is a novelty perspective combining biophysical and monetary metrics to estimate the cost of energy commodities in the low-carbon energy transitions. This combination is essential, since the feedback of energy into the biophysical system will influence the performance of energy in the economic system and vice versa. Based on the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI), we developed the EIR-LMDI method to explain the changes in CO2 emissions. The changes in CO2 emissions caused by the EIR are the net energy effect. In China, the net energy effect kept CO2 emissions at a compound annual growth rate of 6.15% during 2007–2018. Especially after 2014, the net energy effect has been the largest driver of the increase in CO2 emissions. During the study period, high net energy usually indicated high CO2 emissions. Coal is the most important energy commodity and dominates the net energy effect; the least volatile component is the EIR of natural gas. The EIR affects CO2 emissions by the price crowding-out effect and the scale expansion effect, which make the process of low-carbon transition uncertain. The results illuminate that policymakers should monitor the net energy effect to prevent it from offsetting efforts to reduce energy intensity.
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Rachmansyah, Harianto Hardjasaputra, and Meilanie Cornelia. "Experimental study of effect additional water on high performance geopolymer concrete." MATEC Web of Conferences 270 (2019): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927001004.
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The Earth Summit 1997 in Kyoto (Japan), industrialized countries agreed to reduce gas emissions by 21% to avoid global warming due to greenhouse effect with the release of CO2 into the air. From the research result, cement industry sector all over the world contributes about 8 - 10% of total CO2 emission. This number is quite high and if there is not a special action to reduce, CO2 emissions will continue to increase along with the rapid development of infrastructure in various parts of the world including in Indonesia. To support greenhouse effect reduction efforts due to CO2 emissions and environmental conservation, civil engineers in the world are taking steps to achieve Sustainable Concrete Technology, in order to create “Green Concrete”. For that reason in the direction of “Green Concrete”, innovation is needed to reduce or replace cement in the concrete mixing. The ash waste electrical power generating plants of fly ash is a material containing many SiO2 and Al2O3 which can be used to replace the overall of cement in concrete. Geopolymer concrete is a fly ash-based concrete that replaces the entire cement in its manufacture. Workability in mixing geopolymer concrete is very low, due to the rapid reaction of the alkaline solution when it reacts with fly ash. To improve the workability can be added water at the time of mixing. The fly ash used in the mixing from the Paiton power plant in East Java with grain size 12.06 μm with round granules and chemical composition of fly ash containing SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 with a total of 75.151%. The planned compressive strength of the concrete is 45 MPa, with a variation of 8M, 12M and 16M NaOH molarity and the ratio of NaOH and Na2SiO3 is 1. Addition of water in concrete mixing with variations of 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5 and 25 liters / m3. The results of this study indicate that the more addition of water in the manufacture of geopolymer concrete can also increase the value of slump, but the excessive addition of water will result in a decrease in the compressive strength of the concrete caused by a decrease in the concentration of the alkaline solution. High molarity values will require additional water to reach the same slump value compared to lower NaOH molarity. With the same mix design, the optimal compressive strength at 8M NaOH was 48.18 MPa with 17.5 liters/m3 of water added with a slump of 12 cm, for 12M NaOH the optimal compressive strength was 51.65 MPa with the addition of 20 liter/m3 with 10 cm slump, while for 16M NaOH the optimum compressive strength is 59.70 MPa with 22.5 liters/m3 of water added with a 5 cm slump. The higher the NaOH molarity will result in a higher compressive strength value and geopolymer concrete compressive strength at early age is higher than conventional concrete.
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Makonese, Tafadzwa, Daniel M. Masekameni, and Harold J. Annegarn. "Influence of coal properties on the performance of fixed-bed coal-burning braziers." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 28, no. 2 (June 23, 2017): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2017/v28i2a1374.
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Informal fixed-bed coal-burning braziers are used extensively in low-income communities of South Africa for space-heating and cooking needs. An investigation was carried out on the effects of coal moisture content and coal quality on the thermal and emissions performance of domestic coal-burning braziers in three field-procured braziers (with three different air ventilation rates), using the bottom-lit updraft (BLUD) and top-lit updraft (TLUD) ignition methods. Results showed that an increase in coal moisture content (from 2.4 wt.% to 8.6 wt.%) led to 18% and 30% decreases in fire-power when using the TLUD and BLUD methods, respectively. The combustion efficiency increased by 25% with an increase in moisture content. Measured carbon monoxide (CO) emission factors increased with an increase in moisture content, while carbon dioxide (CO2) emission factors remained unchanged. The use of A-grade coal resulted in a 49% increase in PM emissions compared with D-grade coal at high ventilation rates, despite no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in CO and CO2 emission factors produced between coal grades.
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Ayandotun, Wasiu B., A. Rashid A. Aziz, and Morgan R. Heikal. "The Effect of High Carbon Dioxide Content on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Direct Injection (DI) Compressed Natural Gas Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.64.
