Academic literature on the topic 'CO2 density'
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Journal articles on the topic "CO2 density"
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Gudipudi, Ramana, Till Fluschnik, Anselmo García Cantú Ros, Carsten Walther, and Jürgen P. Kropp. "City density and CO2 efficiency." Energy Policy 91 (April 2016): 352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.01.015.
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Bartz, Marie Luise Carolina, George Gardner Brown, Amarildo Pasini, Juliana de Oliveira Fernandes, Pierre Curmi, Julie Dorioz, and Ricardo Ralisch. "Earthworm communities in organic and conventional coffee cultivation." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 44, no. 8 (August 2009): 928–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2009000800019.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of organic and conventional coffee crops on biomass, population density and diversity of earthworms, in Lerroville, district of Londrina County, Paraná state, Brazil. Earthworm communities were sampled in three areas with organic coffee cultivation (CO1, CO2 and CO3), two with conventional coffee (CC1 and CC2), and a native forest fragment (MT). The soil of the areas CO1, CC1, and MT was classified as Nitossolo Vermelho (Rhodic Kandiudox), while CO2, CO3, and CC2 were on Latossolo Vermelho (Rhodic Hapludox). Eight samples were taken in each area on two occasions, winter and summer, using the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) method in the 0-20 cm soil layer. The earthworms were handsorted and preserved in 4% formaldehyde, and were later weighed, counted and identified. The highest earthworm biomass, both in winter and summer, occurred in the CO3 area. For population density, the higher numbers of individuals were found in CO1 and CO3. The highest number of species was identified in the organic cultivation. The adoption of organic practices in coffee cultivation favored the diversity, density and biomass of earthworm communities.
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Jin, Zhenyu, Yingqing Guo, and Chaozhi Qiu. "Electro-Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Valuable Chemicals in a Membrane Electrode Assembly." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (May 6, 2022): 5579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095579.
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Electro-conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into valuable chemicals is an efficient method to deal with excessive CO2 in the atmosphere. However, undesirable CO2 reaction kinetics in the bulk solution strongly limit current density, and thus it is incompetent in market promotion. Flow cell technology provides an insight into uplifting current density. As an efficient flow cell configuration, membrane electrode assembly (MEA) has been proposed and proven as a viable technology for scalable CO2 electro-conversion, promoting current density to several hundred mA/cm2. In this review, we systematically reviewed recent perspectives and methods to put forward the utilization of state-of-the-art MEA to convert CO2 into valuable chemicals. Configuration design, catalysts nature, and flow media were discussed. At the end of this review, we also presented the current challenges and the potential directions for potent MEA design. We hope this review could offer some clear, timely, and valuable insights on the development of MEA for using wastewater-produced CO2.
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Cunico, Larissa P., and Charlotta Turner. "Density Measurements of CO2-Expanded Liquids." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 62, no. 10 (September 11, 2017): 3525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.7b00540.
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Wang, Zhiyuan, Baojiang Sun, and Linlin Yan. "Improved Density Correlation for Supercritical CO2." Chemical Engineering & Technology 38, no. 1 (November 27, 2014): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201400357.
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Shi, Jin, You Jian Jia, Feng Shi, and Xiao Chun Wang. "Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide in 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium BF4/Methanol Electrolyte." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2573.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) can be electrochemically reduced to useful products under mild condition. In recent years, increased attempts have been devoted to use ionic liquid (IL) as the solvents, electrolytes and catalysts for CO2 reduction. However, owing to the high viscosity of ILs, CO2 diffusion in ILs is restrained, lead to low current density of CO2 reduction. To overcome this problem, in present work, we used methanol as the organic solvent to dilute 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium BF4 ([EmiBF4), an commonly used IL in electrochemistry, the obtained [BmiBF4/methanol solution have many unique properties, such as low viscosity, high ionic conductivity, high CO2 solubility and low cost. The current density of CO2 reduction reached 14.2 mA/cm2 at-1.95V (vs SCE) on Ag electrode. Electrochemical reduction of CO2 in [BmiBF4/methanol solution provides a hopeful technique for CO2 recycling utilization and renewable electrical energy storage.
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Bastami, Alireza, Peyman Pourafshary, and Ali Shafiei. "Densities for Ternary System of CaCl2–H2O–CO2 at Elevated P-T: An Experimental and Modeling Approach." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 20, 2018): 2840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102840.
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Very few thermodynamic models exist for estimation of density alteration due to solution of CO2 in a pure H2O and CaCl2–H2O system. All of these models require density of CaCl2 solution to estimate density of CaCl2–H2O–CO2 system. Similarly, models presented to calculate CaCl2 solution density need pure H2O density in advance. The main approach to model density of CaCl2–H2O–CO2 system is based on estimation of density alteration of CaCl2–H2O system due to the solution of CO2 mole fraction. Hence, to estimate CO2–CaCl2–H2O system density, density of CaCl2 solution is necessary, and to estimate density of CaCl2–H2O system, density of pure H2O is required in advance. Firstly in this paper, density of 0, 1.91, and 4.85 mol/kg CaCl2 solutions saturated with CO2 at 328.15 to 375.15 °K and 68.9 to 206.8 Bar were measured through laboratory experiments. Then, a new model is developed to estimate the density of CaCl2 solutions containing CO2 based on the experiments conducted in this study. The average and maximum absolute deviations of the new model from the experimental data are 0.0047 and 0.0177, respectively. Hence, the new model combined with other existing models to separately calculate density of the CaCl2 solution can be used to accurately predict density of the CaCl2–H2O–CO2 system in a wide range of P-T applicable for subsurface reservoirs.
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Aya, I., K. Yamane, and H. Nariai. "Solubility of CO2 and density of CO2 hydrate at 30 MPa." Energy 22, no. 2-3 (February 1997): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-5442(96)00093-x.
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Zhang, Yi, Yong Shen, Yongchen Song, Yangchun Zhan, Masahiro Nishio, Weiwei Jian, Wanli Xing, and Cheng Hu. "Density Measurements of Supercritical CO2 + Dagang Brine for CO2 Geological Storage." Energy Procedia 37 (2013): 5620–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.484.
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Mantovani, Mario, Paolo Chiesa, Gianluca Valenti, Manuele Gatti, and Stefano Consonni. "Supercritical pressure–density–temperature measurements on CO2–N2, CO2–O2 and CO2–Ar binary mixtures." Journal of Supercritical Fluids 61 (January 2012): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2011.09.001.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "CO2 density"
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Calabrese, Claudio. "Viscosity and density of reservoir fluids with dissolved CO2." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/61899.
