Journal articles on the topic 'Co-simulation Infrastructure'
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Wang, Fei, Joseph Jonathan Magoua, and Nan Li. "Modeling cascading failure of interdependent critical infrastructure systems using HLA-based co-simulation." Automation in Construction 133 (January 2022): 104008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.104008.
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Varga, Liz, Fatih Camci, Joby Boxall, Amir Toossi, John Machell, Phil T. Blythe, and Colin Taylor. "Transforming Critical Infrastructure." International Journal of E-Planning Research 2, no. 3 (July 2013): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijepr.2013070104.
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The application of complexity science to policy for critical infrastructure systems has never been more important. A number of issues highlight the need for policy to match the complexity of the co-evolving environment: increasing interdependency between utilities, uncontrolled demand leading to over use of diminishing resources, diverse technological opportunities with unclear investment choices, governance at different scales, public-private ownership differences and emerging business models. Systems are now so complex that people do not understand the interdependencies. Individual utilities are optimised with limited redundancy so that even minor failures can lead to major impacts throughout the whole infrastructure environment. This article proposes an ontology of critical infrastructure in which the points of conversion in the system are the generic units of analysis. Each conversion point has a set of properties representing its real world description. This ontological perspective highlights the inter-disciplinary nature of critical infrastructure systems. It also allows, through the adoption of an agent-based modelling approach, the simulation of different environmental constraints, such as those of resource availability. Methodologically, such modelling provides an abstracted view of infrastructure systems that simplifies the real world but allows policy options to be tested based on assumptions about behaviour in response to exogenous changes. Epistemologically, it focuses on a dynamic, co-evolutionary understanding of the system transition over time by examining holistic, systemic outcomes, connecting micro behaviours with macro structures. A case study of critical infrastructure in Yorkshire in the UK provides an exemplar of complexity in the real world. The model, a metaphysical representation, demonstrates how policy can be connected with the real world. This paper focuses on the infrastructure in the UK but the principles will apply to other countries.
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Çakmak, Hüseyin, Anselm Erdmann, Michael Kyesswa, Uwe Kühnapfel, and Veit Hagenmeyer. "A new distributed co-simulation architecture for multi-physics based energy systems integration." at - Automatisierungstechnik 67, no. 11 (November 26, 2019): 972–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2019-0081.
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Abstract Simulating energy systems integration scenarios enables a comprehensive consideration of interdependencies between multimodal energy grids. It is an important part of the planning for the redesign of the current energy system infrastructure, which is essential for the foreseen drastic reduction of carbon emissions. In contrast to the complex implementation of monolithic simulation architectures, emerging distributed co-simulation technologies enable the combination of several existing single-domain simulations into one large energy systems integration simulation. Accompanying disadvantages of coupling simulators have to be minimized by an appropriate co-simulation architecture. Hence, in the present paper, a new simulation architecture for energy systems integration co-simulation is introduced, which enables an easy and fast handling of the therefore required simulation setup. The performance of the new distributed co-simulation architecture for energy systems integration is shown by a campus grid scenario with a focus on the effects of power to gas and the reversal process onto the electricity grid. The implemented control strategy enables a successful co-simulation of electrolysis coupled with photovoltaics, a hydrogen storage with a combined heat and power plant and a variable power consumption.
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Le, Tan Duy, Adnan Anwar, Seng W. Loke, Razvan Beuran, and Yasuo Tan. "GridAttackSim: A Cyber Attack Simulation Framework for Smart Grids." Electronics 9, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081218.
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The smart grid system is one of the key infrastructures required to sustain our future society. It is a complex system that comprises two independent parts: power grids and communication networks. There have been several cyber attacks on smart grid systems in recent years that have caused significant consequences. Therefore, cybersecurity training specific to the smart grid system is essential in order to handle these security issues adequately. Unfortunately, concepts related to automation, ICT, smart grids, and other physical sectors are typically not covered by conventional training and education methods. These cybersecurity experiences can be achieved by conducting training using a smart grid co-simulation, which is the integration of at least two simulation models. However, there has been little effort to research attack simulation tools for smart grids. In this research, we first review the existing research in the field, and then propose a smart grid attack co-simulation framework called GridAttackSim based on the combination of GridLAB-D, ns-3, and FNCS. The proposed architecture allows us to simulate smart grid infrastructure features with various cybersecurity attacks and then visualize their consequences automatically. Furthermore, the simulator not only features a set of built-in attack profiles but also enables scientists and electric utilities interested in improving smart grid security to design new ones. Case studies were conducted to validate the key functionalities of the proposed framework. The simulation results are supported by relevant works in the field, and the system can potentially be deployed for cybersecurity training and research.
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Dong, Xinyu, Peng Yuan, Yonghui Song, and Wenxuan Yi. "Optimizing Green-Gray Infrastructure for Non-Point Source Pollution Control under Future Uncertainties." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 7586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147586.
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Non-Point Source Pollution (NPS) caused by polluted and untreated stormwater runoff discharging into water bodies has become a serious threat to the ecological environment. Green infrastructure and gray infrastructure are considered to be the main stormwater management measures, and the issue of their cost-effectiveness is a widespread concern for decision makers. Multi-objective optimization is one of the most reliable and commonly used approaches in solving cost-effectiveness issues. However, many studies optimized green and gray infrastructure under an invariant condition, and the additional benefits of green infrastructure were neglected. In this study, a simulation-optimization framework was developed by integrated Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) to optimize green and gray infrastructure for NPS control under future scenarios, and a realistic area of Sponge City in Nanchang, China, was used as a typical case. Different levels of additional benefits of green infrastructure were estimated in the optimizing process. The results demonstrated that green-gray infrastructure can produce a co-benefit if the green infrastructure have appropriate Value of Additional Benefits (VAB), otherwise, gray infrastructure will be a more cost-effectiveness measure. Moreover, gray infrastructure is more sensitive than green infrastructure and green-gray infrastructure under future scenarios. The findings of the study could help decision makers to develop suitable planning for NPS control based on investment cost and water quality objectives.
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Joseph, Binsy, and Deepak Vishnu Bhoir. "Design and Assessment of Electric Vehicle Performance Parameters based on Drive Cycle." ITM Web of Conferences 40 (2021): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20214001007.
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Electric vehicle plays a significant role, in the future transportation across the world. EV has the potential to reduce air pollution and emission of Greenhouse gasses significantly compared to the existing fossil-fuel-based vehicles. Even though substantial progress can be expected in the area of embarked energy storage technologies, charging infrastructure, customer acceptance of Electric Vehicles is still limited due to the problems of Driving range anxiety and long battery charging time. We can solve most of these problems with the infrastructure development ,optimum sizing and design of the vehicle components and extensive study on vehicle dynamics under various real-time driving conditions. This research focuses on the Matlab software based co-simulation of Electric Vehicle system, including the battery pack and motor, to predict the vehicle performance parameters like driving range, efficiency, power requirement, and energy characteristics under different driving scenarios. The vehicle’s acceleration performance, energy consumption, and efficiency are determined by simulation and verified analytically. Using ADVISOR software the fuel economies and tail pipe emission for various vehicle models are determined by simulation and results are compared with Hybrid Electric vehicle models.
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Yu, Xiaosong, Lu Lu, Yongli Zhao, Feng Wang, Avishek Nag, Xinghua Li, and Jie Zhang. "Virtual Network Provisioning over Mixed-Fixed/Flexible-Grid Optical Infrastructures." Electronics 10, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 2067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10172067.
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With the emergence of cloud services based on data centers, demands for bandwidth-intensive applications have increased dramatically, and application services have transferred to a more diversified direction. Management as well as capacity of the backbone network needs further development to catch up with rapidly evolved application demands. Optical network virtualization can facilitate the sharing of physical infrastructure among multiple network applications. Virtual Network Embedding (VNE), the main implementation of network virtualization, determines how to map a virtual network request onto physical substrate. To expand the network capacity, flexible-grid elastic optical networks have been considered as a promising supporting technology for the future infrastructure of the next-generation Internet. However, due to the expense of key enabling equipment for flexible grid optical networks, the brown-field migration from a fixed grid to a flexible grid gave birth to the co-existing fixed/flexible grid. Based on the co-existing fixed/flexible grid optical networks, we investigate the problem of Virtual Optical Network (VON) provisioning, and present a flexible-grid-aware virtual network embedding algorithm to map the virtual networks onto the substrate network. In addition, the performance of the algorithm was evaluated under four different network scenarios. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve better performance in all four scenarios.
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Lindenschmidt, K. E., F. B. Hesser, and M. Rode. "Integrating water quality models in the High Level Architecture (HLA) environment." Advances in Geosciences 4 (August 9, 2005): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-4-51-2005.
