Journal articles on the topic 'Co-existence agreement'
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1
Schulze-Fielitz, Helmuth. "Coalition Agreements in the Federal Republic of Germany as a Juridical Problem." Israel Law Review 26, no. 4 (1992): 544–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700011183.
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Coalition agreements are resolutions which come into existence for a legislative period fixed by the agreement of two or more political parties. These parties are part of a ‘parliament’, which by a majority vote decides to form and support a government. Such practice, however, can be carried out only by a ‘hung parliament’ consisting of several political parties, each enjoying less than an evident absolute majority, and thus unable to form a government membered by a single political party.Once in existence, the coalition stands as agreed by the parties forming the government. The party members are obliged to co-operate in order to promote the interests of the government of the ‘multi-party-state’, in accordance with the constitution.
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Fiedler, Ines, Tom Güldemann, and Benedikt Winkhart. "The two concurrent gender systems of Mba." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 74, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 303–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2021-1034.
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Abstract This paper describes the gender system of the Ubangi language Mba, which can be characterized by the co-existence of two different classification systems. The ‘formal agreement’ system is tightly bound with the nominal deriflection system, while the ‘semantic agreement’ system, by contrast, emanates from a tripartite distinction in the language made between masculine humans, other animates, and inanimates. Whereas formal agreement is manifested on different elements that modify the head noun, the semantic agreement system operates in the pronominal domain, mostly outside the noun phrase.
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Handayani, Mira, Yuslim Yuslim, and Ulfanora Ulfanora. "Legal Standing of Work Order (SPK) by the Existence of Agreement on the Procurement of Public Goods in the Education Office of Padang City." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, no. 5 (October 19, 2019): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i5.1090.
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Legal relation between user and provider, that occurs during the process of signing the agreement on the procurement of goods and services until the process of terminating the agreement, is called civil law relation which is specified as contractual relation. In the process of user and service user agreement, the government is represented by Budget User or Proxy or Commitment Officer (CO) or Procurement Official as an individual. Regarding this matter, the research problem is on how the legal standing of work order by the existence the public procurement agreement and on how the contractual relation between the Commitment Officer (CO) and the procurement of goods and services for the procurement of public goods at the Education Office of Padang City. This research employs empirical juridical approach. Based on the result of the research, it is found that the legal standing of work order, in addition to part of the contract, is also the decision of state administration in carrying out public authority in the form of procurement of goods and services which is violated through the state finance. In the meantime, the contractual relation of the parties is basically the same as the contract or agreement in general; the contract is binding on the parties such as laws in a lawful relationship and obligations.
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Tran, S., B. Bonsang, V. Gros, I. Peeken, R. Sarda-Esteve, A. Bernhardt, and S. Belviso. "A survey of carbon monoxide and non-methane hydrocarbons in the Arctic Ocean during summer 2010: assessment of the role of phytoplankton." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 4 (April 18, 2012): 4727–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-4727-2012.
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Abstract. During the ARK XXV 1+2 expedition in the Arctic Ocean carried out in June–July 2010 aboard the R/V Polarstern, we measured carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and phytoplankton pigments at the sea surface and down to a depth of 100 m. The CO and NMHC sea-surface concentrations were highly variable; CO, propene and isoprene levels ranged from 0.6 to 17.5 nmol l−1, 1 to 322 pmol l−1 and 1 to 541 pmol l−1, respectively. The CO and alkene concentrations were enhanced in polar waters off of Greenland, which were more stratified because of ice melting and richer in chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) than typical North Atlantic waters. The spatial distribution of the surface concentrations of CO was consistent with our current understanding of CO-induced UV photo-production in the sea. The vertical distributions of the CO and alkenes followed the trend of light penetration, with the concentrations displaying a relatively regular exponential decrease down to non-measurable values below 50 m. However, no diurnal variations of CO or alkene concentrations were observed in the stratified and irradiated surface layers. This finding suggests that the production and removal processes of CO and alkenes were tightly coupled. We tentatively determined a first-order rate constant for the microbial consumption of CO of 0.5 d−1, which is in agreement with previous studies. On several occasions, we observed the existence of subsurface CO maxima at the level of the deep chlorophyll maximum. This finding represents field evidence for the existence of a non-photochemical CO production pathway, most likely of phytoplanktonic origin. The corresponding production rates normalized to the chlorophyll content were in the range of those estimated from laboratory experiments. In general, the vertical distributions of isoprene followed that of the phytoplankton biomass. Hence, oceanic data support the existence of biological production of CO and isoprene in the Arctic Ocean.
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Salda, Muhammad, and Muhammad Ridha. "Legal Protection Against Customers Using Bank Aceh Co-Brand Bank Mandiri Credit Card Products After Bank Aceh Syari'ah Conversion." Syiah Kuala Law Journal 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 88–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/sklj.v5i1.20190.
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Banking products are inseparable from the existence of an agreement between the Bank and the customer, as stipulated in Article 1338 paragraph (3) of the Civil Code, one of the requirements that must be met in applying the principle of freedom of contract is the good faith of the party making the agreement. Good faith in the implementation stage of the agreement is propriety, where the principle applies equally to both conventional and Sharia banking systems, one of the concrete forms of which is to provide clear information to customers. In this case, it turns out that the Bank Aceh product, namely the Bank Aceh Co-Brand Bank Mandiri credit card, does not provide clear information to customers that the products they use use conventional principles and have a time period. So that the legal problem is how the legal protection for customers who hold Sharia Card. The research was carried out using the empirical juridical research method using a statute approach. The results of the research show that for 3 years according to the time period agreed by the parties in the agreement of the Bank Aceh Co-Brand Credit Card, Bank Mandiri did not explain conversion problems, including ownership of databases, documents and rights, legal ownership of Bank Aceh data also gave to the Bank. Mandiri, as referred to in Article 5 paragraph (5.1.) Number 1 states that, "Bank Aceh is the legal owner of the Bank Aceh customer database provided to Bank Mandiri in connection with the cooperation as stipulated in this Agreement" this should be and is related to changes to the system of conventional to be shari'ah must be informed to the customer.
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Serinsoz, Serdar, Remzi Akturk, and Sibel Bayramoglu. "Erratum: Comparison of cardiac magnetic resonance and cardiac ultrasound imaging findings in congenital and acquired heart diseases (2020, vol. 15, br. 2, str. 115-20, doi:10.24125/sanamed.v15i2.418)." Sanamed 17, no. 3 (2022): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sanamed2203229s.
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The authors of this paper informed us about the existence of an error. Remzi Akturk has been listed as a co-author in this article. In order to prevent ethical issues, all authors of this article agreed that he should be listed as a guest author instead of co-author because he did not contribute in data collecting. Because of that, the name Remzi Akturk is removed from the author's list in this article. All authors send a signed agreement that the name of Remzi Akturk must be removed from the author's list. According to this, the list of the authors on pages 115 and 119 "Serdar Serinsoz, Remzi Akturk, Sibel Bayramoglu" should be replaced with: "Serdar Serinsoz, Sibel Bayramoglu"
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Serinsoz, Serdar, Remzi Akturk, and Sibel Bayramoglu. "Erratum: Comparison of cardiac magnetic resonance and cardiac ultrasound imaging findings in congenital and acquired heart diseases (2020, vol. 15, br. 2, str. 115-20, doi:10.24125/sanamed.v15i2.418)." Sanamed 17, no. 3 (2022): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sanamed17-41965.