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The viscosity and density of a range of aqueous and hydrocarbon reservoir fluids, with and without dissolved CO2, have been studied at high temperature and high pressure conditions. The findings of this research can be applied to the oil and gas industry, for instance to design and operate enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes using CO2 and large-scale carbon storage in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs or deep saline aquifers. In this work, the viscosity was measured by means of a vibrating-wire (VW) viscometer while the density was measured with a vibrating U-tube (VT) densimeter. The simultaneous measurements of viscosity and density were carried out in the single-phase compressed liquid region at temperatures between (273 and 466) K and pressures up to 100 MPa. In addition, density measurements were made for four hydraulic fluids up to a maximum pressure of 135 MPa. The viscosity and density measurements of NaCl(aq) and CaCl2(aq) brines under CO2 addition were made at salt molalities of 0.77 mol·kg-1 and 1.00 mol·kg-1, respectively. Additional density measurements were also made for the [CO2 + NaCl(aq) or CaCl2(aq)] systems at salt molalities of 2.50 mol·kg-1. To enable the viscosity measurements, a key contribution of this work was the development of a new modification of the working equation of the VW viscometer which takes into account the electrical conductivity of these brines, and hence expanded the use of this precise technique to an entire new class of conductive fluids. The results for the viscosity and density were correlated as functions of temperature, pressure and the mole fraction of dissolved CO2. For viscosity, a simple modification of the Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman equation was employed while, for density, an equation based on the partial molar volume of CO2(aq) and the molar volume of the CO2-free aqueous solution was used. The viscosity and density of two synthetic crude oil mixtures with dissolved CO2 were also measured. The synthetic dead oil contained a total of 17 components including linear and branched alkanes, cyclo-alkanes and aromatics. A live oil with a gas-to-oil ratio of 58 was obtained from this dead oil by adding solution gas (CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8). For the synthetic dead oil, the mole fractions of dissolved CO2 were x = (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0). The investigated CO2 mole fractions for the synthetic live oil mixture were x = (0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4). The experimental viscosity and density data were correlated at each CO2 mole fraction as a function of temperature and pressure. A modified Tait equation was used to correlate the densities, while an empirical equation was used for modelling the viscosity of the (CO2 + synthetic crude oil) mixtures. Accurate viscosity and density data were then gathered for two synthetic paraffinic mixtures in order to validate the Vesovic-Wakeham (VW) predictive method for these complex mixtures over a wide range of temperature and pressure, at viscosities up to 2.5 mPa∙s. The two mixtures were referred to as oil #1 and oil #2 and contained a total of 10 and 5 liquid normal alkane components, respectively. The selection criteria for these components were based on the distribution of single carbon number (SCN) of a real light stock tank oil with a molecular weight of 184 g∙mol-1 and density of about 867 kg∙m-3. The mole fraction of C7+ in both mixtures was constrained to 0.9. n-alkane mixtures were chosen because they represent the simplest system to investigate for developing a generic predictive model applicable to more complex and heavy synthetic crude oils. The VW model was able to represent the viscosities of both mixtures with an absolute average deviation of 5 %. The positive results of this work on n-alkane mixtures is an essential precursor for the application of the VW model to more complex fluids encountered in the petrochemical industry. The density of four hydraulic fluids were also studied to test the correlative capability of the modified Tait equation over wide ranges of temperature and pressure. In this case, a correlative approach was preferred to a predictive model because the chemical composition of the above-mentioned fluids was unknown. The modified Tait equation fitted well the experimental density data and was successfully employed to extrapolate densities at 473.15 K, at pressures from (0.1 to 135) MPa. The accurate correlative power of the modified Tait equation over wide ranges of temperature and pressure can be exploited for improving the performance and design of motors and pumps which make use of hydraulic fluids. The results presented in this thesis were carried out as part of the Qatar Carbonates and Carbon Storage Research Centre (QCCSRC) program. The work extends the knowledge of the viscosity and density of reservoir fluids under CO2 addition at higher pressures and temperatures compared to the existing available data in the literature. In addition, it also provides purely empirical or semi-theoretical models which are able to determine the viscosity and density of reservoir fluids with dissolved CO2 with satisfactory accuracies for industrial applications. However, additional research is needed in this field, and for this reason, further experimental investigations have been identified and suggested.
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McBride-Wright, Mark. "Viscosity and density of aqueous fluids with dissolved CO2." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/19200.
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Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is considered a technology which can help ease the emissions associated with the use of fossil fuels for energy and industrial processes. In Qatar, rapid industrial expansion has established a need for CCS. Here, saline aquifers represent a potential sink for geologically storing the associated CO2 emissions. CCS is an important component of meeting carbon emission targets; CO2 storage in the carbonate reservoirs of the Middle East and elsewhere will become increasingly important. CO2 can also be used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), which consequently brings an economic benefit. However, we know little about how CO2 behaves when it is mixed with reservoir fluids (hydrocarbons, water, brines) or with carbonate rocks; so we need more research in this area. In particular, the injection of CO2 into these reservoirs/aquifers depends crucially on the viscosity of the fluids involved. Hence the focus of this research has been on determining experimentally the viscosity and density of aqueous fluids with dissolved CO2. This thesis details the design, construction, testing and utilisation of a new experimental apparatus for performing measurements at high pressure and high temperature (HPHT). Measurements were made at temperatures between (274.15 and 448.15) K, and at pressures up to 100 MPa in the single-phase compressed liquid region. The vibrating-wire technique was used for viscosity determination, with simultaneous measurements of density by means of a vibrating-tube densimeter. Wetted parts were made from Hastelloy-C276 and Pt-Ir alloy, chosen to resist corrosion. Measurements were first performed on the system (water + CO2). Following this, mixtures of salt solutions with dissolved CO2 were measured and the results correlated in useful models which allowed for comparison with literature data where this was possible. Salts investigated include NaCl(aq), CaCl2(aq), each at two different concentrations, and lastly, a synthetic Qatari reservoir brine. A correlation based on the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equation for viscosity is presented which represents all the data to within ±3%, including the pure Qatari brine and its modification by dissolved CO2. Density is correlated using the partial molar volume of CO2 and gives the densities of the mixtures to within ±0.1 %. The results presented in this thesis extend our knowledge of the viscosity of CO2-water-brine systems to significantly higher temperatures and pressures than are currently available in the literature. The effect of temperature on density and viscosity is significant whereas pressure effects are relatively small. Since rigorous theories for gas-saline mixtures are not yet available, semi-empirical correlations with some underlying physicochemical basis have been used to represent the new results. These are capable of estimating the density and viscosity of the fluid mixtures involved to an accuracy that is more than adequate for the design and control of CCS and EOR subsurface processes.
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Aleji, Amos. "Viscosity and density of crude oils and their mixtures with injected CO2." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/61829.
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With the increasing maturity of conventional oil resources and limited volumes of new conventional resources to replace production, attention has been focused on viscosity reduction to enhance oil production from brown-field reservoirs by the injection of light gases such as CO2. Also, viscosity plays a significant role in managing and controlling injection of CO2 into depleted oil reservoirs or saline aquifers for the purpose of carbon sequestration. In this study, experimental measurements on viscosity of crude oils and mixtures of crude oils injected with CO2 were performed using accurate technique including a vibrating-wire viscometer and a vibrating tube densimeter. However, for viscosity measurements involving crude oil using vibrating-wire viscometer, asphaltenes precipitation and deposition can be a problem making sensor to provide inaccurate and misleading results. To avoid this problem, the crude oil samples were carefully prepared using ASTM recommended procedure (ASTM2007-80) for separating asphaltenes. The performance and accuracy of a vibrating tube densimeter is critically dependent on the adopted calibration method. Two calibration methods were investigated: using vacuum and water; and using vacuum, water and toluene as standard fluids. The findings from subsequent validation procedures revealed that the method of calibration using vacuum, water and toluene lead to better performance of the density sensor. The percent average deviations remained within ± 0.2 % for density leading to percent average deviations within ± 5% for viscosity. In contrast, the percent average deviations of using vacuum and water method were above ± 0.2% for density and above ± 5% for viscosity. Consequently, the vacuum-water-toluene calibration of the densimeter was used. A vibrating-wire viscometer and a vibrating tube densimeter were used to measure the viscosity and density of crude oils Pi and NS. The temperatures studied were between (298.2 and 448.2) K and that of pressures were between (0.1 and 135) MPa. The experimental setup was further modified to measure the viscosity and density of mixtures of: Pi and CO2, and NS and CO2 for a range of compositions (0 ≤ wCO2 ≤ 0.11) at pressures between (0.1 and 70) MPa and temperatures between (298.2 and 448.2) K. The data were correlated with simple mathematical functions which express the viscosity and density in terms of pressure and temperature. The percent average deviations of the experimental data from the correlation equations were within ± 5 % for the viscosity and ± 0.2 % for density. The predictive capabilities of some physically-based viscosity models were tested using the experimental data. The models used were versions of the effective hard-sphere model for fluid mixture viscosity: (1) original model of Dymond and Assael, (2) an extended version by Caudwell et al, (3) and 1st and 2nd extended versions by Ciotta et al. The results obtained showed that the 2nd version of Ciotta et al model is capable of reproducing the viscosity prediction of crude oil within the limits of the percent average deviations of the experimental data, ± 5 %. For the mixtures of crude oil and CO2, the Caudwell et al model was able to predict the viscosity of both sets of mixtures (Pi and CO2 & NS and CO2) to within percent average deviations of ± 5 % from the experimental data. The injection of CO2 into the crude oils, markedly, reduced the viscosity of both crude oils.