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Abstract. HLA (High Level Architecture) is a computer architecture for constructing distributed simulations. It facilitates interoperability among different simulations and simulation types and promotes reuse of simulation software modules. The core of the HLA is the Run-Time Infrastructure (RTI) that provides services to start and stop a simulation execution, to transfer data between interoperating simulations, to control the amount and routing of data that is passed, and to co-ordinate the passage of simulated time among the simulations. The authors are not aware of any HLA applications in the field of water resources management. The development of such a system is underway at the UFZ -Centre for Environmental Research, Germany, in which the simulations of a hydrodynamic model (DYNHYD), eutrophication model (EUTRO) and sediment and micro-pollutant transport model (TOXI) are interlinked and co-ordinated by the HLA RTI environment. This configuration enables extensions such as (i) "cross-model" uncertainty analysis with Monte Carlo Analysis: time synchronisation allows EUTRO and TOXI simulations to be made after each successive simulation time step in DYNHYD, (ii) information transfer from EUTRO to TOXI to compute organic carbon fractions of particulate matter in TOXI, (iii) information transfer from TOXI to EUTRO to compute extinction coefficients in EUTRO and (iv) feedback from water quality simulations to the hydrodynamic modeling.
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Xie, Yu Feng, and Peng Du. "Research Hotspots of Water Transfer Project in China Based on Multidimensional Scaling Analysis and Cluster Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.298.
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China National Knowledge Infrastructure database (CNKI) is used as the platform to analyze the keywords of water transfer project related papers published on core journals during the past 20 years. After using the softwares Ucinet and SPSS to make co-word analysis including multidimensional scaling analysis and cluster analysis, the research hotspots of water transfer are discussed. Results are found that research hotspots can be divided into four aspects, including water environment simulation on major water transfer project, planning and water resource impact of inter-basin water transfer project, transferable water volume analysis and ecological compensation, and water supply scheme and risk assessment.
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Fang, Luning, Ruochun Zhang, Colin Vanden Heuvel, Radu Serban, and Dan Negrut. "Chrono::GPU: An Open-Source Simulation Package for Granular Dynamics Using the Discrete Element Method." Processes 9, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 1813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9101813.
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We report on an open-source, publicly available C++ software module called Chrono::GPU, which uses the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to simulate large granular systems on Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) cards. The solver supports the integration of granular material with geometries defined by triangle meshes, as well as co-simulation with the multi-physics simulation engine Chrono. Chrono::GPU adopts a smooth contact formulation and implements various common contact force models, such as the Hertzian model for normal force and the Mindlin friction force model, which takes into account the history of tangential displacement, rolling frictional torques, and cohesion. We report on the code structure and highlight its use of mixed data types for reducing the memory footprint and increasing simulation speed. We discuss several validation tests (wave propagation, rotating drum, direct shear test, crater test) that compare the simulation results against experimental data or results reported in the literature. In another benchmark test, we demonstrate linear scaling with a problem size up to the GPU memory capacity; specifically, for systems with 130 million DEM elements. The simulation infrastructure is demonstrated in conjunction with simulations of the NASA Curiosity rover, which is currently active on Mars.
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El Hariri, Mohamad, Tarek Youssef, Mahmoud Saleh, Samy Faddel, Hany Habib, and Osama A. Mohammed. "A Framework for Analyzing and Testing Cyber–Physical Interactions for Smart Grid Applications." Electronics 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121455.
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The reliable performance of the smart grid is a function of the configuration and cyber–physical nature of its constituting sub-systems. Therefore, the ability to capture the interactions between its cyber and physical domains is necessary to understand the effect that each one has on the other. As such, the work in this paper presents a co-simulation platform that formalizes the understanding of cyber information flow and the dynamic behavior of physical systems, and captures the interactions between them in smart grid applications. Power system simulation software packages, embedded microcontrollers, and a real communication infrastructure are combined together to provide a cohesive smart grid cyber–physical platform. A data-centric communication scheme, with automatic network discovery, was selected to provide an interoperability layer between multi-vendor devices and software packages, and to bridge different protocols. The effectiveness of the proposed framework was verified in three case studies: (1) hierarchical control of electric vehicles charging in microgrids, (2) International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC) 61850 protocol emulation for protection of active distribution networks, and (3) resiliency enhancement against fake data injection attacks. The results showed that the co-simulation platform provided a high-fidelity design, analysis, and testing environment for cyber information flow and their effect on the physical operation of the smart grid, as they were experimentally verified, down to the packet, over a real communication network.
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Rogić Lugarić, Tereza, Domagoj Dodig, and Jasna Bogovac. "Effectiveness of Blending Alternative Procurement Models and EU Funding Mechanisms Based on Energy Efficiency Case Study Simulation." Energies 12, no. 9 (April 28, 2019): 1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091612.
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Over the past twenty years, many countries have been looking for alternative procurement models in providing public sector energy efficiency (EE) projects because of high public sector debt and budget deficit. These projects have traditionally been procured and financed by the public sector. While the majority of EU funding resources will be realized in more traditional, purely grant-funded procurement models, a new Investment Plan for Europe for the programming period 2014–2020 has focused on supporting higher private sector involvement in infrastructure investments for achieving the EU Strategy 20/20/20 goals. Seeing that the fundamental purpose of investing in infrastructure is investing in providing public services, the involvement of the private sector is only possible through some alternative procurement models. In these initiatives both the public and the private sector retain their own identities and responsibilities, while their co-operation is based on clearly defined divisions of tasks and risks. The main objective of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of blending alternative procurement models with available EU funding mechanisms in EE sector by applying case study simulation. The findings will show the effectiveness of alternative options and the use of blending solutions in EE investments.
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Aranguren, Maria, Krystel Castillo-Villar, Mario Aboytes-Ojeda, and Marcio Giacomoni. "Simulation-Optimization Approach for the Logistics Network Design of Biomass Co-Firing with Coal at Power Plants." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 20, 2018): 4299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114299.
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This work proposes a hybrid scheme that combines a simulation model and a mathematical programming model for designing logistic networks for co-firing biomass, specifically switchgrass, in conventional coal-fired power plants. The advantages of co-firing biomass include: (1) the creation of green jobs; (2) the efficient use of current power plant infrastructure; (3) fostering the penetration of renewable energy into power networks; and, (4) the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The novelty of this work lies in the inclusion of (1) the inherent variability of biomass supply at the parcel level, and (2) the effects of climate change on future biomass supply when designing a feedstock logistic network. The design optimization is conducted at the farm/parcel level (most, if not all, previous works have used county level average data) and integrates the crop growth predictions employing United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) Agricultural Land Management with Numerical Assessment Criteria (ALMANAC) simulation model; the output of the simulations is input into the mixed integer linear programming (MILP) hub-and-spoke model to minimize the overall cost of the logistic network. Specifically, the MILP-based model selects the parcels and depot locations as well as biomass transportation flows by taking into consideration different types of soil, land cover characteristics, and predicted yields, which account for both historical and forecasted weather data. The hybrid methodology was tested by solving realistic situations, which considered varying weather conditions. The gross results indicate that the optimized logistic network enabled meeting a 20% biomass co-firing rate demand, which reduced 1,158,867 Mg per year in GHG emissions by co-firing with biomass.
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Tang, Tianfeng, Xuyan Hou, Yanni Xiao, Yilin Su, Yuetian Shi, and Xiaoshan Rao. "Research on motion characteristics of space truss-crawling robot." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 172988141882157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881418821578.
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For the future demands of unmanned assembly of orbital space truss structures, a new space truss-crawling robot based on biomimetic principles is proposed. The robot system mainly consists of multi-joint legs and an adhesive microstructure imitating a gecko. The kinematics analysis of a single leg and the system design are accomplished based on functional requirements and adaptivity analysis. The motion simulation model of the robot and the discrete element simulation model of the adhesion microstructure are established based upon this analysis. The simulation of the holding motion of a single leg is implemented based on the EDEM-ADAMS platform, and the feasibility of the scheme is demonstrated by analyzing the influence of adhesive microstructures comparatively. The related motion characteristics of the robot while crawling are obtained by co-simulation, and the influence law analysis is carried out by analyzing the interaction between not only the crawling infrastructure but also the crawling gait and motion characteristics. A crawling experiment in a simulated low-gravity environment is conducted to further verify the robot’s movement function, which will provide beneficial reference for practical applications of the robot in the future.
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Adnan, Muhammad, Shichang Kang, Guoshuai Zhang, Muhammad Saifullah, Muhammad Naveed Anjum, and Ayaz Fateh Ali. "Simulation and Analysis of the Water Balance of the Nam Co Lake Using SWAT Model." Water 11, no. 7 (July 5, 2019): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071383.
