Academic literature on the topic 'CO2 Air-Sea fluxes'
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Journal articles on the topic "CO2 Air-Sea fluxes"
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Lueker, T. J. "Coastal upwelling fluxes of O<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, and CO<sub>2</sub> assessed from continuous atmospheric observations at Trinidad, California." Biogeosciences 1, no. 1 (November 16, 2004): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-1-101-2004.
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Abstract. Continuous atmospheric records of O2/N2, CO2 and N2O obtained at Trinidad, California document the effects of air-sea exchange during coastal upwelling and plankton bloom events. The atmospheric records provide continuous observations of air-sea fluxes related to synoptic scale upwelling events over several upwelling seasons. Combined with satellite, buoy and local meteorology data, calculated anomalies in O2/N2 and N2O were utilized in a simple atmospheric transport model to compute air-sea fluxes during coastal upwelling. CO2 fluxes were linked to the oceanic component of the O2 fluxes through local hydrographic data and estimated as a function of upwelling intensity (surface ocean temperature and wind speed). Regional air-sea fluxes of O2/N2, N2O, and CO2 during coastal upwelling were estimated with the aid of satellite wind and SST data. Upwelling CO2 fluxes were found to represent ~10% of export production along the northwest coast of North America. Synoptic scale upwelling events impact the net exchange of atmospheric CO2 along the coastal margin, and will vary in response to the frequency and duration of alongshore winds that are subject to climate change.
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Lueker, T. J. "Coastal upwelling fluxes of O<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, and CO<sub>2</sub> assessed from continuous atmospheric observations at Trinidad,California." Biogeosciences Discussions 1, no. 1 (August 13, 2004): 335–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-1-335-2004.
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Abstract. Continuous atmospheric records of O2/N2, CO2 and N2O obtained at Trinidad, California document the effects of air-sea exchange during coastal upwelling and plankton bloom events. The atmospheric records provide continuous observations of air-sea fluxes related to synoptic scale upwelling events over several upwelling seasons. Combined with satellite, buoy and local meteorology data, calculated anomalies in O2/N2 and N2O were utilized in a simple atmospheric transport model to compute air-sea fluxes during coastal upwelling. CO2 fluxes were linked to the oceanic component of the O2 fluxes through local hydrographic data and estimated as a function of upwelling intensity (surface ocean temperature and wind speed). Regional air-sea fluxes of O2/N2O, and CO2 during coastal upwelling were estimated with the aid of satellite wind and SST data. Upwelling CO2 fluxes were found to represent ~10% of export production along the northwest coast of North America. Synoptic scale upwelling events impact the net exchange of atmospheric CO2 along the coastal margin, and will vary in response to the frequency and duration of alongshore winds that are subject to climate change.
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Calleja, M. Ll, C. M. Duarte, Y. T. Prairie, S. Agustí, and G. J. Herndl. "Evidence for surface organic matter modulation of air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> gas exchange." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 6 (November 3, 2008): 4209–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-4209-2008.
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Abstract. Air-sea CO2 exchange depends on the air-sea CO2 gradient and the gas transfer velocity (k), computed as a simple function of wind speed. Large discrepancies among relationships predicting k from wind suggest that other processes may also contribute significantly to modulate CO2 exchange. Here we report, on the basis of the relationship between the measured gas transfer velocity and the ocean surface organic carbon concentration at the ocean surface, a significant role of surface organic matter in suppressing air-sea gas exchange, at low and intermediate winds, in the open ocean. The potential role of total surface organic matter concentration (TOC) on gas transfer velocity (k) was evaluated by direct measurements of air-sea CO2 fluxes at different wind speeds and locations in the open ocean. According to the results obtained, high surface organic matter contents may lead to lower air-sea CO2 fluxes, for a given air-sea CO2 partial pressure gradient and wind speed below 5 m s−1, compared to that observed at low organic matter contents. We found the bias in calculated gas fluxes resulting from neglecting TOC to co-vary geographically and seasonally with marine productivity. These findings suggest that consideration of the role of organic matter in modulating air-sea CO2 exchange can improve flux estimates and help avoid possible bias associated to variability in surface organic concentration across the ocean.
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Calleja, M. Ll, C. M. Duarte, Y. T. Prairie, S. Agustí, and G. J. Herndl. "Evidence for surface organic matter modulation of air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> gas exchange." Biogeosciences 6, no. 6 (June 25, 2009): 1105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1105-2009.
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Abstract. Air-sea CO2 exchange depends on the air-sea CO2 gradient and the gas transfer velocity (k), computed as a function of wind speed. Large discrepancies among relationships predicting k from wind suggest that other processes also contribute significantly to modulate CO2 exchange. Here we report, on the basis of the relationship between the measured gas transfer velocity and the organic carbon concentration at the ocean surface, a significant role of surface organic matter in suppressing air-sea gas exchange, at low and intermediate winds, in the open ocean, confirming previous observations. The potential role of total surface organic matter concentration (TOC) on gas transfer velocity (k) was evaluated by direct measurements of air-sea CO2 fluxes at different wind speeds and locations in the open ocean. According to the results obtained, high surface organic matter contents may lead to lower air-sea CO2 fluxes, for a given air-sea CO2 partial pressure gradient and wind speed below 5 m s−1, compared to that observed at low organic matter contents. We found the bias in calculated gas fluxes resulting from neglecting TOC to co-vary geographically and seasonally with marine productivity. These results support previous evidences that consideration of the role of organic matter in modulating air-sea CO2 exchange may improve flux estimates and help avoid possible bias associated to variability in surface organic concentration across the ocean.
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Prytherch, John, Sonja Murto, Ian Brown, Adam Ulfsbo, Brett F. Thornton, Volker Brüchert, Michael Tjernström, Anna Lunde Hermansson, Amanda T. Nylund, and Lina A. Holthusen. "Central Arctic Ocean surface–atmosphere exchange of CO2 and CH4 constrained by direct measurements." Biogeosciences 21, no. 2 (February 2, 2024): 671–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-671-2024.
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Abstract. The central Arctic Ocean (CAO) plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, but the current and future exchange of the climate-forcing trace gases methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the CAO and the atmosphere is highly uncertain. In particular, there are very few observations of near-surface gas concentrations or direct air–sea CO2 flux estimates and no previously reported direct air–sea CH4 flux estimates from the CAO. Furthermore, the effect of sea ice on the exchange is not well understood. We present direct measurements of the air–sea flux of CH4 and CO2, as well as air–snow fluxes of CO2 in the summertime CAO north of 82.5∘ N from the Synoptic Arctic Survey (SAS) expedition carried out on the Swedish icebreaker Oden in 2021. Measurements of air–sea CH4 and CO2 flux were made using floating chambers deployed in leads accessed from sea ice and from the side of Oden, and air–snow fluxes were determined from chambers deployed on sea ice. Gas transfer velocities determined from fluxes and surface-water-dissolved gas concentrations exhibited a weaker wind speed dependence than existing parameterisations, with a median sea-ice lead gas transfer rate of 2.5 cm h−1 applicable over the observed 10 m wind speed range (1–11 m s−1). The average observed air–sea CO2 flux was −7.6 mmolm-2d-1, and the average air–snow CO2 flux was −1.1 mmolm-2d-1. Extrapolating these fluxes and the corresponding sea-ice concentrations gives an August and September flux for the CAO of −1.75 mmolm-2d-1, within the range of previous indirect estimates. The average observed air–sea CH4 flux of 3.5 µmolm-2d-1, accounting for sea-ice concentration, equates to an August and September CAO flux of 0.35 µmolm-2d-1, lower than previous estimates and implying that the CAO is a very small (≪ 1 %) contributor to the Arctic flux of CH4 to the atmosphere.