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This paper investigates the potential of utilizing the undeveloped natural gas fields in Malaysia with high carbon dioxide (CO2) content ranging from 28 to 87%. For this experiment, various CO2 proportions by volume were added to pure natural gas as a way of simulating raw natural gas compositions in these fields. The experimental tests were carried out using a 4-stroke single cylinder spark ignition (SI) direct injection (DI) compressed natural gas (CNG) engine. The tests were carried out at 180°CA BTDC injection timing and 3000 rpm, to establish the effects on the engine performance. The findings revealed that the brake torque decreased by 9% with 20% CO2 proportion in the mixture due to the decrease in the heating value of the mixture. At the same proportion of CO2, the brake specific fuel consumption decreased by about 8.5% and the brake thermal efficiency increased by 9.2%. There was a reduction in the unburnt hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 15% and 89% respectively, but the NOx emissions increased by 78%. The utilization of natural gas with 20% CO2 content as fuel in DI-CNG engine was found to be viable with insignificant drop in engine performance and with reductions in exhaust emissions.
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Cakmak, Abdulvahap, Murat Kapusuz, Orkhan Ganiyev, and Hakan Ozcan. "Effects of Methyl Acetate as Oxygenated Fuel Blending on Performance and Emissions of SI Engine." Environmental and Climate Technologies 22, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2018-0004.
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Abstract - The objective of this paper is to investigate the use of methyl acetate as oxygenated fuel blending for base gasoline in SI engine. The effects of methyl acetate on engine performance parameters (brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and energy consumption rate) and exhaust emissions (CO, HC, CO2 and NOx) of SI engine have been experimentally investigated. Engine experiments were conducted on a single cylinder, water cooled, spark-ignition test engine at constant moderate speed; 1500 rpm for different loads; 104, 207, 311 and 414 kPa fuelling the engine with base gasoline, M5 (95 % base gasoline +5 % methyl acetate) and M10 (90 % base gasoline +10 % methyl acetate). The results showed that adding methyl acetate to base gasoline increases the brake specific fuel consumption while reducing the brake thermal efficiency of the engine. Furthermore, it was also observed that methyl acetate addition does not have a great effect on HC emissions, however, reduces CO and increases CO2 emissions. NOx results showed a striking increase in the level of NOx emissions with the addition of methyl acetate.
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Sperber, Jessica L., Braden Troyer, Mitch Norman, Levi J. McPhillips, Andrea K. Watson, and Galen E. Erickson. "PSIV-7 Effect of Biochar Supplementation in Beef Cattle Growing Diets on Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.347.
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Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of feeding biochar in a growing diet on cattle performance, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Biochar was sourced from ponderosa pine wood waste (High Plains Biochar, Laramie, WY) and was 83% C with 426 m2/g surface area. Crossbred steers (n = 160; initial BW = 357 kg ± 44 kg) were utilized in a randomized block design (blocked by BW), steers assigned randomly to pen (n = 16), and pens assigned randomly to treatment. Two treatments were evaluated, a control (CON) without biochar (40% wheat straw, 40% corn silage, 15% modified distillers grains, 5% supplement) and the same diet with biochar included at 0.8% of diet dry matter replacing corn in the supplement (CHAR). Four pen replications per treatment were paired within BW block and rotated randomly through an emissions barn with two chambers (each treatment evaluated simultaneously) to capture average weekly CH4 and CO2 production. Pen was experimental unit and chamber was included as a fixed effect for emissions data. There were no statistical differences in performance outcomes between CHAR and CON steers (P ≥ 0.23). Numerically, average daily gain (ADG) was greater (P = 0.46) and dry matter intake (DMI) was lower (P = 0.23) for CHAR steers, resulting in a 2.8% improvement in feed efficiency for CHAR steers (P = 0.25). Emissions of CO2 and CH4 did not statistically differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.22). Numerically, CO2 and CH4 emissions were lower for CON compared to CHAR steers when reported as g per day (3.6% lower) or g per kg of DMI (2.4% lower). Based on the results from this study, there was no indication that feeding biochar, supplemented at 0.8% of diet, reduces GHG emissions in growing steers when compared to negative control.
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Jaat, M., Amir Khalid, B. Manshoor, Him Ramsy, and Norrizal Mustaffa. "An Experimental Study on the Performance and Emissions of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel Derived from Palm Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.654.
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The use of biodiesel as an alternative fuels in the diesel engine is very effective due to less of emissions and high performance. This study investigated the effect of palm oil blending and engine speed on performance and emission in diesel engine. The performance of biodiesel blends were investigated in terms of brake power, fuel consumption rate, flywheel torque, while emissions parameter was tested in terms of smoke opacity, hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon oxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) at various engine speed 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 revolution per minute (rpm). Biodiesel was blended with ordinary diesel fuel in various proportions. The engine was tested up to 50% load conditions by using Ordinary Diesel (OD), B5, B10 and B15 fuels. The properties of biodiesel fuel were tested including density, kinematic viscosity, water content and flash points test. Experimental results indicated that biodiesel blend shows the flywheel torque obtained is higher compared to the OD but fuel consumption rate and the brake power are quite similar when tested at ambient temperature. All biodiesel blends released good emissions compared to the OD. The CO2, CO, HC and O2 content released from the biodiesel fuels were clearly lower than the normal fuel except for NOX contents. Biodiesel released higher smoke opacity compared to OD at all range of engine speeds under 50% load condition. In conclusion, biodiesel fuels are found to offer better performances and emissions and are suitable to be used in unmodified diesel engine.