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Rapid change of alpine lakes in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a clear manifestation of regional-scale climate variability that can be investigated by quantifying the regional hydrological cycle. The degree-day model (DDM) coupled with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model were used to quantify the water budget of the Nam Co Lake over the period of 2007 to 2013. Driven by local observed meteorological data, the coupled model was successfully validated with the observed lake levels (with R2 = 0.65, NSE = 0.61, and PBIAS = −2.26). Analysis of the water balance revealed that rapid enlargement of the Nam Co Lake was primarily associated with precipitation increase while glacier melt played its role as the potential secondary driver in lake expansion. However, temporal analysis of lake expansion displayed that supremacy of precipitation and glacier melt interchanged between the years. It was found that average annual relative contributions of the precipitation, including direct precipitation on the lake, and glacier melt to the lake were 57% (or 667 mm), and 43% (or 502 mm), respectively. Besides, it was observed that annual values of actual evapotranspiration (ET) from the lake, glaciated, and non-glaciated subbasins were 615 mm, 280 mm, and 234 mm respectively. The average annual glacier mass balance (GMB) of the Nam Co basin was −150.9 millimeter water equivalent (mm w.e.). The relatively high amount of glacier melt was a consequence of the substantial increase in annual temperature in the lake basin. This work is of importance for understanding the rapid water cycle in the TP under global warming. Moreover, this work will also be helpful in monitoring and sustaining the local ecosystem and infrastructure, which is under risk due to rapid lake expansion as a result of climate change in the TP.
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Ren, Wenhao, Junyou Zhang, Li Li, and Qian Zhou. "An Intersection Platoon Speed Control Model Considering Traffic Efficiency and Energy Consumption in CVIS." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (December 18, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2891247.
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This paper proposed an intersection platoon speed control model considering traffic efficiency and energy consumption in the cooperative vehicle-infrastructure systems (CVIS) environment. This model divides the control situation in detail according to the different state of signal lights at the intersection and splits the platoon that cannot pass the intersection completely. The optimization model is established by taking the traffic delay and energy consumption of the platoon as the control objectives, and the model is solved by using a genetic algorithm (GA). Finally, the simulation platform is built by SUMO traffic simulation software, MATLAB, and Python to verify the model. The simulation results show that the total number of queued vehicles, the maximum number of queued vehicles, and the mean travel time of vehicles decreased by 77.81%, 33.33%, and 10.95%, respectively. Besides, the total fuel consumption is reduced by 19.95%, the total emissions of CO2, CO, HC, NOx, and PMx decreased by 19.96%, 58.55%, 51.33%, 23.81%, and 37.51%, respectively. It indicates that the proposed platoon speed control model can effectively improve traffic efficiency while reducing energy consumption and pollutant emissions.
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Zhu, Sijie, Yanxia Li, Chao Wang, Xingkai Zhang, and Xing Shi. "The impact of the spatio-temporal morphology of urban green infrastructure on urban building energy consumption: A case study in the hot-summer-cold-winter climate." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012059.
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Abstract Studies have confirmed that urban green infrastructure (UGI) profoundly impacts urban building energy consumption by regulating urban microclimate, providing shading to buildings, and other mechanisms. This impact is largely dependent on the morphology of UGI. Although this conclusion is widely accepted there lacks a systematic approach to quantify the impact and thus the knowledge regarding its magnitude. This paper discusses the influencing mechanisms of UGI on urban building energy consumption. The city of Nanjing, a Chinese city in the hot-summer-cold-winter climate, is morphologically analyzed to extract prototypes of UGI forms. These prototypes are simulated for their microclimate and urban building energy consumptions using a co-simulation technique, which links ENVI-met to EnergyPlus. The simulation results are statistically analyzed to quantify the impact of UGI morphology on urban building energy consumption. The energy consumption of different morphological groups in summer and winter is compared to determine the impact of UGI morphological features on urban building energy.
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Wang, Qi, Hongru Wang, Lei Zhu, Xingquan Wu, and Yi Tang. "A Multi-Communication-Based Demand Response Implementation Structure and Control Strategy." Applied Sciences 9, no. 16 (August 7, 2019): 3218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9163218.
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Demand response (DR) is widely accepted as a feasible and potential solution to improve the operation of the power system. In this paper, an economical and practical DR system architecture based on internet and Internet of things (IoT) communication technologies is discussed to achieve wide-area DR control without using an expensive metering infrastructure. Multi agents are introduced with respective control strategies to implement multi-time-scale control in a power system. In order to support quick DR strategies, a novel smart terminal design for the proposed DR system is described with functions of local parameter detection and action. The practicality of the proposed system was validated on a developed hardware-in-loop co-simulation platform.
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Mao, Lina, Wenquan Li, Pengsen Hu, Guiliang Zhou, Huiting Zhang, and Jin Dai. "Design of Real-Time Dynamic Reversible Lane in Intelligent Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure System." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (May 28, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8838896.
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The rapidly growing traffic demand and the slowly increasing traffic supply have produced an mounting contradiction, which is mainly manifested in cities as road congestion and unbalanced bidirectional traffic flow. Most of the reversible lanes are implemented on fixed sections and fixed times and are mainly guided by ground markings, road signs, railings, and traffic police officer. It requires a lot of human and material costs. And, the control effect is lagging and inaccurate. Aiming at these problems, a real-time dynamic reversible lane scheme in the Intelligent Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure System (CVIS) was proposed. Traffic information was collected in real time through the CVIS, and a reversible lane scheme was established based on the real-time service level V/C and BRP functions. A lane change control model was applied to determine the number of lanes and the timing of lane changes. Then, the reversible lanes were managed in real time through intelligent road stud lights and light curtain walls. Buffer sections and no-entry sections were set to ensure reversible lanes operating safely and efficiently. VISSIM simulation was used for case analysis, and the results showed that compared with the traditional time-controlled reversible lane scheme, the real-time dynamic reversible lane scheme could reduce the average vehicle delay by 27.4% and decrease the vehicle VOC, CO and NOX emissions by 13.5%.
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Agnew, Dennis, Nader Aljohani, Reynold Mathieu, Sharon Boamah, Keerthiraj Nagaraj, Janise McNair, and Arturo Bretas. "Implementation Aspects of Smart Grids Cyber-Security Cross-Layered Framework for Critical Infrastructure Operation." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 6868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12146868.
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Communication networks in power systems are a major part of the smart grid paradigm. It enables and facilitates the automation of power grid operation as well as self-healing in contingencies. Such dependencies on communication networks, though, create a roam for cyber-threats. An adversary can launch an attack on the communication network, which in turn reflects on power grid operation. Attacks could be in the form of false data injection into system measurements, flooding the communication channels with unnecessary data, or intercepting messages. Using machine learning-based processing on data gathered from communication networks and the power grid is a promising solution for detecting cyber threats. In this paper, a co-simulation of cyber-security for cross-layer strategy is presented. The advantage of such a framework is the augmentation of valuable data that enhances the detection as well as identification of anomalies in the operation of the power grid. The framework is implemented on the IEEE 118-bus system. The system is constructed in Mininet to simulate a communication network and obtain data for analysis. A distributed three controller software-defined networking (SDN) framework is proposed that utilizes the Open Network Operating System (ONOS) cluster. According to the findings of our suggested architecture, it outperforms a single SDN controller framework by a factor of more than ten times the throughput. This provides for a higher flow of data throughout the network while decreasing congestion caused by a single controller’s processing restrictions. Furthermore, our CECD-AS approach outperforms state-of-the-art physics and machine learning-based techniques in terms of attack classification. The performance of the framework is investigated under various types of communication attacks.
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Estebsari, Abouzar, Luca Barbierato, Alireza Bahmanyar, Lorenzo Bottaccioli, Enrico Macii, and Edoardo Patti. "A SGAM-Based Test Platform to Develop a Scheme for Wide Area Measurement-Free Monitoring of Smart Grids under High PV Penetration." Energies 12, no. 8 (April 12, 2019): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081417.
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In order to systematically shift existing control and management paradigms in distribution systems to new interoperable communication supported schemes in smart grids, we need to map newly developed use cases to standard reference models like Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM). From the other side, any new use cases should be tested and validated ex-ante before being deployed in the real-world system. Considering various types of actors in smart grids, use cases are usually tested using co-simulation platforms. Currently, there is no efficient co-simulation platform which supports interoperability analysis based on SGAM. In this paper, we present our developed test platform which offers a support to design new use cases based on SGAM. We used this platform to develop a new scheme for wide area monitoring of existing distribution systems under growing penetration of Photovoltaic production. Off-the-shelf solutions of state estimation for wide area monitoring are either used for passive distribution grids or applied to the active networks with wide measurement of distributed generators. Our proposed distribution state estimation algorithm does not require wide area measurements and relies on the data provided by a PV simulator we developed. This practical scheme is tested experimentally on a realistic urban distribution grid. The monitoring results shows a very low error rate of about 1 % by using our PV simulator under high penetration of PV with about 30 % error of load forecast. Using our SGAM-based platform, we could propose and examine an Internet-of-Things-based infrastructure to deploy the use case.
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Sresakoolchai, Jessada, and Sakdirat Kaewunruen. "Track Geometry Prediction Using Three-Dimensional Recurrent Neural Network-Based Models Cross-Functionally Co-Simulated with BIM." Sensors 23, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010391.