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Shutler, Jamie D., Peter E. Land, Jean-Francois Piolle, David K. Woolf, Lonneke Goddijn-Murphy, Frederic Paul, Fanny Girard-Ardhuin, Bertrand Chapron, and Craig J. Donlon. "FluxEngine: A Flexible Processing System for Calculating Atmosphere–Ocean Carbon Dioxide Gas Fluxes and Climatologies." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 4 (April 2016): 741–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00204.1.
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AbstractThe air–sea flux of greenhouse gases [e.g., carbon dioxide (CO2)] is a critical part of the climate system and a major factor in the biogeochemical development of the oceans. More accurate and higher-resolution calculations of these gas fluxes are required if researchers are to fully understand and predict future climate. Satellite Earth observation is able to provide large spatial-scale datasets that can be used to study gas fluxes. However, the large storage requirements needed to host such data can restrict its use by the scientific community. Fortunately, the development of cloud computing can provide a solution. This paper describes an open-source air–sea CO2 flux processing toolbox called the “FluxEngine,” designed for use on a cloud-computing infrastructure. The toolbox allows users to easily generate global and regional air–sea CO2 flux data from model, in situ, and Earth observation data, and its air–sea gas flux calculation is user configurable. Its current installation on the Nephalae Cloud allows users to easily exploit more than 8 TB of climate-quality Earth observation data for the derivation of gas fluxes. The resultant netCDF data output files contain >20 data layers containing the various stages of the flux calculation along with process indicator layers to aid interpretation of the data. This paper describes the toolbox design, which verifies the air–sea CO2 flux calculations; demonstrates the use of the tools for studying global and shelf sea air–sea fluxes; and describes future developments.
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Honkanen, Martti, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Tuomas Laurila, Timo Mäkelä, Juha Hatakka, Sami Kielosto, and Lauri Laakso. "Measuring turbulent CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes with a closed-path gas analyzer in a marine environment." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 9 (September 25, 2018): 5335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5335-2018.
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Abstract. In this study, we introduce new observations of sea–air fluxes of carbon dioxide using the eddy covariance method. The measurements took place at the Utö Atmospheric and Marine Research Station on the island of Utö in the Baltic Sea in July–October 2017. The flux measurement system is based on a closed-path infrared gas analyzer (LI-7000, LI-COR) requiring only occasional maintenance, making the station capable of continuous monitoring. However, such infrared gas analyzers are prone to significant water vapor interference in a marine environment, where CO2 fluxes are small. Two LI-7000 analyzers were run in parallel to test the effect of a sample air drier which dampens water vapor fluctuations and a virtual impactor, included to remove liquid sea spray, both of which were attached to the sample air tubing of one of the analyzers. The systems showed closely similar (R2=0.99) sea–air CO2 fluxes when the latent heat flux was low, which proved that neither the drier nor the virtual impactor perturbed the CO2 flux measurement. However, the undried measurement had a positive bias that increased with increasing latent heat flux, suggesting water vapor interference. For both systems, cospectral densities between vertical wind speed and CO2 molar fraction were distributed within the expected frequency range, with a moderate attenuation of high-frequency fluctuations. While the setup equipped with a drier and a virtual impactor generated a slightly higher flux loss, we opt for this alternative for its reduced water vapor cross-sensitivity and better protection against sea spray. The integral turbulence characteristics were found to agree with the universal stability dependence observed over land. Nonstationary conditions caused unphysical results, which resulted in a high percentage (65 %) of discarded measurements. After removing the nonstationary cases, the direction of the sea–air CO2 fluxes was in good accordance with independently measured CO2 partial pressure difference between the sea and the atmosphere. Atmospheric CO2 concentration changes larger than 2 ppm during a 30 min averaging period were found to be associated with the nonstationarity of CO2 fluxes.
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Dong, Yuanxu, Mingxi Yang, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Vassilis Kitidis, and Thomas G. Bell. "Uncertainties in eddy covariance air–sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux measurements and implications for gas transfer velocity parameterisations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 10 (May 26, 2021): 8089–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8089-2021.
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Abstract. Air–sea carbon dioxide (CO2) flux is often indirectly estimated by the bulk method using the air–sea difference in CO2 fugacity (ΔfCO2) and a parameterisation of the gas transfer velocity (K). Direct flux measurements by eddy covariance (EC) provide an independent reference for bulk flux estimates and are often used to study processes that drive K. However, inherent uncertainties in EC air–sea CO2 flux measurements from ships have not been well quantified and may confound analyses of K. This paper evaluates the uncertainties in EC CO2 fluxes from four cruises. Fluxes were measured with two state-of-the-art closed-path CO2 analysers on two ships. The mean bias in the EC CO2 flux is low, but the random error is relatively large over short timescales. The uncertainty (1 standard deviation) in hourly averaged EC air–sea CO2 fluxes (cruise mean) ranges from 1.4 to 3.2 mmolm-2d-1. This corresponds to a relative uncertainty of ∼ 20 % during two Arctic cruises that observed large CO2 flux magnitude. The relative uncertainty was greater (∼ 50 %) when the CO2 flux magnitude was small during two Atlantic cruises. Random uncertainty in the EC CO2 flux is mostly caused by sampling error. Instrument noise is relatively unimportant. Random uncertainty in EC CO2 fluxes can be reduced by averaging for longer. However, averaging for too long will result in the inclusion of more natural variability. Auto-covariance analysis of CO2 fluxes suggests that the optimal timescale for averaging EC CO2 flux measurements ranges from 1 to 3 h, which increases the mean signal-to-noise ratio of the four cruises to higher than 3. Applying an appropriate averaging timescale and suitable ΔfCO2 threshold (20 µatm) to EC flux data enables an optimal analysis of K.
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Nilsson, Erik, Hans Bergström, Anna Rutgersson, Eva Podgrajsek, Marcus B. Wallin, Gunnar Bergström, Ebba Dellwik, Sebastian Landwehr, and Brian Ward. "Evaluating Humidity and Sea Salt Disturbances on CO2 Flux Measurements." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 4 (April 2018): 859–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0072.1.
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AbstractGlobal oceans are an important sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, understanding the air–sea flux of CO2 is a vital part in describing the global carbon balance. Eddy covariance (EC) measurements are often used to study CO2 fluxes from both land and ocean. Values of CO2 are usually measured with infrared absorption sensors, which at the same time measure water vapor. Studies have shown that the presence of water vapor fluctuations in the sampling air potentially results in erroneous CO2 flux measurements resulting from the cross sensitivity of the sensor. Here measured CO2 fluxes from both enclosed-path Li-Cor 7200 sensors and open-path Li-Cor 7500 instruments from an inland measurement site are compared with a marine site. Also, new quality control criteria based on a relative signal strength indicator (RSSI) are introduced. The sampling gas in one of the Li-Cor 7200 instruments was dried by means of a multitube diffusion dryer so that the water vapor fluxes were close to zero. With this setup the effect that cross sensitivity of the CO2 signal to water vapor can have on the CO2 fluxes was investigated. The dryer had no significant effect on the CO2 fluxes. The study tested the hypothesis that the cross-sensitivity effect is caused by hygroscopic particles such as sea salt by spraying a saline solution on the windows of the Li-Cor 7200 instruments during the inland field test. The results confirm earlier findings that sea salt contamination can affect CO2 fluxes significantly and that drying the sampling air for the gas analyzer is an effective method for reducing this signal contamination.
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Asselot, Rémy, Frank Lunkeit, Philip B. Holden, and Inga Hense. "Climate pathways behind phytoplankton-induced atmospheric warming." Biogeosciences 19, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-223-2022.