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REMIGI, SAMANTHA. "On the application of Raman micro-spectroscopy to the characterization of Earth's CO2 fluids." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/325898.
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Questa tesi indaga l'applicabilità della micro-spettroscopia Raman per migliorare la caratterizzazione dei fluidi a CO2 terrestri, intrappolati come inclusioni fluide (FI) nelle peridotiti. Nello spettro Raman della CO2, la distanza delle due vibrazioni fondamentali è densità (d) dipendente, inoltre sono visibili le vibrazioni 13CO2 e 12CO2. Ciò permette alla micro-spettroscopia Raman di avere il potenziale per caratterizzare in situ FI a CO2, consentendo di comprendere meglio i meccanismi di trasporto del C all'interno della Terra. La proporzionalità tra le aree 13CO2 e 12CO2 con la loro concentrazione molare permette di calcolare il δ13CCO2 tramite micro-spettroscopia Raman. I rapporti delle aree richiedono precisione sulla 4° decimale per dare valori di δ13CCO2 rappresentativi dei serbatoi naturali terrestri. Gli spettri Raman sono influenzati da inevitabili effetti casuali che riducono la precisione dell'area. 42 FI a CO2 pura di alta d, provenienti dalla regione del Lago Tana e da El Hierro, sono state analizzate. Per ogni FI sono state acquisite due serie di spettri con tempi di acquisizione diversi. Di 84 serie di analisi, 23 avevano rapporti di area 13CO2/12CO2 diversi tra loro di più di un ordine di grandezza. Questi sono stati rimossi dal dataset. Il 95% dei restanti 61 set aveva riproducibilità dei rapporti di area <≈4‰, consentendo di calcolare valori di δ13CCO2 con precisione <±≈2‰. Solo poche analisi erano caratterizzate da una minore precisione. I valori di δ13CCO2 calcolati per FI nelle peridotiti dalla regione del Lago Tana hanno mostrato un’origine di mantello per la CO2, mentre quelli nelle peridotiti di El Hierro dai valori tipici di mantello. L'accuratezza delle misure è stata verificata tramite spettrometria di massa. Questa ha dimostrato che i valori di δ13CCO2 calcolati erano accurati, e consentivano di modellare la variazione isotopica a scala minerale. L’applicabilità della micro-spettroscopia Raman come densimetro per i fluidi a CO2 è stata precedentemente studiata. Molte equazioni di densimetro calcolano d differenti per gli stessi Δ, con distribuzione grafica bimodale, la cui origine non è stata ben compresa. L'origine di questa distribuzione è stata studiata nel presente lavoro calcolando la d di 40 FI a CO2 pura, provenienti da El Hierro, mediante microtermometria. I Δ sono stati misurati acquisendo spettri Raman con una procedura simile a quella adottata per altri densimetri, con risoluzione spettrale per px ≈1,50 cm-1/px. La distribuzione dei dati Δ-d è stata fittata al meglio con un'equazione polinomiale di III°, permettendo di calcolare le d della CO2 con un errore di ±0.015 g/cm3. L’equazione plottava con quelle ottenute mediante una risoluzione spettrale per px simile. Gli intervalli di confidenza al 95% della distribuzione Δ-d per tutte le equazioni sono stati calcolati mediante un algoritmo statistico. I CI hanno permesso di valutare l'accuratezza dei valori Δ-d e di definire un punto di cut-off al di sotto del quale la potenza di stima della d era bassa. Per tutti i densimetri, il punto di cut-off corrispondeva al punto in cui le distanze relative dei CI erano <7.5% (coincidenti con CO2 gassosa a P-T ambiente). Il confronto tra CI al 95% delle equazioni a bassa ed alta risoluzione spettrale per px ha mostrato che densimetri con risoluzione calcolano d statisticamente equivalente con una confidenza del 95%. Al contrario, densimetri con risoluzione diversa calcolano d non confrontabili. I risultati ottenuti hanno consentito di proporre un metodo preliminare per calcolare in situ i δ13CCO2 con una precisione ≈±2% per il 95% delle analisi. Inoltre, questi hanno migliorato la conoscenza della distribuzione Δ-d dei densimetri Raman, indicando che d di CO2 calcolate per mezzo di equazioni con risoluzione spettrale simile sono statisticamente equivalenti al 95% di confidenza per FI aventi d vicino e al di sopra del punto critico di CO2.This thesis investigates the applicability of Raman micro-spectroscopy for CO2 density (d) and δ13CCO2 values calculations to improve characterisation of CO2 Earth’s fluid trapped as fluid inclusions (FI) in peridotites. Based on the properties of CO2 Raman spectrum, where the distance of two main vibrations is d-dependent and 13CO2 and 12CO2 vibrations are present, Raman micro-spectroscopy has the potential to become a complementary technique for in situ characterisation of CO2 FI, allowing to better understand the C transport mechanisms within Earth. The calculation of CCO2 isotopic composition by mean of Raman micro-spectroscopy is possible due to the proportionality between 13CO2 and 12CO2 areas with their molar concentration. Calculation of area ratios requires precision at 4th decimal place to obtain δ13CCO2 values representative of Earth’s natural reservoirs. Raman spectra are affected by unavoidable random effects that reduce area measurements’ precision. 42 high-d CO2-pure FI from Lake Tana region and El Hierro have been analysed. For each inclusion, two sets of spectra have been acquired by mean of different acquisition times. Among the 84 set of measurements, 23 were characterised by 13CO2/12CO2 area ratios differing more than one order of magnitude one another. These have been removed from dataset. 95% of remaining 61 sets were characterised by area ratios reproducibility <≈4‰, allowing to calculate FI δ13CCO2 values with precision <±≈2‰. Only few analyses were characterised by lower precision. Calculated δ13CCO2 values for FI trapped in peridotites from Lake Tana region showed CO2 mantle origin, while for those in peridotites from El Hierro differed from mantle isotopic signature. Accuracy of measurement has been checked by bulk measurements, proving that calculated δ13CCO2 values were accurate, and allowing to model δ13CCO2 variations at single mineral scale. The adoption of Raman micro-spectroscopy for calculating CO2 fluid d has been previously investigated. Many densimeter equations calculate different d for the same Δ values, with a bimodal graphic distribution, whose origin was not well understood. The origin of this distribution has been investigated in present work by calculating the d of 40 CO2-pure FI trapped in mantle xenoliths from El Hierro by mean of microthermometry. CO2 FI Δ values have been measured by acquiring Raman spectra applying analytical parameters common to those adopted for other densimeter equations, with spectral per px resolution ≈1.50 cm-1/px. A 3rd order polynomial equation best fitted obtained Δ-d data distribution. Equation calculates CO2 d with an error of ±0.015 g/cm3, and plots with those obtained by mean of a similar spectral per px resolution. The 95% confidence interval (CI) of Δ-d distribution for all the equations has been calculated by a bootstrapping statistical algorithm. CIs allowed to assess the accuracy of measured Δ-d values and define a cut-off point below which the CO2 d estimation power is low. For all the densimeters, cut-off point has been set where the relative distances of computed CIs were <7.5%, which corresponded for all the equations to gas-like CO2 at ambient conditions. The comparison of 95% CIs calculated for high and low spectral resolution per px equations showed that densimeters with similar spectral per px resolution calculate statistically equivalent CO2 d at 95% confidence. In contrast, densimeters with different resolution calculate incomparable CO2 d.Obtained results allowed to preliminarily propose an analytical procedure to calculate in situ δ13CCO2 with a precision of ≈±2% for 95% of the analyses. Moreover, these improved the knowledge about Δ-d distribution of Raman densimeters, indicating that CO2 d calculated by mean of equations having similar spectral resolution are statistically equivalent at 95% confidence for CO2 FI having d values near and above the CO2 critical point.