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The authors of this paper informed us about the existence of an error. Remzi Akturk has been listed as a co-author in this article. In order to prevent ethical issues, all authors of this article agreed that he should be listed as a guest author instead of co-author because he did not contribute in data collecting. Because of that, the name Remzi Akturk is removed from the author's list in this article. All authors send a signed agreement that the name of Remzi Akturk must be removed from the author's list. According to this, the list of the authors on pages 115 and 119 "Serdar Serinsoz, Remzi Akturk, Sibel Bayramoglu" should be replaced with: "Serdar Serinsoz, Sibel Bayramoglu"
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Rameš, Michal, Vít Kopecký, and Oleg Heczko. "Compositional Dependence of Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy in Fe-, Co-, and Cu-Alloyed Ni-Mn-Ga." Metals 12, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12010133.
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The key for the existence of magnetic induced reorientation is strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy, i.e., the coupling between ferroelastic and ferromagnetic ordering. To increase the transformation temperatures and thus functionality, various elemental alloying in Ni-Mn-Ga is tried. We analyzed more than twenty polycrystalline alloys alloyed by small amount (up to 5atom%) of transitional metals Co, Fe, Ni, and Cu for the value of magnetic anisotropy in search of general trends with alloying. In agreement with previous reports, we found that maximum anisotropy occurs at stoichiometric Ni2MnGa and any alloying decreases its value. The strongest decrease of the anisotropy is observed in the case where the alloyed elements substitute Ga.
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Bang, Wonbae, M. T. Kaffash, M. T. Hossain, A. Hoffmann, J. B. Ketterson, and M. B. Jungfleisch. "Spin dynamics in permalloy nano-ellipses for honeycomb and square lattices." AIP Advances 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 035131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/9.0000307.
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We report experimental and theoretical studies of spin dynamics in lattice structures of permalloy (Ni80Fe20) nano-ellipses, with four different types of networks including honeycomb and square lattices. The lattices are patterned at the center line of the co-planar wave guide and consist of non-contacting or contacting ellipses. Micromagnetic simulations show excellent agreement with the broadband ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) experimental results. We find the existence of a spin-wave mode localized in the vertex region of the contacting nano-ellipse network. Our finding has important implications when designing an artificial spin ice (ASI) network for functional magnonics.
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Zhu, Lanye. "An Analysis of China's System of Protecting Geographical Indications." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 1 (2006): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2194607800000806.
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AbstractGeographical indications are a kind of intellectual property required to be protected under the TRIPS Agreement of the WTO. In order to fulfil its WTO obligations, China started to protect geographical indications even before it was formally admitted to the WTO. At present, geographical indications can be protected in Chinese law through one or both of the following ways: trademark registration pursuant to the Trademark Law, and the registration of special labels bearing geographical indications. However, internal problems exist within both of these systems, and the co-existence of the systems also creates conflicts. This article analyses these problems and proposes ways of resolving them.
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Mikhailov, Oleg V., and Denis V. Chachkov. "DFT Quantum-Chemical Modeling Molecular Structures of Cobalt Macrocyclic Complexes with Porphyrazine or Its Benzo-Derivatives and Two Oxygen Acido Ligands." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 23 (November 29, 2020): 9085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239085.
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Based on the results of a quantum chemical calculation using the DFT method with the OPBE/TZVP and B3PW91/TZVP levels, the possibility of the existence of three cobalt heteroligand complexes containing in the inner coordination sphere porphyrazine, di[benzo]- and tetra[benzo]porphyrazine, and two oxygen (O2−) ions with probable oxidation state VI of Co, which is unknown for this element at the present time, was shown. Data on the structural parameters are presented. It was shown that CoN4 chelate nodes as well as all metal-chelate and non-chelate cycles in each of these complexes, were strictly planar. Besides, the bond angles formed by two donor nitrogen atoms and a Co atom were close or equal to 90°, while the bond angles formed by donor atoms N, Co, and O, in most cases, albeit insignificantly, differed from this value. Good agreement between the calculated data obtained using the above two versions of the DFT method was found. Standard thermodynamic parameters of formation (standard enthalpy ΔH0f, 298, entropy S0f, 298 and Gibbs’s energy ΔG0f, 298) for the indicated complexes were presented too.
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De Paula, Aline S., Marcelo A. Savi, Vahid Vaziri, Ekaterina Pavlovskaia, and Marian Wiercigroch. "Experimental bifurcation control of a parametric pendulum." Journal of Vibration and Control 23, no. 14 (November 1, 2015): 2256–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546315613237.
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The aim of the study is to maintain the desired period-1 rotation of the parametric pendulum over a wide range of the excitation parameters. Here the Time-Delayed Feedback control method is employed to suppress those bifurcations, which lead to loss of stability of the desired rotational motion. First, the nonlinear dynamic analysis is carried out numerically for the system without control. Specifically, bifurcation diagrams and basins of attractions are computed showing co-existence of oscillatory and rotary attractors. Then numerical bifurcation diagrams are experimentally validated for a typical set of the system parameters giving undesired bifurcations. Finally, the control has been implemented and investigated both numerically and experimentally showing a good qualitative agreement.
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Liu, Z., D. L. Xu, J. Li, T. Peng, A. Alsaedi, and S. J. Liao. "On the existence of steady-state resonant waves in experiments." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 763 (December 9, 2014): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.658.
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AbstractThis paper describes an experimental investigation of steady-state resonant waves. Several co-propagating short-crested wave trains are generated in a basin at the State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering (SKLOE) in Shanghai, and the wavefields are measured and analysed both along and normal to the direction of propagation. These steady-state resonant waves are first calculated theoretically under the exact resonance criterion with sufficiently high nonlinearity, and then are generated in the basin by means of the main wave components that contain at least 95 % of the wave energy. The steady-state wave spectra are quantitatively observed within the inherent system error of the basin and identified by means of a contrasting experiment. Both symmetrical and anti-symmetrical steady-state resonant waves are observed and the experimental and theoretical results show excellent agreement. These results offer the first experimental evidence of the existence of steady-state resonant waves with multiple solutions.
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Bengoa, Marta, Blanca Sanchez-Robles, and Yochanan Shachmurove. "Do Trade and Investment Agreements Promote Foreign Direct Investment within Latin America? Evidence from a Structural Gravity Model." Mathematics 8, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 1882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8111882.
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Latin America has experienced a surge in foreign direct investment (FDI) in the last two decades, in parallel with the ratification of major regional trade agreements (RTAs) and bilateral investment treaties (BITs). This paper uses the latest developments in the structural gravity model theory to study if the co-existence of BITs and two major regional agreements, Mercosur and the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI), exerts enhancing or overlapping effects on FDI for eleven countries in Latin America over the period 1995–2018. The study is novel as it accounts for variations in the degree of investment protection across BITs within Latin America by computing a quality index of BITs. It also explores the nature of interactions (enhancing/overlapping effects) between RTAs and BITs. The findings reveal that belonging to a well-established regional trade agreement, such as Mercosur, is significantly more effective than BITs in fostering intra-regional FDI. Phasing-in effects are large and significant and there is evidence of enhancing effects. Results within the bloc are heterogeneous: BITs exert a positive, but small effect, for middle income countries. However, BITs are not effective in attracting FDI in the case of middle to low income countries, unless these countries ratify BITs with a high degree of investment protection.