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Abstract. We investigate the ways in which marine biologically mediated heating increases the surface atmospheric temperature. While the effects of phytoplankton light absorption on the ocean have gained attention over the past years, the impact of this biogeophysical mechanism on the atmosphere is still unclear. Phytoplankton light absorption warms the surface of the ocean, which in turn affects the air–sea heat and CO2 exchanges. However, the contribution of air–sea heat versus CO2 fluxes in the phytoplankton-induced atmospheric warming has not been yet determined. Different so-called climate pathways are involved. We distinguish heat exchange, CO2 exchange, dissolved CO2, solubility of CO2 and sea-ice-covered area. To shed more light on this subject, we employ the EcoGEnIE Earth system model that includes a new light penetration scheme and isolate the effects of individual fluxes. Our results indicate that phytoplankton-induced changes in air–sea CO2 exchange warm the atmosphere by 0.71 ∘C due to higher greenhouse gas concentrations. The phytoplankton-induced changes in air–sea heat exchange cool the atmosphere by 0.02 ∘C due to a larger amount of outgoing longwave radiation. Overall, the enhanced air–sea CO2 exchange due to phytoplankton light absorption is the main driver in the biologically induced atmospheric heating.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "CO2 Air-Sea fluxes"
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Bianchi, Alejandro. "Sea-air CO2 fluxes in the Patagonia sea." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066613.
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Les plateaux continentaux sont des régions très productives et pourraient constituer de régions de puits significatif de CO2 pour l’atmosphère. De 2000 à 2006, vingt-deux sections océanographiques sur le plateau continental de la Mer de Patagonie (Projets ARGAU et GEF PATAGONIA) ont permis d'étudier la variabilité saisonnière des différences de pression partielle de CO2 (pCO2) et des flux de CO2 (FCO2) entre la mer et l'atmosphère. Ce travail présente une analyse de l'influence des différentes variables environnementales et des processus physiques et biologiques sur les flux de CO2 à l’interface Océan-Atmosphère en mer de Patagonie. Malgré une variabilité saisonnière importante de pCO2 dans les eaux de surface, la mer de Patagonie constitue un puits pendant toutes les saisons. Dans ce plateau continental, le puits de CO2 est dû à des processus dynamiques (stratification, mélange vertical et fronts) et est intensifié par la pompe biologique. Il est montré que les diatomées sont beaucoup plus efficaces pour le pompage du CO2 que les dinoflagellées. Le premier bilan du CO2 (naturel et anthropique) pour l’Argentine montre que la mer de Patagonie capture une quantité de CO2 similaire aux émissions dues à la consommation d’énergie domestique.
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Norman, Maria. "Air-Sea Fluxes of CO2 : Analysis Methods and Impact on Carbon Budget." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-194960.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important greenhouse gas, and the atmospheric concentration of CO2 has increased by more than 100 ppm since prior to the industrial revolution. The global oceans are considered an important sink of atmospheric CO2, since approximately one third of the anthropogenic emissions are absorbed by the oceans. To be able to model the global carbon cycle and the future climate, it is important to have knowledge of the processes controlling the air-sea exchange of CO2. In this thesis, measurements as well as a model is used in order to increase the knowledge of the exchange processes. The air-sea flux of CO2 is estimated from high frequency measurements using three methods; one empirical method, and two methods with a solid theoretical foundation. The methods are modified to be applicable for various atmospheric stratifications, and the agreement between methods is good in average. A new parameterization of the transfer velocity (the rate of transfer across the air-sea interface), is implemented in a Baltic Sea model. The new parameterization includes also the mechanism of water-side convection. The impact of including the new parameterization is relatively small due to feedback processes in the model. The new parameterization is however more representative for flux calculations using in-situ measurement or remote sensing products. When removing the feedback to the model, the monthly average flux increases by up to 20% in some months, compared to when water-side convection is not included. The Baltic Sea carbon budget was estimated using the Baltic Sea model, and the Baltic Sea was found to be a net sink of CO2. This is consistent with some previous studies, while contradictory to others. The dissimilarity between studies indicates the difficulty in estimating the carbon budget mainly due to variations of the CO2 uptake/release in time and space. Local variations not captured by the model, such as coastal upwelling, give uncertainties to the model. Coastal upwelling can alter the uptake/release of CO2 in a region by up to 250%. If upwelling would be included in the model, the Baltic Sea might be considered a smaller sink of CO2.
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Wittskog, Cristoffer. "Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere: A study of mean levels andair-sea fluxes over the Baltic Sea." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-303863.
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The Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere has increased dramatically since the start of the industrialisation. The effects that the increase of CO2 has on the future climate are still not fully investigated. CO2 in the atmosphere contributes to the, for all life on earth, necessary greenhouse effect. It is confirmed that higher CO2 concentration in the atmosphere increases the green house effect, which results in higher temperature. The main source to the increase of CO2 is burning of fossil fuels. The change in land use is also a contribution to the increase of the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. The largest sinks of CO2 are organic consumption and oceanic uptake. The organic consumption of CO2 varies a lot at higher latitudes due to the difference in vegetation between the seasons. During the warmer seasons the consumption of CO2 is large and during the winters the consumptions of CO2 is practically zero. The ocean uptake of CO2 varies also a lot during the year because the CO2 dissolves more easily in cold water. The purpose of this study is to analyse CO2 concentration and air-sea fluxes of CO2 measured at Östergarnsholm, a small flat island east of Gotland in the Baltic Sea, and compare the results to previous studies. The CO2 concentration data was collected between 1997 – 1999 and 2001 – 2003. The CO2 flux data was collected between 2001 and 2003. The analysis of the CO2 concentration showed that for the period 1997 to 1999, the CO2 concentration at Östergarnsholm was lower than for the reference series from a Polish site in the Baltic Sea. A correction was made by adding 27 ppm to the Östergarnsholm series. The annual fluctuations of CO2 concentration at Östergarnsholm are significant (about 40 ppm). During the summer 1998, the expected decrease was not as large as it should be because of the El Niño outbreak 97/98 and the locally cold and rainy summer. The direct measured CO2 fluxes were corrected with the well known Webb correction before they were analysed. The CO2 fluxes are wind dependant – higher wind speed give higher CO2 flux. The CO2 fluxes are also dependant of the difference in partial pressure between the air and the water. Parameterised CO2fluxes were calculated and compared to the direct measured CO2 fluxes. The parameterisations use a quadratic as well as a cubic wind dependency. To calculate the parameterised CO2 fluxes, a fixed value of the difference in partial pressure between the air and the water was used because the CO2 in the water was not measured. The parameterised CO2 fluxes wind dependency agreed with the direct measured CO2 fluxes.Koldioxid(CO2)-koncentrationen i atmosfären har ökat stadigt sen början av industrialiseringen. Effekten som de ökade CO2-halterna kommer ha på framtidens klimat är ännu inte helt utrett. CO2 bidrar till den livsviktiga växthuseffekten. Det är en ökning av växthusgaser, bland annat CO2, som leder till en ökning av växthuseffekten. Ökad växthuseffekt leder till högre temperatur på jorden. Den största ökningen av CO2 i atmosfären beror på förbränning av fossila bränslen. Även förändringen i markanvändning leder till ökade halter av CO2. De största sänkorna av CO2 är den organiska konsumtionen av CO2 och havens upptag av CO2. Den organiska konsumtionen av CO2 varierar mycket under året och är som störst under de varmare månaderna. Havens upptag av CO2 varierar också mycket under året eftersom havens förmåga att lösa CO2 beror på vattnets temperatur. Syftet med den här studien är att analysera CO2-koncentrationen och CO2-flödena mellan hav och luft på Östergarnsholm, en liten, låg ö öster om Gotland. Resultaten jämförs med tidigare studier. CO2-koncentrationsdata samlades in mellan 1997 – 1999 och 2001 – 2003. CO2-flödesdata samlades in mellan 2001 och 2003. Analysen av CO2-koncentrationen visar att under perioden 1997 till 1999 är CO2- halterna för låga på Östergarnsholm. En korrektion gjordes genom att lägga till 27 ppm till de uppmätta CO2-halterna. Årsvariationerna av CO2-halterna är mycket tydliga men sommaren 1998 sjunker inte CO2-halten till så låga värden som de borde vara. Att CO2-halterna inte sjönk mer beror dels på El Niño-utbrottet 97/98 och dels på den lokalt kalla och regniga sommaren. De direkt mätta CO2-flödena korrigerades med hjälp av den välkända Webbkorrektionen innan de analyserades. CO2-flödena är beroende av vindhastigheten – högre vindhastighet ger högre CO2-flöden. CO2-flödena beror också på skillnaden i CO2-halt mellan luften och havet. Parameteriserade CO2-flöden beräknades och jämfördes med de direkt mätta CO2-flödena. De parameteriserade CO2-flödena beräknas antingen med kvadratiskt eller kubiskt vindberoende. För att beräkna parameteriserade CO2-flöden användes ett fast värde på skillnaden i CO2-halt mellan luften och vattnet eftersom CO2-halten i vattnet inte mäts. De parameteriserade CO2- flödenas vindberoende stämde överrens med de direkt mätta CO2-flödena.