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Railway track maintenance plays an important role in enabling safe, reliable, and seamless train operations and passenger comfort. Due to the increasing rail transportation, rolling stocks tend to run faster and the load tends to increase continuously. As a result, the track deteriorates quicker, and maintenance needs to be performed more frequently. However, more frequent maintenance activities do not guarantee a better overall performance of the railway system. It is crucial for rail infrastructure managers to optimize predictive and preventative maintenance. This study is the world’s first to develop deep machine learning models using three-dimensional recurrent neural network-based co-simulation models to predict track geometry parameters in the next year. Different recurrent neural network-based techniques are used to develop predictive models. In addition, a building information modeling (BIM) model is developed to integrate and cross-functionally co-simulate the track geometry measurement with the prediction for predictive and preventative maintenance purposes. From the study, the developed BIM models can be used to exchange information for predictive maintenance. Machine learning models provide the average R2 of 0.95 and the average mean absolute error of 0.56 mm. The insightful breakthrough demonstrates the potential of machine learning and BIM for predictive maintenance, which can promote the safety and cost effectiveness of railway maintenance.
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Liu, Xuqi, Zhenxing He, Yukui Wang, Lirong Yang, Haiyong Wang, and Long Cheng. "The Wheel Flat Identification Based on Variational Modal Decomposition—Envelope Spectrum Method of the Axlebox Acceleration." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 6, 2022): 6837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12146837.
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The wheel flat can cause train and rail system infrastructure damage and endanger the running safety. To monitor the early wheel flat, it is urgent to carry out the theoretical basic research on the relationship between the vibration signal and the wheel flat. Moreover, to extract the characteristics of the wheel flat, an advanced and effective signal processing method need to be studied. A three-dimensional vehicle-track coupled dynamics model verified by field test is established based on the multi-body dynamics at first. The acceleration of the axlebox excited by the different wheel flat length is obtained by the dynamic simulation. The simulation considers the influence of various speeds and the short-wavelength track irregularities. Then, a combined method based on the variational modal decomposition (VMD) and the envelope spectrum (ES) is employed to detect the wheel flat signal. The feasibility of the method is further validated by comparing the co-existence of the wheel flat and the wheel eccentricity. Finally, field test is carried out to detect the wheel flat by using this method. The results indicate that the VMD-ES method accurately extracts the impact characteristics of the wheel flat and can quantitatively identify the wheel flat faults of small sizes.
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Guedri, Kamel, Abdullah A. Abdoon, Omar S. Bagabar, Mowffaq Oreijah, Abdessattar Bouzid, and Shadi M. Munshi. "Numerical Study of Large-Scale Fire in Makkah’s King Abdulaziz Road Tunnel." Fluids 7, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7010005.
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Tunnel fires are one of the most dangerous catastrophic events that endanger human life. They cause damage to infrastructure because of the limited space in the tunnel, lack of escape facilities, and difficulty that intervention forces have in reaching the fire position, especially in highly crowded areas, such as Makkah in the Hajj season. Unfortunately, performing experimental tests on tunnel fire safety is particularly challenging because of the prohibitive cost, limited possibilities, and losses that these tests can cause. Therefore, large-scale modeling, using fire dynamic simulation, is one of the best techniques used to limit these costs and losses. In the present work, a fire scenario in the Makkah’s King Abdulaziz Road tunnel was analyzed using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The effects of the heat released per unit area, soot yield, and CO yield on the gas temperature, radiation, concentrations of the oxygen and combustion products CO and CO2, and air velocity were examined. The results showed that the radiation increased with the heat released per unit area and the soot yield affected all parameters, except the oxygen concentration and air velocity. The CO yield significantly affects CO concentration, and its influence on the other studied parameters is negligible. Moreover, based on the validation part, the results proved that FDS have limitations in tunnel fires, which impact the smoke layer calculation at the upstream zone of the fire. Therefore, the users or researchers should carefully be concerned about these weaknesses when using FDS to simulate tunnel fires. Further comprehensive research is crucial, as tunnel fires have severe impacts on various aspects of people’s lives.
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Abbasi, Shazia, Khalil Khoumbati, Muhammad Memon, and Shahzad Memon. "Orthognal Zones for Interference Migration in 2.4 GHz Mesh Backhaul." Sukkur IBA Journal of Computing and Mathematical Sciences 5, no. 2 (January 1, 2022): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30537/sjcms.v5i2.817.
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Managing interference in the multi-radio networks is critical challenge; problem becomes even more serious in 2.4 GHz band due to minimal availability of orthogonal channels. This work attempts to propose a channel assignment scheme for interference zones of 2.4 GHz backhaul of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN). The static nodes of Infrastructure based Backhaul employing directional antennas to connect static nodes, orthogonal channel zones introducing Interference are formatted with the selection of single tire direct hop and two tier directional hopes. The effort maintain the orthogonality of channels on system thus reduce the co-channel interference between inter flow and intra flow links. Group of non-overlapping channels of selected band are obtained by a mathematical procedure, interference is modeled by directed graph and Channel assignment is carried out with the help of greedy algorithms. Experimental analysis of the technical proposal is done by simulation through OPNET 14. Our framework can act as an imperative way to enhance the network performance resulting a leading improvement in system throughput and reduction in system delay
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Hanna, Debra, Marco Schito, and Klaus Romero. "Critical Path to Tuberculosis Drug Regimens: Global collaboration to accelerate development of novel drug regimens and rapid drug susceptibility tests for tuberculosis." Journal of Medicines Development Sciences 1, no. 1 (November 17, 2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/jmds.v1i1.114.
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The Critical Path to Tuberculosis Drug Regimens (CPTR) initiative aims to support the rational deployment of new tuberculosis (TB) therapies by speeding the development and impact of new and markedly improved drug regimens as well as rapid drug susceptibility tests. Co-founded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Critical Path Institute, and the TB Alliance in 2010, CPTR is a coalition comprising the world’s leading pharmaceutical companies, product development sponsors, diagnostic companies, regulatory agencies, and civil society organizations which support and catalyze advances in regulatory science, the development of infrastructure, and other progress needed to accelerate the pace of development and introduction of novel regimens and rapid drug susceptibility tests. This manuscript summarizes the work of two subgroups within CPTR, the Regulatory Sciences and Rapid Drug Susceptibility Test consortia, and their efforts to drive innovation. These consortia are supported by a robust TB clinical data platform, which continues to evolve through contributions of contemporary TB clinical trial data sets as well as whole genome sequence level data from isolates across the globe. Examples of innovation are described and include a recently-qualified drug development tool and emerging programs to support the development of clinical trial simulation tools.
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Hanna, Debra, Marco Schito, and Klaus Romero. "Critical Path to Tuberculosis Drug Regimens: Global collaboration to accelerate development of novel drug regimens and rapid drug susceptibility tests for tuberculosis." Journal of Medicines Development Sciences 1, no. 1 (November 17, 2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/jmds.2015.01.006.
Full textAbstract:
The Critical Path to Tuberculosis Drug Regimens (CPTR) initiative aims to support the rational deployment of new tuberculosis (TB) therapies by speeding the development and impact of new and markedly improved drug regimens as well as rapid drug susceptibility tests. Co-founded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Critical Path Institute, and the TB Alliance in 2010, CPTR is a coalition comprising the world’s leading pharmaceutical companies, product development sponsors, diagnostic companies, regulatory agencies, and civil society organizations which support and catalyze advances in regulatory science, the development of infrastructure, and other progress needed to accelerate the pace of development and introduction of novel regimens and rapid drug susceptibility tests. This manuscript summarizes the work of two subgroups within CPTR, the Regulatory Sciences and Rapid Drug Susceptibility Test consortia, and their efforts to drive innovation. These consortia are supported by a robust TB clinical data platform, which continues to evolve through contributions of contemporary TB clinical trial data sets as well as whole genome sequence level data from isolates across the globe. Examples of innovation are described and include a recently-qualified drug development tool and emerging programs to support the development of clinical trial simulation tools.
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Dell, Tyler, Mostafa Razzaghmanesh, Sybil Sharvelle, and Mazdak Arabi. "Development and Application of a SWMM-Based Simulation Model for Municipal Scale Hydrologic Assessments." Water 13, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13121644.
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There is growing interest for the installation of green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) to improve stormwater control, increase infiltration of stormwater, and improve receiving water body quality. Planning level tools are needed to inform municipal scale decisions on the type and extent of GSI to apply. Here, a modified methodology is developed for the EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to create SWMM for Low Impact Technology Evaluation (SWWM-LITE) that enables municipal scale assessment of stormwater control measure (SCM) performance with minimal input data requirements and low processing time. Hydrologic outputs of SWMM-LITE are compared to those for SWMM and the National Stormwater Calculator (SWC) to assess the performance of SWMM-LITE. Three scenarios including the baseline without SCMs and the installation of varying SCMs were investigated. Across the three scenarios, SWMM-LITE estimates of annual average hydrologic performance (runoff, infiltration, and evaporation) were within +/−0.1% of estimates from a rigorously developed SWMM model in the City of Fort Collins, CO, for an evaluation of 30 years of continuous simulation. Analysis conducted for 2 year (y), 10 y, and 100 y storm events showed less than +/−2.5% difference between SWMM and SWMM-LITE hydrologic outputs. SWC provided reasonable estimates of hydrologic parameters for the case study area, but was designed for site level analyses of performance of SCMs rather than on the municipal scale. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the most sensitive parameters were primarily consistent for the SWMM-LITE and the complete SWMM. SWMM-LITE has low input data requirements and processing time and can be applied for assessing the hydrologic performance of SCMs to inform planning level decisions.
