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Journal articles on the topic 'CO surrogate'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023

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1

Kao, Yi-Ming, Ghazal ArabiDarrehDor, Mary A. Oliver, Adam D. Reese, John W. Keyloun, Kevin K. Chung, Lauren T. Moffatt, Jeffrey W. Shupp, Jin-Oh Hahn, and David M. Burmeister. "T5 Tracking Cardiac Output During Burn Resuscitation via Pulse Wave Analysis." Journal of Burn Care & Research 43, Supplement_1 (March 23, 2022): S4—S5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irac012.004.

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Abstract Introduction Urine output (UOP) still remains the primary endpoint utilized as a surrogate for cardiac output (CO) and adequacy of perfusion during burn resuscitation. The role of arterial blood pressure (BP) waveform as a guiding tool for burn resuscitation has not been rigorously explored. As we move toward developing and validating novel endpoint to complement UOP, we compared the potential of pulse wave analysis (PWA) of arterial BP waveforms for estimating cardiac output (CO) and stroke volume (SV) in a large animal model of 40% total body surface area (TBSA) burns with varying resuscitation paradigms. Methods Anesthetized swine were instrumented and hemorrhaged 15% of their blood volume, and sustained a 40% TBSA full-thickness contact burn with aluminum billets. Animals were kept in a surgical ICU setting overnight, during which anesthesia was maintained with a combination of propofol, ketamine, and fentanyl. Animals were randomized to 3 different intravenous fluid (lactated Ringer’s, LR) levels: under resuscitation with no IV fluids, adequate resuscitation protocolized with a clinical decision support tool, or over resuscitation with a starting rate of 500mL/hour. We computed 20 surrogate measures of CO and SV (10 each) via PWA of arterial BP, and calibrated them to reference CO via thermo-dilution and SV on a subject-by-subject basis. Surrogate performance was quantified in terms of correlation coefficient and root-mean-squared error (RMSE) relative to reference CO and SV. Results Animals received 0±0, 4.4±1.6, and 9.1±1.3 mL/kg/% TBSA in the under, adequate, and over resuscitation groups (p=0.0036), respectively. Among the ten surrogate measures of CO and SV, 4 surrogates had positive proportionality to reference CO and SV consistently. The best surrogate measure of CO and SV was [mean BP-diastolic BP]/[heart period] and [mean BP-diastolic BP], respectively, which yielded r value of 0.82+/-0.19 and RMSE of 0.23+/-0.14 lpm for CO and r value of 0.85+/-0.17 and RMSE of 2.7+/-2.0 ml for SV (Fig. 1). Conclusions The initial results suggest that PWA-based surrogates of CO and SV have the potential to track reference CO and SV in extremes of resuscitation post-burn. The current model produces under-resuscitated, adequately resuscitated, and over-resuscitated animals, making it possible to rigorously examine the efficacy of PWA-based tracking of CO and SV in a wide spectrum of burn resuscitation scenarios. Hence, PWA may provide metrics useful for developing surrogates of CO and SV as novel treatment endpoints of burn resuscitation that indicate perfusion and volume status of burn injury patients.
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Panda, Biswajit, and Gianluigi Albano. "DMF as CO Surrogate in Carbonylation Reactions: Principles and Application to the Synthesis of Heterocycles." Catalysts 11, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11121531.

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Transition metal-catalyzed carbonylation reactions have emerged as one of the most relevant synthetic approaches for the preparation of carbonyl-containing molecules. The most commonly used protocol for the insertion of a carbonyl moiety is the use of carbon monoxide (CO) but, due to its toxic and explosive nature, this process is not suitable at an industrial scale. More recently, the chemistry of CO surrogates has received large attention as a way to use less expensive and more environmentally friendly methods. Among the various CO surrogates, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) has been paid greater attention due to its low cost and easy availability. This mini-review gives appealing insights into the application of DMF as a CO surrogate in metal-catalyzed carbonylations; in particular, in the first part we will give a general state of the art of these reactions for the preparation of carbonyl-containing molecules; then, we will take into account all the various synthetic approaches for the metal-catalyzed carbonylative synthesis of heterocycles using DMF as a CO surrogate. Each protocol has been discussed critically in order to screen the best synthetic method and to offer perspective on trends and future directions in this field.
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Okeke, Tochukwu Christopher, Aikay A. Ubaka, Augustine O. Olibe, Kenechukwu Olisa Okeke, Godwin U. Odoh, Cyril C. Ezenyeaku, Lawrence C. Ikeako, Emmanuel O. Izuka, and Chidinma I. Onwuka. "Successful quadruplet surrogate pregnancy after turbulent medical disorders in first trimester." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 5 (April 27, 2017): 2090. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20171982.