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Marrec, Pierre. "Dynamics of the carbonate system and air-sea CO2 fluxes in western European shelf waters : a multi-scale approach." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066656/document.
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L'augmentation continue des concentrations atmosphériques de CO2 due aux activités anthropogéniques est un des principaux facteurs responsable du changement climatique. De par leur forte propension à stocker ce CO2 anthropogénique, les océans jouent un rôle essentiel dans le cycle global du carbone. La quantification des échanges air-mer de CO2 et de leur variabilité à diverses échelles spatio-temporelles représentent encore aujourd'hui un défi majeur dans l'étude du cycle global du carbone. Alors que les flux air-mer de CO2 sont relativement bien quantifiés en milieu océanique, les études réalisées en milieu marin côtier demeurent insuffisantes au regard de l'importante variabilité spatio-temporelle de ces échanges et de la diversité de ces écosystèmes. L'objectif de cette thèse est de mener une étude approfondie de la dynamique du système des carbonates et des échanges air-mer de CO2 à de multiples échelles spatio-temporelles au sein des écosystèmes contrastés du plateau continental nord-ouest européen. Ces systèmes particulièrement dynamiques d'un point de vue biogéochimique présentent l'avantage d'être représentatifs des principales structures hydrographiques des marges continentales tempérés. A ce jour, les études portant sur la dynamique du CO2 dans les eaux de la partie occidentale du plateau continental nord-ouest européen restent peu nombreuses. Du cycle diurne à une échelle multi-annuelle, d'une station fixe au large de Roscoff au plateau continental nord-ouest européen, et d'échantillons d'eau de mer à des données satellitaires, cette thèse offre un aperçu exhaustif de la complexité de la dynamique du système des carbonates et des flux air-mer de CO2 en milieu côtierThe raise of atmospheric CO2 due to anthropogenic activities is a major driver of the climate change. The ocean plays a key role in the uptake of this anthropogenic CO2. The constraint of air–sea CO2 fluxes and their variability at various time and spatial levels remain a central task in global carbon cycle and climate studies. The contribution of open ocean to this uptake is presently rather well quantified, whereas the role of the coastal ocean to this process remains ambiguous due to the diversity and the high spatio-temporal variability of the CO2 system and air-sea CO2 fluxes in these ecosystems. This PhD thesis investigated the spatial and temporal variability of the CO2 system and air-sea CO2 fluxes in contrasted ecosystems of the north-west European continental shelf. These highly dynamic biogeochemical ecosystems host numerous key hydrographical structures (permanently well-mixed, seasonally stratified, frontal structures, estuarine) of temperate zones, in which the dynamic of the CO2 system were poorly documented. From tidal to multi-annual variability, from a fixed station off Roscoff to the north-west European continental shelf and from seawater samples to satellite data, this PhD thesis provides an integrative overview of the complexity of the CO2 system dynamics in coastal seas and the ongoing challenges to achieve
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Marrec, Pierre. "Dynamics of the carbonate system and air-sea CO2 fluxes in western European shelf waters : a multi-scale approach." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066656.pdf.
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L'augmentation continue des concentrations atmosphériques de CO2 due aux activités anthropogéniques est un des principaux facteurs responsable du changement climatique. De par leur forte propension à stocker ce CO2 anthropogénique, les océans jouent un rôle essentiel dans le cycle global du carbone. La quantification des échanges air-mer de CO2 et de leur variabilité à diverses échelles spatio-temporelles représentent encore aujourd'hui un défi majeur dans l'étude du cycle global du carbone. Alors que les flux air-mer de CO2 sont relativement bien quantifiés en milieu océanique, les études réalisées en milieu marin côtier demeurent insuffisantes au regard de l'importante variabilité spatio-temporelle de ces échanges et de la diversité de ces écosystèmes. L'objectif de cette thèse est de mener une étude approfondie de la dynamique du système des carbonates et des échanges air-mer de CO2 à de multiples échelles spatio-temporelles au sein des écosystèmes contrastés du plateau continental nord-ouest européen. Ces systèmes particulièrement dynamiques d'un point de vue biogéochimique présentent l'avantage d'être représentatifs des principales structures hydrographiques des marges continentales tempérés. A ce jour, les études portant sur la dynamique du CO2 dans les eaux de la partie occidentale du plateau continental nord-ouest européen restent peu nombreuses. Du cycle diurne à une échelle multi-annuelle, d'une station fixe au large de Roscoff au plateau continental nord-ouest européen, et d'échantillons d'eau de mer à des données satellitaires, cette thèse offre un aperçu exhaustif de la complexité de la dynamique du système des carbonates et des flux air-mer de CO2 en milieu côtierThe raise of atmospheric CO2 due to anthropogenic activities is a major driver of the climate change. The ocean plays a key role in the uptake of this anthropogenic CO2. The constraint of air–sea CO2 fluxes and their variability at various time and spatial levels remain a central task in global carbon cycle and climate studies. The contribution of open ocean to this uptake is presently rather well quantified, whereas the role of the coastal ocean to this process remains ambiguous due to the diversity and the high spatio-temporal variability of the CO2 system and air-sea CO2 fluxes in these ecosystems. This PhD thesis investigated the spatial and temporal variability of the CO2 system and air-sea CO2 fluxes in contrasted ecosystems of the north-west European continental shelf. These highly dynamic biogeochemical ecosystems host numerous key hydrographical structures (permanently well-mixed, seasonally stratified, frontal structures, estuarine) of temperate zones, in which the dynamic of the CO2 system were poorly documented. From tidal to multi-annual variability, from a fixed station off Roscoff to the north-west European continental shelf and from seawater samples to satellite data, this PhD thesis provides an integrative overview of the complexity of the CO2 system dynamics in coastal seas and the ongoing challenges to achieve
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Dufour, Carolina. "Rôle des tourbillons océaniques dans la variabilité récente des flux air-mer de CO2 dans l'océan Austral." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENU040/document.