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Li, Hailong. "Thermodynamic Properties of CO2 Mixtures and Their Applications in Advanced Power Cycles with CO2 Capture Processes." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energiprocesser, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9109.
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The thermodynamic properties of CO2-mixtures are essential for the design and operation of CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) systems. A better understanding of the thermodynamic properties of CO2 mixtures could provide a scientific basis to define a proper guideline of CO2 purity and impure components for the CCS processes according to technical, safety and environmental requirements. However the available accurate experimental data cannot cover the whole operation conditions of CCS processes. In order to overcome the shortage of experimental data, theoretical estimation and modelling are used as a supplemental approach. In this thesis, the available experimental data on the thermodynamic properties of CO2 mixtures were first collected, and their applicability and gaps for theoretical model verification and calibration were also determined according to the required thermodynamic properties and operation conditions of CCS. Then in order to provide recommendations concerning calculation methods for engineering design of CCS, totally eight equations of state (EOS) were evaluated for the calculations about vapour liquid equilibrium (VLE) and density of CO2-mixtures, including N2, O2, SO2, Ar, H2S and CH4. With the identified equations of state, the preliminary assessment of impurity impacts was further conducted regarding the thermodynamic properties of CO2-mixtures and different processes involved in CCS system. Results show that the increment of the mole fraction of non-condensable gases would make purification, compression and condensation more difficult. Comparatively N2 can be separated more easily from the CO2-mixtures than O2 and Ar. And a lower CO2 recovery rate is expected for the physical separation of CO2/N2 under the same separation conditions. In addition, the evaluations about the acceptable concentration of non-condensable impurities show that the transport conditions in vessels are more sensitive to the non-condensable impurities and it requires very low concentration of non-condensable impurities in order to avoid two-phase problems. Meanwhile, the performances of evaporative gas turbine integrated with different CO2 capture technologies were investigated from both technical and economical aspects. It is concluded that the evaporative gas turbine (EvGT) cycle with chemical absorption capture has a smaller penalty on electrical efficiency, while a lower CO2 capture ratio than the EvGT cycle with O2/CO2 recycle combustion capture. Therefore, although EvGT + chemical absorption has a higher annual cost, it has a lower cost of electricity because of its higher efficiency. However considering its lower CO2 capture ratio, EvGT + chemical absorption has a higher cost to avoid 1 ton CO2. In addition the efficiency of EvGT + chemical absorption can be increased by optimizing Water/Air ratio, increasing the operating pressure of stripper and adding a flue gas condenser condensing out the excessive water.QC 20100819
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Shukla, Ruchi. "An Experimental Study on a Density Driven Solar Water Heating System Using Supercritical CO2 as Working Fluid." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26918.
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For supercritical carbon dioxide, a small change in temperature or pressure can result in large change in density, especially close to its critical point. At this pseudocritical region, density decreases rapidly with increase in temperature which aids the thermosyphon flow. Encouraged by this idea, an experimental investigation has been performed to investigate the feasibility and performance of thermosyphon solar water heating (SWH) system using R-744 (CO2) as the working fluid. Experimental results have shown that it is possible to induce the natural convective flow even during solar-adverse conditions. Although during winter this proposed density driven system was not possible to extract any useful heat gain, the system did show some promising results when operated during spring. The time-averaged collector and heat recovery efficiencies for summer were about 58% and 45%, respectively.
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Lourenço, Mirtha Alejandra de Oliveira. "Tuning functionalized periodic mesoporous organosilicas for CO2/CH." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21817.
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Doutoramento em Ciência e Engenharia de MateriaisEsta tese de doutoramento teve como principal objetivo a conceção de novas organossílicas mesoporosas periódicas (PMOs) para aplicação na separação de misturas gasosas de dióxido de carbono e metano. Materiais PMOs, com grupos fenileno e bifenileno bissililados, foram modificados por introdução de grupos funcionais amina, utilizando uma das seguintes metodologias: i) reação de co-condensação; ii) pós-modificação da ponte orgânica; iii) "grafting". O tamanho dos poros das PMOs funcionalizadas e não funcionalizadas foi definido pelo tamanho da cadeia alquilada da molécula molde (surfactante) utilizada na síntese do material poroso. Estudou-se o efeito do diâmetro dos poros na separação de CO2/CH4. Investigou-se também estratégias alternativas para modificar as propriedades físico-químicas dos materiais através de reações de superfície utilizando irradiação de micro-ondas; deposição de camada atómica (ALD) de óxido de alumínio; e carbonização dos materiais em atmosfera inerte. A investigação experimental foi efectuada em paralelo com estudos computacionais. Realizou-se um estudo de simulação molecular recorrendo ao método de DFT, e usando um arranjo regular de grupos fenileno-sílica, para determinar as características ideais dos materiais para promover a separação de metano do dióxido de carbono em misturas destes gases. Foi utilizado um modelo simples, obtido pela repetição de uma célula unitária com 3 anéis fenileno, para simular a parede dos materiais PMOs e desta forma selecionar e avaliar as interações entre os gases e os grupos funcionais presentes na superfície dos materiais. A tendência do rácio entre energias de interação entre a estrutura da parede do fenileno - PMO e as moléculas de CO2 e de CH4 foi concordante com os rácios das constantes de Henry obtidos pela técnica de adsorção. Demonstrou-se uma boa sinergia entre tarefas experimentais e computacionais, o que permite a otimização de recursos, evitando a síntese desnecessária de materiais que se antecipem serem pouco eficazes para o processo de separação de misturas gasosas CO2 e CH4. Assim, a abordagem seguida nesta tese para alcançar adsorventes eficazes foi baseada numa conjugação interdisciplinar envolvendo troca de informação entre as tarefas de síntese, modelação computacional e adsorção.
The main objective of this PhD Thesis was the design of periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) for applications in carbon dioxide and methane separation. Novel PMOs were prepared by the modification of phenylene and biphenylene PMO materials with different amine functionalities through one of the three following synthetic strategies: i) co-condensation reaction; ii) organic bridge post-modification; or/and iii) grafting. The pore size of both functionalized and non-functionalized phenylene PMOs was regulated by the size of the alkyl-chain in the surfactant template. Materials with different pore sizes were used to understand the influence of the pore diameter on the CO2/CH4 separation. Additionally, it was aimed to explore alternative strategies to modify the physical-chemical properties of the materials such as microwave-assisted functionalization; atomic layer deposition (ALD) of aluminum oxide at the PMO surfaces; and carbonization of the PMO materials. The experimental research was performed in parallel with computational studies. A molecular simulation study, using the DFT method and a regular arrangement of phenylene-silica groups, of the ideal characteristics of the adsorbent materials, for CO2/CH4 separation was performed. It was used a simple model of the wall of the PMO materials obtained by the repetition of a unit cell with 3 phenylene rings, to select and evaluate interactions between gases and functional groups in the surface of the materials. The tendency between the ratio of the interaction energies between the wall structure of the phenylene-PMO and the CO2 and CH4 molecules was in good agreement with the ratio of the Henry constants achieved by the adsorption technique. Therefore, a good synergy between experimental and computational tasks was implemented to optimize the resources, avoiding the synthesis of ineffective materials. Thus, the strategy of this PhD Thesis to achieve effective adsorbents was based on an interdisciplinary approach and on the ability to link and interchange information between synthetic, computer modeling and adsorption experiments
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Lowe, Alexander Rowland. "Alkyl pipéridine démixantes pour le captage du CO2 : approche thermodynamique." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22772/document.