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Riboldi, Luca, Steve Völler, Magnus Korpås, and Lars O. Nord. "An Integrated Assessment of the Environmental and Economic Impact of Offshore Oil Platform Electrification." Energies 12, no. 11 (June 2, 2019): 2114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112114.
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Electrification of offshore oil and gas installations on the Norwegian continental shelf is one of several options to decrease the CO2 emitted from these installations. However, there is an ongoing debate regarding how the increased electricity consumption will influence the CO2 emissions in the power market, both in the short-run and in the long-run. This paper aims to address the issue and investigate the feasibility of the electrification of a large offshore area in the North Sea in comparison to standard concepts to supply energy offshore. A novel integrated model was developed for the purpose that includes and combines a process model of the offshore power generation units and a model of the European power system. The integration of the two models allows to simultaneously simulate the behavior of the offshore energy conversion systems and the effect of electrification on the onshore power system. The outcomes of the analysis show that the environmental performance of electrification is strongly affected by the selected approach to quantify the CO2 emissions associated with power from shore. Taking standard methods to supply offshore energy as basis for comparison, the marginal effect of electrification would result in increased CO2 emissions (+40%), while the average effect would entail large reductions in CO2 emissions (−48% to −90%), the extent of which depends on the geographical scope selected. An analysis on the economics of electrification indicates that its economic viability would be challenging and would not be favoured by a strong European commitment towards environmental policies since the expected increase of power price will outbalance the gains for the reduced emission costs.
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Jeong, Myeong Gil, Dhanushka Rathnayake, Hong Seok Mun, Muhammad Ammar Dilawar, Kwang Woo Park, Sang Ro Lee, and Chul Ju Yang. "Effect of a Sustainable Air Heat Pump System on Energy Efficiency, Housing Environment, and Productivity Traits in a Pig Farm." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 9772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229772.
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High electricity consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2), and elevated noxious gas emission in the global livestock sector have a negative influence on environmental sustainability. This study examined the effects of a heating system using an air heat pump (AHP) on the energy saving, housing environment, and productivity traits of pigs. During the experimental period of 16 weeks, the internal temperature was found to be higher (p < 0.05) in the AHP house than in the conventional house. Moreover, the average electricity consumption and CO2 emission decreased by approximately 40 kWh and 19.32 kg, respectively, in the AHP house compared to the house with the conventional heating system. The average NH3 and H2S emissions were significantly lower in the AHP house (p < 0.05) during the growth stages. The AHP and conventional heating systems did not have a significant influence (p > 0.05) on the average ultra-fine dust (PM2.5) and formaldehyde level fluctuations. Furthermore, both heating systems did not show a significant difference in the average growth performance of pigs (p > 0.05), but the weight gain tended to increase in the AHP house. In conclusion, the AHP system has great potential to reduce energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and noxious gas emissions by providing economic benefits and an eco-friendly renewable energy source.
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Wang, Xuebin, Zia Ur Rahman, Zhaomin Lv, Yiming Zhu, Renhui Ruan, Shuanghui Deng, Lan Zhang, and Houzhang Tan. "Experimental Study and Design of Biomass Co-Firing in a Full-Scale Coal-Fired Furnace with Storage Pulverizing System." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040810.
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Co-firing coal and biomass in existing power plants facilitates influential advancement in the use of renewable energy resources and carbon emissions reduction. Biomass is intended as a CO2-zero net emission because, during its rise, it uses the same fraction of CO2 from the air as that released during its combustion. In addition, the content of nitrogen and sulfur in biomass is lower than in coal. Therefore, the emissions of NOx and SOx can be minimized by co-firing it with coal. In general, the effect of biomass direct co-firing on safety, pulverizing system performance, furnace efficiency, and NOx emission in full-scale furnaces is rarely studied. In this study, biomass direct co-firing was carried out in a 55 MW tangentially fired pulverized coal furnace. The effects of biomass co-firing on safety, the performance of the pulverizing system, furnace efficiency, and pollutant emissions (unburned carbon and NOx) are studied. The results show that the blending of biomass fuel with less than 20% of coal has no issue with respect to auto-ignition and safety. The performance of the pulverizing system is affected up to a certain limit due to the difficulty of grinding the biomass particles into required fineness. The biomass co-firing up to 20% is feasible, but greater than this percentage will severely affect the furnace efficiency. The co-firing of biomass enhanced the NOx reduction significantly and further improved the performance of the SNCR process. This study could provide guidance for the application of biomass co-firing in industrial furnaces.
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Jyothi, U. S., and G. Jeevan Kumar. "Impact of Nano additives on optimized Mahua Bio-diesel Performance." E3S Web of Conferences 184 (2020): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018401015.
