Journal articles on the topic '(co)variance'

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1

DA FONSECA, JOSÉ, MARTINO GRASSELLI, and FLORIAN IELPO. "HEDGING (CO)VARIANCE RISK WITH VARIANCE SWAPS." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 14, no. 06 (September 2011): 899–943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024911006784.

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In this paper, we quantify the impact on the representative agent's welfare of the presence of derivative products spanning covariance risk. In an asset allocation framework with stochastic (co)variances, we allow the agent to invest not only in the stocks but also in the associated variance swaps. We solve this optimal portfolio allocation program using the Wishart Affine Stochastic Correlation framework, as introduced in Da Fonseca, Grasselli and Tebaldi (2007): it shares the analytical tractability of the single-asset counterpart represented by the [36] model and it seems to be the natural framework for studying multivariate problems when volatilities as well as correlations are stochastic. What is more, this framework shows how variance swaps can implicitly span the covariance risk. We provide the explicit solution to the portfolio optimization problem and we discuss the structure of the portfolio loadings with respect to model parameters. Using real data on major indexes, we find that the impact of covariance risk on the optimal strategy is huge. It first leads to a portfolio that is mostly driven by the market price of volatility-covolatility risks. It is then strongly leveraged through variance swaps, thus leading to a much higher utility, when compared to the case when investing in such derivatives is not possible.
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2

Kumar, Divya, and K. K. Mishra. "Co-variance guided Artificial Bee Colony." Applied Soft Computing 70 (September 2018): 86–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2018.04.050.

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3

Gaddis, Monica L. "Statistical Methodology: IV. Analysis of Variance, Analysis of Co variance, and Multivariate Analysis of Variance." Academic Emergency Medicine 5, no. 3 (March 1998): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02624.x.

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4

Coltman, David W., Paul O'Donoghue, John T. Hogg, and Marco Festa-Bianchet. "SELECTION AND GENETIC (CO)VARIANCE IN BIGHORN SHEEP." Evolution 59, no. 6 (2005): 1372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1554/04-134.

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5

Alexander-Bloch, Aaron, Jay N. Giedd, and Ed Bullmore. "Imaging structural co-variance between human brain regions." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14, no. 5 (March 27, 2013): 322–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3465.

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6

Coltman, David W., Paul O'Donoghue, John T. Hogg, and Marco Festa-Bianchet. "SELECTION AND GENETIC (CO)VARIANCE IN BIGHORN SHEEP." Evolution 59, no. 6 (June 2005): 1372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01786.x.

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7

Caroni, C., and P. Prescott. "Multivariate outlier tests with structured co variance matrices." Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 38, no. 1-4 (May 1991): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00949659108811327.

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8

Tijani, A., G. R. Wiggans, C. P. Van Tassell, J. C. Philpot, and N. Gengler. "Use of (Co)Variance Functions to Describe (Co)Variances for Test Day Yield." Journal of Dairy Science 82, no. 1 (January 1999): 226.e1–226.e14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75228-8.

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9

Karaman, Emre, Mogens S. Lund, and Guosheng Su. "Multi-trait single-step genomic prediction accounting for heterogeneous (co)variances over the genome." Heredity 124, no. 2 (October 22, 2019): 274–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41437-019-0273-4.