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L'augmentation de la concentration de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) dans l'atmosphère depuis la révolution industrielle a conduit à l'augmentation de la température moyenne du globe. Pour limiter l’accroissement des températures atmosphériques moyennes, la quantité de dioxyde de carbone émise dans l'atmosphère doit être réduite. Une des solutions envisagée sur les sources fixes est le captage et le stockage du CO2. Ce procédé d’absorption/désorption, bien connu dans le traitement du gaz naturel, est onéreux et peu efficace pour le traitement du gaz des sources fixes et doit être optimisé. La solution proposée s’appuie sur l’utilisation de solvants démixants, présentant une séparation de phase équilibre liquide-liquide (LLE) en solution aqueuse en fonction de la température. Ce manuscrit présente une étude réalisée pour la famille des alkyl-pipéridines connues pour ses séparations de phase. Cette étude permettra d’évaluer l’influence de la taille, de la positionet du nombre de substituants sur les propriétés thermodynamiques d’intérêt pour le procédé. Pour étudier les LLE des solutions aqueuses démixantes, en particulier dans le cas des solutions chargées en gaz, deux instruments ont été mis au point. Il a été possible de démontrer que les changements opérés sur les diagrammes de phase des amines sont liés aux réactions chimiques mises en jeu lors de la dissolution du CO2. Pour les alkyl-pipéridines tertiaire on observe la température de démixtion diminue avec l’addition de CO2, allant avec la formation de carbonates. Avec les alkyl-pipéridines secondaires la température de démixtion augmente, ce qui est lié à la présence en solution de carbamates qui stabilisent la solution aqueuse. Le comportement des amines secondaires très encombrées, qui ne peuvent donc pas formées de carbamates, est similaire à celui des amines tertiaires, ce qui est cohérent avec les conclusions précédentes. Une étude approfondies des propriétés thermodynamiques d’excès (VE, CpE et HE) des alkyl-pipéridines en solution aqueuse a également permis de démontrer des relations structure - propriétés. La position du substituant sur le cycle pipéridine a une influence considérable et prévisible sur l’intensité des propriétés d’excès, alors que la nature de l’amine (secondaire ou tertiaire) va influencer la position de l’extremum de cette propriété. Enfin, une modélisation thermodynamique rigoureuses des solubilités et des enthalpies de dissolution du CO2 dans les solutions aqueuses de pipéridines a permis de déterminer les constantes de formation des carbamates dans les solutions aqueuses de 3- et 4-méthylpipéridinesThe increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere, since the industrial revolution has led to the rise in the average global climate temperature. To prevent the escalation of global climate temperatures the amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere must be reduced. One solution is carbon capture and sequestration which removes CO2 from fixed sources. The absorption/desorption cycle is well known for the treatment of acid gas, but is expensive and not as efficient for the treatment of gas from fixed/industrial sources. A solution to this problem is the use of aqueous demixing amine solvents which present a liquid-liquid phase equilibrium (LLE) as a function of temperature. This manuscript presents a study done to measure the LLE and thermodynamic properties of the alkyl piperidine family, which can be used for carbon capture processes. This work evaluates the effect of the size, position and number of alkyl substituents on the thermodynamic properties of interest in the carbon capture process. To study the LLE of aqueous demixing solutions, particularly gas loaded solutions, two novel apparatuses were developed. The results demonstrate that the changes in the amine phase diagrams are related to the chemical reactions involved with dissolution of CO2. The tertiary alkyl piperidines displayed reduced demixing temperature with the addition of CO2 due to the formation of carbonate species. The secondary alkyl piperidines display an increasing demixing temperature which is related to the formation of carbamate species which stabilizes the solution. Secondary alkyl piperidines that are severely sterically hindered, which cannot produce carbamates, behave similarly to the tertiary amine which is coherent with the preceding conclusion. The structure property relationship concerning the excess thermodynamic properties (VE, CpE et HE) of aqueous solutions were studied in depth. This revealed that the position of the substituents on the cyclic ring has a considerable and obvious influence on the intensity of the excess properties, along with the class of the amine, whether secondary or tertiary, will influence the positions of the extrema of the excess property. To conclude, a rigorous thermodynamic model based on the CO2 solubility and the enthalpy of solution for CO2 in aqueous solutions of alkyl piperidine, allowed for the determination of the carbamate formation constants of 3- and 4-methylpiperidine
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Gonzalez, Perez Alfonso. "Etudes expérimentales et modélisation du comportement de phase et des propriétés de transport des mélanges liés à la capture et au stockage du carbone." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM059/document.
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L'objectif principal de ce travail est le développement d'une équation d’état précise pour la détermination des propriétés thermodynamique de mélange de gaz riche en gaz acides (CO2, H2S) contenant des hydrocarbures et autres gaz (impuretés) comme N2, O2, Ar, etc présente lors du stockage du CO2 (CCS). Après comparaisons avec des données expérimentales, nous avons retenu le modèle SAFT-VR Mie qui prédit de manière satisfaisante les masses volumiques pour les composés purs et les équilibres entre phases. Trois types de propriétés de transport ont également été prédites avec le modèle thermodynamique SAFT-VR Mie associé avec deux autres modèles de prédiction des propriétés de transport (TRAPP et DGT). La prédiction de ces propriétés de transport (viscosité et tension superficielle) repose sur une estimation la plus précise possible des masses volumiques. Pour compléter les banques données expérimentales, les équilibres liquide-vapeur concernant le système binaire H2S-Ar ont été déterminés à l'aide d'un dispositif de mesure dont la méthode technique repose sur la méthode "statique analytique" avec échantillonnage des phases (échantillonneur capillaire ROLI). Déplus, à l'aide d'un densimètre à tube vibrant, les masses volumiques de cinq systèmes binaires (H2S - hydrocarbures (méthane, éthane et propane) ont été mesurées. Les masses volumiques d'un système ternaire (CO2/CH4/H2S) et les masses volumiques et les viscosités d'un mélange multi-constituant riche en CO2 ont aussi été mesurées. Les données sont parfaitement représentées par les modèles développés au cours de cette thèseThe main aim of this research is to develop a thermodynamic model from an accurate equation of state (EoS) for CO2, hydrocarbons and other gases as N2, O2, Ar, etc. The SAFT-VR Mie EoS was selected to study the phase behaviour and transport properties of mixtures related to carbon capture and storage (CCS). In order to asses this new version of SAFT, several equations of state have been compared (PR, SRK and PC-SAFT). SAFT-VR Mie EoS provides very good density predictions for pure component and binary systems according to the comparative study carried out. Therefore, three transport properties were modelled with SAFT-VR Mie and two models based on density predictions from the EoS. Thus, density, viscosity and interfacial tension (IFT) of CO2-rich systems were calculated by this SAFT-EoS (density), TraPP model (viscosity) and DGT (IFT), in the framework of CCS. Some experimental work was done, in order to extend the available literature data. Isothermal vapor-liquid equilibrium of H2S-Ar binary system was determined at three temperatures from 258 to 288 K. Densities of five binary systems of H2S with methane, ethane and propane were measured continuously at 3 temperatures (253, 273 and 293K) and at pressures up to 30MPa. Following the same technique, the density of the ternary system 42%CO2, 40%CH4 and 18%H2S was measured at pressures ranging from 0.2 to 31.5MPa and at 6 temperatures between 253 and 353K. Densities and viscosities of a multicomponent CO2-rich with 50% of impurities were measured at 5 temperatures between 283 and 423 K and at pressures up to 150 MPa
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Marmitt, Sandro. "Investigação mecanística de ciclios orgânicos para fixação de CO2 na presença de líquidos iônicos : uma abordagem teórico-computacional." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/134192.