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Quadruplet surrogate pregnancy is a rare pregnancy but, has become common due to assisted reproductive technology (ART). Its management is a big challenge to obstetricians and co-clinicians worldwide. This was a pregnancy managed at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu, Nigeria in a 33 year old hypertensive surrogate mother with turbulent first trimester medical disorders that called for termination of the pregnancy by other co-managing clinicians. However, the pregnancy became stable in late 2nd trimester with emergency caesarean section at 33 weeks following preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). Its management was a big challenge that necessitated multidisciplinary approach with successful outcome of four healthy live babies (three males and one female) and the controversial practice of surrogacy
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Mondo, Kambale, Senda Agrebi, Fathi Hamdi, Fatma Lakhal, Amsini Sadiki, and Mouldi Chrigui. "Impact of Multi-Component Surrogates on the Performances, Pollutants, and Exergy of IC Engines." Entropy 24, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24050671.

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Even though there is a pressing interest in clean energy sources, compression ignition (CI) engines, also called diesel engines, will remain of great importance for transportation sectors as well as for power generation in stationary applications in the foreseeable future. In order to promote applications dealing with complex diesel alternative fuels by facilitating their integration in numerical simulation, this paper targets three objectives. First, generate novel diesel fuel surrogates with more than one component. Here, five surrogates are generated using an advanced chemistry solver and are compared against three mechanisms from the literature. Second, validate the suggested reaction mechanisms (RMs) with experimental data. For this purpose, an engine configuration, which features a reacting spray flow evolving in a direct-injection (DI), single-cylinder, and four-stroke motor, is used. The RNG k-Epsilon coupled to power-law combustion models is applied to describe the complex in-cylinder turbulent reacting flow, while the hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian Kelvin Helmholtz-Rayleigh Taylor (KH-RT) spray model is employed to capture the spray breakup. Third, highlight the impact of these surrogate fuels on the combustion properties along with the exergy of the engine. The results include distribution of temperature, pressure, heat release rate (HRR), vapor penetration length, and exergy efficiency. The effect of the surrogates on pollutant formation (NOX, CO, CO2) is also highlighted. The fifth surrogate showed 47% exergy efficiency. The fourth surrogate agreed well with the maximum experimental pressure, which equaled 85 Mpa. The first, second, and third surrogates registered 400, 316, and 276 g/kg fuel, respectively, of the total CO mass fraction at the outlet. These quantities were relatively higher compared to the fourth and fifth RMs.
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Walters, Frederick S., Scott Young, and Gerson Graser. "Meeting technical challenges for protein characterization and surrogate equivalence studies that resulted from insecticidal protein co-expression in maize event MZIR098." Transgenic Research 29, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11248-019-00183-w.

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AbstractSafety assessment of genetically modified plants includes protein characterization to confirm the intended trait protein expression. In addition, to conduct safety tests, the large amount of purified protein needed is usually met through the use of a surrogate, microbially produced protein source. Characterization of the eCry3.1Ab and mCry3A proteins as derived from Event MZIR098 maize was challenging because of the difficulty in purifying/isolating these proteins that are of similar molecular weight and have considerable shared sequence and immunogenicity. This also applies to establishing the biochemical equivalence to the microbially produced surrogate proteins, as highly-purified plant protein is required. While use of crude plant extracts facilitated functional equivalence testing with the surrogate proteins, a separate technical challenge had to be met. The eCry3.1Ab and mCry3A proteins display differentiated modes of action toward CRW pests, however, with the same overall target pest spectrum, no differential test organism existed to allow equivalence testing for one insecticidal protein in the presence of the other. To establish that the microbially produced proteins are suitable surrogates for the plant-produced proteins, the challenges in the protein purification and bioactivity testing had to be addressed. This article describes technical solutions to assess and characterize the insecticidal proteins in this new event and thereby confirm equivalence/suitability of the microbially produced protein surrogates.
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Jiménez-Fernández, Vicente, Joaquín Suárez-López, and Carlos Alfonso Zafra-Mejía. "Analysis of Surrogate Physicochemical Parameters for Studying Heavy Metal Pollution in Urban Road Runoff." Water 15, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010085.

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The pollution associated with road runoff water can generate significant impacts on the receiving natural environment due to the significant masses mobilized under certain climate, morphological, and anthropic conditions. The aim of this paper is to show an analysis of the possible surrogate conventional physicochemical parameters of pollution by heavy metals (HMs) in urban road runoff. The best surrogate physicochemical parameters are detected by a differentiated analysis between the HM concentrations (Fe, Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) in the total, particulate, and dissolved fractions. This analysis is also performed under two scenarios of runoff event energy according to the mobilized TSS load. The results suggested that it was easier to detect surrogate parameters for total HM concentrations during higher-energy runoff events. The outcomes hinted that regardless of the runoff event energy, it was easier to detect conventional surrogate parameters for the particulate HM concentration compared to the dissolved HM concentration. The findings showed for total HM concentration that the best surrogate parameter during higher-energy runoff events was TSS. The best surrogate HM during these runoff events was Fe. The results also suggested that HMs with high percentages of association with the particulate fraction (>70%) of road runoff were the best surrogates for the other HMs under study. For lower-energy runoff events, the best surrogate parameter was VSS, although TSS also showed good behavior.
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Keane, Andy J., and Ivan I. Voutchkov. "Robust design optimization using surrogate models." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwaa005.