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Abstract Widely used genomic prediction models may not properly account for heterogeneous (co)variance structure across the genome. Models such as BayesA and BayesB assume locus-specific variance, which are highly influenced by the prior for (co)variance of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) effect, regardless of the size of data. Models such as BayesC or GBLUP assume a common (co)variance for a proportion (BayesC) or all (GBLUP) of the SNP effects. In this study, we propose a multi-trait Bayesian whole genome regression method (BayesN0), which is based on grouping a number of predefined SNPs to account for heterogeneous (co)variance structure across the genome. This model was also implemented in single-step Bayesian regression (ssBayesN0). For practical implementation, we considered multi-trait single-step SNPBLUP models, using (co)variance estimates from BayesN0 or ssBayesN0. Genotype data were simulated using haplotypes on first five chromosomes of 2200 Danish Holstein cattle, and phenotypes were simulated for two traits with heritabilities 0.1 or 0.4, assuming 200 quantitative trait loci (QTL). We compared prediction accuracy from different prediction models and different region sizes (one SNP, 100 SNPs, one chromosome or whole genome). In general, highest accuracies were obtained when 100 adjacent SNPs were grouped together. The ssBayesN0 improved accuracies over BayesN0, and using (co)variance estimates from ssBayesN0 generally yielded higher accuracies than using (co)variance estimates from BayesN0, for the 100 SNPs region size. Our results suggest that it could be a good strategy to estimate (co)variance components from ssBayesN0, and then to use those estimates in genomic prediction using multi-trait single-step SNPBLUP, in routine genomic evaluations.
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10

Gengler, N., T. Dusseldorf, G. R. Wiggans, J. R. Wright, and T. Druet. "Heterogeneity of (Co)Variance Components for Jersey Type Traits." Journal of Dairy Science 84, no. 7 (July 2001): 1772.e1–1772.e17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74613-9.

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11

Wiggans, G. R., N. Gengler, and J. R. Wright. "Type Trait (Co)Variance Components for Five Dairy Breeds." Journal of Dairy Science 87, no. 7 (July 2004): 2324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)70054-5.

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12

Lele, Subhash, and Mark L. Taper. "A composite likelihood approach to (co)variance components estimation." Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 103, no. 1-2 (April 2002): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3758(01)00215-4.

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13

Gopalakrishnan, Kasthurirangan, and Anshu Manik. "Co-variance matrix adaptation evolution strategy for pavement backcalculation." Construction and Building Materials 24, no. 11 (November 2010): 2177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.040.

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14

Konstantinov, K. V., and F. D. Brien. "Influence of sire by year interactions on the direct-maternal genetic correlation for weaning weight of Western Australian Merino sheep." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 7 (2003): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02235.

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The relationship between the direct-maternal genetic (co)variance σam and sire by year (SY) interactions for weaning weight in Merino sheep was examined through simulation and real data analyses. Weaning weight was simulated using models containing interaction and σam = 0 (S1), interaction and σam < 0 (S2), interaction and σam >�0 (S3), and without interaction and σam < 0 (S4). When S1 data were analysed ignoring interaction, a negative (co)variance was observed and direct and maternal variances were inflated. Analysis of S2 data ignoring σam resulted in deflated direct and maternal variances, inflated residual and interaction variances, and no change for the permanent environmental component. Ignoring the interaction effect in S3 data resulted again in a negative (co)variance component and highly biased genetic parameters. On application to weaning weight of Merino sheep, the model ignoring SY resulted in a direct-maternal genetic correlation of –0.43. The model using both (co)variance and interaction effects fit the data better (P < 0.001). The interaction variance represented 9.2% of the phenotypic variance but explained 86% of the (co)variance between direct and maternal genetic effects estimated ignoring SY.�A small (–0.096) but still negative estimate of the genetic correlation was obtained. The implication of these findings in the context of Central Test Sire Evaluation and Maternal Sire Central Progeny Test Schemes is discussed.
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15

Curry, J., A. Kiani, and A. Dreiblatt. "Feed Variance Limitations for Co-rotating Intermeshing Twin Screw Extruders." International Polymer Processing 6, no. 2 (May 1991): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.910148.

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16

Matthay, Ellicott C., Erin Hagan, Spruha Joshi, May Lynn Tan, David Vlahov, Nancy Adler, and M. Maria Glymour. "The Revolution Will Be Hard to Evaluate: How Co-Occurring Policy Changes Affect Research on the Health Effects of Social Policies." Epidemiologic Reviews 43, no. 1 (2021): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxab009.