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van Zwieten, Paul A. M., Jeppe Kolding, Michael J. Plank, Robert E. Hecky, Thomas B. Bridgeman, Sally MacIntyre, Ole Seehausen, and Greg M. Silsbe. "The Nile perch invasion in Lake Victoria: cause or consequence of the haplochromine decline?" Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 4 (April 2016): 622–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0130.
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We review alternative hypotheses and associated mechanisms to explain Lake Victoria’s Nile perch (Lates niloticus) takeover and concurrent reduction in haplochromines through a (re)analysis of long-term climate, limnological, and stock observations in comparison with size-spectrum model predictions of co-existence, extinction, and demographic change. The empirical observations are in agreement with the outcomes of the model containing two interacting species with life histories matching Nile perch and a generalized haplochromine. The dynamic interactions may have depended on size-related differences in early juvenile mortality: mouth-brooding haplochromines escape predation mortality in early life stages, unlike Nile perch, which have miniscule planktonic eggs and larvae. In our model, predation on the latter by planktivorous haplochromine fry acts as a stabilizing factor for co-existence, but external mortality on the haplochromines would disrupt this balance in favor of Nile perch. To explain the observed switch, mortality on haplochromines would need to be much higher than the fishing mortality that can be realistically reconstructed from observations. Abrupt concomitant changes in algal and zooplankton composition, decreased water column transparency, and widespread hypoxia from increased eutrophication most likely caused haplochromine biomass decline. We hypothesize that the shift to Nile perch was a consequence of an externally caused, climate-triggered decrease in haplochromine biomass and associated recruitment failure rather than a direct cause of the introduction.
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DOEDEL, EUSEBIUS J., and CARLOS L. PANDO L. "HYSTERESIS OF PERIODIC AND CHAOTIC PASSIVE Q-SWITCHING SELF-PULSATIONS IN A MOLECULAR LASER MODEL, AND THE STARK EFFECT AS A CODIMENSION-2 PARAMETER." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 22, no. 10 (October 2012): 1250238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127412502380.
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We give a systematic comparison of a molecular model for a CO 2 laser with a fast saturable absorber and a reduced version of this model. Overall, we find that there is good agreement between these models. We use numerical continuation algorithms to analyze the bifurcation structure of the equations, and complement the results by numerical simulations to model possible experiments. Our study predicts the existence of isolas of periodic passive Q-switching self-pulsations and a rich structure of Q-intervals of stability for these periodic orbits, where Q represents the incoherent pump of the laser. These intervals correspond to the observed phenomenon known as period-adding cascades. Computed loci of codimension-1 bifurcations show that a small shift of a secondary parameter in the reduced model with respect to that of the complete model substantially improves their quantitative agreement. This parameter is associated with the action of the Stark effect in the absorber. We also discuss a necessary condition for chaotic windows to arise as Q changes.
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Thornton, S. E., and S. Fraga. "Theoretical studies of peptidic structures. Conformation of the tetrapeptide N-acetyl-Asp-Glu-Lys-Ser-NH-CH3." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 11 (November 1, 1991): 1636–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-239.
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The peptide Asp-Glu-Lys-Ser has been studied using the software package ALTA:maPS, with simulation of the pH conditions and the influence of the solvent, in order to investigate the possible stabilization of its structure by a hydrogen bond and a salt-bridge. The theoretical results confirm the existence of a salt-bridge, between the side chains of the Glu and Lys residues, in aqueous solution at neutral pH but not at acid pH, in agreement with the observation from NMR studies. On the other hand the calculations indicate that no hydrogen bond exists in aqueous solution at either pH. The fact that an in-vacuum simulation shows the existence of a hydrogen bond between the peptidic CO group of the Asp residue and the peptidic NH group of the Ser residue suggests that a molecular dynamics study might confirm that a small percentage (less than 25%) of the peptide molecules may exist as an H-bonded conformer, as postulated from the NMR results. Key words: peptides, conformation, theoretical prediction.
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Queiroz, Eny Regina da Silva, and Roberto de Andrade Medronho. "Overlap between dengue, Zika and chikungunya hotspots in the city of Rio de Janeiro." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): e0273980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273980.
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Background Arboviruses represent a threat to global public health. In the Americas, the dengue fever is endemic. This situation worsens with the introduction of emerging, Zika fever and chikungunya fever, causing epidemics in several countries within the last decade. Hotspot analysis contributes to understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics in the context of co-circulation of these three arboviral diseases, which have the same vector: Aedes aegypti. Objective To analyze the spatial distribution and agreement between the hotspots of the historical series of reported dengue cases from 2000 to 2014 and the Zika, chikungunya and dengue cases hotspots from 2015 to 2019 in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Methods To identify hotspots, Gi* statistics were calculated for the annual incidence rates of reported cases of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya by neighborhood. Kendall’s W statistic was used to analyze the agreement between diseases hotspots. Results There was no agreement between the hotspots of the dengue fever historical series (2000–2014) and those of the emerging Zika fever and chikungunya fever (2015–2019). However, there was agreement between hotspots of the three arboviral diseases between 2015 and 2019. Conclusion The results of this study show the existence of persistent hotspots that need to be prioritized in public policies for the prevention and control of these diseases. The techniques used with data from epidemiological surveillance services can help in better understanding of the dynamics of these diseases wherever they circulate in the world.
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Gomez-Pelaez, Angel J., Ramon Ramos, Emilio Cuevas, Vanessa Gomez-Trueba, and Enrique Reyes. "Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO with the CRDS technique at the Izaña Global GAW station: instrumental tests, developments, and first measurement results." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 4 (April 3, 2019): 2043–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2043-2019.
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Abstract. At the end of 2015, a CO2/CH4/CO cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS) was installed at the Izaña Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station (Tenerife, Spain) to improve the Izaña Greenhouse Gases GAW Measurement Programme, and to guarantee the renewal of the instrumentation and the long-term maintenance of this program. We present the results of the CRDS acceptance tests, the raw data processing scheme applied, and the response functions used. Also, the calibration results, the implemented water vapor correction, the target gas injection statistics, the ambient measurements performed from December 2015 to July 2017, and their comparison with other continuous in situ measurements are described. The agreement with other in situ continuous measurements is good most of the time for CO2 and CH4, but for CO it is just outside the GAW 2 ppb objective. It seems the disagreement is not produced by significant drifts in the CRDS CO World Meteorological Organization (WMO) tertiary standards. The more relevant contributions of the present article are (1) determination of linear relationships between flow rate, CRDS inlet pressure, and CRDS outlet valve aperture; (2) determination of a slight CO2 correction that takes into account changes in the inlet pressure/flow rate (as well as its stability over the years), and attributing it to the existence of a small spatial inhomogeneity in the pressure field inside the CRDS cavity due to the gas dynamics; (3) drift rate determination for the pressure and temperature sensors located inside the CRDS cavity from the CO2 and CH4 response function drift trends; (4) the determination of the H2O correction for CO has been performed using raw spectral peak data instead of the raw CO provided by the CRDS and using a running mean to smooth random noise in a long water-droplet test (12 h) before performing the least square fit; and (5) the existence of a small H2O dependence in the CRDS flow and of a small spatial inhomogeneity in the temperature field inside the CRDS cavity are pointed out and their origin discussed.