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Manurung, Daniel Firdaus, Herman Herman, and Andrean Maulana. "Perancangan Koordinasi Alat Pemberi Isyarat Lalu Lintas (APILL) pada Simpang Jalan PH. H. Mustafa – Jalan Cikutra dan Simpang Jalan PH. H. Mustafa – Jalan Cimuncang (Hal. 72-82)." RekaRacana: Jurnal Teknil Sipil 4, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/rekaracana.v4i3.72.
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ABSTRAKPermasalahan yang terjadi di pesimpangan salah satunya adalah antrian kendaraan dan tundaan. Karena itu dibutuhkan sarana dan prasarana yang bekerja dengan baik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk merencanakan koordinasi alat pemberi isyarat lampu lalu lintas pada simpang Jalan PH. H. Mustofa-Jalan Cikutra dan Jalan PH. H. Mustofa-Jalan Cimuncang menggunakan PTV Vissim. Simulasi dilakukan menggunakan 3 kondisi yaitu kondisi eksisting, kondisi terkoordinasi dan kondisi koordinasi - optimasi. Kondisi terkoordinasi dirancang agar saat kendaraan melewati 2 simpang tersebut tidak berhenti dan mengurangi tundaan dan panjang antrian. Hasil simulasi didapatkan bahwa saat dikoordinasikan pada simpang Jalan PH. H. Mustafa-Jalan Cikutra mengalami penurunan tundaan dan antrian. Penurunan terjadi karena kendaraan yang melewati kedua simpang tersebut tidak terhenti akibat sinyal merah. Sedangkan untuk tingkat pelayanan mengalami peningkatan tingkat pelayanan.Kata kunci: simpang, koordinasi, PTV Vissim.ABSTRACTProblems that occur in the intersection of one of them is the queue of vehicles and delays. So it takes facilities and infrastructure that work well. The purpose of this study is to plan the coordination of traffic light signaling equipment at the intersection of Jalan PH. H. Mustofa-Jalan Cikutra and Jalan PH. H. Mustofa-Jalan Cimuncang using PTV Vissim. Simulation is done using 3 condition that is existing condition, co-ordinated condition and coordinated condition - optimization. Coordinated condition while the vehicle is designed to pass through the two intersections did not stop and reduce delays and long queues. the simulation results obtained that when coordinated at the intersection of PH. H. Mustofa street – Cikutra street decreased delays and queues. The decreased because the vehicle passing of two intersection were not stoppep by red signal. As for the level of service has increased the level of service.Keywords: intersection, coordination, PTV Vissim.
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Li, Zhixia (Richard), Madhav V. Chitturi, Lang Yu, Andrea R. Bill, and David A. Noyce. "SUSTAINABILITY EFFECTS OF NEXT-GENERATION INTERSECTION CONTROL FOR AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES." TRANSPORT 30, no. 3 (October 2, 2015): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2015.1080760.
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Transportation sustainability is adversely affected by recurring traffic congestions, especially at urban intersections. Frequent vehicle deceleration and acceleration caused by stop-and-go behaviours at intersections due to congestion adversely impacts energy consumption and ambient air quality. Availability of the maturing vehicle technologies such as autonomous vehicles and Vehicle-To-Vehicle (V2V) / Vehicle-To-Infrastructure (V2I) communications provides technical feasibility to develop solutions that can reduce vehicle stops at intersections, hence enhance the sustainability of intersections. This paper presents a next-generation intersection control system for autonomous vehicles, which is named ACUTA. ACUTA employs an enhanced reservation-based control algorithm that controls autonomous vehicles’ passing sequence at an intersection. Particularly, the intersection is divided into n-by-n tiles. An intersection controller reserves certain time-space for each vehicle, and assures no conflict exists between reservations. The algorithm was modelled in microscopic traffic simulation platform VISSIM. ACUTA algorithm modelling as well as enhancement strategies to minimize vehicle intersection stops and eventually emission and energy consumption were discussed in the paper. Sustainability benefits offered by this next-generation intersection were evaluated and compared with traditional intersection control strategies. The evaluation reveals that multi-tile ACUTA reduces carbon monoxide (CO) and Particulate Matter (PM) 2.5 emissions by about 5% under low to moderate volume conditions and by about 3% under high volume condition. Meanwhile, energy consumption is reduced by about 4% under low to moderate volume conditions and by about 12% under high volume condition. Compared with four-way stop control, single-tile ACUTA reduces CO and PM 2.5 emissions as well as energy consumption by about 15% under any prevailing volume conditions. These findings validated the sustainability benefits of employing next-generation vehicle technologies in intersection traffic control. In addition, extending the ACUTA to corridor level was explored in the paper.
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Szewerda, Kamil, Jarosław Tokarczyk, and Andrzej Wieczorek. "Impact of Increased Travel Speed of a Transportation Set on the Dynamic Parameters of a Mine Suspended Monorail." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 1528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061528.
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The method of increasing the efficiency of using one of the most common means of auxiliary transport in underground coal mines—suspended monorails—is presented. Increase of velocity is one of the key parameters to improve the efficiency and economical effect related with the underground auxiliary transport. On the other hand, increasing the velocity results in bigger value of force acting on the suspended monorail route and its suspensions. The most important issue during increasing the velocity is ensuring the required safety for the passengers and not overloading the infrastructure. In order to analyze how increasing velocity influences the level of loads of the route suspension and the steel arch loads, the computational model of suspended monorail was developed. The computational model included both the physical part (embedded in the program environment based on the Multi-Body System method) and the components of the monorail control system. Two independent software environments were cooperating with each other through the so-called co-simulation. This model was validated on the base of results obtained on the test stand. Then, the numerical simulations of emergency braking with different values of velocity were conducted, which was not possible with the use of physical objects. The presented study can be used by the suspended monorail’s producers during the designing process, and leads to increase the safety on underground transportation routes.
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Acuña, Tina Botwright, Shaun Lisson, Peter Johnson, and Geoff Dean. "Yield and water-use efficiency of wheat in a high-rainfall environment." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 5 (2015): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14308.
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Yield, water use and water-use efficiency (WUE) in the high-rainfall zone of Tasmania are highly variable because of environmental and agronomic constraints to grain production that limit yield potential. The expansion of irrigation infrastructure in Tasmanian production systems with access to low-cost, plentiful irrigation sources will also influence these components in some areas. This paper reports on desktop modelling studies that aimed to benchmark wheat WUE and to explore the sensitivity of yield, water use and WUE to changes in management practice in a high-rainfall environment. Here, WUE was defined as: grain yield/(evapotranspiration + drainage + runoff). The crop simulation model APSIM-Wheat was used to quantify key water balance elements and estimate ‘attainable’ and ‘potential’ WUE and grain yield for 27 wheat trials. The upper limit for WUE was ~30 kg/ha.mm in excess of 180 mm evaporation, which is 16% higher than previous estimates at this southerly latitude for wheat. Attainable WUE ranged from 58% to 100% of potential WUE and was limited by nitrogen supply and water loss through evaporation, drainage and runoff. Model scenarios showed that co-limitation of inputs of nitrogen and irrigation was an important driver of grain yield and WUE. The implications of this research on crop management and production in temperate, high-rainfall environments are discussed.
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Markiewicz and Muślewski. "The Impact of Powering an Engine with Fuels from Renewable Energy Sources including its Software Modification on a Drive Unit Performance Parameters." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 21, 2019): 6585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236585.
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The application of fuels from renewable energy sources for combustion engine powering involves a great demand for this kind of energy while its production infrastructure remains underdeveloped. The use of this kind of fuel is supposed to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and the depletion of natural resources and to increase the share of renewable energy sources in total energy consumption and thus support sustainable development in Europe. This study presents the results of research on selected performance parameters of transport by internal combustion engines including: power, torque, the emission of sound generated by the engine, the content of exhaust components (oxygen O2, carbon monoxide CO, carbon dioxide CO2, nitrogen dioxide NO2), and the content of particulate matter (PM) in exhaust emission. Three self-ignition engines were tested. The fuel injection controllers of the tested internal combustion engines were additionally adjusted by increasing the fuel dose and the load of air. The material used in the tests were mixtures of diesel oil and fatty acid methyl esters of different concentration. A statistical analysis was performed based of the results. The purpose of the work was to develop a resulting model for assessing the operation of engines fueled with biofuel and diesel mixtures while changing the vehicle's computer software. A computer simulation algorithm was also developed for the needs of the tests which was used to prognose the state of the test results for variable input parameters.
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Guan, Zheng, Yuyang Wang, and Min He. "Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Spectrum Allocation Algorithm in Internet of Vehicles Discriminating Services." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 1764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031764.