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Abstract Extensive empirical health research leverages variation in the timing and location of policy changes as quasi-experiments. Multiple social policies may be adopted simultaneously in the same locations, creating co-occurrence that must be addressed analytically for valid inferences. The pervasiveness and consequences of co-occurring policies have received limited attention. We analyzed a systematic sample of 13 social policy databases covering diverse domains including poverty, paid family leave, and tobacco use. We quantified policy co-occurrence in each database as the fraction of variation in each policy measure across different jurisdictions and times that could be explained by covariation with other policies. We used simulations to estimate the ratio of the variance of effect estimates under the observed policy co-occurrence to variance if policies were independent. Policy co-occurrence ranged from very high for state-level cannabis policies to low for country-level sexual minority-rights policies. For 65% of policies, greater than 90% of the place-time variation was explained by other policies. Policy co-occurrence increased the variance of effect estimates by a median of 57-fold. Co-occurring policies are common and pose a major methodological challenge to rigorously evaluating health effects of individual social policies. When uncontrolled, co-occurring policies confound one another, and when controlled, resulting positivity violations may substantially inflate the variance of estimated effects. Tools to enhance validity and precision for evaluating co-occurring policies are needed.
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17

Dong, M. C., and I. L. Mao. "Heterogeneity of (Co)Variance and Heritabitity in Different Levels of Intraherd Milk Production Variance and of Herd Average." Journal of Dairy Science 73, no. 3 (March 1990): 843–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(90)78738-3.

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18

., D. Norris, N. W. Selapa ., C. B. Banga ., and J. W. Ngambi . "Estimation of (Co) Variance Components for Type Traits in Charolais Cattle." Journal of Biological Sciences 8, no. 1 (December 15, 2007): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2008.229.232.

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19

Vivekanand, H. K. Narula, R. K. Joshi, H. Singh, and A. Chopra. "Estimation of (CO) variance components for growth traits in Magra sheep." Indian Journal of Small Ruminants (The) 23, no. 1 (2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-9718.2017.00023.x.

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20

Jorjani, H., L. Klei, and U. Emanuelson. "A Simple Method for Weighted Bending of Genetic (Co)variance Matrices." Journal of Dairy Science 86, no. 2 (February 2003): 677–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73646-7.

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21

See, M. T. "Heterogeneity of (co)variance among herds for backfat measures of swine." Journal of Animal Science 76, no. 10 (1998): 2568. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1998.76102568x.

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22

Vanimisetti, H. B., D. R. Notter, and L. A. Kuehn. "Genetic (co)variance components for ewe productivity traits in Katahdin sheep1." Journal of Animal Science 85, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-248.

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23

Soler, Julia MP, and John Blangero. "Longitudinal familial analysis of blood pressure involving parametric (co)variance functions." BMC Genetics 4, Suppl 1 (2003): S87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-4-s1-s87.

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24

Razak, K. Abdul, and K. Rajakumar. "Assessment of Co-Variance for Transmission Flow Series-Parallel Reliability Systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1362 (November 2019): 012085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1362/1/012085.

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25

Kumar, Divya, and K. K. Mishra. "Portfolio optimization using novel co-variance guided Artificial Bee Colony algorithm." Swarm and Evolutionary Computation 33 (April 2017): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2016.11.003.

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26

González-Peña, D., J. L. Espinoza-Villavicencio, D. Guerra, A. Palacios, J. C. Évora, and A. Portales. "Components of (co)variance of the days open in Siboney dairy cows." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 62, no. 1 (February 2010): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352010000100019.