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Thonat, T., C. Crevoisier, N. A. Scott, A. Chédin, R. Armante, and L. Crépeau. "Signature of tropical fires in the diurnal cycle of tropospheric CO as seen from Metop-A/IASI." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 19 (October 17, 2014): 26003–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-26003-2014.
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Abstract. Five years (July 2007–June 2012) of CO tropospheric columns derived from the IASI hyperspectral infrared sounder onboard Metop-A are used to study the impact of fires on the concentrations of CO in the mid-troposphere. Following Chédin et al. (2005, 2008), who showed the existence of a daily tropospheric excess of CO2 quantitatively related to fire emissions, we show that tropospheric CO also displays a diurnal signal with a seasonality that is in very good agreement with the seasonal evolution of fires given by GFED3.1 (Global Fire Emission Database) emissions and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) burned area. Unlike daytime or nighttime CO fields, which mix local emissions with nearby emissions transported to the region of study, the day-night difference of CO allows to highlight the CO signal due to local fire emissions. A linear relationship is found in the whole tropical region between CO fire emissions from the GFED3.1 inventory and the diurnal difference of IASI CO (R2 ~ 0.6). Based on the specificity of the two main phases of the combustion (flaming vs. smoldering) and on the vertical sensitivity of the sounder to CO, the following mechanism is proposed to explain such a CO diurnal signal: at night, after the passing of IASI at 9.30 p.m. LT, a large amount of CO emissions from the smoldering phase is trapped in the boundary layer before being uplifted the next morning by natural and pyro-convection up to the free troposphere, where it is seen by IASI at 9.30 a.m. LT. The results presented here highlight the need for developing complementary approaches to bottom-up emissions inventories and for taking into account the specificity of both the flaming and smoldering phases of fire emissions in order to fully take advantage of CO observations.
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Blinova, Yu V., and G. V. Dvoryankin. "Co-Authorship in Russia and Germany: General and Special." Actual Problems of Russian Law 18, no. 1 (December 18, 2022): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2023.146.1.183-197.
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The paper analyzes the provisions of Russian and German legislation on the regulation of co-authorship relations. The study revealed the following features. By virtue of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the joint work of several persons can be carried out in the mode of both separate and inseparable co-authorship, including intermediate modes allocated doctrinally. The German legislator names only inseparable co-authorship as a basis for the appearance of co-authors, all other cases are covered by the regime of linked works. Co-authorship can only arise if there is a joint creative work, which implies the understanding of the co-authors that they work together (subjective criterion), as well as a single period of time, being at the same «stage of production», the existence of an agreement between the co-authors, etc. (objective criterion). German jurisprudence clarifies: co-authorship is not excluded in the case of incremental contributions, but it assumes that each participant has made his own creative contribution, subject to a common idea. It is not required that the co-authors simultaneously participate in all stages of the development of the work. Accordingly, the so-called vertical division of labor is possible, in which the co-authors rely on already created preliminary versions of the work, as well as the horizontal division of labor, when the co-authors simultaneously create separate parts of the work, which then merge into a single work. The presumption in Russia of equal contribution of co-authors to the creation of a common work is applied in Germany on a subsidiary basis, if it is objectively impossible to determine this contribution. The main regulators of the rights of co-authors (authors) in Russia and Germany are the law and the contract, sometimes a court decision. The use of a work created by co-authors is carried out jointly, taking into account the principle of good faith, which is explicitly present in German law and follows from a systemic interpretation of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
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ZHOU, SHIQI. "EXTENDING SIMPLE WEIGHTED DENSITY APPROXIMATION FOR HARD SPHERE FLUID TO LENNARD–JONES FLUID (I): TEST." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 32 (December 30, 2005): 4701–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205033078.
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A theoretical formalism which can be combined with any hard sphere density functional approximations (DFA) to construct DFA for non-hard sphere fluids with a hard or soft core subjected to diverse external potentials is proposed. To show validity and power of the present formalism, we employ a simple weighted density approximation as an illustrating example. It is found that the resultant DFA for Lennard–Jones fluid under influences of diverse extenal potentials is in generally satisfactory agreement with corresponding simulational results even though the co-existence bulk fluid in the particle reservoir with which the non-uniform fluid under consideration is connected, is situated at "dangerous" regions. The significance of the present formalism lies in that it can be combined with any other hard sphere DFAs to construct DFAs for any non-hard sphere fluids with a hard or soft core.
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Ma, Qiaoying, Yongqiang Liu, Shaopu Yang, Yingying Liao, and Baosen Wang. "A Coupling Model of High-Speed Train-Axle Box Bearing and the Vibration Characteristics of Bearing with Defects under Wheel Rail Excitation." Machines 10, no. 11 (November 4, 2022): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10111024.
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A three-dimensional vehicle-axle box bearing coupling model is established. The model can calculate the contact force in three directions and obtain the dynamic response of axle box bearing under the real vehicle running environment. The load distribution on the double row tapered roller bearing and the vehicle is analyzed, and the co-simulation is conducted by comprehensively considering the force transmission between vehicle and bearing. Taking into account the great impact of defects on the bearing, three different types of bearing defects are added into the model, respectively. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the model. The model is also verified by using the rolling and vibrating test rig of single wheelset. It is concluded that the simulation results show good agreement with experimental results. The influence of track irregularity on the system motion state is studied by using axis trajectory and vibration RMS (Root Mean Square value). The results show that the influence of track irregularity and wheel flat scar on axle box bearing cannot be ignored. The RMS of acceleration will change greatly due to the existence of defects. Wheel flat scar will greatly interfere with the extraction of bearing defect, but it can be selected at high speed and low frequency to monitor the existence of wheel flat scar, and select low speed and high frequency to monitor the existence of bearing defect. The research results are helpful to the detection of wheel flat scar and axle box bearing defect.
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Tauber, Jan A., and Paul F. Goldsmith. "Radiative transfer of CO through clumpy molecular clouds with external UV heating." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 147 (1991): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900240199.
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We have developed a model which simulates the radiative transfer of molecular line emission through clumpy molecular clouds. The dynamical structure of the model cloud is based on the work of Kwan and Sanders (1986). The model incorporates the existence of an intense source of UV photons at the surface of the cloud. The UV source heats the clumps and creates kinetic temperature and CO abundance gradients within them. The amount of heating depends on the intensity of the UV field, which decreases from the surface to the core of the cloud due to attenuation by dust. We treat in detail the photochemistry and self-shielding properties of CO as a function of UV intensity and gas density in order to obtain the CO line intensities emerging from each clump. The line intensity emerging from the cloud is obtained by integrating the emission from all clumps along the line of sight, weighted by an area covering factor, and attenuated by the opacity of intervening clumps. The effects of the heating are significantly noticeable on the line intensities of CO transitions arising from levels with J between ∼ 3 and ∼ 7. We apply our model to the case of the Orion A molecular cloud, and in particular to observations of the J=3 →2 12CO and 13CO lines. The model is in general agreement with the observed enhanced intensity of the 12CO J=3 →2 transition relative to the J=1 →0 transition throughout the central ∼ 10′ region of Orion. It also produces centrally peaked spectral lines whose intensity is maximum in a shell-like distribution centered on the Trapezium HII region, as is observed.