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With the rapid development of global automotive industry intelligence and networking, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) service, as a key communication technology, has been faced with an increasing spectrum of resources shortage. In this paper, we consider a spectrum utilization problem, in which a number of co-existing cellular users (CUs) and prioritized device-to-device (D2D) users are equipped in a single antenna vehicle-mounted communication network. To ensure a business-aware spectrum access mechanism with delay granted in a complex dynamic environment, we consider optimizing a metric that maintains a trade off between maximizing the total capacity of vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) links and minimizing the interference of high priority links. A low complexity priority-based spectrum allocation scheme based on the deep reinforcement learning method is developed to solve the proposed formulation. We trained our algorithm using the deep Q-learning network (DQN) over a set of public bandwidths. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can allocate spectrum resources quickly and effectively in a high dynamic vehicle network environment. Concerning improved channel transmission rate, the V2V link rate in this scheme is 2.54 times that of the traditional random spectrum allocation scheme, and the V2I link rate is 13.5% higher than that of the traditional random spectrum allocation scheme. The average total interference received by priority links decreased by 14.2 dB compared to common links, realized service priority distinction and has good robustness to communication noise.
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Larochelle, Tommee, Aaron Noble, Paul Ziemkiewicz, David Hoffman, and James Constant. "A Fundamental Economic Assessment of Recovering Rare Earth Elements and Critical Minerals from Acid Mine Drainage Using a Network Sourcing Strategy." Minerals 11, no. 11 (November 22, 2021): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11111298.
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In recent years, acid mine drainage (AMD) has emerged as a promising unconventional source of rare earth elements (REEs) and other critical minerals (CMs) such as cobalt and manganese. In this regard, AMD provides a natural heap leaching effect that extracts and concentrates REE/CM from the host strata creating a partially enriched feedstock suitable for downstream extraction, separation, and recovery. While several prior studies have described processes and approaches for the valorization of AMD, very few have described the supply chain and infrastructure requirements as well as the associated economic assessment. To that end, this paper provides a fundamental economic assessment of REE/CM recovery from AMD using a network sourcing strategy in addition to a robust, flexible feedstock separations and refining facility. The methodology of this paper follows that of a typical techno-economic analysis with capital and operating costs estimated using AACE Class IV (FEL-2) guidelines. To demonstrate the range of possible outcomes, four pricing scenarios were modeled including contemporary prices (September, 2021) as well as the minimum and maximum prices over the last decade. In addition, five production scenarios were considered reflecting variations in the product suite, ranging from full elemental separation to magnet REE and CM production only (i.e., Pr, Nd, Tb, Dy, Y, Sc, Co, and Mn). The results of this analysis show that, with the exception of the minimum price scenario, all operational configurations have positive economic indicators with rates of return varying from 25% to 32% for the contemporary price scenario. The optimal configuration was determined to be production of Co, Mn, and all REEs except for mischmetal, which is not recovered. Sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation show that capital cost and HCl consumption are the two major factors influencing rate of return, thus indicating opportunities for future technology development and cost optimization. Implications of the study and a cooperative profit-sharing model for sourcing are also described.
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Sundling, Rikard, Åke Blomsterberg, and Anne Landin. "Enabling energy-efficient renovation: the case of vertical extension to buildings." Construction Innovation 19, no. 1 (March 5, 2019): 2–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ci-04-2018-0034.
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Purpose This paper is based on a study of six similar buildings built in Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1971, which were in urgent need of renovation. A life cycle profit analysis shows how four competing concepts were evaluated to find a financially viable renovation concept; additionally, the environmental impacts of these renovation concepts using a life cycle assessment are presented. Design/methodology/approach Four renovation concepts are compared to find the most appropriate concept, namely, minimalist, code-compliant, low-energy and low-energy plus vertical extension concepts. The methods used for comparison are life cycle profit analysis and life cycle impact assessment; the methods used for data gathering included site visits, interviews, document study, co-benefits study and energy simulation. Findings The findings show that vertical extension supported the energy-efficient renovation of the buildings and that the combination of low-energy and the vertical extension had the highest return on investment and the lowest environmental impact. The selected concept for renovating the remaining five buildings combined was the low-energy plus vertical extension. Additional benefits from vertical extension include more apartments in central locations for the housing company, a wider variety of apartment layouts and a wider range of tenants. Drawbacks include increased use of infrastructure, green space and common appliances, as well as gentrification. Originality/value This study shows how a vertical extension can financially enable an energy-efficient renovation and further lower its environmental impact. Benefits and drawbacks of densification are also highlighted to better understand the implementation of vertically extending a building.
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Hasan, Mostafa, Lamya Amleh, and Hesham Othman. "Effect of different cement content and water cement ratio on carbonation depth and probability of carbonation induced corrosion for concrete." Cement Wapno Beton 27, no. 2 (2022): 126–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32047/cwb.2022.27.2.4.
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Nowadays transportation infrastructure is subjected to a high percentage of carbon dioxide emissions. CO 2 greatly affects the carbonation depth of concrete, which can affect the deck for reinforced concrete bridges causing corrosion to steel reinforcement. Cement content and water to cement ratio greatly influence the carbonation depth of concrete. This study aims to investigate the effect of climate change on carbonation depth by considering different Representative Concentration Pathways [RCPs]. In addition, the effect of different compressive strengths on the carbonation depth was investigated in this research. Additionally, the effect of different cement contents on the probability of carbonation-induced corrosion has been investigated. Two parameters are considered, namely, the cement content 400 kg/m3, 350 kg/m3, and 250 kg/m3 and, the water to cement ratio [0.45 and 0.55]. This study RCPs for CO2 concentrations. The RCP [2.6, 4.5, 6, and 8.5] trajectory was used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC], which represents low emission pathways, intermediate emission pathways, and high emission pathways, respectively. Carbonation depth has been estimated using Yoon’s and Stewart’s equations. Furthermore, the probability of carbonation-induced corrosion has been investigated using Monte Carlo simulation and the first-order reliability method at different cement contents for RCP 8.5. The percentage increase in the carbonation depth using Yoon’s compared to Stewart’s equations for concrete mixes which consist of different water to cement ratios and cement content for the years 2025 and 2100 for both RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 were calculated. Finally, the probability of carbonation-induced corrosion conducted by FORM for cement content of 250 kg/m3 has been increased by 18% compared to the probability of carbonation including cement content equal to 400 kg/m 3 for the year 2100.
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Kogan, Konstantin, and Charles S. Tapiero. "Optimal co-investment in supply chain infrastructure." European Journal of Operational Research 192, no. 1 (January 2009): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2007.08.038.
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Chippagiri, Ravijanya, Hindavi R. Gavali, Rahul V. Ralegaonkar, Mike Riley, Andy Shaw, and Ana Bras. "Application of Sustainable Prefabricated Wall Technology for Energy Efficient Social Housing." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 23, 2021): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031195.
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Under the India “Housing for all” scheme, 20 million urban houses have to be constructed by 2022, which requires the rate of construction to be around 8000 houses/day. Previous results by the team show that present design methods for affordable buildings and structures in India need improvement. The challenges are the disposal of solid waste generated from agro-industrial activities and the energy peak demand in extremely hot and cold seasons. The development of bio-based urban infrastructure which can adapt to the climatic conditions has been proposed. Inclusion of sustainable materials such as agro-industrial by-products and insulation materials has resulted in effective environmental sustainability and climate change adaptability. Precast components are highlighted as a suitable solution for this purpose as well as to fulfil the need of mass housing. India has a lesser record in implementing this prefab technology when compared to a global view. For the first time, a novel and sustainable prefab housing solution is tested for scale-up using industrial waste of co-fired blended ash (CBA) and the results are presented here. A model house of real scale measuring 3 × 3 × 3 m3 was considered as a base case and is compared with 17 other combinations of model house with varying alignment of prefab panels. Comparison was made with commercially available fly ash brick and CBA brick with a conventional roof slab. A simulation study was conducted regarding cost and energy analysis for all the 18 cases. Various brick and panel compositions with CBA for housing were tried and the superior composition was selected. Similarly, 18 model houses of real scale were simulated, with different combinations of walls made of bricks or panels and different building orientations, to check the impact on energy peak cooling and cost. Results show that peak cooling load can be reduced by six times with bio-based prefab panels. Prefab construction can be considered for mass housing ranging above 100 housing units, each consisting of an area of 25 m2.
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Molefe, Edward Kagiso, and Katleho Daniel Makatjane. "ROADS TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRADE FACILITATION IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE MONTE-CARLO SIMULATION APPROACH." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE 8, no. 3 (2020): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15604/ejef.2020.08.03.001.
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Trade facilitation is effectively linked to the capacity of existing transport infrastructure. Therefore, the development of transport related infrastructure plays a pivotal role in ensuring that this policy is fully implemented. The primary objective of this current study is to empirically examine the extreme effects of roads transport infrastructure on the implementation of trade facilitation policy (trade simplification and harmonization) in South Africa. This follows the fact that almost 90 per cent of cargo in South Africa and other SADC countries is transported using roads transport. The Threshold Vector Error Correction Model (TVECM) is adopted in this current study to estimate nonlinear effects of roads transport infrastructure on trade facilitation policy. Moreover, this study employs the Ali-Mikhail-Haq copulas and uses the residuals of the TVECM to predict the extreme dependence between roads transport infrastructure and trade facilitation. The results obtained in this study discovered that an estimated TVECM (1) was a good framework for interpreting the co-movement of roads transport infrastructure and trade facilitation in South Africa. The study concluded that roads transport infrastructure has extreme effects on trade facilitation since the correlation margins of the variables are extremely tight. Therefore, without proper roads transport infrastructure in place, trade simplification and harmonization as stipulated in the trade facilitation policy will remain a challenge in South Africa. This will also have a detrimental effects on imports and exports of South Africa since trading will continue to be time consuming and costly.