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The records of 63,406 calvings of Siboney dairy cows (5/8 Holstein 3/8 Cuban Zebu) were used to estimate the components of covariance of the days open (DO). Five models were used: of repeatability; univariate; bivariate; of random regression with Legendre polynomials and the parity number as predicting variable; and a model of random regression with Legendre polynomials and heterogeneity of the residual variance. The heritability obtained with the univariate model was 0.09 in the first calving and decreased to 0.05 in the fifth. A higher estimate of heritability (0.12) was obtained with the repeatability model. When the model of random regression with heterogeneity of the residual variance was used, the heritability was higher than the values estimated with the previous models. The genetic correlations among the DO in different calvings, estimated with the models of random regression with and without heterogeneity of the residual variance, were close to 1.0. It is concluded that the estimates of heritability increased with the use of the random regression models. The genetic correlations among the DO of different calvings indicated that in the first three, the DO are regulated for the most part by the same genes.
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27

Wiggans, G. R., I. Misztal, and C. P. Van Tassell. "Calving Ease (Co)Variance Components for a Sire-Maternal Grandsire Threshold Model." Journal of Dairy Science 86, no. 5 (May 2003): 1845–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73771-0.

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28

Wang, Yang-Chao, Jui-Jung Tsai, and Yueying Dong. "Research on impulse response and variance decomposition analysis of co-integrated systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1941, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1941/1/012057.

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29

Nielsen, Peter Juul. "Co-variance as a foundation of constructions. On the concept of concord." NyS, Nydanske Sprogstudier 38, no. 38 (April 2, 2010): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nys.v38i38.13522.

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30

Karlsen, A., J. Ruane, G. Klemetsdal, and B. Heringstad. "Twinning rate in Norwegian cattle: frequency, (co)variance components, and genetic trends." Journal of Animal Science 78, no. 1 (2000): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2000.78115x.

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31

Cantet, R. J. C., and E. P. Cappa. "On identifiability of (co)variance components in animal models with competition effects." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 125, no. 6 (December 2008): 371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2008.00743.x.

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32

Cavaliere, Giuseppe, and A. M. Robert Taylor. "Testing the Null of Co-integration in the Presence of Variance Breaks." Journal of Time Series Analysis 27, no. 4 (July 2006): 613–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9892.2006.00475.x.

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33

Menéndez-Buxadera, Alberto, Oscar Cortés, and Javier Cañon. "Genetic (co)variance and plasticity of behavioural traits in Lidia bovine breed." Italian Journal of Animal Science 16, no. 2 (January 24, 2017): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1828051x.2017.1279035.

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34

Sigurdsson, Agust, Georgios Banos, and Jan Philipsson. "Estimation of Genetic (Co)variance Components for International Evaluation of Dairy Bulls." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science 46, no. 3 (August 1996): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064709609415863.

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35

Harrell, Jules P., and Leah J. Floyd. "Shared and Simple Effects of Determinants of Mean Arterial Pressure During Handgrip and Mirror Tracing Tasks." Journal of Psychophysiology 14, no. 3 (July 2000): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.14.3.165.

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Abstract Hierarchical linear regression (HLR) can be used to quantify the relative contribution specific cardiovascular (CV) mechanisms make to blood-pressure responses. The impact particular mechanisms exert varies depending on the nature of situational demands and the length of time these demands have been imposed. Theoretically, the determinants of blood-pressure changes may exercise their influence independently as simple effects, or they might evidence a relationship that is correlated or shared with other mechanisms. Following a procedure Lindenberger and Potter (1998) outlined, we used HLR and computations of shared versus simple effect ratios to quantify the portions of variance several cardiovascular parameters accounted for independently in mean arterial pressure (MAP) reactivity during isometric handgrip and mirror tracing. The predictor variables included heart rate (HR), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and cardiac output (CO). CV activity of 50 college-aged males was measured during adjacent 30-s periods using impedance cardiography and a Dinamap blood pressure monitor. HR reactivity predicted MAP changes during all measurement periods. However, for mirror tracing, a substantial portion of the variance in MAP accounted for by HR was shared with CO reactivity (39% for period 1; 13% for period 2). For handgrip, 5% and 20% of variance HR accounted for in MAP during periods 1 and 2, respectively, were shared with changes in TPR. CO shared trivial amounts of variance in MAP changes with HR during handgrip. Finally, CO changes were correlated with TPR changes and uncorrelated with MAP reactivity when handgrip was performed. However, adding CO to the equation improved TPR's predictive utility, suggesting that suppressor effects were present.
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36

Amarilho-Silveira, Fernando, Nelson José Laurino Dionello, Gilson De Mendonça, Jaqueline Freitas Motta, Tiago Albandes Fernandes, and Nicholas Da Silveira Silva. "Genetic components of birth weight of texel sheep reared in extensive system." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 40 (December 27, 2017): 36481. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v40i0.36481.