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Abstract The use of surrogate models (response surface models, curve fits) of various types (radial basis functions, Gaussian process models, neural networks, support vector machines, etc.) is now an accepted way for speeding up design search and optimization in many fields of engineering that require the use of expensive computer simulations, including problems with multiple goals and multiple domains. Surrogates are also widely used in dealing with uncertainty quantification of expensive black-box codes where there are strict limits on the number of function evaluations that can be afforded in estimating the statistical properties of derived performance quantities. Here, we tackle the problem of robust design optimization from the direction of Gaussian process models (Kriging). We contrast two previously studied models, co-Kriging and combined Kriging (sometimes called level 1 Kriging), and propose a new combined approach called combined co-Kriging that attempts to make best use of the key ideas present in these methods.
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Lefebvre, J. P., B. Dompierre, A. Robert, M. Le Bihan, E. Wyart, and C. Sainvitu. "Failure Probability Assessment using co-Kriging Surrogate Models." Procedia Engineering 133 (2015): 622–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.640.

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Forrester, Alexander I. J., András Sóbester, and Andy J. Keane. "Multi-fidelity optimization via surrogate modelling." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 463, no. 2088 (October 2, 2007): 3251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2007.1900.

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This paper demonstrates the application of correlated Gaussian process based approximations to optimization where multiple levels of analysis are available, using an extension to the geostatistical method of co-kriging . An exchange algorithm is used to choose which points of the search space to sample within each level of analysis. The derivation of the co-kriging equations is presented in an intuitive manner, along with a new variance estimator to account for varying degrees of computational ‘noise’ in the multiple levels of analysis. A multi-fidelity wing optimization is used to demonstrate the methodology.
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Ragaini, Fabio, Francesco Ferretti, and Manar Ahmed Fouad. "Phenyl Formate as a CO Surrogate for the Reductive Cyclization of Organic Nitro Compounds to Yield Different N-Heterocycles: No Need for Autoclaves and Pressurized Carbon Monoxide." Catalysts 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13020224.

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The reductive cyclization of different organic nitro compounds by carbon monoxide, catalyzed by transition metal complexes, is a very efficient and clean strategy for the synthesis of many N-heterocycles. However, its use requires the use of autoclaves and pressurized CO lines. In this perspective, the authors will present the results obtained in their laboratories on the use of phenyl formate as a convenient CO surrogate, able to liberate carbon monoxide under the reaction conditions and allowing the use of a cheap glass pressure tube as a reaction vessel. In most cases, yields were better than those previously reported by the use of pressurized CO, proving that the use of CO surrogates can be a viable alternative to the gaseous reagent.
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Mondal, Krishanu, Pallabi Halder, Greeshma Gopalan, P. Sasikumar, K. V. Radhakrishnan, and Parthasarathi Das. "Chloroform as a CO surrogate: applications and recent developments." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 17, no. 21 (2019): 5212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ob00886a.

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Wang, Lu, Wei Sun, and Chao Liu. "Recent Advances in Homogeneous Carbonylation Using CO2as CO Surrogate." Chinese Journal of Chemistry 36, no. 4 (March 14, 2018): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.201700746.

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Du, Ao, Jamie E. Padgett, and Abdollah Shafieezadeh. "Influence of intensity measure selection on simulation-based regional seismic risk assessment." Earthquake Spectra 36, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 647–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293019891717.

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This study investigates the influence of intensity measure (IM) selection on simulation-based regional seismic risk assessment (RSRA) of spatially distributed structural portfolios. First, a co-simulation method for general spectral averaging vector IMs is derived. Then a portfolio-level surrogate demand modeling approach, which incorporates the seismic demand estimation of the non-collapse and collapse states, is proposed. The derived IM co-simulation method enables the first comparative study of different IMs, including the conventional IMs and some more advanced scalar and vector IMs, in the context of RSRA. The influence of IM selection on the predictive performance of the portfolio-level surrogate demand models, as well as on the regional seismic risk estimates, is explored based on a virtual spatially distributed structural portfolio subjected to a scenario earthquake. The results of this study provide pertinent insights in surrogate demand modeling, IM co-simulation and selection, which can facilitate more accurate and reliable regional seismic risk estimates.
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Gehrtz, P. H., V. Hirschbeck, and I. Fleischer. "A recyclable CO surrogate in regioselective alkoxycarbonylation of alkenes: indirect use of carbon dioxide." Chemical Communications 51, no. 63 (2015): 12574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc05012j.

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Kang, Dongwei, Hongwei Yang, Junqing Li, and Youping Chen. "Can conservation of single surrogate species protect co-occurring species?" Environmental Science and Pollution Research 20, no. 9 (April 16, 2013): 6290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1675-0.

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Lindzen, Richard S., Ben Kirtman, Daniel Kirk-Davidoff, and Edwin K. Schneider. "Seasonal Surrogate for Climate." Journal of Climate 8, no. 6 (June 1995): 1681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<1681:ssfc>2.0.co;2.

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Sang, Rui, Carolin Schneider, Rauf Razzaq, Helfried Neumann, Ralf Jackstell, and Matthias Beller. "Palladium-catalyzed carbonylations of highly substituted olefins using CO-surrogates." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 7, no. 22 (2020): 3681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0qo01164a.