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Tauber, Jan A., and Paul F. Goldsmith. "Radiative transfer of CO through clumpy molecular clouds with external UV heating." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 147 (1991): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900199577.
Full textAbstract:
We have developed a model which simulates the radiative transfer of molecular line emission through clumpy molecular clouds. The dynamical structure of the model cloud is based on the work of Kwan and Sanders (1986). The model incorporates the existence of an intense source of UV photons at the surface of the cloud. The UV source heats the clumps and creates kinetic temperature and CO abundance gradients within them. The amount of heating depends on the intensity of the UV field, which decreases from the surface to the core of the cloud due to attenuation by dust. We treat in detail the photochemistry and self-shielding properties of CO as a function of UV intensity and gas density in order to obtain the CO line intensities emerging from each clump. The line intensity emerging from the cloud is obtained by integrating the emission from all clumps along the line of sight, weighted by an area covering factor, and attenuated by the opacity of intervening clumps. The effects of the heating are significantly noticeable on the line intensities of CO transitions arising from levels with J between ∼ 3 and ∼ 7. We apply our model to the case of the Orion A molecular cloud, and in particular to observations of the J=3 →2 12CO and 13CO lines. The model is in general agreement with the observed enhanced intensity of the 12CO J=3 →2 transition relative to the J=1 →0 transition throughout the central ∼ 10′ region of Orion. It also produces centrally peaked spectral lines whose intensity is maximum in a shell-like distribution centered on the Trapezium HII region, as is observed.
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Wang, Wei, Xiao-Jiao Sun, Yang Gao, Xin-Lei Guan, Chu-Wen Guo, and Li-Jun Wang. "Enhanced heat transfer under the influence of coherent structure induced by arc vortex generator in square pipe flows." Thermal Science 23, no. 3 Part A (2019): 1379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180605136w.
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Experiments and numerical simulations were both performed to investigate coherent structures and heat transfer process in a square pipe turbulent flows induced by arc vortex generator. The velocity fields of induced turbulent flow was obtained by planar particle image velocimetry. The analysis of velocity profiles revealed the co-existence of various coherent structures. Turbulent fluctuation quantities, such as turbulent intensities, Reynolds stress, etc. exhibited the different behaviors of fluid motions introduced by arc vortex generator. Probability density function of swirling strength showed the complication of the vortex-rotating. Heat transfer process was simulated using large eddy simulation. The results of Nusselt number achieved the maximal improvement 57% with the use of arc vortex generator. The distribution of Nusselt number was in good agreement with the distribution of coherent structures, especially hairpin vortices and subsequent secondary coherent structures, which highlighted the influence of coherent structures by arc vortex generator on heat transfer enhancement.
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Mikhailov, Oleg V., and Denis V. Chachkov. "Twelve-Nitrogen-Atom Cyclic Structure Stabilized by 3d-Element Atoms: Quantum Chemical Modeling." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12 (June 12, 2022): 6560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126560.
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Using various versions of density functional theory (DFT), DFT M06/TZVP, DFT B3PW91/TZVP, DFT OPBE/TZVP, and, partially, the MP2 method, the possibility of the existence of 3d-element (M) compounds with nitrogen having unusual M: nitrogen ratio 1:12, unknown for these elements at the present, was shown. Structural parameter data were presented. It was shown that all MN4 groupings have tetragonal-pyramidal structure. It was noted that the bond lengths formed by nitrogen atoms and an M atom were equal to each other only in the case of M = Ti, V, Cr and Co, whereas for other Ms, they were slightly different; moreover, the bond angles formed by nitrogen atoms and an M atom were equal to 90.0°, or practically did not differ from this value. Thermodynamic parameters, NBO analysis data and HOMO/LUMO images for this compound were also presented. Good agreement between the calculated data obtained using the above three quantum chemical methods was also noted.
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Sapa, Lucjan, Bogusław Bożek, Katarzyna Tkacz–Śmiech, Marek Zajusz, and Marek Danielewski. "Interdiffusion in many dimensions: mathematical models, numerical simulations and experiment." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 25, no. 12 (June 30, 2020): 2178–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081286520923376.
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Over the last two decades, there have been tremendous advances in the computation of diffusion and today many key properties of materials can be accurately predicted by modelling and simulations. In this paper, we present, for the first time, comprehensive studies of interdiffusion in three dimensions, a model, simulations and experiment. The model follows from the local mass conservation with Vegard’s rule and is combined with Darken’s bi-velocity method. The approach is expressed using the nonlinear parabolic–elliptic system of strongly coupled differential equations with initial and nonlinear coupled boundary conditions. Implicit finite difference methods, preserving Vegard’s rule, are generated by some linearization and splitting ideas, in one- and two-dimensional cases. The theorems on the existence and uniqueness of solutions of the implicit difference schemes and the consistency of the difference methods are studied. The numerical results are compared with experimental data for a ternary Fe-Co-Ni system. A good agreement of both sets is revealed, which confirms the strength of the method.
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ZHAO, GUO-MENG, and PIEDER BEELI. "NOVEL MAGNETIC PROPERTIES IN MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE MATS: CONSISTENT WITH THE PARAMAGNETIC MEISSNER EFFECT DUE TO ULTRAHIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 20n21 (August 20, 2009): 4285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209063444.
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We report magnetic measurements up to 1200 K on iron-contaminated multi-walled carbon nanotube mats with a Quantum Design vibrating sample magnetometer. Extensive magnetic data consistently show a ferrromagnetic transition at about 1000 K and a ferromagnetic-like transition at about 1275 K. The ferromagnetic transition at about 1000 K is associated with an Fe impurity phase and its saturation magnetization is in quantitative agreement with the Fe concentration measured by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. On the other hand, the saturation magnetization for the ferromagnetic-like phase (at 1275 K) is about four orders of magnitude larger than that expected from the measured concentration of Co or CoFe . We show that this ultrahigh-temperature ferromagnetic-like behavior cannot be explained by ferromagnetism of any Fe -carbon phases, carbon-based phases, or magnetic impurities, but is consistent with the paramagnetic Meissner effect (orbital ferromagnetism) due to the existence of π Josephson junctions in a granular superconductor.
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Duffy, Jonathan. "Spin-resolved momentum densities: probing orbitals in magnetic oxides." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314084459.
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Studies of spin-resolved electron momentum densities involve the measurement of the so-called magnetic Compton profile. This is a one-dimensional projection of the electron momentum distribution of only those electrons that contribute to the spin moment of a sample. The technique is applicable to ferri- and ferromagnetic materials. Since electrons originating from different atomic orbitals have specific momentum densities, it is often possible to determine the origin of the magnetism present. Typically, interpretation requires the use of electronic structure calculations using molecular orbital and band structure approaches. The profile is obtained experimentally via the inelastic "Compton" scattering of high energy X-rays. For the experiments discussed here, the high energy beamlines at the ESRF and SPring-8 synchrotron X-ray sources were used, where we have a cryomagnet which can provide a sample environment with applied magnetic fields up to 9 Tesla, at temperatures from 1.3K to 600K. In this talk, we discuss our combined experimental and theoretical study of the spin density of the low-dimensional frustrated metamagnet Ca3Co2O6. The spin moment, measured using magnetic Compton scattering, confirms the existence of a large unquenched Co orbital moment (1.310.1 μB). With regards to the orbital occupation, we have performed molecular orbital calculations on the active trigonal CoO6cluster in order to determine which Co 3d orbitals are responsible for the observed electronic and magnetic behaviour and the observed orbital moment, and revealing the existence a oxygen spin moment of approximately 0.9 μB. Electronic structure calculations with a Hubbard U energy term give Compton profiles which are in good agreement with our experimental data. The magnetic Compton profile exhibits oscillations, which are well described, and their frequency in momentum space corresponds to the real-space inter-cobalt site bond length.