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In both industrial and transportation sectors, petroleum consumption has been increasing tremendously. It is known that increase in demand of fossil fuels leads to exhaust of petroleum products in future. Biofuel is a fuel made by chemically reacting alcohol with vegetable oils, fats, or greases, such as recycled restaurant greases. The metal-based additives are used in order to improve the quality of fuel by reducing the unburn hydrocarbons in IC engines, to minimize the exhaust gas harmful emissions. In the present experimental work, an attempt is made at investigating the effect of Aluminum oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles addition in Mahua biodiesel in a single cylinder water cooled direct injection four stroke diesel engine. Initially experiments are conducted to optimize the blend of transeterified Mahua oil with diesel fuel with respect to Combustion, performance and emission parameters. The nano fluids have been prepared from 50 ppm concentrations of Aluminum oxide and copper oxide separately, through an ultra-sonication process. For optimized biodiesel of Mahua oil, the effect of nano additives on Combustion characteristics viz cylinder pressure, Heat release rate, performance parameters such as BTE, BSFC and emission parameters HC, CO, CO2, NOx emissions were evaluated and compared. In CI engines, with biodiesel usage reduces the emission particulates to the significant extent. Due to the presence of oxygen content in bio diesel, which causes increase in NOx formation. In this work there is significant reduction in emission oxides of nitrogen is noticed with nano additives due to control of in-cylinder temperature. Key words: Combustion, Nano fluids, Heat release rate, Cylinder pressure, Emissions
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Mensah, Rhoda Afriyie, Vigneshwaran Shanmugam, Sreenivasan Narayanan, Seyed Mohammad Javad Razavi, Adrian Ulfberg, Thomas Blanksvärd, Faez Sayahi, et al. "Biochar-Added Cementitious Materials—A Review on Mechanical, Thermal, and Environmental Properties." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 20, 2021): 9336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169336.
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The enhanced carbon footprint of the construction sector has created the need for CO2 emission control and mitigation. CO2 emissions in the construction sector are influenced by a variety of factors, including raw material preparation, cement production, and, most notably, the construction process. Thus, using biobased constituents in cement could reduce CO2 emissions. However, biobased constituents can degrade and have a negative impact on cement performance. Recently, carbonised biomass known as biochar has been found to be an effective partial replacement for cement. Various studies have reported improved mechanical strength and thermal properties with the inclusion of biochar in concrete. To comprehend the properties of biochar-added cementitious materials, the properties of biochar and their effect on concrete need to be examined. This review provides a critical examination of the mechanical and thermal properties of biochar and biochar-added cementitious materials. The study also covers biochar’s life cycle assessment and economic benefits. Overall, the purpose of this review article is to provide a means for researchers in the relevant field to gain a deeper understanding of the innate properties of biochar imparted into biochar-added cementitious materials for property enhancement and reduction of CO2 emissions.
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Zhang, Chunwei, Menglong Sheng, Yaoqiang Hu, Ye Yuan, Yulong Kang, Xiao Sun, Tao Wang, Qinghua Li, Xisen Zhao, and Zhi Wang. "Efficient Facilitated Transport Polymer Membrane for CO2/CH4 Separation from Oilfield Associated Gas." Membranes 11, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11020118.
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CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) technology is a competitive strategy to improve oil field economic returns and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the arbitrary emissions or combustion of the associated gas, which mainly consists of CO2 and CH4, will cause the aggravation of the greenhouse effect and a huge waste of resources. In this paper, the high-performance facilitated transport multilayer composite membrane for CO2/CH4 separation was prepared by individually adjusting the membrane structure of each layer. The effect of test conditions on the CO2/CH4 separation performance was systematically investigated. The membrane exhibits high CO2 permeance of 3.451 × 10−7 mol·m−2·s−1·Pa−1 and CO2/CH4 selectivity of 62 at 298 K and 0.15 MPa feed gas pressure. The cost analysis was investigated by simulating the two-stage system. When the recovery rate and purity of CH4 are 98%, the minimum specific cost of separating CO2/CH4 (45/55 vol%) can be reduced to 0.046 $·Nm−3 CH4. The excellent short-to-mid-term stability indicates the great potential of large industrial application in the CH4 recovery and CO2 reinjection from oilfield associated gas.
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Hui, Shiqiang (Rob), Nima Shaigan, Vladimir Neburchilov, Lei Zhang, Kourosh Malek, Michael Eikerling, and Phil De Luna. "Three-Dimensional Cathodes for Electrochemical Reduction of CO2: From Macro- to Nano-Engineering." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (September 20, 2020): 1884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091884.
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Rising anthropogenic CO2 emissions and their climate warming effects have triggered a global response in research and development to reduce the emissions of this harmful greenhouse gas. The use of CO2 as a feedstock for the production of value-added fuels and chemicals is a promising pathway for development of renewable energy storage and reduction of carbon emissions. Electrochemical CO2 conversion offers a promising route for value-added products. Considerable challenges still remain, limiting this technology for industrial deployment. This work reviews the latest developments in experimental and modeling studies of three-dimensional cathodes towards high-performance electrochemical reduction of CO2. The fabrication–microstructure–performance relationships of electrodes are examined from the macro- to nanoscale. Furthermore, future challenges, perspectives and recommendations for high-performance cathodes are also presented.