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CO surrogate chemistry: General protocols for alkoxycarbonylations of highly substituted olefins with paraformaldehyde and methyl formate are reported, allowing the performance of carbonylation reactions in all labs and for all kinds of substrates.
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Paridala, Kumaraswamy, Sheng-Mei Lu, Meng-Meng Wang, and Can Li. "Tandem one-pot CO2 reduction by PMHS and silyloxycarbonylation of aryl/vinyl halides to access carboxylic acids." Chemical Communications 54, no. 82 (2018): 11574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc06820h.

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The synthesis of aryl/vinyl carboxylic acids from Csp2-bound halides (Cl, Br, I) in a carbonylative path by using silyl formate (from CO2 and hydrosilane) as an instant CO-surrogate.
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Gautam, Prashant, Prasad Kathe, and Bhalchandra M. Bhanage. "Pd/C catalyzed phenoxycarbonylation using N-formylsaccharin as a CO surrogate in propylene carbonate, a sustainable solvent." Green Chemistry 19, no. 3 (2017): 823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6gc03027k.

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Recyclable and commercially available Pd/C catalyzes the phenoxycarbonylation reaction using N-formylsaccharin as a CO surrogate in propylene carbonate as an environmentally benign and sustainable polar aprotic solvent under co-catalyst free, ligand free and additive free conditions.
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Kang, Stephanie. "Surrogate Humanity: Resistant Art Practices under Technoliberalism." Media-N 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21900/j.median.v18i1.859.

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This essay reviews the book Surrogate Humanity: Race, Robots, and the Politics of Technological Futures, co-written by Neda Atanasoski and Kalindi Vora. In this critical text, Atanasoski and Vora consider the ways in which liberal structures of anti-Blackness, settler colonialism, and capitalist exploitation have been ingrained into robotic technologies. By revealing the interwoven relationship between technological development and racial dispossession, Surrogate Humanity searches for alternative models of human-machine interactions that can destabilize social inequalities and their reproductions.
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Yuan, Qing, Zhen-Bang Chen, Fang-Ling Zhang, and Yong-Ming Zhu. "Palladium-catalyzed carbonylative synthesis of isocoumarins and phthalides by using phenyl formate as a carbon monoxide source." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 15, no. 7 (2017): 1628–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ob02409b.

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Amrit, Anand, Leifur Leifsson, and Slawomir Koziel. "Design strategies for multi-objective optimization of aerodynamic surfaces." Engineering Computations 34, no. 5 (July 3, 2017): 1724–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-07-2016-0239.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigates several design strategies to solve multi-objective aerodynamic optimization problems using high-fidelity simulations. The purpose is to find strategies which reduce the overall optimization time while still maintaining accuracy at the high-fidelity level. Design/methodology/approach Design strategies are proposed that use an algorithmic framework composed of search space reduction, fast surrogate models constructed using a combination of physics-based surrogates and kriging and global refinement of the Pareto front with co-kriging. The strategies either search the full or reduced design space with a low-fidelity model or a physics-based surrogate. Findings Numerical investigations of airfoil shapes in two-dimensional transonic flow are used to characterize and compare the strategies. The results show that searching a reduced design space produces the same Pareto front as when searching the full space. Moreover, as the reduced space is two orders of magnitude smaller (volume-wise), the number of required samples to setup the surrogates can be reduced by an order of magnitude. Consequently, the computational time is reduced from over three days to less than half a day. Originality/value The proposed design strategies are novel and holistic. The strategies render multi-objective design of aerodynamic surfaces using high-fidelity simulation data in moderately sized search spaces computationally tractable.
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Xu, Hansi, Qi Zhou, Ping Jiang, and Tingli Xie. "A Co-kriging Multi-fidelity Surrogate Model Assisted Robust Optimization Approach." International Journal of Modeling and Optimization 9, no. 3 (June 2019): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijmo.2019.v9.702.

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Liu, Xinwang, Weiwen Zhao, and Decheng Wan. "Multi-fidelity Co-Kriging surrogate model for ship hull form optimization." Ocean Engineering 243 (January 2022): 110239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110239.

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El-Sinawi, Abdulaziz. "Water-Surrogate Fuel Emulsion Combustion Effect on CO and NOX Emissions." International Journal of Thermal and Environmental Engineering 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5383/ijtee.01.02.006.

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Wang, Xiaobang, Xueguan Song, Wei Sun, Changguo Sun, and Zhijie Liu. "Surrogate Based Co-Design for Combined Structure and Control Design Problems." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 184851–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3029390.

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Calzada Hernandez, Alan Rubén, Daniel Gibran González Castañeda, Adriana Sánchez Enriquez, Hugo de Lasa, and Benito Serrano Rosales. "Ru-Promoted Ni/Al2O3 Fluidized Catalyst for Biomass Gasification." Catalysts 10, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10030316.