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A constante emissão de CO2 na atmosfera devido a fontes antropogênica despertou uma preocupação crescente em função da sua atuação no efeito estufa. Um número crescente de metodologias para redução da concentração deste gás na atmosfera vem sendo proposta e uma alternativa atrativa é a da inserção do CO2 em anéis epóxidos para formação de carbonatos cíclicos. Apesar de já existirem inúmeros trabalhos a respeito destas reações, o mecanismo pelo qual elas ocorrem não está completamente esclarecido. Neste trabalho é apresentado o estudo mecanístico da cicloadição de CO2 em diferentes epóxidos catalisada por líquidos iônicos haletos de alquil-imidazólios, CnMIm X (n = 1, 2, 3, 4 e X = Cl, Br, I), através da Teoria do Funcional da Densidade empregando-se o funcional !B97X-D e o conjunto de base 6-31G(d,p) e LanL2DZ (somente para o I). Propuseram-se duas rotas distintas para o mecanismo, uma composta por três etapas e outra composta por somente duas etapas. Ambas as rotas tiveram a primeira etapa como sendo a mais energética e correspondendo à abertura do anel epóxido e mostraram ser competitivas entre si energeticamente. Esta etapa mostrou depender de ambos cátion e ânion do catalisador para ocorrer, onde uma ligação de hidrogênio não clássica com o H2 do imidazólio aparece no estado de transição. Verificou-se que no geral a energia de ativação da reação diminui com o aumento da cadeia alquílica do cátion imidazólio assim como diminui com o aumento do caráter nucleofílico do haleto (Cl > Br > I). O substituinte do anel epóxido também exerce influência sobre a energia de ativação da reação, porém não há uma tendência bem definida. Constatou-se que o sítio mais favorável para ataque nucleofílico é o carbono não substituído do anel epóxido tanto pela diferença de energia quanto por análise de índices de reatividade de Fukui e de interações não covalentes. Uma análise de 14 funcionais da densidade e do método perturbativo de segunda ordem MP2 em comparação ao método composto G4MP2 revelaram a forte dependência das energias de ativação com o método empregado. Através de cálculos de dinâmica molecular clássica foi possível estudar dinamicamente o sistema brometo de 1-butil-3-metil imidazólio, o óxido de estireno e o CO2 e notou-se a formação de duas fases com a presença de uma interface. Adicionalmente, observou-se que a probabilidade da reação ocorrer no bulk do líquido iônico é maior, pois a proporção catalisador/substrato é maior nesta região. Por meio da dinâmica molecular de Born-Oppenheimer constatou-se que o anel epóxido também pode ser ativado através de interações com os hidrogênios H4 e H5 do anel imidazólio.The constant emission of CO2 into the atmosphere due to anthropogenic sources has generated a growing concern regarding the greenhouse effect. Many methodologies to reduce the atmospheric CO2 concentration have been proposed and an alternative is the insertion of CO2 into epoxides to form cyclic carbonates. Although there are a lot of studies in this area, the reaction mechanism by which they occur is still unclear. In this work the cycloaddition mechanism of CO2 into different epoxides catalyzed by alkyl-imidazolium halide ionic liquids, CnMIm X (n = 1, 2, 3, 4 e X = Cl, Br, I), is presented. Density Functional Theory in conjunction with the functional !B97X-D and 6-31G(d,p) and LanL2DZ (for I atoms) basis sets were employed. Two distinct routes were proposed for the mechanism: one composed of three steps and another composed by only two steps. Both routes showed that the first step regarding the epoxide ring opening is the determined one and they are energetically competitive with each other. This step depends on both cation and anion from the catalyst to proceed through a non-classical hydrogen bond in the transition state. It was found that the activation energy decreases with the chain length of the alkyl group from the imidazolium ring as well as with the nucleophilic character of the halide (Cl > Br > I). The epoxide ring substituent also exerts influence on the activation energy of this reaction, but there is no well defined behaviour. The most favourable site for nucleophilic attack is the non-substituted epoxide ring carbon as was shown by the reaction energy difference and through reactive Fukui index and non-covalent interaction (NCI) analysis. 14 exchange-correlation density functionals were investigated and compared to the well established second order perturbation theory (MP2) method and G4MP2 composite method. One found out that the activation energies strongly depends on the chosen method. Through classical molecular dynamics it was possible to study the system 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bromide together with styrene oxide and CO2 e the formation of two phases with the presence of an interface was observed. Additionally, it was shown that the probability of the reaction to occur in the ionic liquid bulk is bigger because the catalyst/substrate proportion is bigger in this region. Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics was used to prove that the H4 and H5 hydrogen atoms from the imidazolium ring may interact with the oxygen atom from the epoxide and activate the C–O bond for the reaction to proceed.
Books on the topic "CO2 density"
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Savage, Kathleen. BOREAS TGB-1 [i.e. TGB-3] CH4 and CO2 chamber flux data over NSA upland sites. Greenbelt, Md: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 2000.
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R, Moore Tim, and Goddard Space Flight Center, eds. BOREAS TGB-1 [i.e. TGB-3] CH4 and CO2 chamber flux data over NSA upland sites. Greenbelt, Md: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 2000.
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Savage, Kathleen. BOREAS TGB-1 [i.e. TGB-3] CH4 and CO2 chamber flux data over NSA upland sites. Greenbelt, Md: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 2000.
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Persky, James H. The relation of ground-water quality to housing density, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Boston, Mass: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.
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Persky, James H. The relation of ground-water quality to housing density, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Boston, Mass: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.
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Persky, James H. The relation of ground-water quality to housing density, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Boston, Mass: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.
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Persky, James H. The relation of ground-water quality to housing density, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Boston, Mass: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.
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Persky, James H. The relation of ground-water quality to housing density, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Boston, Mass: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.
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Persky, James H. The relation of ground-water quality to housing density, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Boston, Mass: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.
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Tércio, Daniel, ed. TEPe 2022 - Encontro Internacional sobre a Cidade, o Corpo e o Som. INET-md, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53072/ilic8040.