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L'océan Austral joue un rôle crucial dans la régulation du système climatique en absorbant de grandes quantités de CO2 atmosphérique. Toutefois de nombreuses incertitudes demeurent quant à l'évolution récente du puits de carbone austral notamment en raison du manque d'observations et des lacunes des modèles océaniques dans la représentation de processus dynamiques comme les tourbillons. Depuis quelques décennies notamment, l'efficacité du puits de carbone austral diminuerait en raison d'une intensification des vents liée à une tendance positive du Mode Annulaire Austral (SAM). L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse est de décrire et comprendre la variabilité spatiale et temporelle récente des flux air-mer de CO2 dans l'océan Austral. Pour cela, des simulations de sensibilité aux phases positives du SAM sont réalisées dans une configuration régionale de l'océan Austral (sud de 30°S), basée sur un modèle couplé dynamique-biogéochimie forcé par l'atmosphère et résolvant partiellement la méso-échelle océanique. Dans l'océan Austral, la réponse des flux de CO2 au SAM correspond à un dégazage intense de CO2 dans la zone antarctique dû à une augmentation des concentrations de surface de carbone inorganique dissous (DIC). Cette augmentation est pilotée par la dynamique de la couche de mélange et alimentée par un transport méridien de DIC qui résulte essentiellement de la compétition entre circulation induite par les vents et par les méandres stationnaires. Ces travaux montrent l'apport d'une augmentation de la résolution numérique des modèles pour la simulation des flux de CO2By taking up large amounts of atmospheric CO2, the Southern Ocean helps to regulate the climate system. Southern Ocean carbon sink is poorly constrained, in part because data coverage is sparse and also because ocean models that have been used in such assessments fail to explicitly resolve key physical features such as mesoscale eddies. In recent decades, the growth of the Southern Ocean carbon sink may have been partly counteracted due to a loss of natural CO2 from the ocean driven by an intensification of westerlies, related to a positive trend in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). This thesis focuses on documenting and understanding recent spatial and temporal variability of air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean. Sensitivity to positive phases of the SAM are tested by making simulations with a regional model of the Southern Ocean (south of 30°S) that couples biogeochemistry to the dynamics, is forced by atmosphere reanalysis data, and partially resolves the mesoscale. The resulting response of Southern Ocean CO2 fluxes to the SAM is dominated by a strong CO2 efflux to the atmosphere from the Antarctic Zone due to an increase in surface dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). This increase is driven by the mixed-layer dynamics and is supplied by a meridional transport of DIC, a competition between the wind-driven circulation and the standing eddy-induced circulation. This work discusses the effect of increasing model resolution on simulated air-sea CO2 fluxes
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Olivier, Léa. "Rôle de la mésoéchelle dans l'océan Atlantique tropical sur la salinité et les flux air-mer de CO2." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS149.
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L'océan Atlantique tropical contrôle les échanges d'un hémisphère à l'autre et est un lieu de fortes interactions avec l’atmosphère. Cinq des plus grands fleuves du monde s'écoulent dans cet océan et la zone de convergence intertropicale (ITCZ) y est une source d’intenses précipitations. Cela induit une grande variabilité de la salinité et des flux air-mer de CO2. Alors que l'océan global est un fort puits de CO2, cette région est une source importante de CO2 en raison des eaux profondes riches en carbone inorganique qui remontent à la surface au niveau de l'équateur. Cependant, ce phénomène est atténué par le panache de l’Amazone, dont les eaux douces sont pauvres en carbone inorganique, riches en nutriments et favorisent le développement du phytoplancton. C'est dans ce cadre que se propagent les ondes tropicales d’instabilité (TIW) et les anneaux du courant Nord Brésil (NBC), les deux formes de mésoéchelle dominantes de l’Atlantique tropical. L'objectif de ce travail est de décrire et de comprendre la variabilité de la salinité et des flux air-mer de CO2 associée à la mésoéchelle. Pour cela, des observations in-situ sont couplées à des données satellitaires de salinité, température et chlorophylle-a de surface. Dans l'Atlantique équatorial, le gradient de salinité entre l'eau douce provenant des précipitations sous l’ITCZ et l'eau salée de l'upwelling équatorial est très fort en mai-juin. Les TIW déforment ce gradient, et l’observation de leur signature en salinité fournit des informations sur leur variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle complémentaires à celles de la température de surface. La salinité couplée à la température détermine les contrastes de densité de surface, ce qui influence l’énergie associée aux TIW. Le gradient horizontal de salinité contribue à la moitié de l’énergie potentielle générée par la déformation du gradient horizontal de densité. Ainsi, les TIW modifient et sont modifiés par les contrastes de salinité dans l'Atlantique équatorial. Sur le bord ouest du bassin, le panache de l'Amazone induit une variabilité de la salinité encore plus importante que celle observée dans l'Atlantique équatorial. Les anneaux du NBC, tourbillons de 200 km de diamètre, sont des structures très contrastées. Ils piègent les eaux salées et riches en CO2 du NBC, mais leur rotation advecte l’eau peu salée et appauvrie en CO2 du panache de l'Amazone. L'eau du panache renforce donc les échanges de CO2 et de chaleur entre l’océan et l'atmosphère. En février 2020, l'Atlantique tropical nord-ouest est un puits de carbone 10 fois plus fort qu'anticipé, et cela est dû à plus de 40% à l'effet des tourbillons. Leur rôle est double, d'une part ils entrainent le panache qui devient un fort puits de carbone, et d'autre part, ils ne gardent pas la signature de surface riche en CO2 des eaux qu'ils piègent. La situation en été est très différente de celle en hiver. Le NBC change son orientation de 90° et au lieu de suivre la côte sud-américaine, il s’écoule vers l'Afrique. Il passe au large de l’embouchure du fleuve Amazone, qui a alors un fort débit, et devrait entraîner le panache vers l'est. Cependant, les anneaux du NBC et les vents modifient ce schéma. La formation et la propagation de tourbillons interrompent cette circulation, et les vents favorisent un transport d'eau douce vers le nord-ouest. Ainsi, en août-septembre, alors qu'une part du panache est entrainée vers l'est, une autre part est advectée vers les Petites Antilles. L'été 2021 présente des exemples particulièrement forts de ce phénomène. Ces travaux montrent l'importance de la méso-échelle océanique pour la compréhension de phénomènes clés, comme la propagation des ondes tropicales d’instabilité, du panache de l'Amazone et le flux de CO2 dans l’océan Atlantique tropicalThe tropical Atlantic Ocean (TAO) controls exchanges from one hemisphere to the other and is a place of strong interactions with the atmosphere. The TAO is home to five of the world's largest rivers as well as intense rainfall in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). This induces large spatial variability of salinity and of air-sea CO2 flux. While the global ocean is a strong CO2 sink, the TAO is a strong source of CO2 to the atmosphere due to the deep waters rich in inorganic carbon upwelled to the surface at the equator. However, this source is mitigated by the low CO2 concentrations in the Amazon River plume whose freshwater is low in inorganic carbon and favours phytoplankton blooms. It is in this context that propagate the tropical instability waves (TIWs) and the North Brazil current (NBC) rings, the two dominant mesoscale forms in the TAO. The objective of this work is to describe and understand the variability of the surface salinity and CO2 fluxes associated with the mesoscale. In-situ observations collected during cruises and Argo floats are coupled to surface satellite salinity, temperature and chlorophyll-a. In the equatorial Atlantic the salinity gradient between the fresh water from rainfall under the ITCZ and the salty water of the equatorial upwelling is very strong in May-June. The TIWs strongly distort this gradient, and are therefore particularly well observed in surface salinity. The observation of TIWs in salinity provides complementary information to their observation in surface temperature on their seasonal and interannual variability. Furthermore, salinity does not only play the role of a passive tracer, as together with temperature, it determines the seawater surface density. This affects the energy that allows TIWs to develop and propagate. One of the energy sources is the potential energy generated by the deformation of the density gradient. The effect of salinity on this energy is as strong as that of temperature, which means that by adding the contribution of salinity, the potential energy is doubled. TIWs modify and are modified by the salinity in the equatorial Atlantic. On the western edge of the basin, the Amazon plume results in even more salinity variability than in the equatorial Atlantic. The NBC rings, eddies that are 200 km in diameter, are highly contrasted structures. They trap the salty, CO2-rich waters of the NBC, but their rotation stirs water from the Amazon plume. The fresh water of the plume enhances the exchanges of CO2 and heat with the atmosphere. The northwestern TA in February 2020 was found to be a CO2 sink 10 times stronger than expected, and more than 40% of this flux is due to the effect of eddies. Their role is twofold, on the one hand they stir the plume which becomes a strong carbon sink, but also, they do not retain the CO2-rich surface signature of the waters they trap, and instead often stir freshwater filaments. The situation in summer is very different from the one in winter. The NBC changes its orientation by 90° and instead of following the South American coastline, it flows towards Africa. The NBC passes the mouth of the Amazon that is close to its maximum discharge and advects the plume eastwards. However, the NBC rings and the winds change this classical pattern. The formation and propagation of eddies make the plume discontinuous, and the winds favour a northwestward transport of fresh water. Thus, in August -September, whereas part of the plume indeed flows eastwards, another part is advected towards the Lesser Antilles. Particularly strong examples of this were observed in late summer 2021. This work shows the importance of the oceanic mesoscale for understanding key phenomena, such as the propagation of the TIWs and of the Amazon plume and the TAO carbon budget
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Prytherch, John. "Measurement and parameterisation of the air-sea CO2 flux in high winds." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/209567/.