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Fluidizable catalysts based on Ni/Al2O3 with added Ru were used for the gasification of a lignin surrogate (2-methoxy-4-methylphenol) in a fluidized CREC Riser Simulator reactor. This was done in order to quantify lignin surrogate conversion and lignin surrogate products (H2, CO, CO2 and CH4) as well as the coke deposited on the catalyst. The catalysts that were evaluated contained 5% wt. Ni with various Ru loadings (0.25%, 0.5% and 1% wt). These catalysts were synthesized using an incipient Ni and Ru co-impregnation. Catalysts were characterized using XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption (BET Surface Area, BJH), Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) and H2 chemisorption. Catalytic steam gasification took place at 550, 600 and 650 °C using 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5, steam/biomass ratios. The results obtained showed that Ru addition helped to decrease both nickel crystallite site sizes and catalyst acid site density. Moreover, it was observed that coke on the catalyst was reduced by 60%. This was the case when compared to the runs with the Ni/Al2O3 free of Ru.
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Koziel, Slawomir, Yonatan Tesfahunegn, and Leifur Leifsson. "Variable-fidelity CFD models and co-Kriging for expedited multi-objective aerodynamic design optimization." Engineering Computations 33, no. 8 (November 7, 2016): 2320–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-09-2015-0277.

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Purpose Strategies for accelerated multi-objective optimization of aerodynamic surfaces are investigated, including the possibility of exploiting surrogate modeling techniques for computational fluid dynamic (CFD)-driven design speedup of such surfaces. The purpose of this paper is to reduce the overall optimization time. Design/methodology/approach An algorithmic framework is described that is composed of: a search space reduction, fast surrogate models constructed using variable-fidelity CFD models and co-Kriging, and Pareto front refinement. Numerical case studies are provided demonstrating the feasibility of solving real-world problems involving multi-objective optimization of transonic airfoil shapes and accurate CFD simulation models of such surfaces. Findings It is possible, through appropriate combination of surrogate modeling techniques and variable-fidelity models, to identify a set of alternative designs representing the best possible trade-offs between conflicting design objectives in a realistic time frame corresponding to a few dozen of high-fidelity CFD simulations of the respective surfaces. Originality/value The proposed aerodynamic design optimization algorithmic framework is novel and holistic. It proved useful for fast design of aerodynamic surfaces using high-fidelity simulation data in moderately sized search space, which is extremely challenging when using conventional methods due to the excessive computational cost.
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Koziel, S., and A. Bekasiewicz. "Recent developments in simulation-driven multi-objective design of antennas." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 63, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bpasts-2015-0089.

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Abstract This paper addresses computationally feasible multi-objective optimization of antenna structures. We review two recent techniques that utilize the multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) working with fast antenna replacement models (surrogates) constructed as Kriging interpolation of coarse-discretization electromagnetic (EM) simulation data. The initial set of Pareto-optimal designs is subsequently refined to elevate it to the high-fidelity EM simulation accuracy. In the first method, this is realized point-by-point through appropriate response correction techniques. In the second method, sparsely sampled high-fidelity simulation data is blended into the surrogate model using Co-kriging. Both methods are illustrated using two design examples: an ultra-wideband (UWB) monocone antenna and a planar Yagi-Uda antenna. Advantages and disadvantages of the methods are also discussed.
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Wu, Songhang, Jihong Dong, Shuyan Xu, Zhirong Lu, and Boqian Xu. "Design of a Segmented Mirror with a Global Radius of Curvature Actuation System: Contributions of Multiple Surrogates." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (November 25, 2020): 8375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238375.

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Due to fabrication difficulties, separately-polished segmented mirrors cannot meet the co-phasing surface shape error requirements in the segmented telescope system. Applying the global radius of curvature (GRoC) actuation system for the individual segments has become an effective solution in space-based telescopes. In this paper, we designed a segmented mirror with a GRoC actuation system. The direct optimization by numerical simulations has low computational efficiency and is not easy to converge for optimizing the actuation point’s position on the segmented mirror. For this problem, three common surrogates, including polynomial response surface (PRS), radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), and kriging (KRG), were summed to propose the multiple surrogates (MS) which have the higher approximate ability. The surrogates were then optimized through the multi-island genetic algorithm (MIGA), and the segmented mirror met the design requirement. Compared with direct optimization through numerical simulations, the results show that the proposed multiple-surrogate-based optimization (MSBO) methodology saves computational cost significantly. Besides, it can be deployed to solve other complex optimization problems.
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Asplund, Erik, and Thorsten Klüner. "A Surrogate Hamiltonian study of femtosecond photodesorption of CO from NiO(100)." Molecular Physics 111, no. 16-17 (September 2013): 2377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2013.813589.

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Ye, Hongxing. "Surrogate Affine Approximation Based Co-Optimization of Transactive Flexibility, Uncertainty, and Energy." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 33, no. 4 (July 2018): 4084–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2018.2790170.

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Couckuyt, Ivo, Slawomir Koziel, and Tom Dhaene. "Surrogate modeling of microwave structures using kriging, co-kriging, and space mapping." International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 26, no. 1 (March 15, 2012): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1833.

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34

Halabi, Susan, Akash Roy, Qian Yang, Wanling Xie, William Kevin Kelly, and Christopher Sweeney. "Radiographic progression-free survival as a surrogate endpoint of overall survival in men with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): 5057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.5057.