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Os contextos pandémico e pós-pandémico vêm impondo às cidades outras dinâmicas, outros sons, outros ecos, outros percursos, outros visitantes humanos e não humanos. Durante o confinamento, o encerramento de espaços teatrais e expositivos – bem como, durante o desconfinamento, as limitações para a sua utilização - têm tido consequências penosas nas programações artísticas e efeitos dramáticos nos quotidianos dos seus agentes (artistas, técnicos, programadores, curadores, etc.). Ao mesmo tempo, a desaceleração da vida da cidade (do trânsito, do ritmo nas ruas, do frenesim produtivo e de consumo, etc.) veio contribuir beneficamente para uma diminuição das emissões de CO2. Neste quadro, a cidade - mais concretamente as suas zonas públicas a céu aberto – surgem mais nitidamente como espaços de circulação e de interferência (ou de suspensão de interferência) entre pessoas. O que aprendemos com a experiência de confinamento e desconfinamento? Em primeiro lugar, que a cidade tem uma densidade flutuante, na medida em que as concentrações populacionais se esvaem quando nos encerramos em casa. Em segundo lugar, que o encontro com o outro (uma das prerrogativas da cidade) pode acontecer em outras escalas que não apenas a dimensão cultural. Em terceiro lugar, que o medo pode ser um sentimento público capaz de fazer implodir as próprias cidades, se não for transformado numa força para a vida. Como é que, neste processo, os artistas se organizam e se constituem como agentes na cidade? Como é que a cidade passou a ser representada? Que cidade é aquela que desejamos? Este congresso surge assim da necessidade de intensificar o diálogo entre a cidade e a arte, em particular as artes performativas. Este encontro efoi o culminar de dois anos de investigação consistente e consolidada no âmbito do projecto TEPe (Technologically Expanded Performance). Ao longo destes dois anos, desenvolvemos atividades com a comunidade com o intuito de promover um diálogo intercultural e transdisciplinar, e proporcionar o encontro com vivências urbanas variadas. Através das diferentes propostas de percursos pela cidade, mapeámos acontecimentos, hoje invisíveis, mas ainda assim presentes: desde “memórias soterradas” a “caminhadas sensoriais”, passando por registos íntimos de confinamento. O encontro visou partilhar as experiências realizadas com a contribuição de duas equipas: a portuguesa, em Lisboa, e a brasileira, em Fortaleza. Para além de apresentarmos as conclusões das pesquisas realizadas, lançamos esta chamada para apresentações, especialmente destinada a artistas e estudiosos de performance art, historiadores das cidades, antropólogos, urbanistas, geógrafos, estudiosos da escuta e do som e a todxs aquelxs a quem interessa pensar (e projectar) a vida na cidade. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The pandemic and post-pandemic contexts have imposed on cities other dynamics, other sounds, other echoes, other routes, other human and non-human visitors. During the lockdown, the closure of theatrical and exhibition spaces - as well as, during lockdown unlocking, the limitations for their use - have had painful consequences in artistic programming and dramatic effects in the daily lives of its agents (artists, technicians, programmers, curators, etc.). At the same time, the slowing down of city life (traffic, the pace of the streets, the frenzy of production and consumption, etc.) has made a beneficial contribution to a reduction in CO2 emissions. In this context, the city - and more specifically its open-air public areas - emerge more clearly as spaces for circulation and interference (or suspension of interference) between people. What have we learned from the experience of national lockdown and unlocking? Firstly, that the city has a fluctuating density, insofar as population concentrations fade when we shut ourselves indoors. Secondly, the encounter with the other (one of the prerogatives of the city) can take place on other scales than the cultural dimension alone. Thirdly, fear can be a public sentiment capable of imploding cities themselves if it is not transformed into a force for life. How, in this process, are artists organised and constituted as agents in the city? How did the city come to be represented? What kind of city do we want? This congress thus arises from the need to intensify the dialogue between the city and art, particularly the performing arts. This international meeting is the culmination of two years of consistent and consolidated research within the TEPe (Technologically Expanded Performance) project. Throughout these two years, we have developed activities with the community to promote intercultural and transdisciplinary dialogue and provide an encounter with varied urban experiences. Through the different proposals of walks through the city, we have mapped events, today invisible, but still present: from "buried memories" to "sensorial walks", passing through intimate records of confinement. The meeting aims to share the experiences carried out with the contribution of two teams: the Portuguese, in Lisbon, and the Brazilian, in Fortaleza. Besides presenting the conclusions of the researches carried out, we launch this call for presentations, especially addressed to artists and scholars of performance art, historians of cities, anthropologists, urban planners, geographers, scholars of listening and sound and to all those who are interested in thinking (and projecting) life in the city.
Book chapters on the topic "CO2 density"
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Anwar, Sara, and John J. Carroll. "Properties of CO2 Relevant To Sequestration - Density." In Acid Gas Injection and Related Technologies, 75–80. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118094273.ch5.
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Lee, S., and R. A. Marriott. "Sulfur Recovery in High Density CO2 Fluid." In Carbon Dioxide Capture and Acid Gas Injection, 63–69. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118938706.ch4.
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Li, Houbu, Dongming Yang, Dongna Zhang, Yuanyuan Zhu, Pengli Ge, Dongtao Qi, and Zhihong Zhang. "Permeation Characteristic and Mechanism of CO2 in High Density Polyethylene." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 963–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0107-0_93.
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Cockayne, Eric. "Contribution of Density Functional Theory to Microporous Materials for Carbon Capture." In Materials and Processes for CO2 Capture, Conversion, and Sequestration, 319–43. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119231059.ch8.
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Luther, Emmanuel E., Seyed M. Shariatipour, Michael C. Dallaston, and Ran Holtzman. "Solute Driven Transient Convection in Layered Porous Media." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 3–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_1.
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AbstractCO2 geological sequestration has been proposed as a climate change mitigation strategy that can contribute towards meeting the Paris Agreement. A key process on which successful injection of CO2 into deep saline aquifer relies on is the dissolution of CO2 in brine. CO2 dissolution improves storage security and reduces risk of leakage by (i) removing the CO2 from a highly mobile fluid phase and (ii) triggering gravity-induced convective instability which accelerates the downward migration of dissolved CO2. Our understanding of CO2 density-driven convection in geologic media is limited. Studies on transient convective instability are mostly in homogeneous systems or in systems with heterogeneity in the form of random permeability distribution or dispersed impermeable barriers. However, layering which exist naturally in sedimentary geological formations has not received much research attention on transient convection. Therefore, we investigate the role of layering on the onset time of convective instability and on the flow pattern beyond the onset time during CO2 storage. We find that while layering has no significant effect on the onset time, it has an impact on the CO2 flux. Our findings suggest that detailed reservoir characterisation is required to forecast the ability of a formation to sequester CO2.
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Sahoo, Mihir Ranjan. "Catalytic Activities of Carbon-Based Nanostructures for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction: A Density Functional Approach." In Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems for Future Sustainability, 159–95. Includes bibliographical references and index.: Apple Academic Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003009320-5.
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Glezakou, Vassiliki-Alexandra, and B. Peter McGrail. "Density Functional Simulations as a Tool To Probe Molecular Interactions in Wet Supercritical CO2." In ACS Symposium Series, 31–49. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2013-1133.ch003.
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Matanguihan, R., E. Sajan, M. Zachariou, C. Olson, Jim Michaels, John Thrift, and K. Konstantinov. "Solution to the high Dissolved CO2 Problem in High-Density Perfusion Culture of Mammalian Cells." In Animal Cell Technology: From Target to Market, 399–402. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0369-8_95.
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Lange, Rebecca A. "Chapter 9. THE EFFECT OF H20, CO2 AND F ON THE DENSITY AND VISCOSITY OF SILICATE MELTS." In Volatiles in Magmas, edited by Michael R. Carroll and John R. Holloway, 331–70. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501509674-015.
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Xie, Hongmei, Yuxiao Yan, and Tianzi Zeng. "Simulations of Fuzzy PID Temperature Control System for Plant Factory." In Proceeding of 2021 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Applications, 1089–99. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2456-9_109.
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AbstractThe five key factors that affect plant growth are temperature, humidity, CO2 gas density, nutritious liquid density and light intensity. The monitoring and controlling of these factors are vital. Fuzzy PID controller technology for plant factory environment parameter controlling was proposed and temperature controlling using three different methods were given out. The physical and mathematical models of ordinary differential equation used in temperature subsystem in plant factory was established, traditional PID controller was discussed and specifically the fuzzification interface, membership function, fuzzy inference rule and the defuzzification procedure were designed for mere fuzzy and fuzzy PID controllers. Simulations for temperature controlling using pure PID, mere fuzzy and fuzzy PID control algorithm were performed respectively. The experimental results show that the performance of the novel fuzzy PID controller is best since it outperforms the other controllers in terms of stable error, overshooting and stabling time. The stable error, overshooting and time to stable for fuzzy PID are 0, 0.1% and 170 s respectively, all are the minimum among the three controllers.
Conference papers on the topic "CO2 density"
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Gasda, S. E., M. T. Elenius, and R. Kaufmann. "Field-Scale Implications Of Density-Driven Convection In CO2-EOR Reservoirs." In Fifth CO2 Geological Storage Workshop. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201802971.