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Nandan, Revati, Sanjeev Kumar, and Nainjeet Singh Negi. "High Energy Storage Efficiency and Electrocaloric Effect in Pb-Free Ba0.85Ca0.15Hf0.10Ti0.90O3 Ceramics for Sustainable Green Energy Applications." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 19969–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.19969ecst.
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In this work, Pb-free Ba0.85Ca0.15Hf0.10Ti0.90O3 (BCHT) ferroelectric ceramic was synthesized via the sol-gel method and its structural, dielectric, ferroelectric, electrocaloric, and energy storage characteristics have been investigated under a low electric field of 20 kV/cm. The Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns shows good agreement with the co-existence of two phases tetragonal (P4mm) and cubic (Pm3m), with each phase contribution of 58 and 42% respectively. A volumetric porosity of around 11.5% is observed. The electrocaloric temperature change ΔT and entropy change ΔS have been estimated by an indirect approach using Maxwell relations. The room temperature value of – ΔS and ΔT are 0.207 J/Kg.K and 0.157 K respectively and a wide temperature span of 50K was observed. The room temperature observed enhanced total energy density, recoverable energy density, and energy storage efficiency were 84.43 mJ/cm3, 64.38 mJ/cm3, and 76.25 % respectively. The maximum energy storage efficiency of 85.03% was observed at 80oC. The Pb-free BCHT ceramic is a promising candidate for eco-friendly cooling and energy storage technology.
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VIAUD, BERTRAND, ERIC SERRE, and JEAN-MARC CHOMAZ. "The elephant mode between two rotating disks." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 598 (February 25, 2008): 451–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112007009962.
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Spectral direct numerical simulations (DNS) are carried out for a source–sink flow in an annular cavity between two co-rotating disks. When the Reynolds number based on the forced inflow is increased, a self-sustained crossflow instability of finite amplitude is observed. We show that this nonlinear global mode is made up of a front located at the upstream boundary of the absolutely unstable domain, followed by a saturated spiral mode, and that its properties are in good agreement with results of the local stability theory. This structure is characteristic of the so-called elephant mode of Pier & Huerre (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 435, 2001, p. 145). The global bifurcation is subcritical since only large-amplitude initial perturbations are found to trigger the elephant mode. Small-amplitude perturbations induce a long-lasting transient growth but lead eventually to a damped linear global mode, showing that non-parallel effects counteract the absolute instability and restabilize the flow. A similar linear global stabilization due to non-parallel effects has been found in the case of the flow above a single rotating disk. For the single-disk geometry, the existence of an elephant mode would imply, together with results of Davies & Carpenter (2003) a subcritical global instability, which has not yet been demonstrated. Although the present geometry differs from the single-disk case, the existence of a subcritical global bifurcation is now established, allowing a precise analysis of the transition scenarios.
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Rogowska, Barbara. "Attitude of the Vatican towards the Authoritarian and Totalitarian State as Seen in the Church Social Teaching." Polish Political Science Review 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 116–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ppsr-2020-0008.
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AbstractThe attitude of the Church towards the authoritarian and totalitarian state was originally determined by the fact of existence of the Ecclesiastical State. Its downfall contributed to the change in the optics of the papist policy. Leo XIII initiated open realistic policy. He declared the Church’s readiness to co-exist (co-operate) with any form of government or social system which would not disturb the essential ecclesiastical tasks. The opinion which won was that the objectives to be attained by the Church were beyond systems and politics. This approach allowed to develop a concept, that evangelization activity should be pursued in any socio-political reality, with adapted methods. Acceptance was granted to those state systems which declared that they would defend of the Church’s position, as evidenced by establishment of political relationships between the Holy See and III Reich, fascist Italy, Spain of gen. Franco. On the other hand, the communist (totalitarian) countries were accused of rejecting “the moral norms of co-existence defined by the Church”. One can state that the Vatican offered support to those governments or totalitarian and authoritarian states whose internal and foreign policy agreed with the interests of the Church.During the pontificate of John XXIII, the Church started to express not only willingness to co-operate with each form of government, but also the need to have respect for other philosophies of life, including the leftist ones. As regards economic and political questions, the communist doctrine was not deprecated, unless in its extreme version. However, the doctrinal principles of materialism and programmatic atheism were consistently condemned and negated. Also, the Vatican decided to enter into dialogue with the extreme Left. Certainly, the papacy realised that the communist doctrine and totalitarian state in their very essence were enemies of the Church and religion. True evolution in the attitude towards different forms of governments and states was triggered by the II Vatican Oecumenical Council. While political struggle and discussion were avoided, disputes pertaining to philosophical views on life were undertaken. Agreement of any form was refused when atheism was “administratively succoured”.During the pontificate of Paul VI specific guidelines, principles and rules of procedure were introduced to regulate co-operation with totalitarian communist states. In order to ensure functioning of the Church in totalitarian systems, the Vatican resigned from any polemics as related to capitalism and communism. In turn, the Church demanded from totalitarian regimes to cease imposing the totalitarian world-view on the society. And thus, the Church’s fight for the Christian outlook on life was not given up.Depending on internal and external socio-political situation, and also on the form of the State and government concerned, the Church defined different conditions indispensable to be satisfied for its successful functioning. The evangelization mission was given superiority.
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Hou, Yongjun, Mingjun Du, and Luyou Wang. "Investigation for synchronization of two co-rotating rotors installed with nonlinear springs in a non-resonance system." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 3 (March 2019): 168781401983411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019834110.
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To avoid anti-phase synchronization for two co-rotating rotors system that occurs so that exciting force generated by the vibrating system is very small, a mechanical model of two co-rotating rotors installed with nonlinear springs is proposed to implement synchronization in a non-resonance system. The dynamic equations of the system are first built up by using Lagrange's equation. Second, an analytical approach, the average method of modified small parameters, is employed to study the synchronization characteristics of the vibrating system, the non-dimensional coupling equations of two motors are deduced, synchronization problem is converted to that of existence and stability of zero solution for the non-dimensional coupling equations of angular velocity. It is indicated that the synchronous torque of two motors coupled with nonlinear springs in synchronous state must be greater than or equal to the difference of their residual torque. Then, in light of the Routh–Hurwitz criterion, the synchronous criterion of the vibrating system is obtained. Obviously, it is demonstrated that the synchronous state and the stability criterion of the system are influenced by the structural parameters of the coupling unit, coupling coefficients and the positional parameters of two rotors, and so on. Especially, there are clearances in between two nonlinear serial springs, which result in synchronization of the vibrating system that lies in an uncertain state. At last, computer simulations in agreement with the numerical results verify the correctness of the theoretical results for solving the steady phase difference between two rotors. It is demonstrated that adjusting the value of the coupling spring stiffness can make phase difference close to zero to meet the requirements of the strongly exciting force in engineering.
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Kornblum, Elisabeth. "A comparison of self-evaluating state reporting systems." International Review of the Red Cross 35, no. 304 (February 1995): 39–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400086460.