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5057 Background: Radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) is commonly used as a co-primary endpoint in randomized clinical trials in men with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, rPFS has not been established as a valid surrogate endpoint of overall survival (OS) in men with mCRPC. Here, we hypothesized that rPFS is a reliable surrogate for OS in mCRPC. We also explored whether PFS is a valid surrogate endpoint of OS at the aggregate trial level. Methods: We performed a systematic search of the literature encompassing the period January 2004-December 2020 using PubMed and clinical trials.gov to identify completed phase III trials in mCRPC post-docetaxel. Eligible trials had to be randomized phase III therapeutic trials that reported OS, PFS or rPFS. OS was measured from the date of random assignment to date of death from any cause or date of last follow-up. rPFS was defined as the time from random assignment to date of disease progression on CT and/or Tc bone scan per trial definition or death from any cause, whichever occurred first. PFS included PSA progression as a component of the composite endpoint. Trial level surrogacy was evaluated by fitting linear regression on the treatment effect of rPFS (or PFS) and OS (in other words, the weighted linear regression of the log(hazard ratio) of OS on the log(hazard ratio) of rPFS). It was pre-specified that rPFS would be considered a valid surrogate for OS if R² was 0·7 or higher. Results: We identified 33 in men with mCRPC post docetaxel approval. We assessed the association between PFS and OS in 29,456 patients from 30 trials. Overall, a moderate correlation was observed at the trial level between OS and PFS ( R2 = 0.46, 95 %CI = 0.20-0.68) in these trials. In 18 trials with 16,818 mCRPC patients where rPFS was considered as a key endpoint, a moderate correlation between the treatment effects on rPFS and OS was observed at the trial level ( R2= 0.65, 95% CI = 0.23-0.87). Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrates moderate correlation between treatment effects of rPFS and OS in patients with mCRPC. However, rPFS did not meet the pre-specified surrogacy threshold of 0.7. Clinical trial information: several.
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35

Talukdar, Kangkan, Tanumay Sarkar, Subhasish Roy, and Tharmalingam Punniyamurthy. "Pd-Catalyzed sp3 C–H alkoxycarbonylation of 8-methylquinolines using Mo(CO)6 as a CO surrogate." Chemical Communications 57, no. 27 (2021): 3359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc00465d.

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Pd(ii)-Catalyzed three-component sp3 C–H alkoxycarbonylation of 8-methylquinonlines is developed using Mo(CO)6 as a CO source with the substrate scope, functional group tolerance and natural product modification.
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36

Li, Dong-Kun, Bo Zhang, Qi Ye, Wei Deng, and Zheng-Yang Xu. "Synthesis of Indenones Via Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylation with Mo(CO)6 as a CO Surrogate." Organometallics 41, no. 4 (February 8, 2022): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00693.

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37

Zhu, Wen-Qing, Yu-Chen Fang, Wen-Yong Han, Fei Li, Min-Ge Yang, and Yong-Zheng Chen. "Palladium-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 1] annulation: access to chromone fused cyclopentanones with cyclopropenone as the CO source." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 8, no. 12 (2021): 3082–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qo00222h.

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A variety of chromone fused cyclopentanones are efficiently generated in good to high yields via palladium-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 1] annulation, in which cyclopropenone was utilized for the first time as the sole CO surrogate in the carbonylation process.
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38

Deb, Nayana, Sharmistha Chatterjee, Mousumi Mukhopadhyay, Biswajit Majumder, and Swati Bhattacharyya. "Assessment of serum nitrate-nitrite ratio vis-a-vis insulin sensitivity and resistance in type 2 diabetics in a tertiary hospital in Eastern India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 1 (December 19, 2016): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20164555.

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Background: Insulin Resistance is of paramount importance in the pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus along with endothelial dysfunction is mediated by Nitric Oxide (NO). Central to this endothelial dysfunction is the action of Insulin on the Nitric oxide synthase enzyme. Since NO cannot be measured because of its short half-life, metabolites of NO (namely nitrite and nitrate) are measured towards assessing their relationship along with different direct and surrogate markers of insulin resistance in patients of Diabetes Mellitus attending a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. Aim of the study was to assess the level of Insulin resistance with the direct and surrogate markers of insulin resistance in patients of Diabetes Mellitus attending a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India.Methods: Blood samples from newly diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic patients were assayed for fasting and postprandial sugar and insulin, lipid profile and serum nitrate and nitrite and different anthropological parameters were measured. After that, HOMA-IR and QUICKI’ index were measured.Results: Values of anthropological parameters and the direct and surrogate markers of insulin resistance showed statistically significant difference between cases and controls. Bivariate analysis of post-prandial blood glucose showed strong co-relation with HOMA-IR while serum total nitrate-nitrite ratio showed a strong co-relation with QUICKI.Conclusions: Serum nitrate-nitrite ratio showed a strong co-relation with HOMA-IR and QUICKI. The significance of this study lies in the fact that measurement of the serum nitrate-nitrite may give an idea of the level of insulin resistance of a diabetic patient.
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39

Ariyarit, Atthaphon, Tharathep Phiboon, Masahiro Kanazaki, and Sujin Bureerat. "The Effect of Multi-Additional Sampling for Multi-Fidelity Efficient Global Optimization." Symmetry 12, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12091499.