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Bastos, L., M. O. Rios, G. M. N. Costa, and S. A. B. Vieira de Melo. "Analysis of Density, Viscosity and CO2 Solubility in the Water-Oil-CO2 System for CO2-WAG Simulation." In IOR 2021. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202133138.
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Ourabah, A., A. Chatenay, and D. Lawton. "Affordable High-Density Seismic for CO2 Geological Storage." In EAGE Asia Pacific Workshop on CO2 Geological Storage. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202275008.
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Han, De-hua, Min Sun, and Jiajin Liu. "Velocity and density of CO2-oil miscible mixtures." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2012. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2012-1242.1.
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Gardi, Alessandro, Roberto Sabatini, and Graham Wild. "Unmanned Aircraft bistatic LIDAR for CO2 column density determination." In 2014 IEEE Metrology for Aerospace (MetroAeroSpace). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/metroaerospace.2014.6865892.
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Han, De-hua, and Min Sun. "Velocity and density of water with dissolved CH4and CO2." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2013. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2013-1113.1.
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Gasda, S., and M. T. Elenius. "CO2 Convection In Oil Driven By Non-Monotonic Mixture Density." In ECMOR XVI - 16th European Conference on the Mathematics of Oil Recovery. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201802239.
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Afra, Salar, and Abbas Firoozabadi. "Sweep Improvement in CO2-IOR Through Direct CO2 Viscosification." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210124-ms.
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Abstract Modification of CO2 mobility to prevent premature breakthrough and poor sweep efficiency is a major step for improving oil recovery in CO2 injection. Water-alternating-CO2, foam, and direct viscosification are the main proposed methods to limit CO2 mobility and improve the sweep efficiency. CO2 direct viscosification is the most desirable option. Control of the process is very simple. In this work, an engineered molecule is introduced to increase CO2 viscosity and improve oil displacement efficiency in CO2 flooding as a secondary recovery technique. An engineered oligomer of 1-decene (P1D) with the approximate molecular weight of 2950 g/mol is used to viscosify supercritical CO2. A mixture of 1.5 wt% P1D in supercritical CO2 with the relative viscosity of 5.2 at the temperature of 140 ˚F and pressure of 3500 displace the oil in most of our experiments. A set of coreflood experiments in sandstone and carbonate rock samples are carried out to evaluate and compare oil recovery performance by neat and thickened CO2. Hexadecane, with viscosity of 1.7 cp and density of 0.745 kg/m3, and a dead crude oil sample, with viscosity of 4.1 cp and density of 0.843 kg/m3, at the pressure of 3500 psi and temperature of 140 ˚F are displaced by neat and viscosified CO2. Breakthrough time, breakthrough recovery, and recovery at 1 pore volume injection in the horizontal orientation are the key measurements. At the experimental conditions, CO2 breakthrough is delayed by an average of 2 times and oil recovery is increased by an average of about 20 % upon CO2 viscosification. These results reveal the effectiveness of the engineered oligomer in viscosification and improved oil recovery performance. There is no permeability loss detected in core flooding experiments. This work sets the stage for CO2 viscosification as a viable approach as an improved oil recovery method. The process, is relatively simple and has many advantages over alternatives such as CO2-foam or water-altenative-CO2.
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Yang, Hongzhou, Jerry Kaczur, and Richard Masel. "CO2 Electrolyzer to Produce Formic Acid at Industry Relevant Current Density." In 2021 AIChE annual meeting, Boston, MA, November 17, 2021. US DOE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1900587.
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Wungu, Triati Dewi Kencana, Widayani, Irfan Dwi Aditya, Adhitya Gandaryus Saputro, and Suprijadi. "Adsorption of CO2 on Fe-montmorillonite: A density functional theory study." In THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATERIALS AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (ICOMMET) 2020. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0071477.
Full textReports on the topic "CO2 density"
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Garcia, Julio E. Density of aqueous solutions of CO2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/790022.
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Erickson, David. High density photobiorefineries with optimized light/CO2 delivery and product extraction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1163147.
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Place, Matt, Alain Bonneville, Andrew Black, and Neeraj Gupta. Assessment of Borehole Gravity (Density) Monitoring for CO2 Injection into the Dover 33 Reef. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1773345.
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Root, Seth, John H. Carpenter, Kyle Robert Cochrane, and Thomas Kjell Rene Mattsson. Equation of state of CO2 : experiments on Z, density functional theory (DFT) simulations, and tabular models. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1055894.
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Cameron, Arthur, Shimshon Ben-Yehoshua, and Rebecca Hernandez. Design and Function of Modified Atmosphere Packaging Systems for Fresh Produce: a Unified Approach for Optimizing Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Relative Humidity. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613019.bard.
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Oxygen uptake, CO2 production and respiratory quotient (RQ) of strawberry, raspberry and cherry were measured as functions of temperature and oxygen level. The effect of cultivar was studied in strawberry ('Honey' and 'Allstar'). The effect of harvest date was studied for raspberry. The lower O2 limit increased markedly with incraqsing temperature for all fruits studied. Red bell pepper O2 uptake was measured as a function of O2 at 20o C. Lowering the inpackage humidity using NaCl reduced decay of bell pepper sealed in low-density polyethylene packages when stored at 8o C. Analyses of a model developed for MA-packaged red bell pepper fruit demonstrated that when RQ was near one and when CO2 exceeded O2 permeability, transient CO2 levels increased to a maximum before dropping to steady-state levels. An isothermal model of O2, CO2 and water vapor exchange in MA packages was developed for red bell pepper and tested empirically. A comprehensive model was developed for small fruits that also incorporated water vapor and the effects of changing temperature. Variation in package O2 levels was measured and modeled as a function of variation in respiration and film permeability.
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Gill, Lee, Jason Neely, Lee Rashkin, Jack Flicker, and Robert Kaplar. Co-Optimization of Boost Converter Reliability and Volumetric Power Density. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1712847.
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Spangler, Scott W., John Lee Schroeder, Randy Mrozek, Lothar Franz Bieg, Rekha Ranjana Rao, Joseph Ludlow Lenhart, Mark Edwin Stavig, et al. Multilayer co-extrusion technique for developing high energy density organic devices. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/973362.
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Safarik, Douglas, Dustin Cummins, Deanna Capelli, Peggy Honnell, John Bernal, Maryla Wasiolek, and Donald Hanson. High Dose and Dose Rate 60Co γ-Irradiation of High-Density Polyethylene. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1814730.
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Smith, Ross. Structural Bone Density of Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus) and Halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis): Taphonomic and Archaeological Implications. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5240.
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Zamir, Dani, Steven Tanksley, and Robert Fluhr. Cloning a Fusarium Resistance Gene in Tomato Based on Knowledge of its Map Position. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604934.bard.
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The objectives of this project were to develop the tools and methodologies for positional cloning of genes in tomato and apply them for the cloning a Fusarium resistance gene - I2.. The feasibility of positional cloning of disease resistance genes was demonstrated for Pto which confers resistance to pseudomonas (Martin et al. 1993). The Fusarium resistance gene was mapped genetically and physically and was found to be in close proximity to TG 105 (Segal et al. 1992). To obtain fine mapping of gene I2, and additional target genes in future projects, a high density linkage map was developed (Tanksley et al. 1992; Broun and Tanksley 1993). In addition two permanent mapping populations were constructed: a recombinant inbred (Paran et al. 1995; Zamir et al. 1993) and an introgression line population (Eshed et al. 1992; Eshed and Zamir 1994). Using these resources we determined that the I2 locus shows complete co-segregation, down to a resolution of a few Kb, with SL8 which shows architectural similarity with other plant resistance genes. Transformation and complementation analysis is in progress (Ori et al. in preparation).