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ABSTRACTA self-evaluating state reporting system is a method for implementing international agreements. A self-evaluating state report provides information on the operation and implementation of a treaty regime. Self-evaluating means that a state monitors its own execution of an international agreement in its territory. The information may be submitted to an international institution with a supervisory role or to a technical secretariat.The key tasks of a supervisory international organization are: collecting information and data, receiving reports on treaty implementation by States, facilitating independent monitoring and inspection, and acting as a forum for reviewing the performance of states or the negotiation of further measures and regulations. Such bodies may acquire law-enforcement and law-making functions.This report describes the self-evaluating state reporting systems of the United Nations human rights conventions, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the International Labour Organisation, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the World Intellectual Property Organization, the disarmament treaties and the environment treaties.There are several characteristics of determining importance for the functioning of a reporting system. In short, these are: the sensitivity of the subject of a treaty; the economic value of the subject; the specificity of the subject; the popularity of the subject in the media; secretarial support; the flexibility of the reporting procedure; a permanent body to which to report; the quality and efficient functioning of the supervisory body; follow-up; admission to an international instrument and the existence of a national monitoring body or procedure.It should be noted that the allocation of sufficient human and financial resources will be essential to the effectiveness of a reporting system.
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ROY, CLÉMENT, THOMAS LEWEKE, MARK C. THOMPSON, and KERRY HOURIGAN. "Experiments on the elliptic instability in vortex pairs with axial core flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 677 (April 11, 2011): 383–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.91.
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Results are presented from an experimental study on the dynamics of pairs of vortices, in which the axial velocity within each core differs from that of the surrounding fluid. Co- and counter-rotating vortex pairs at moderate Reynolds numbers were generated in a water channel from the tips of two rectangular wings. Measurement of the three-dimensional velocity field was accomplished using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry, revealing significant axial velocity deficits in the cores. For counter-rotating pairs, the long-wavelength Crow instability, involving symmetric wavy displacements of the vortices, could be clearly observed using dye visualisation. Measurements of both the axial wavelength and the growth rate of the unstable perturbation field were found to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions based on the full experimentally measured velocity profile of the vortices, including the axial flow. The dye visualisations further revealed the existence of a short-wavelength core instability. Proper orthogonal decomposition of the time series of images from high-speed video recordings allowed a precise characterisation of the instability mode, which involves an interaction of waves with azimuthal wavenumbers m = 2 and m = 0. This combination of waves fulfils the resonance condition for the elliptic instability mechanism acting in strained vortical flows. A numerical three-dimensional stability analysis of the experimental vortex pair revealed the same unstable mode, and a comparison of the wavelength and growth rate with the values obtained experimentally from dye visualisations shows good agreement. Pairs of co-rotating vortices evolve in the form of a double helix in the water channel. For flow configurations that do not lead to merging of the two vortices over the length of the test section, the same type of short-wave perturbations were observed. As for the counter-rotating case, quantitative measurements of the wavelength and growth rate, and comparison with previous theoretical predictions, again identify the instability as due to the elliptic mechanism. Importantly, the spatial character of the short-wave instability for vortex pairs with axial flow is different from that previously found in pairs without axial flow, which exhibit an azimuthal variation with wavenumber m = 1.
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Haseeb Ansari, Abdul, and Sri Wartini. "Application of precautionary principle in international trade law and international environmental law." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 13, no. 1 (March 11, 2014): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-04-2013-0006.
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Purpose – The purpose of writing this paper is to present a comparative but critical assessment of the applicability of the precautionary principle (PP) under the SPS Agreement, which is a part of the WTO regime by implication, and under the Cartagena Protocol, which has been made under the Convention on Biological Diversity. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents an analytical exposition of both the sets of laws, trade law and environmental law. The methodology adopted is library based. The approach is to bring about an amicable co-existence of both the laws so that they could serve the dual purpose, i.e. promotion of trade and protection of “human, animal and plant life and health” and conservation of the environment. Findings – The DSB of the WTO should give due importance to the PP and should apply it liberally, keeping also in view the environmental aspects, so that along with free trade human, animal and plant health and life, and conservation of the environment are also protected. Practical implications – It will change the present paradigm and will bring both the sets of laws together. Originality/value – It focuses on the life and heath of poor people around the world. It, thus, pleads for application of strong PP.
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Aouini, Souha, Afrah Bardaoui, Ana M. Ferraria, Diogo M. F. Santos, and Radhouane Chtourou. "ZnMn2O4 Nanopyramids Fabrication by Hydrothermal Route: Effect of Reaction Time on the Structural, Morphological, and Electrochemical Properties." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 10, 2022): 9352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249352.
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ZnMn2O4 spinels are prepared by a simple hydrothermal route with control of the reaction time, ranging from 6 h to 18 h. The evolution of the structural and morphological parameters under the effect of time was analyzed by XRD, ATR-FTIR, XPS, and SEM-EDS. The XRD results show that for longer reaction times (18 h), the ZnMn2O4 spinel samples present a tetragonal structure with high crystallinity and an average crystallite size of 32.3 ± 1.7 nm, larger than those obtained for 6 h and 12 h. The ATR-FTIR spectra confirm the structural results, with well-defined peaks related to stretching vibrations of M-O (M = Zn, Mn) functional groups. XPS reveals the co-existence of several metal oxides and hydroxides at the outermost surface. SEM analysis shows that the samples present a pyramid morphology, better defined at 18 h, with an average particle size of 6.2 ± 1.5 µm. EDS analysis of ZnMn2O4 (18 h) reveals atomic ratios of 0.45, 0.22, and 0.50 for Zn/Mn, Zn/O, and Mn/O, respectively, in good agreement with the expected values. Based on the CVs, the synthesized ZnMn2O4 samples formed at 18 h showed the most promising electrochemical properties, with a specific capacity of 102 F g−1, offering great potential in supercapacitor applications.
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Mirzayeva, A., N. A. Slavinskaya, M. Abbasi, J. H. Starcke, W. Li, and M. Frenklach. "Uncertainty Quantification in Chemical Modeling." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 20, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj706.
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A module of PrIMe automated data-centric infrastructure, Bound-to-Bound Data Collaboration (B2BDC), was used for the analysis of systematic uncertainty and data consistency of the H2/CO reaction model (73/17). In order to achieve this purpose, a dataset of 167 experimental targets (ignition delay time and laminar flame speed) and 55 active model parameters (pre-exponent factors in the Arrhenius form of the reaction rate coefficients) was constructed. Consistency analysis of experimental data from the composed dataset revealed disagreement between models and data. Two consistency measures were applied to identify the quality of experimental targets (Quantities of Interest, QoI): scalar consistency measure, which quantifies the tightening index of the constraints while still ensuring the existence of a set of the model parameter values whose associated modeling output predicts the experimental QoIs within the uncertainty bounds; and a newly-developed method of computing the vector consistency measure (VCM), which determines the minimal bound changes for QoIs initially identified as inconsistent, each bound by its own extent, while still ensuring the existence of a set of the model parameter values whose associated modeling output predicts the experimental QoIs within the uncertainty bounds. The consistency analysis suggested that elimination of 45 experimental targets, 8 of which were self- inconsistent, would lead to a consistent dataset. After that the feasible parameter set was constructed through decrease uncertainty parameters for several reaction rate coefficients. This dataset was subjected for the B2BDC framework model optimization and analysis on. Forth methods of parameter optimization were applied, including those unique in the B2BDC framework. The optimized models showed improved agreement with experimental values, as compared to the initially-assembled model. Moreover, predictions for experiments not included in the initial dataset were investigated. The results demonstrate benefits of applying the B2BDC methodology for development of predictive kinetic models.