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Hayashi, Haruo, and Mitsuhiro Higashida. "Special Issue on ICT Based Disaster Resilient Society”." Journal of Disaster Research 5, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 619–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2010.p0619.
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This special issue on ICT Based Disaster Resilient Society features ten articles resulting from a collaborative research project on natural disaster management conducted by the Kyoto University Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI) researchers and information and communication technology (ICT) experts from Nippon Telegram and Telegraph Co. Ltd (NTT). For the last two years, they have been studying on how to make society more disaster resilient through proper ICT use focusing on cloud computing, the 20th century’s greatest invention. In part of a formal research partnership agreement signed in 2005, Kyoto University and NTT have been promoting new research in disaster management. The first two years showed with little concrete achievement beyond implementing one small research project - not exactly what the agreement envisioned. In 2008, volunteers from Kyoto University and NTT meeting to determine the reason found a tactical mistake - starting by picking projects collaboratively assuming that DPRI and NTT’s disaster management research section shared the same vision and understanding of disaster management. Fundamental differences in research focus also raised problems in finding suitable collaborative research activities. Briefly, at least three tiers existed for promoting ICT based disaster resilient society: 1) the ICT system infrastructure, 2) the operating system, and 3) individual applications in making society more disaster resilient. NTT was focusing on the first two tiers and DPRI on the last top tier. With this common understanding clarified, collaborative research was set in 2008 on ICT Based Disaster Resilient Society to formulate common ground between the two groups of researchers sharing a common operational picture. One result was a 2009 book from Nikkei BP Publications disseminating to the general public what disaster resilient society looks like, what can be done, and how to do it. This special issue goes one step further by delivering these research efforts to a worldwide audience. The first three articles, from the NTT group, describe the ICT basis for making society more disaster resilient, focusing on recent cloud computing advances as the projected venue for disaster management information systems. In article 1, Iwatsuki et al. introduce the autonomous, scattered, but coordinated network concept in a brief history of “Realization of Resilient Society with Information Technology Revolution.” Article 2 has Maeda et al. explained how the ICT system infrastructure, the next-generation network (NGN), provides better disaster management services in “Next Generation ICT Services Underlying the Resilient Society.” In article 3, Higashida et al. detail how organizational structures and information processing systems operate and are improved continuously through the NGN-based ICT infrastructure in “Risk Management and Intelligence Management During Emergency.” Six articles, from the DPRI group, deal with how ICT based information systems help calculate different damage due to different natural hazards, help strategically in compiling disaster management planning, and help implement effective emergency response and recovery. Kamai proposes how local communities can use land-slide databases offered through cloud computing in “Neural Network-Based Risk Assessment of Artificial Fill Slope in Residential Urban Region.” Fukuoka introduces an attempt to set up worldwide landslide databases in “Application of ICT to Contribution to Resilient Society Against Landslides.” Kobayashi et al. analyze the relationship between flooding and economic loss using detailed numerical simulation in “Development of a Framework for the Flood Economic Risk Assessment Using Vector GIS Data.” Chen et al. estimate possible impact of the Tokai-Tonakai-Nankai earthquake predicted in the 2030s taking into account Japan’s dwindling population from a disaster planning perspective in “Adapting the Demographic Transition in Preparation for the Tokai-Tonankai-Nankai Earthquake.” One objective of ICT based information infrastructures is to help society recover quickly from disaster impact through minimal damage and loss. Hatayama et al. introduce two risk-adaptive regional management information system (RARMIS) concept applications in “Implementation Technology for a Disaster Response Support System for Local Government.” Urakawa et al. introduce elaborated ICT based life recovery for disaster victims implemented in Kashiwazaki City, devastated by the 2007 Niigata Chuetsu-oki earthquake, in “Building Comprehensive Disaster Victim Support System.” The last article, “Risk Management for Hospitals Using the Incident Report,” reports wider collaborative research covering risk areas outside of natural hazards and the formulation of a research group going beyond DPRI. Takeda et al. introduce an ICT based system to help risk managers at Kyoto University Hospital by automatically analyzing medical incident reports. We editors would like to sincerely thank the Kyoto University and NTT collaborative researchers on ICT Based Disaster Resilient Society for their contribution and support. We would like to note with sincere appreciation that this publication is made possible in part by the support from “Special Project for Metropolitan Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Tokyo Metropolitan Area (2007-2011)” by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (MEXT). We also thank Wakai of Fuji Technology Press Ltd. for his dedicated compilation of this special issue.
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Hayajneh, Hassan S., and Xuewei Zhang. "Evaluation of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Network Planning via a Co-Evolution Approach." Energies 13, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010025.
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The optimal planning of electric vehicle charging infrastructure has attracted extensive research interest in recent years. Most of the optimization problems were formulated by assuming that the configurations will be fixed at the optimal solution while overlooking the fact that the charging stations and the electric vehicles are “evolving” over time and have mutual impacts. On the other hand, little attention has been paid to evaluate the performance of the solutions in such a dynamic environment. Motivated by these gaps, this work develops a simulation model that captures the interactions between charging station configurations and electric vehicle population (and the preference of electric vehicles when choosing charging station). This modeling framework is then implemented to evaluate the performance of planned charging infrastructure in providing services to electric vehicles. Two indicators are calculated, i.e., usage rate and rejection rate. The former measures the “waste” due to abundant facilities installed; the latter measures the inadequacy of planned facilities, especially when the electric vehicle population is larger. The simulation results presented in this work validate the model and show the potential of the model not only to evaluate designs but also to be used for optimal planning in subsequent works.
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Celeita, David, Mario A. Rios, David M. Laverty, Jaime Forero, Andres F. Moreno-Jaramillo, and Sean McLoone. "IEC 61850-9-2 based module for state estimation in co-simulated power grids." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 2555. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2555-2567.
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<p><span lang="EN-US">This paper presents a research context on the virtualization of phasor measurement units (PMUs) and real-time power grids simulation with state estimation. In this research, real-time simulation is introduced to use powerful features for validating state estimation solutions with PMUs. Virtual and online measurement equipment are reviewed in this manuscript to develop an innovative integration of the OpenPMU incorporated with a real-time simulation power grid and additional virtualized PMUs. The implementation of the platform has useful features within the infrastructure that allows the user to reproduce a detailed modeled power grid with simulation software. The use of real-time simulation tools brings several possibilities for improving testing and prototype assessment with higher precision in different applications. In this case, 2 tests power systems are evaluated by realistic integration of IEC61850-9-2 data utilization to observe the performance of a customized state estimation approach. The study implements a versatile methodology for commissioning OpenPMU devices, interacting simultaneously with additional virtual PMUs within the same simulation through sampled values (SV) to validate the measurement frames and assess the estimation with the generated data. Finally, the proposed work identifies the potential of virtualizing PMUs and the features of the OpenPMU applied to state estimation in conjunction with real-time simulation data.</span></p>
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Egorushkov, M. Yu, V. Yu Ivanov, A. A. Murugov, and A. V. Sheverdin. "High efficiency gas-turbine power generator GTU-2U." Power and Autonomous equipment 2, no. 4 (January 24, 2020): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32464/2618-8716-2019-2-4-185-195.
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Introduction: the analysis of the main areas of energy transition (energie wende) from fossil fuels and nuclear power generation to renewable sources of energy has identified the following four key problems: electric power shortage; ageing of power generation facilities; insufficient infrastructure; growing demand for gas fuel. In Russia, distributed small-scale power generation facilities serve those consumers who have no access to centralized power supply or network channels of regular power generation. A combination of versatile approaches to electric power generation should be applied in the course of designing a specific energy generation facility in this context.Methods: the research project represents an analysis of the works written by the leading Russian and foreign researchers specializing on power engineering, namely, energy supply to consumers. The expert assessment method has identified the niches which are best fitted by gas turbine facilities. Computerized and simulation modeling techniques were used to perform the analytical and statistical processing of the project findings.Results and discussion: the trend for the structural improvement of small-scale liquefied natural gas facilities has been identified in the course of the research. The author has substantiated development of systems for power supply to smallcapacity liquefied natural gas production facilities. The proposed gas turbine GTU-2U is designated for generation of electric energy, if in operation as a standalone facility as part of a centralized heating and power plant in the standalone mode of operation, or in case of concurrent operation along with an energy generation system within the framework of distributed small capacity networks. The co-authors have substantiated the unit’s practical application and identified the GTU-2U distribution market both in Russia and abroad: small capacity distributed power generation industry and power supply to small-capacity liquefied natural gas production facilities. The latter is a relatively new market which is in the process of proactive development both in mature and developing economies. This power supply pattern will enable to monetize gas deposits, located far from pipelines and to supply gas to hard-to-access regions.Conclusion: the key trends in the development of the contemporary power generation industry are considered in the article. Gas turbine unit GTU-2U has been designed. This unit is capable of generating power both as a standalone facility, as a component of a centralized heating and power plant in the standalone mode of operation, or in case of concurrent operation along with an energy generation system. Its strengths substantiate its practical application both in the Russian and international power generation markets.