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During a three year occupation of Station Mike (66°N 2°E), the Norwegian Ocean Weather Ship Polarfront was equipped with a range of meteorological and seastate measuring instruments, including the autonomous air-sea flux system “AutoFlux” (Yelland et al., 2009) and an underway ΔpCO2 system. An extensive set of direct, eddy covariance measurements of momentum, latent heat, sensible heat and CO2 flux was obtained over a wide range of open ocean conditions. The maximum recorded 20-minute mean wind speed was 25 m.s-1. The maximum significant wave height was 11 m. The initial CO2 flux results were subject to a large, commonly observed humidity cross-sensitivity error. A novel iterative correction procedure was developed, tested against an independent data set and proved to be robust (Prytherch et al., 2010a). Open-path sensors may now be used for air-sea CO2 flux measurement, greatly increasing the number of measurements available for analysis. There are large differences between existing gas transfer to wind speed relationships, particularly at high wind speeds, and there is significant uncertainty over the form (quadratic or cubic) of the relationship. From the 3938 direct CO2 flux measurements made onboard Polarfront, a new relationship between gas transfer velocity, k660 , and wind speed, U10n has been obtained: k660 = −0.51+ 0.095U10n 2.7 0 ≤U10n ≤ 20 m.s-1 The motion corrected fluxes were found to have a large signal at frequencies associated with platform motion. This signal is also apparent in results from previous air-sea experiments from both fixed and moving platforms. The cause of this signal, whether error or real wind-wave nteraction, remains unknown. The gas transfer relationship obtained after removal of this signal is: k660 = −0.09 + 0.02U10n 3.1 2 ≤U10n ≤ 20 m.s-1 demonstrating that the observed near cubic dependence on wind speed, also reported in some previous experiments over a more limited wind speed range (McGillis et al., 2001a), is a robust result. This suggests a significant role for wave breaking and bubble-mediated exchange in air-sea gas transfer.
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Gutiérrez-Loza, Lucía. "Mechanisms controlling air-sea gas exchange in the Baltic Sea." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten- och landskapslära, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-409744.
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Carbon plays a major role in physical and biogeochemical processes in the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the ocean. CO2 and CH4 are two of the most common carbon-containing compounds in the atmosphere, also recognized as major greenhouse gases. The exchange of CO2 and CH4 between the ocean and the atmosphere is an essential part of the global carbon cycle. The exchange is controlled by the air–sea concentration gradient and by the efficiency of the transfer processes. The lack of knowledge about the forcing mechanisms affecting the exchange of these climate-relevant gases is a major source of uncertainty in the estimation of the global oceanic contributions. Quantifying and understanding the air–sea exchange processes is essential to constrain the estimates and to improve our knowledge about the current and future climate. In this thesis, the mechanisms controlling the air–sea gas exchange in the Baltic Sea are investigated. The viability of micrometeorological techniques for CH4 monitoring in a coastal environment is evaluated. One year of semi-continuous measurements of air–sea CH4 fluxes using eddy covariance measurements suggests that the method is useful for CH4 flux estimations in marine environments. The measurements allow long-term monitoring at high frequency rates, thus, capturing the temporal variability of the flux. The region off Gotland is a net source of CH4, with both the air–sea concentration gradient and the wind as controlling mechanisms. A sensitivity analysis of the gas transfer velocity is performed to evaluate the effect of the forcing mechanisms controlling the air–sea CO2 exchange in the Baltic Sea. This analysis shows that the spatio-temporal variability of CO2 fluxes is strongly modulated by water-side convection, precipitation, and surfactants. The effect of these factors is relevant both at regional and global scales, as they are not included in the current budget estimates.
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Andersson, Andreas. "Air-sea exchange of O2 and CO2 : Processes controlling the transfer efficiency." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-314166.
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World oceans cover more than 70% of the earth surface and constitutes a major sink of atmospheric CO2. Two of the most important gases in the marine carbon cycling are O2 and CO2 and hence accurate descriptions of the air-sea gas exchange of these gases are crucial. Still there is a lack of knowledge of the relative importance of processes controlling the efficiency of the air-sea gas transfer. This is especially true for Arctic and high latitude seas were studies on air-sea gas exchange are few. By studying processes causing water-side turbulence, using gases of different solubility and various measurement techniques, more knowledge on the governing processes can be obtained. Here we present the very first air-sea fluxes of O2 using atmospheric eddy covariance measurements and investigate the dependence between the gas transfer velocity of O2 and turbulence generated by the mean wind. The instrument was found to suffer from the limited precision and time response, causing significant corrections on the O2 flux. After correcting for this, the O2 fluxes displays an anti-correlation with the air-sea fluxes of CO2 in agreement with the measured air-sea gradient of O2. The transfer velocities for O2 indicates a stronger wind dependence than other commonly used parameterizations of the transfer velocity for CO2 and O2, this especially for wind speeds > 5 m s-1 where the typical onset of wave breaking occur. During two winter months eddy covariance measurements were taken over a high Arctic fjord. The data revealed a significant enhancement of the gas transfer velocity for CO2 from water-side convection, generated by cooling of surface waters. The dependence between water-side convection and gas transfer velocity were found for winds as high as 9 m s-1, but were strongest for wind speeds< 7 m s-1. The data also showed on enhanced air-sea gas transfer of CO2 when conditions were unstable very close to neutral. This enhanced transfer were associated to increased contribution to the CO2 flux from downdraft of air with higher concentrations of CO2. The combined effect of water-side convection and turbulence generated by wind results in a very effective transfer, thus the air-sea gas exchange at these latitudes may be significantly underestimated.
Book chapters on the topic "CO2 Air-Sea fluxes"
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Shutler, Jamie D. "OC-Flux—Open Ocean Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes from Envisat in Support of Global Carbon Cycle Monitoring." In SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences, 69–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32521-2_8.
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Perrie, W., W. Zhang, X. Ren, Z. Long, and J. Hare. "Midlatitude storm impacts on air–sea CO2 fluxes." In Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions, 143–53. WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/978-1-85312-929-2/06.
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Gehlen, Marion, and Nicolas Gruber. "Biogeochemical Consequences of Ocean Acidification and Feedbacks to the Earth System." In Ocean Acidification. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199591091.003.0017.
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By the year 2008, the ocean had taken up approximately 140 Gt carbon corresponding to about a third of the total anthropogenic CO2 emitted to the atmosphere since the onset of industrialization (Khatiwala et al. 2009 ). As the weak acid CO2 invades the ocean, it triggers changes in ocean carbonate chemistry and ocean pH (see Chapter 1). The pH of modern ocean surface waters is already 0.1 units lower than in pre-industrial times and a decrease by 0.4 units is projected by the year 2100 in response to a business-as- usual emission pathway (Caldeira and Wickett 2003). These changes in ocean carbonate chemistry are likely to affect major ocean biogeochemical cycles, either through direct pH effects or indirect impacts on the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems. This chapter addresses the potential biogeochemical consequences of ocean acidification and associated feedbacks to the earth system, with focus on the alteration of element fluxes at the scale of the global ocean. The view taken here is on how the different effects interact and ultimately alter the atmospheric concentration of radiatively active substances, i.e. primarily greenhouse gases such as CO2 and nitrous oxide (N2O). Changes in carbonate chemistry have the potential for interacting with ocean biogeochemical cycles and creating feedbacks to climate in a myriad of ways (Box 12.1). In order to provide some structure to the discussion, direct and indirect feedbacks of ocean acidification on the earth system are distinguished. Direct feedbacks are those which directly affect radiative forcing in the atmosphere by altering the air–sea flux of radiatively active substances. Indirect feedbacks are those that first alter a biogeochemical process in the ocean, and through this change then affect the air–sea flux and ultimately the radiative forcing in the atmosphere. For example, when ocean acidification alters the production and export of organic matter by the biological pump, then this is an indirect feedback. This is because a change in the biological pump alters radiative forcing in the atmosphere indirectly by first changing the nearsurface concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity.