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This study aimed to estimate the components of (co)variance, genetic and phenotypic parameters and trends for birth weight. We used 783 birth weight records, between 2012 to 2016, of Texel sheep reared in extensive system. The components of (co)variance and the genetic parameters were estimated using six different animal models, using the restricted maximum likelihood method (REML). The model that best fit the data was Model 3, with estimates of direct additive genetic variance of 0.004, maternal permanent environment variance of 0.164, heritability coefficient of 0.011 and phenotypic variation attributed to the maternal permanent environment of 0.394. For the genetic trend, we observed a genetic gain of 0.413% and for the phenotypic trend, a phenotypic gain of 0.159 kg, between 2012 and 2016 were found. Estimates of direct heritability and proportion of the phenotypic variance explained by the maternal permanent environment presented lower and higher values, respectively, in comparison to other studies. For trends, both genetic and phenotypic, there were gains in birth weight between 2012 and 2016.
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37

Assis, A. P. A., J. L. Patton, A. Hubbe, and G. Marroig. "Directional selection effects on patterns of phenotypic (co)variation in wild populations." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1843 (November 30, 2016): 20161615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1615.

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Phenotypic (co)variation is a prerequisite for evolutionary change, and understanding how (co)variation evolves is of crucial importance to the biological sciences. Theoretical models predict that under directional selection, phenotypic (co)variation should evolve in step with the underlying adaptive landscape, increasing the degree of correlation among co-selected traits as well as the amount of genetic variance in the direction of selection. Whether either of these outcomes occurs in natural populations is an open question and thus an important gap in evolutionary theory. Here, we documented changes in the phenotypic (co)variation structure in two separate natural populations in each of two chipmunk species ( Tamias alpinus and T. speciosus ) undergoing directional selection. In populations where selection was strongest (those of T. alpinus ), we observed changes, at least for one population, in phenotypic (co)variation that matched theoretical expectations, namely an increase of both phenotypic integration and (co)variance in the direction of selection and a re-alignment of the major axis of variation with the selection gradient.
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38

Abbasi, Mokhtar-Ali, and Farhad Ghafouri-Kesbi. "Genetic (Co)variance Components for Body Weight and Body Measurements in Makooei Sheep." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 24, no. 6 (April 27, 2011): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.10277.

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39

DELLA TORRE, Edward, Ferenc VAJDA, Martha PARDAVI-HORVATH, and Cock J. LODDER. "Application of the Variable Variance Hysteresis Model to Co-Cr Perpendicular Recording Media." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 18, S_1_PMRC_94_1 (1994): S1_117–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.18.s1_117.

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40

Groeneveld, E. "A reparameterization to improve numerical optimization in multivariate REML (co)variance component estimation." Genetics Selection Evolution 26, no. 6 (1994): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-26-6-537.

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41

Razak, K. Abdul, and K. Rajakumar. "Evaluation of Maximum Reliability Using Co-efficient of Variance for Parallel System Model." Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences 36, no. 4 (June 9, 2015): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720502.2015.1023544.

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42

Greening, G., L. Su, T. Robbins, E. Bullmore, and K. Ersche. "Altered grey matter co-variance in stimulant-dependent individuals: a graph-theory analysis." European Neuropsychopharmacology 26 (October 2016): S694—S695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(16)31825-9.

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43

Jafaroghli, M., A. Rashidi, M. S. Mokhtari, and A. A. Shadparvar. "(Co)Variance components and genetic parameter estimates for growth traits in Moghani sheep." Small Ruminant Research 91, no. 2-3 (July 2010): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.03.010.