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Panossian, Nadia V., Haitam Laarabi, Keith Moffat, Heather Chang, Bryan Palmintier, Andrew Meintz, Timothy E. Lipman, and Rashid A. Waraich. "Architecture for Co-Simulation of Transportation and Distribution Systems with Electric Vehicle Charging at Scale in the San Francisco Bay Area." Energies 16, no. 5 (February 24, 2023): 2189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052189.
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This work describes the Grid-Enhanced, Mobility-Integrated Network Infrastructures for Extreme Fast Charging (GEMINI) architecture for the co-simulation of distribution and transportation systems to evaluate EV charging impacts on electric distribution systems of a large metropolitan area and the surrounding rural regions with high fidelity. The current co-simulation is applied to Oakland and Alameda, California, and in future work will be extended to the full San Francisco Bay Area. It uses the HELICS co-simulation framework to enable parallel instances of vetted grid and transportation software programs to interact at every model timestep, allowing high-fidelity simulations at a large scale. This enables not only the impacts of electrified transportation systems across a larger interconnected collection of distribution feeders to be evaluated, but also the feedbacks between the two systems, such as through control systems, to be captured and compared. The findings are that with moderate passenger EV adoption rates, inverter controls combined with some distribution system hardware upgrades can maintain grid voltages within ANSI C.84 range A limits of 0.95 to 1.05 p.u. without smart charging. However, EV charging control may be required for higher levels of charging or to reduce grid upgrades, and this will be explored in future work.
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Azeez, Omer, Biswajeet Pradhan, and Helmi Shafri. "Vehicular CO Emission Prediction Using Support Vector Regression Model and GIS." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2018): 3434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103434.
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Transportation infrastructures play a significant role in the economy as they provide accessibility services to people. Infrastructures such as highways, road networks, and toll plazas are rapidly growing based on changes in transportation modes, which consequently create congestions near toll plaza areas and intersections. These congestions exert negative impacts on human health and the environment because vehicular emissions are considered as the main source of air pollution in urban areas and can cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In this study, we developed a hybrid model based on the integration of three models, correlation-based feature selection (CFS), support vector regression (SVR), and GIS, to predict vehicular emissions at specific times and locations on roads at microscale levels in an urban areas of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The proposed model comprises three simulation steps: first, the selection of the best predictors based on CFS; second, the prediction of vehicular carbon monoxide (CO) emissions using SVR; and third, the spatial simulation based on maps by using GIS. The proposed model was developed with seven road traffic CO predictors selected via CFS (sum of vehicles, sum of heavy vehicles, heavy vehicle ratio, sum of motorbikes, temperature, wind speed, and elevation). Spatial prediction was conducted based on GIS modelling. The vehicular CO emissions were measured continuously at 15 min intervals (recording 15 min averages) during weekends and weekdays twice per day (daytime, evening-time). The model’s results achieved a validation accuracy of 80.6%, correlation coefficient of 0.9734, mean absolute error of 1.3172 ppm and root mean square error of 2.156 ppm. In addition, the most appropriate parameters of the prediction model were selected based on the CFS model. Overall, the proposed model is a promising tool for traffic CO assessment on roads.
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da Cunha, Guilherme Pereira, José Luiz de Medeiros, and Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo. "Technical Evaluation of the Applicability of Gas-Liquid Membrane Contactors for CO2 Removal from CO2 Rich Natural Gas Streams in Offshore Rigs." Materials Science Forum 965 (July 2019): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.965.29.
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This work aimed to fulfill a technical evaluation of the applicability of gas-liquid membrane contactors (GLMC) to remove CO2 from CO2 rich natural gas in offshore rigs. For this purpose, a simulation case in HYSYS 8.8 (AspenTech) was performed to remove CO2 from a natural gas stream with concentration of 40% mol CO2 using an aqueous solution of monoethanolamine (MEA) 30% w/w. GLMC unit operation is not available in HYSYS, though. Hence, it was necessary to develop a mathematical model based on log-mean of differences of CO2 fugacities in both phases. Moreover, a GLMC Unit Operation Extension (UOE) was created for GLMC units to run in the process simulator HYSYS 8.8 using its thermodynamic infrastructure. The developed GLMC unit operation extension performed accordingly to the expected behavior. For a gas feed flow rate of 5 MMNm3/d (typical from FPSO's), the calculated total GLMC mass transfer area was 1,986 m2, which requires 14 GLMC modules. Consequently, this operation showed to be a feasible option for CO2 removal in natural gas conditioning on offshore rigs. The heat ratio in the reboilers of CO2 stripping columns was found to be 167 kJ/mol, compatible with data found in the literature of CO2-MEA-H2O systems.
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Fuhrmann, Thomas, Matthew C. Garthwaite, and Simon McClusky. "Investigating GNSS multipath effects induced by co-located Radar Corner Reflectors." Journal of Applied Geodesy 15, no. 3 (April 3, 2021): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jag-2020-0040.
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Abstract Radar Corner Reflectors (CR) are increasingly used as reference targets for land surface deformation measurements with the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique. When co-located with ground-based Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) infrastructure, InSAR observations at CR can be used to integrate relative measurements of surface deformation into absolute reference frames defined by GNSS. However, CR are also a potential source of GNSS multipath effects and may therefore have a detrimental effect on the GNSS observations. In this study, we compare daily GNSS coordinate time series and 30-second signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) observations for periods before and after CR deployment at a GNSS site. We find that neither the site coordinates nor the SNR values are significantly affected by the CR deployment, with average changes being within 0.1 mm for site coordinates and within 1 % for SNR values. Furthermore, we generate empirical site models by spatially stacking GNSS observation residuals to visualise and compare the spatial pattern in the surroundings of GNSS sites. The resulting stacking maps indicate oscillating patterns at elevation angles above 60 degrees which can be attributed to the CR deployed at the analysed sites. The effect depends on the GNSS antenna used at a site with the magnitude of multipath patterns being around three times smaller for a high-quality choke ring antenna compared to a ground plane antenna without choke rings. In general, the CR-induced multipath is small compared to multipath effects at other GNSS sites located in a different environment (e. g. mounted on a building).
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Nepelski, Mariusz. "Police simulation systems in the education process of traffic police officers." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 198, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 845–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5867.
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Technologies supporting the process of educating police personnel have become an indispensable element of the infrastructure of police schools. The primary source of financing for the technologies built is the National Center for Research and Development. In consultation with the Minister of National Defense and the minister competent for internal affairs, the institution carries out activities related to research for the benefit of state security and defense. In competitions for specifically defined research topics, projects that promise the most considerable real increase in national security are financed. The programs and projects being implemented aim not only to increase the Polish scientific and industrial entities’ potential but also to strive for technological independence by creating Polish “know-how” in critical technologies in the area of national security and defense. The article presents technologies supporting the training process of traffic officers developed by Polish scientific and industrial consortia. The first presented trainer is Simulator Supporting the Training of Police Officers in the Implementation of Activities at the Scene of a Road Accident (project no. DOB-BIO9/06/01/2018). On the other hand, the second training solution presented in the article is the Emergency Vehicle Driving Simulator During Typical and Extreme Operations (project no. OROB 001101/ID/11/1). The mentioned projects were co-financed by the National Center for Research and Development as part of a competition for the implementation and financing projects in the field of scientific research or development work for the national defense and security.
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Datciuk, Tamara, Vladimir Vasil’ev, and Vera Ulyasheva. "Analysis of the state of the air environment in the underground parking." E3S Web of Conferences 371 (2023): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337102008.
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Preserving the ecological comfort of the urban environment forces architects to look for compromise solutions. One of them is the development of underground urbanism not only for transport infrastructures, but also for public buildings. In this case, environmental issues are relevant. The air quality in underground parking lots and in the adjacent area must comply with environmental standards. Underground parking lots are local sources of pollution. Therefore, during the construction of parking lots, design solutions should be carefully analyzed, especially ventilation issues. An effective method is mathematical modeling. The article considers the use of numerical simulation for the organization of ventilation using jet ventilation. The results of numerical simulation of a system of differential equations describing the processes of heat and mass transfer using a modern system of jet ventilation are presented. The use of jet fans makes it possible to ensure the permissible concentration of CO in the exhaust shafts. It is substantiated that the choice of locations for jet fans should be based on the analysis of velocity fields and concentrations of harmful substances. The article considers the features of jet ventilation in underground car parkings. The results of a numerical simulation of a system of differential equations describing heat and mass transfer processes using a modern jet ventilation system are presented using the example of an underground parking.