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Mariyakhan, Kamalova, Elyas Abdulahi Mohamued, Muhammad Asif Khan, József Popp, and Judit Oláh. "Does the Level of Absorptive Capacity Matter for Carbon Intensity? Evidence from the USA and China." Energies 13, no. 2 (January 14, 2020): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020407.
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Interest in the rapid growth of CO2 emissions, together with the economic performance of various countries continues to attract researchers and practitioners’ interest. Alongside, concerns regarding global warming and its effects on human and animal health, and thus sustainable development, escalate. The present study employs the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag to identify short- and long-run dynamics and the asymmetric nexus between absorptive capacity, and CO2 emissions intensity from 1970 to 2018 in the case of the USA and China. In the short-run, an increase in technology transfer based on human resources increases CO2 emissions in China. Contrarily, the decrease in technology transfer based on infrastructure has an emissions-decreasing effect in China. In the long-run, the effects of an increase in absorptive capacity based on innovation and infrastructure developments provide positive and significant impetus to mitigate the carbon intensity in China and the USA. The results are robust using GHG intensity. Thus, policymakers and researchers have to consider the pivotal role of absorptive capacity in facilitating sustainable development.
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Kumar, Ashok, Piyushi Nautiyal, and Kamalasish Dev. "To Study the Effects of (Compressed Natural Gas + Diesel) Under Dual Fuel Mode on Engine Performance and Emissions Characteristic." Sensor Letters 18, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2020.4170.
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The present study is investigated on the performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by compressed natural gas and base diesel (CNG + Diesel). The CNG fuels used as the primary fuel, and diesel as pilot fuel under dual-fuel mode. The pilot fuel is partially replaced by CNG at a different percentage. The primary fuel is injected into the engine with intake air during the suction stroke. The experimental results reveal the effect of CNG + diesel under dual fuel mode on BTE, BSFC, CO, CO2, HC, NOx and Smoke. It is observed from the experimental results that CO2, NOx and Smoke emissions decreased but HC and CO emissions increase with an increase in CNG energy share.
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Wiedemann, S. G., Eugene J. McGahan, and Caoilinn M. Murphy. "Environmental impacts and resource use from Australian pork production assessed using life-cycle assessment. 1. Greenhouse gas emissions." Animal Production Science 56, no. 9 (2016): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15881.
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Agricultural industries are under increasing pressure to measure and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the supply chain. The Australian pork industry has established proactive goals to improve greenhouse-gas (GHG) performance across the industry, but while productivity indicators are benchmarked by industry, similar data have not previously been collected to determine supply chain GHG emissions. To assess total GHG emissions from Australian pork production, the present study conducted a life-cycle assessment of six case study supply chains and the national herd for the year 2010. The study aimed to determine total GHG emissions and hotspots, and to determine the mitigation potential from alternative manure treatment systems. Two functional units were used: 1 kg of pork liveweight (LW) at the farm gate, and 1 kg of wholesale pork (chilled, bone-in) ready for packaging and distribution. Mean GHG emissions from the case study supply chains ranged from 2.1 to 4.5 kg CO2-e/kg LW (excluding land-use (LU) and direct land use-change (dLUC) emissions). Emissions were lowest from the piggeries that housed grower-finisher pigs on deep litter and highest from pigs housed in conventional systems with uncovered anaerobic effluent ponds. Mean contribution from methane from effluent treatment was 64% of total GHG at the conventional piggeries. Nitrous oxide arose from both grain production and manure management, comprising 7–33% of the total emissions. The GHG emissions for the national herd were 3.6 kg CO2-e/kg LW, with the largest determining factor on total emissions being the relative proportion of pigs managed with high or low emission manure management systems. Emissions from LU and dLUC sources ranged from 0.08 to 0.7 kg CO2-e/kg LW for the case study farms, with differences associated with the inclusion rate of imported soybean meal in the ration and feed-conversion ratio. GHG intensity (excluding LU, dLUC) from the national herd was 6.36 ± 1.03 kg CO2-e/kg wholesale pork, with the emission profile dominated by methane from manure management (50%), followed by feed production (27%) and then meat processing (8%). Inclusion of LU and dLUC emissions had a minor effect on the emission profile. Scenarios testing showed that biogas capture from anaerobic digestion with combined heat and power generation resulted in a 31–64% reduction in GHG emissions. Finishing pigs on deep litter as preferred to conventional housing resulted in 38% lower GHG emissions than conventional finishing.
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Trivyza, Nikoletta L., Athanasios Rentizelas, and Gerasimos Theotokatos. "A Comparative Analysis of EEDI Versus Lifetime CO2 Emissions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8010061.
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The Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) was introduced as a regulatory tool employed at the ship design phase to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and increase the vessel’s operational efficiency. Although it stimulated the greening of the shipping operations, its effectiveness is considerably criticised from various shipping industry stakeholders. The aim of this study is to investigate the EEDI effectiveness on accurately representing the environmental performance of the next-generation ships power plants for two representative ship types, in specific, an ocean-going tanker and a cruise ship. The performance of the optimal power plant solutions identified in previous studies is analysed according to the existing EEDI regulatory framework and compared with the lifetime CO2 emissions estimated based on an actual operating profile for each ship. The results indicate that the EEDI underestimates the effect of technologies for reducing carbon emissions in all the investigated cases. In this respect, it is concluded that EEDI is classified as a conservative metric, which however can be used as an approximation to compare alternative solutions early in the design phase.