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Kraus, Eric B., and Joost A. Businger. "Radiation." In Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195066180.003.0007.
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The earth receives virtually all of its energy from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation. This radiation is absorbed, reflected, and scattered by the earth’s surface, the ocean, and the atmosphere. The absorbed radiation is transformed into heat and other forms of energy, and eventually it is returned to space as low-temperature terrestrial radiation. It is clear that radiation is of fundamental importance to atmosphere-ocean interaction. There exists an adequate body of literature on the subject from an introductory treatment by Fleagle and Businger (1980) to specialized monographs by Kondratjev (1969), Liou (1980), and Goody and Yung (1989). Here it will suffice to introduce the basic concepts and focus on the applications to the air-sea interface. Radiation in the atmosphere and ocean comes from all directions simultaneously. The radiation energy per unit time coming from a specific direction and passing through a unit area perpendicular to that direction is called the radiance, I. The irradiance, Fi, or radiant flux density, is the radiant energy that passes through a unit horizontal area per unit time coming from all directions above it. Therefore where θ is the zenith angle and dω is an infinitesimal solid angle. The cos θ reflects the projection of the horizontal unit area into the direction from where I comes. The limits 0 and 2π of the integral reflect the hemisphere of directions above the unit area. When the radiance is independent of direction it is called isotropic. Equation may then be integrated to yield The irradiance from below the unit area is also called exitance and is denoted by Fe. The net irradiance, Fn, is defined by For isotropic radiance, the net irradiance Fn = 0. The fluxes are positive when upward and negative when downward. The interactions between radiation and matter may take various forms. They include refraction, reflection, scattering, diffraction, absorption, and emission. All these interactions are described by the theory of electromagnetic waves (e.g., Panofsky and Phillips, 1962). The full theory will not be developed here, but a number of basic and useful relations will be introduced to describe the characteristics of the interactions mentioned previously.
Conference papers on the topic "CO2 Air-Sea fluxes"
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Monteiro, Pedro M. S., Pedro M. S. Monteiro, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, et al. "A Global Sea Surface Carbon Observing System: Assessment of Changing Sea Surface CO2 and Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes." In OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society. European Space Agency, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5270/oceanobs09.cwp.64.
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Liu, Fenfen, Shilin Tang, and Chuqun Chen. "Remotely sensed study of air-sea CO2 fluxes variability in the Northern South China Sea." In 2009 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2009.5417777.
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Reiss, Frank, Timothy Griffin, and Karl Reyser. "The ALSTOM GT13E2 Medium BTU Gas Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30108.
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ALSTOM Power’s GT13E2 gas turbine has been successfully commissioned in a refinery residual oil gasification process (api Energia, Italy) operating on Medium Btu gas (GT13E2-MBtu). The modification of the standard GT13E2 to operate with MBtu fuel has resulted in an improvement in the performance of the GT13E2 to exceed 192 MW and 38% efficiency (simple cycle) at ISO conditions. The GT compressor has been upgraded to incorporate an extra-end stage to boost the pressure ratio to 17:1 and improve performance. Syngas from residual oil gasification has a typical volumetric composition of 45% H2, 48% CO and 7% CO2 and a lower heating value of 13.9 MJ/kg. This syngas has been diluted with N2 to reduce the heating value to 7 MJ/kg lowering reactivity and allowing partially premixed operation. In order to operate with syngas a redesign of the standard EV burners was necessary to deal with the associated high flame velocities and volume fluxes. The fuel injection for syngas operation was placed at the burner end and the gas injected radially inward to obtain inherently safe operation. The gas turbine demonstrated successful operation with both syngas and oil No. 2 fuels. At the standard dilution of 7MJ/kg NOx emissions are in the 20–25 vppm range and the CO emissions are below 5 vppm independent of load. The modified burners demonstrated safe operation on syngas with and without dilution of nitrogen in a tested LHV range from 6.8 to 14 MJ/kg. This behavior allows high flexibility of the entire power plant. Changeover from oil no. 2 to syngas and vice versa can be done between 50 and 100% load. The gas turbine components have been inspected several times during the commissioning period and shown to be in good condition.
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Li, H., and J. Yan. "Impact of Impurities in CO2-Fluids on CO2 Transport Process." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90954.
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There are four possible transportation means that could be used to deliver CO2: motor carriers, railway carriers, water carriers, and pipeline. The impurities in CO2-fluids have significant impacts on the thermodynamic properties that will further affect the design, operation and cost of CO2 transport. This paper focuses on how impurities in CO2-fluids affect thermodynamic properties, and how the changes of properties affect CO2 transport process. Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE), critical point and densities are essential thermodynamic properties for designing a CO2 transport process. Studies on these properties will be carried out for CO2-mixtures based on the combinations of the common impurities such as SO2, H2S, CH4, Ar, O2 and N2. Moreover with a real case of pipeline for CO2 transport, the impact of impurities on transport process will be demonstrated in more details.
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Narula, Ram G., and Harvey Wen. "The Battle of CO2 Capture Technologies." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22921.
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Coal is an abundant, widespread, cheap energy source and contributes to 39% of the world’s electric power generation. Coal releases large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is believed to play a major role in global warming and climate change. To de-carbonize power generation, three distinct carbon capture technologies are in varying stages of development. These include pre-combustion carbon capture through the use of integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC), post-combustion carbon capture from a pulverized-coal (PC)-fired power plant flue gas using monoethanolamine (MEA) or ammonia (NH3), and oxy-combustion technology. In the latter technology, oxygen is first separated from nitrogen in an air separator unit and used for combustion of coal in a conventional PC boiler. With oxy-combustion technology, the resulting flue gas is predominantly CO2, which makes CO2 capture easier than in the PC-MEA case. This paper discusses the development status as well as the advantages, limitations, performance and economics of each technology in regard to the capture and non-capture cases.
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Li, H., and J. Yan. "Preliminary Study on CO2 Processing in CO2 Capture From Oxy-Fuel Combustion." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27845.
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Oxy-fuel combustion is one of promising technologies for CO2 capture, which uses simple flue gas processing normally including compression, dehydration and purification/liquefaction (non-condensable gas separation). However relatively high levels of impurities in the flu gas present more challenges for the gas processing procedure. This paper studied the sensitivity of operating parameters to inlet composition, the effects of impurities on energy consumption, and the relationship between energy consumption and operating parameters. Results show that comparatively the total compression work is more sensitive to the composition of SO2 if the total mass flow is constant; while the operating temperature of purification is more sensitive to N2. To pursue the minimum energy consumption, from the viewpoint of impurity, the content of O2, N2, Ar and H2O should be lowered as much as possible, which means the amount of air leakage into the system and excess oxygen should be controlled at a low level in the combustion; as to SO2, if it is possible to co-deposit with CO2, its existence may be helpful to decrease compression work. From the viewpoint of operating parameters, low intermediate pressure, high intercooling temperature and high outlet pressure are favorable to achieve high energy utilization, if heat recovery is considered.
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Carcasci, Carlo, Stefano Zecchi, and Gianpaolo Oteri. "Comparison of Blade Cooling Performance Using Alternative Fluids." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30551.