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Powerful computer-aided design tools are presently vital for engineering product development. Efficient global optimization (EGO) is one of the most popular methods for design of a high computational cost problem. The original EGO is proposed for only one additional sample point. In this work, parallel computing is applied to the original EGO process via a multi-additional sampling technique. The weak point of the multi-additional sampling is it has slower convergence rate when compared with the original EGO. This paper applies the multi-fidelity technique to the multi-additional EGO process to see the effect of the number of multi-additional sampling points and the converge rate. A co-kriging method and a hybrid RBF/Kriging surrogate model are selected for the surrogate model in the EGO process to show the advantage of the multi-additional EGO process compared with the single-fidelity Kriging surrogate model. In the experiment, single-additional sampling points and two to four number of multi-additional sampling per iteration are tested with symmetry and asymmetry mathematical test functions. The results show the hybrid RBF/Kriging surrogate model can obtain the similar optimal points when using the multi-additional sampling EGO.
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40

Millbank, Jenni. "Unlikely Fissures and Uneasy Resonances: Lesbian Co-mothers, Surrogate Parenthood and Fathers’ Rights." Feminist Legal Studies 16, no. 2 (August 2008): 141–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10691-008-9085-2.

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41

Changnon, David, and Stanley A. Changnon. "Surrogate Data to Estimate Crop-Hail Loss." Journal of Applied Meteorology 36, no. 9 (September 1997): 1202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<1202:sdtech>2.0.co;2.

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42

Nakano, Makiko, Kazuyuki Omae, Yoko Eitaki, Satoko Iwasawa, Kota Fukai, Noriyuki Yoshioka, Shigeru Tanaka, Shigeki Koda, and Toru Takebayashi. "P.2.20 Epidemic of bladder cancer in japanese male workers exposed mainly to ortho-toluidine." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A93.1—A93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.253.

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BackgroundIn 2012, ortho-toluidine (OT) was listed as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, based on epidemiologic observations in workers co-exposed to OT and aromatic amines. Between 2014 and 2017, 10 cases of bladder cancer (BC) were identified in Japanese males working at two plants of the same company manufacturing intermediates of organic dyes and pigments.ObjectiveTo describe the features of the BC epidemic at the plants.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of 76 OT and/or aromatic amine-exposed workers including the 10 BC cases at the plants in 2017. The co-exposed aromatic amines were para-toluidine, ortho-anisidine, aniline, 2,4-dimethylaniline, and/or ortho-chloroaniline. Details of each worker’s job-site histories were obtained from the company records. Past medical symptoms and histories were checked in physician interviews. The subjects were divided into the BC group (n=10) and the non-BC group (n=66) and compared. No quantitative exposure data were available. The surrogate level of exposure to each aromatic amine was calculated as the summed job-weight-month in each process in each job-year.ResultsThe mean ages of the non-BC and BC groups were 50 and 56 years and the durations of employment were 23 and 20 years, respectively. The smoking rate in both groups was 80%. Significantly higher rates of gross hematuria (70%) and cystitis (70%) were identified in the BC group’s past medical histories. In the BC group, the surrogate levels of exposure to OT were higher than those of exposures to other aromatic amines. The surrogate levels were high in the job processes of filtering, rinsing, drying and packing products.ConclusionsThe subjects with BC were associated with a high surrogate level of exposure to OT. OT-exposed workers with past histories of gross hematuria and cystitis need a careful follow-up.
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43

Azuma, Masanori, Kimihiko Murase, Ryo Tachikawa, Satoshi Hamada, Takeshi Matsumoto, Takuma Minami, Morito Inouchi, et al. "Relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and endogenous carbon monoxide." Journal of Applied Physiology 122, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00658.2016.

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Endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) levels are recognized as a surrogate marker for activity of heme oxygenase-1, which is induced by various factors, including hypoxia and oxidative stress. Few reports have evaluated endogenous CO in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Whether OSA more greatly affects exhaled or blood CO is not known. Sixty-nine patients with suspected OSA were prospectively included in this study. Exhaled and blood CO were evaluated at night and morning. Blood and exhaled CO levels were well correlated both at night and morning ( r = 0.52, P < 0.0001 and r = 0.61, P < 0.0001, respectively). Although exhaled CO levels both at night and morning significantly correlated with total sleep time with arterial oxygen saturation < 90% (ρ = 0.41, P = 0.0005 and ρ = 0.27, P = 0.024, respectively), blood CO levels did not correlate with any sleep parameter. Seventeen patients with an apnea and hypopnea index (AHI) < 15 (control group) were compared with 52 patients with AHI ≥ 15 (OSA group). Exhaled CO levels at night in the OSA group were significantly higher than in the control group (3.64 ± 1.2 vs. 2.99 ± 0.70 ppm, P < 0.05). Exhaled CO levels at night decreased after 3 mo of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy in OSA patients ( n = 36; P = 0.016) to become nearly the same level as in the control group ( P = 0.21). Blood CO levels did not significantly change after CPAP therapy. Exhaled CO was positively related to hypoxia during sleep in OSA patients, but blood CO was not. Exhaled CO might better correlate with oxidative stress associated with OSA than blood CO. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) levels are recognized to be a surrogate marker of oxidative stress. No study has evaluated both exhaled and blood CO at the same time in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. Here we provide evidence that exhaled CO levels positively correlated with hypoxia during sleep in OSA patients, but blood CO levels did not, and that continuous positive airway pressure therapy significantly decreased exhaled CO levels in the OSA group, but did not significantly affect blood CO.
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44