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Pitonak, Anton, and Martin Lopusniak. "Analysis of Energy Sources on Energy Indicators Performance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 861 (December 2016): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.861.198.
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In the members states of the European Union, portion of buildings in the total consumption of energy represents 40%, and their portion in CO2 emissions fluctuates around 35%. The European Union is trying to protect the environment by reducing energy demand and releasing CO2 emissions into the air. Energy performance is the quantity of energy, which is necessary for heating and domestic hot water production, for cooling and ventilation and for lighting. Based on results of energy performance, individual buildings are classified into energy classes A to G. A global indicator (primary energy) is the decisive factor for final evaluation of the building. The new building must meet minimum requirements for energy performance, i.e. it must be classified to energy class A1 since 2016, and to energy class A0 since 2020. The paper analyses effect of the use of different resources of heat in a family house designed according to requirements valid since 2020, and its subsequent classification into an energy class.
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Farah, Alaa, Hamdy Hassan, Alaaeldin M. Abdelshafy, and Abdelfatah M. Mohamed. "Optimal Scheduling of Hybrid Multi-Carrier System Feeding Electrical/Thermal Load Based on Particle Swarm Algorithm." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 4701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114701.
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In this paper, the optimum coordination of an energy hub system, fed with multiple fuel options (natural gas, wood chips biomass, and electricity) to guarantee economically, environmentally friendly, and reliable operation of an energy hub, is presented. The objective is to lessen the total operating expenses and CO2 emissions of the hub system. Additionally, the effect of renewable energy sources as photovoltaics (PVs) and wind turbines (WTs) on energy hub performance is investigated. A comparison of various configurations of the hub system is done. The proper planning of the hub elements is determined by a multi-objective particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to achieve the lowest level of the gross running cost and total system emissions, simultaneously. The outcomes show that the natural gas turbine (NGT) is superior to the biomass generating unit in lowering the gross operating expenses, while using the biomass wood chips plant is most effective in lessening the total CO2 emissions than the NGT plant. Furthermore, the combination of the natural gas turbine, biomass generator, photovoltaics, and wind turbines enhances the operation of the hub infrastructures by lessening both the gross operating cost and overall CO2 emission simultaneously.
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Ahmed, Salman Abdu, Song Zhou, Yuanqing Zhu, Yongming Feng, Adil Malik, and Naseem Ahmad. "Influence of Injection Timing on Performance and Exhaust Emission of CI Engine Fuelled with Butanol-Diesel Using a 1D GT-Power Model." Processes 7, no. 5 (May 21, 2019): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7050299.
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Injection timing variations have a significant effect on the performance and pollutant formation in diesel engines. Numerical study was conducted to investigate the impact of injection timing on engine performance and pollutants in a six-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine. Diesel fuel with different amounts (5%, 15%, and 25% by volume) of n-butanol was used. Simulations were performed at four distinct injection timings (5°, 10°, 20°, 25°CA bTDC) and two distinct loads of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP = 4.5 bar and 10.5 bar) at constant engine speed (1800 rpm) using the GT-Power computational simulation package. The primary objective of this research is to determine the optimum injection timing and optimum blending ratio for improved efficiencies and reduced emissions. Notable improvements in engine performance and pollutant trends were observed for butanol-diesel blends. The addition of butanol to diesel fuel has greatly diminished NOX and CO pollutants but it elevated HC and CO2 emissions. Retarded injection timing decreased NOX and CO2 pollutants while HC and CO2 emissions increased. The results also indicated that early injection timings (20°CA bTDC and 25°CA bTDC) lowered both CO2 and unburned hydrocarbon emissions. Moreover, advanced injection timing slightly improved brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for all engine loads. It is concluded that retarded injection timing, i.e., 10°CA bTDC demonstrated optimum results in terms of performance, combustion and emissions and among the fuels 15B showed good outcome with regard to BTE, higher heat release rate, and lower pollution of HC, CO, and NOx.
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Yousefi, Yasin, Petra Gratton, and Dilshad Sarwar. "Investigating the Opportunities to Improve the Thermal Performance of a Case Study Building in London." International Journal of Strategic Engineering 4, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijose.2021010101.
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This study was carried out to investigate the opportunities of improving thermal performance by focusing on envelope effects of a building located in London. Firstly, through a broad literature review of the previous conducted case studies, an investigation of all the building envelope aspects and parameters influencing the thermal performance of the building was conducted to provide critical information of thermal performance of the envelope components within the UK buildings. Then, onsite measurements were carried out to obtain the building's base case heating load using the standard CIBSE GUIDE A 2017 heat load calculation methodology. Neglecting thermal bridging in the heating calculation showed 8% reduction in the building's total heating load. Also, 17% reduction in energy consumption and CO2 emissions was achieved by applying polyurethane-foam and polystyrene-boards as cavity and external wall insulations, respectively. Moreover, the effect of applying both insulation in the energy consumption, CO2 emissions, cost and payback period analysis was analysed.