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CO2 emissions reduction has become an important topic, especially after Kyoto protocol. There are several ways to reduce the overall amount of CO2 discharged into the atmosphere, for example using alternative fluids such as steam or CO2. It is therefore interesting to analyze the consequences of their usage on overall performances of gas turbine and blade cooling systems. The presence of steam can be associated with combined or STIG cycle, whereas pure carbon dioxide or air-carbon dioxide mixtures are present in innovative cycles, where the exhaust gas is recirculated partially or even totally. In this paper we will analyze a commercial gas turbine, comparing different fluids used as working and cooling fluids. The different nature of the fluids involved determines different external heat transfer coefficients (external blade surface), different internal heat transfer coefficients (cooling cavities) and affects film cooling effectiveness, resulting in a change of the blade temperature distribution. Results show that the presence of steam and CO2 could determine a non negligible effect on blade temperature. This means that cooling systems need a deep investigation. A redesign of the cooling system could be required. In particular, results show that steam is well suited for internal cooling, whereas CO2 is better used in film cooling systems.
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Jonshagen, Klas, Nikolett Sipo¨cz, and Magnus Genrup. "Optimal Combined Cycle for CO2 Capture With EGR." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-23420.
Full textAbstract:
Most state-of-the-art natural gas fired combined cycle (NGCC) plants are triple-pressure reheat cycles with efficiencies close to 60 percent. However, with carbon capture and storage, the efficiency will be penalized by almost 10 percent units. To limit the energy consumption for a carbon capture NGCC plant, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is necessary. Utilizing EGR increases the CO2 content in the gas turbine exhaust while it reduces the flue gas flow to be treated in the capture plant. Nevertheless, due to EGR, the gas turbine will experience a different media with different properties compared to the design case. This study looks into how the turbo machinery reacts to EGR. The work also discusses the potential of further improvements by utilizing pressurized water rather than extraction steam as the heat source for the CO2 stripper. The results show that the required low-pressure level should be elevated to a point close to the intermediate-pressure to achieve optimum efficiency; hence one pressure level can be omitted. The main tool used for this study is an in-house off-design model based on fully dimensionless groups programmed in the commercially-available heat and mass balance program IPSEpro. The model is based on a GE 109FB machine with a triple-pressure reheat steam cycle.
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Zachary, Justin. "Design Challenges for Combined Cycles With Post-Combustion CO2 Capture." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59381.
Full textAbstract:
In the present climate of uncertainty about CO2 emissions legislation, owners and power plant planners are looking into the possibility of accommodating “add-on” CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) solutions in their current plant designs. The variety of CCS technologies currently under development makes it a very challenging task. Nevertheless, it is evident that the new generation of combined cycles must address the CO2 capture issue. This discussion concentrates on the more mature post-combustion CCS technologies, such as chemical absorption, and the associated equipment requirements in terms of layout, integration within the generating plant, and auxiliary power consumption. The analysis specifically addresses combined cycle plants, where the capture process must accommodate low CO2 concentration in the exhaust gases (around 3%). Several plant configurations and various operational scenarios are evaluated. The issues related to balance-of-plant systems, including water treatment and availability and redundancy criteria, are also examined. The paper discusses the option to increase CO2 concentration by recirculating some of the exhaust flue gases. The impact of recirculation on the performance and operation of major gas turbine components (compressor combustion, turbo-machinery) is analyzed, as is the effect of the additional auxiliary loads needed to cool the flue gases prior to reinjection in the gas turbine inlet. Since the post-combustion CO2 process requires substantial steam flows, the paper provides several design options for the steam turbine that address the need for large steam extractions. Finally, the paper presents the results of studies conducted by Bechtel in which a neutral but proactive technical approach was applied in evaluating a variety of post-combustion CO2 capture technologies.
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Hochenauer, C., U. Hohenwarter, W. Sanz, and B. Schlamadinger. "Bio-Energy Cogeneration Systems With CO2 Separation and Storage." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-54224.
Full textAbstract:
This paper compares three different bio-energy cogeneration power station concepts where CO2 is sequestered and available for permanent storage instead of discharging into the atmosphere. The different bio-energy cogeneration systems are: The pre-combustion capture of CO2 the post-combustion capture of CO2 from the flue gas and the combustion in an atmosphere of pure oxygen (Graz-Cycle). The three schemes, all based on a thermal input of about 150 MWth, are compared on the basis of their technological features, their performance, projected costs of electricity and CO2 mitigation costs. Compared to a conventional bio-energy cogeneration system, CO2 removal reduces net plant efficiency by 11 to 16 percentage points and increases the cost of electricity by approximately 54 to 89%. The scheme applying reforming and shift reaction and physical absorption of the syngas fuel appears the most appealing option for the short-term implementation of CO2 sequestration bio-energy cogeneration systems. The Graz-Cycle where the syngas is burnt in pure oxygen appears the most appealing option for the long-term option for CO2 sequestration.
Reports on the topic "CO2 Air-Sea fluxes"
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Fourrier, Marine. Integration of in situ and satellite multi-platform data (estimation of carbon flux for trop. Atlantic). EuroSea, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/eurosea_d7.6.
Full textAbstract:
This report presents the results of task 7.3 on “Quantification of improvements in carbon flux data for the tropical Atlantic based on the multi-platform and neural network approach”. To better constrain changes in the ocean’s capture and sequestration of CO2 emitted by human activities, in situ measurements are needed. Tropical regions are considered to be mostly sources of CO2 to the atmosphere due to specific circulation features, with large interannual variability mainly controlled by physical drivers (Padin et al., 2010). The tropical Atlantic is the second largest source, after the tropical Pacific, of CO2 to the atmosphere (Landschützer et al., 2014). However, it is not a homogeneous zone, as it is affected by many physical and biogeochemical processes that vary on many time scales and affect surrounding areas (Foltz et al., 2019). The Tropical Atlantic Observing System (TAOS) has progressed substantially over the past two decades. Still, many challenges and uncertainties remain to require further studies into the area’s role in terms of carbon fluxes (Foltz et al., 2019). Monitoring and sustained observations of surface oceanic CO2 are critical for understanding the fate of CO2 as it penetrates the ocean and during its sequestration at depth. This deliverable relies on different observing platforms deployed specifically as part of the EuroSea project (a Saildrone, and 5 pH-equipped BGC-Argo floats) as well as on the platforms as part of the TAOS (CO2-equipped moorings, cruises, models, and data products). It also builds on the work done in D7.1 and D7.2 on the deployment and quality control of pH-equipped BGC-Argo floats and Saildrone data. Indeed, high-quality homogeneously calibrated carbonate variable measurements are mandatory to be able to compute air-sea CO2 fluxes at a basin scale from multiple observing platforms. (EuroSea Deliverable, D7.6)
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Schwinger, Jörg. Report on modifications of ocean carbon cycle feedbacks under ocean alkalinization. OceanNETs, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d4.2.
Full textAbstract:
Ocean Alkalinization deliberately modifies the chemistry of the surface ocean to enhance the uptake of atmospheric CO2. Here we quantify, using idealized Earth system model (ESM) simulations, changes in carbon cycle feedbacks and in the seasonal cycle of the surface ocean carbonate system due to ocean alkalinization. We find that both, carbon-concentration and carbon climate feedback, are enhanced due to the increased sensitivity of the carbonate system to changes in atmospheric CO2 and changes in temperature. While the temperature effect, which decreases ocean carbon uptake, remains small in our model, the carbon concentration feedback enhances the uptake of carbon due to alkalinization by more than 20%. The seasonal cycle of air-sea CO2 fluxes is strongly enhanced due to an increased buffer capacity in an alkalinized ocean. This is independent of the seasonal cycle of pCO2, which is only slightly enhanced. The most significant change in the seasonality of the surface ocean carbonate system is an increased seasonal cycle of the aragonite saturation state, which has the potential to adversely affect ecosystem health.