Ferretti, Francesco, Manar Ahmed Fouad, and Fabio Ragaini. "Synthesis of Indoles by Palladium-Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization of β-Nitrostyrenes with Phenyl Formate as a CO Surrogate." Catalysts 12, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12010106.

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The reductive cyclization of suitably substituted organic nitro compounds by carbon monoxide is a very appealing technique for the synthesis of heterocycles because of its atom efficiency and easiness of separation of the only stoichiometric byproduct CO2, but the need for pressurized CO has hampered its diffusion. We have recently reported on the synthesis of indoles by reductive cyclization of o-nitrostyrenes using phenyl formate as a CO surrogate, using a palladium/1,10-phenanthroline complex as catalyst. However, depending on the desired substituents on the structure, the use of β-nitrostyrenes as alternative reagents may be advantageous. We report here the results of our study on the possibility to use phenyl formate as a CO surrogate in the synthesis of indoles by reductive cyclization of β-nitrostyrenes, using PdCl2(CH3CN)2 + phenanthroline as the catalyst. It turned out that good results can be obtained when the starting nitrostyrene bears an aryl substituent in the alpha position. However, when no such substituent is present, only fair yield of indole can be obtained because the base required to decompose the formate also catalyzes an oligo-polymerization of the starting styrene. The reaction can be performed in a single glass pressure tube, a cheap and easily available piece of equipment.
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45

Xia, Bin, Seokyeon Hong, Kyung Choi, and Chang Seop Koh. "Optimal Design of Winding Transposition of Power Transformer Using Adaptive Co-Kriging Surrogate Model." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 53, no. 6 (June 2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2017.2659705.

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46

Hussain, Nazar, Anuj Kumar Chhalodia, Ajaz Ahmed, and Debaraj Mukherjee. "Recent Advances in Metal‐Catalyzed Carbonylation Reactions by Using Formic Acid as CO Surrogate." ChemistrySelect 5, no. 36 (September 23, 2020): 11272–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/slct.202003395.

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47

Crone, Elizabeth E. "IS SURVIVORSHIP A BETTER FITNESS SURROGATE THAN FECUNDITY?" Evolution 55, no. 12 (2001): 2611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[2611:isabfs]2.0.co;2.

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48

Kraus, Werner, Martin Walther, Christian M. Jung, Franziska Emmerling, and Hans-Jürgen Pietzsch. "Bromotricarbonyl{15-[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethylsulfanyl]pentadecanoic acid-κ2 S,S′}rhenium(I)." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 62, no. 7 (June 28, 2006): m1660—m1662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536806024081.

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The title compound, [ReBr(C18H36O2S2)(CO)3], was synthesized and characterized as a non-radioactive surrogate of a novel Tc-containing fatty acid derivative prepared according to the tricarbonyl/dithioether design with the objective of developing new Tc-based radiopharmaceuticals for the non-invasive diagnosis of myocardial metabolism. The Re chelate contains the metal in the oxidation state +1 and is attached to the terminal position of a fatty acid. The complex formation was accomplished by a ligand exchange reaction using [NBu4]2[Re(CO)3Br3] as starting material.
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49

Xu, Xiaoxi, Rajendra Kumari, Jun Zhou, Jing Chen, Binchen Mao, Jingjing Wang, Meiling Zheng, et al. "A living biobank of matched pairs of patient-derived xenografts and organoids for cancer pharmacology." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): e0279821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279821.

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Patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX)/organoid (PDO), driven by cancer stem cells (CSC), are considered the most predictive models for translational oncology. Large PDX collections reflective of patient populations have been created and used extensively to test various investigational therapies, including population-trials as surrogate subjects in vivo. PDOs are recognized as in vitro surrogates for patients amenable for high-throughput screening (HTS). We have built a biobank of carcinoma PDX-derived organoids (PDXOs) by converting an existing PDX library and confirmed high degree of similarities between PDXOs and parental PDXs in genomics, histopathology and pharmacology, suggesting “biological equivalence or interchangeability” between the two. Here we demonstrate the applications of PDXO biobank for HTS “matrix” screening for both lead compounds and indications, immune cell co-cultures for immune-therapies and engineering enables in vitro/in vivo imaging. This large biobank of >550 matched pairs of PDXs/PDXOs across different cancers could become powerful tools for the future cancer drug discovery.
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Sarin, Sanjiv, Mark H. Karwan, and Ronald L. Rardin. "A new surrogate dual multiplier search procedure." Naval Research Logistics 34, no. 3 (June 1987): 431–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6750(198706)34:3<431::aid-nav3220340309>3.0.co;2-p.

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