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Gunasekar, P., S. Manigandan, Venkatesh S., R. Gokulnath, Rakesh Vimal, and P. Boomadevi. "Effect of hydrogen addition on exergetic performance of gas turbine engine." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, no. 2 (October 26, 2019): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-05-2019-0095.
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Purpose The depletion of fossil fuel and emissions of harmful gases forced the pioneers in search of alternate energy source. The purpose of this study is to present an effective use of hydrogen fuel for turbojet engines based on its exergetic performance. Design/methodology/approach This study was performed to measure the assessment of exergetic data of turbojet engines. Initially, the test was carried out on the Jet A-1 fuel. Then, a series of similar tests were carried out on turbojet engines with hydrogen fuel to measure their performance results. Finally, the exergetic values of both were compared with each other. Findings The introduction of hydrogen fuel reduced the exergy efficiency, and a 10 per cent reduction was observed in exergy efficiency. Simultaneously, the waste exergy rate increased by 9 per cent. However, because of the high specific fuel exergy, hydrogen fuel was better than Jet A-1 fuel. Note that parameters such as environmental effect factor and ecological effect witnessed an increase in their index owing to the addition of hydrogen. Practical implications Introduction of alternative blends is necessary for achieving lower emission of gases such as CO, NOx and CO2 from gas turbine engines without compromising on performance. The Jet A fuels were replaced by blends to obtain better emission characteristics. Originality/value The use of hydrogen in turbojet engines showed an adverse effect on exergetic performance. However, it was very impressive to see a 200 per cent reduction in emissions. From the comparison of exergy efficiency results of inlet, combustion and nozzle, it is evident that the combustion chamber has the largest values of exergy ratio, waste exergy ratio, cost flow, ecological factor, environmental factor and fuel ratio owing to irreversibility in the combustion process.
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Ge, Shengxian, Xianyu Yu, Dequn Zhou, and Xiuzhi Sang. "The Integrated Effect of Carbon Emissions Trading and Pollution Rights Trading for Power Enterprises—A Case Study of Chongqing." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (June 1, 2019): 3099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113099.
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To control growing environmental problems, the pollution rights trading (PRT) center was established in Jiaxing in 2007, and China officially joined the carbon emission reduction market (NCET) in 2011. Since power enterprises are the main participants in the NCET market and PRT market, the integrated effect of the NCET market and PRT market on power enterprise profit and the regional environment is one of the major issues that needs to be taken into consideration. Based on system dynamics (SD) theory, we propose an NCET-PRT simulation model for power enterprises in Chongqing. Through analyzing parameters of carbon trading price, free ratio, and emission trading prices, 12 different simulation scenarios are configured for sensitivity analysis. Based on the simulation results, the following observations can be obtained: (1) NCET and PRT can effectively promote the performance of enterprises’ carbon emissions reduction and regional pollutant emission reduction but will have a minor negative impact on the industrial economy at the same time; (2) The trading mechanism is interactive; if the carbon emissions trading (NCET) mechanism is implemented separately, the emission of pollutants will be reduced significantly. However, the implementation of pollution rights trading (PRT) alone cannot significantly reduce CO2 emissions; (3) At an appropriate level, NCET and PRT can be enhanced to achieve a maximum emissions reduction effect at a minimum economic cost.
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A. A. Mossa, M., A. A. Hairuddin, A. A. Nuraini, J. Zulkiple, and H. M. Tobib. "Effects of Hot Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on the Emission and Performance of a Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 2 (July 4, 2019): 6660–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.2.2019.14.0501.
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With the increment in global demand for energy, there is a need to reduce vehicle emission, which is among the major causes of air pollution around the world. In order to reduce the emissions levels, this study focuses on the effects of hot exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system on the performance and emissions of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The performance studied includes engine power, torque, brake mean effective pressure, fuel consumption and the exhaust emission. The engine used in this study was a single-cylinder, four-stroke engine with an air-cooled system at a rated speed of 3600 rpm with displacement of 0.219 litres. The engine was operated at varying speeds of 1600 to 3600 rpm with different percentages of EGR (5%, 7%, 10% and 15%). Based on the results, it was shown that EGR had decreased the engine brake power and torque while increasing fuel consumption at the same time. The engine with EGR has reduced the emission level of NOx from 800 to 240 ppm and CO2, from 9% to 4%, while increasing the CO from 2% to 4% and UHC from 10 to 100 ppm. Hence, it was concluded that low emission level of NOx and CO2 could be obtained using EGR as it can be used to improve the emission level of a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) even further in the extension of this study.
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Pushparaj, T., C. Lalithmuneendirakumar, and S. Ramabalan. "Investigations on the Effect of Bio Fuel Enhancer Additive with Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Biodiesel Blends on Engine Performance and Pollutant Emissions in a Diesel Engine." Advanced Materials Research 768 (September 2013): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.768.238.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of bio fuel enhancer additive added to 20% cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) biodiesel blended with No.2 diesel fuel, in terms of the performance and exhaust emissions on a 4-cylinder naturally-aspirated direct-injection diesel engine. Experiments were conducted under five engine loads at a steady speed of 1500 rpm. The influence of blends on carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon emission and smoke opacity were investigated. . The experimental results showed that the bio fuel enhancer additive improves the performance parameters and decreases CO emission by 13% and HC emission by 15% as compared to biodiesel. Bio Fuel Enhancer (BFE) additive reduces the NO emission remarkably by 55% as compared to biodiesel.