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Sande de Souza, Luciane Aparecida Pascucci, Valdeci Carlos Dionísio, Mario Adrian Misailidis Lerena, Nadia Fernanda Marconi, and Gil Lúcio Almeida. "The linear co-variance between joint muscle torques is not a generalized principle." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 19, no. 3 (June 2009): e171-e179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.12.006.

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45

Kniel, Nina, and Jean-Guy J. Godin. "Characterizing the (co)variance of personality traits in female Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata)." Environmental Biology of Fishes 102, no. 11 (September 4, 2019): 1351–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-019-00911-5.

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46

Abbasi, Mokhtar Ali, Hakimeh Emamgholi Begli, and Sholeh Ghorbani. "Estimation of (Co)Variance Components of Egg Quality Traits for Fars Native Fowls." Research on Animal Production 8, no. 15 (June 1, 2017): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/rap.8.15.195.

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47

Gengler, N., G. R. Wiggans, J. R. Wright, H. D. Norman, and C. W. Wolfe. "Estimation of (Co)Variance Components for Jersey Type Traits Using a Repeatability Model." Journal of Dairy Science 80, no. 8 (August 1997): 1801–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76114-9.

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48

Ritzi, Robert W., Jared T. Freiburg, and Nathan D. Webb. "Understanding the (co)variance in petrophysical properties of CO2 reservoirs comprising sedimentary architecture." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 51 (August 2016): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.05.001.

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49

Chaudhary, Rashmi, Dheeraj Misra, and Priti Bakhshi. "Conditional relation between return and co-moments – an empirical study for emerging Indian stock market." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 17, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.17(2).2020.24.

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Due to many theoretical and practical shortcomings of the traditional CAPM model, this study aims at analyzing the CAPM with possible extensions. The analysis aims to know the empirical soundness of Conditional Higher Moment CAPM in emerging India’s capital market. The sample consists of 69 company’s daily stock price data from April 2004 to March 2019 from NSE 100. Panel data analysis is used on 21 cross-sections. The overall results show that when both up and down markets are incorporated separately, all three moments, namely, co-variance, co-skewness, and co-kurtosis, are priced during the normal Indian economy phase. Further, this study states that including higher moments (co-skewness and co-kurtosis) in the two-moment model provides symmetry in both the up and down markets. This is one of the first studies in the Indian Stock market explaining the variation in portfolio returns through panel data analysis by extending CAPM with conditional higher-order co-moments. The portfolio managers should consider skewness and kurtosis along with variance in constructing the optimal portfolios.
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Bachtiar, Vera Surtia, Purnawan, Reri Afrianita, and Randa Anugerah. "Validation of CO dispersion model due to the road position on the dominant wind direction on transport sector." MATEC Web of Conferences 197 (2018): 13017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819713017.

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Abstract:
This study aims to validate CO dispersion model due to the position of the road toward the dominant wind direction on the transport sector. Sampling for modelling was done on the road with the road angle to wind direction is 0 degree (Jend. A. Yani Road), 30 degree (Andalas Road) and 60 degree (Prof. Dr. Hamka Road). CO dispersion model was obtained from the relations between CO concentration with traffic volume, traffic speed, wind speed and dominant wind direction. Sampling for validation was done at three location points, i.e. Jend. Ahmad Yani Road, By Pass Road and Dr. Wahidin Road, each of which has a position of 0, 45 and 90 degrees toward dominant wind direction. Sampling for CO was done using impinger. Measurement of traffic characteristics and meteorological conditions was performed in conjunction with CO sampling. Validation test was done by using Pearson Product Moment formula and Test of Two Variance. Results of the Two-Variance Test showed no significant difference between two concentrations of CO model and CO measurement. It showed the Test Ratio (RUf) smaller than the Critical Point. Validation test using Pearson Product Moment showed that the CO model can be used for predicting CO dispersion.
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