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Sanchez Moore, Claudia, and Luiz Kulay. "Effect of the Implementation of Carbon Capture Systems on the Environmental, Energy and Economic Performance of the Brazilian Electricity Matrix." Energies 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020331.
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This study examined the effect of Carbon Capture and Storage units on the environmental, energy and economic performance of the Brazilian electric grid. Four scenarios were established considering the coupling of Calcium Looping (CaL) processes to capture CO2 emitted from thermoelectric using coal and natural gas: S1: the current condition of the Brazilian grid; S2 and S3: Brazilian grid with CaL applied individually to coal (TEC) and gas (TGN) operated thermoelectric; and S4: CaL is simultaneously coupled to both sources. Global warming potential (GWP) expressed the environmental dimension, Primary Energy Demand (PED) was the energy indicator and Levelised Cost of Energy described the economic range. Attributional Life Cycle Assessment for generation of 1.0 MWh was applied in the analysis. None of the scenarios accumulated the best indexes in all dimensions. Regarding GWP, S4 totals the positive effects of using CaL to reduce CO2 from TEC and TGN, but the CH4 emissions increased due to its energy requirements. As for PED, S1 and S2 are similar and presented higher performances than S3 and S4. The price of natural gas compromises the use of CaL in TGN. A combined verification of the three analysis dimensions, proved that S2 was the best option of the series due to the homogeneity of its indices. The installation of CaL in TECs and TGNs was effective to capture and store CO2 emissions, but the costs of this system should be reduced and its energy efficiency still needs to be improved.
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Mohamad Qayyum Mohd Tamam, Nik Rosli Abdullah, Wira Jazair Yahya, Hasannuddin Abdul Kadir, Yanuandri Putrasari, and Mohd Azrul Ahmad. "Effects of Ethanol Blending with Methanol-Gasoline fuel on Spark Ignition Engine Performance and Emissions." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 83, no. 2 (June 8, 2021): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.83.2.5472.
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This research investigated the effects of ethanol blending with methanol-gasoline as fuels in spark ignition engine and how it affects engine performance and emissions. Four ethanol-methanol-gasoline (GEM) blends were prepared with variable ethanol concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) and constant methanol concentration (10%) and denoted as M10, E5M10, E10M10, and E15M10 in reference to each respective alcohol constituents. Physicochemical properties testing revealed that density and kinematic viscosity of GEM fuel blends increases with ethanol concentration. E15M10 has shown the most increase in density and kinematic viscosity with 10.7% and 18.7% increase respectively. In contrast, calorific value decreased as ethanol concentration decreases. E15M10 displayed the lowest calorific value at 16.9% lower than gasoline. Meanwhile, engine performance and emissions test showed that GEM fuels generally possess increased average Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) than pure gasoline. However, average Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) for pure gasoline is lower. E15M10 displayed highest increment of BSFC at 17.2% average increase. Meanwhile, E10M10 displayed the highest improvement in BTE with an average of 9.4% increase. Exhaust emissions indicate that all GEM blends produced increased carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions while carbon monoxide (CO) emissions decreases. E15M10 showed the most reduction in CO emissions with 90.6% decrease while E10M10 has shown the most increased CO2 and NOx emissions with 110% and 6.7 times increase respectively. In conclusion, up to 15% volume of ethanol blending with 10% volume methanol-gasoline was able to improve engine performance and emissions in terms of BTE and CO emissions.
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Chimpae, Supanida, Suwimol Wongsakulphasatch, Supawat Vivanpatarakij, Thongchai Glinrun, Fasai Wiwatwongwana, Weerakanya Maneeprakorn, and Suttichai Assabumrungrat. "Syngas Production from Combined Steam Gasification of Biochar and a Sorption-Enhanced Water–Gas Shift Reaction with the Utilization of CO2." Processes 7, no. 6 (June 7, 2019): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7060349.
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This research aims at evaluating the performance of a combined system of biochar gasification and a sorption-enhanced water–gas shift reaction (SEWGS) for synthesis gas production. The effects of mangrove-derived biochar gasification temperature, pattern of combined gasification and SEWGS, amount of steam and CO2 added as gasifying agent, and SEWGS temperature were studied in this work. The performances of the combined process were examined in terms of biochar conversion, gaseous product composition, and CO2 emission. The results revealed that the hybrid SEWGS using one-body multi-functional material offered a greater amount of H2 with a similar amount of CO2 emissions when compared with separated sorbent/catalyst material. The gasification temperature of 900 °C provided the highest biochar conversion of ca. 98.7%. Synthesis gas production was found to depend upon the amount of water and CO2 added and SEWGS temperature. Higher amounts of H2 were observed when increasing the amount of water and the temperature of the SEWGS system.