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Cohen, J. "The enforceability and impact of trade mark co-existence agreements." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 5, no. 10 (September 22, 2010): 680–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpq119.
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Boullay, Philippe, Olivier Pérez, Bernard Raveau, Seikh Motin, and Caignaert Vincent. "Analysis of Sr3-xCa1+xMn2CoO9 combining electron, X-ray and neutron diffraction." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314090706.
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The AxBX3 hexagonal perovskite-type compounds exhibit interesting magnetic properties such as complex magnetism or random spin chain magnetism[1,2]. Their structures are built up from infinite [BO3] chains consisting of alternating octahedral and trigonal prismatic units, separated by A infinite chains. Sr3-xCa1+xMn2CoO9 are belonging to this family of materials. X-ray powder diffraction patterns are collected for different Sr3-xCa1+xMn2CoO9 samples with different x values. Pattern matching analysis with the SG P-3 and the following cell parameters a=b=9.490(1)Å c=3xc'=3x2.57=7.732(1)Å reveals problematic groups of reflections; these reflections are shifted from one pattern to another one and, moreover, have positions preventing their indexation. Owing to the lack of spatial resolution and peaks overlapping in the powder data, the understanding of the present problem is quite impossible. Electron Diffraction Tomography (EDT) combined with Precession Electron Diffraction (PED) has been used for exploring the reciprocal space of the Sr3-xCa1+xMn2CoO9, x=0 sample. The slight deviations observed from the rational 1/3 c'* value is in agreement with the existence of aperiodicities. The structure of this family of materials has been then described using the super space formalism as a composite structure. The structural model is determined from the PED data integrated with PETS[2]; the first and second sublattices are referring to (Mn,Co)O3 and (Ca,Sr) structural parts respectively. This model is confirmed by the refinement of the X-ray powder diffraction data. Powder neutron diffraction data were then collected at PSI for different temperatures and different Sr3-xCa1+xMn2CoO9 samples. Using the previously refined model, a Co/Mn ordering is revealed thanks to the neutron scattering lengths of these two elements (see fig1). Finally, the treatment of the antiferromagnetic behavior observed bellow 25K is performed in the 4d approach using Jana2006[3].
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De los Ríos-Escalante, P., E. Hauenstein, and M. Romero-Mieres. "Microcrustacean assemblages composition and environmental variables in lakes and ponds of the Andean region - South of Chile (37-39° S)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 71, no. 2 (May 2011): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842011000300003.
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The zooplankton assemblages in Chilean Patagonian lakes are characterised mainly by their low biodiversity and high predominance of calanoids copepods, a pattern that has been studied for large and deep lakes between 38-51° S, and shallow ponds at 51° S. The aim of the present study was analyse the zooplankton assemblages in different water bodies located in coastal zones, middle valleys and mountain zones between 37-39° S. For this purpose, the following variables were considered: maximum depth, latitude, altitude, chlorophyll-a and species number, and to these variables, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied. A co-occurrence null model analysis was also applied for determining the existence of a random process in crustacean species associations. The results denoted low species richness, and different species associations for studied sites, and the null model analysis revealed the absence of a random process as regulator of species associations. Furthermore, a low species/genera ratio was identified, which denotes low productivity of the studied sites. These results were supported by a PCA analysis which denoted that the main determinant factors are chlorophyll concentration and species number that are directly associated. The obtained results are in agreement with descriptions in the literature for species diversity for lakes of Chilean Patagonia that describes oligotrophy as the main regulator of zooplankton assemblages. Other ecological and limnological topics are discussed in the present study.
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Roveda, Luca, Elisa Polvara, Marzio Invernizzi, Laura Capelli, and Selena Sironi. "Definition of an Emission Factor for VOC Emitted from Italian and European Refineries." Atmosphere 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2020): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060564.
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Refineries are a major source of atmospheric emissions, which typically include CO, SO2, NOX, particulates, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). There has been an increasing level of attention toward the emissions of VOCs related to their environmental impact as well as their potential to cause adverse effects on human health and the discomfort associated with their unpleasant odor. In general, an emission factor (EF) represents a model for a first order estimate of emissions, which correlates the quantity of pollutant released into the atmosphere with a so-called “activity index” related to the release of that pollutant. Based on the study of the scientific and technical literature regarding the Italian and European refining scenarios, an attempt was made to verify the existence of a correlation between the size of a refinery and the related total VOC emissions. Once this correlation was evaluated, it was possible to develop an emission factor for VOC emissions considering the plant capacity as the related activity index. After collecting and analyzing data concerning operative capacity and total VOCs emitted from 15 refineries in 2018, the resulting emission factor turned out to be equal to 188 ± 166 g per ton of crude oil processed. This value is in agreement with the range of 50–1000 g/ton reported in the European Best Available Techniques Reference Document for the Refining of Mineral Oil and Gas.
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Bindi, Luca, and Frank N. Keutsch. "Old defined minerals with complex, still unresolved structures: the case of stützite, Ag5−x Te3." Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials 233, no. 3-4 (March 28, 2018): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zkri-2017-2120.
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AbstractThe crystal structure of the mineral stützite, a relatively common silver telluride, was solved using intensity data collected using a crystal from the cotype material from the May Day mine, La Plata District, CO (USA). The study revealed that the structure is hexagonal, space groupP6̅, with cell parameters:a=13.454(2),c=8.459(1) Å andV=1326.0(5) Å3. The refinement of an anisotropic model led to anRindex of 0.0421 for 1950 independent reflections. In the crystal structure of stützite there are eight independent Te sites and eight Ag sites withZ=7. Only Ag5, Ag6, Ag7 and Ag8 form classic metal-anion polyhedra: Ag8 is in linear coordination, Ag5 and Ag6 are triangularly coordinated, whereas Ag7 is in tetrahedral coordination. The case for Ag1, Ag2, Ag3 and Ag4 is more complicated as there are Ag–Ag contacts beside the typical bonds with the chalcogen. These positions correspond to low coordination (two, three and four) sites, in agreement with the silver preference for such environments.d10silver ion distribution has been evidenced by means of a combination of a Gram-Charlier development of the atomic displacement factors and a split model. A discussion on the possible existence of different polytypes in stützite-like compounds and on the use of the non-harmonic approach based upon a Gram-Charlier development of the atomic displacement factors for the determination of disordered structures is also presented.
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TUGANOVA, Alina, and Kirill M. POPOV. "Role of protein–protein interactions in the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity." Biochemical Journal 387, no. 1 (March 22, 2005): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20040805.
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The transacetylase component (E2) of PDC (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) plays a critical role in the regulation of PDHK (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase) activity. The present study was undertaken to investigate further the molecular mechanism by which E2 modulates the activity of PDHK. In agreement with the earlier results, it was found that the inner L2 (lipoyl-bearing domain 2) of E2 expressed with or without the C-terminal hinge region had little, if any, effect on the kinase activity, indicating a lack of direct allosteric effect of L2 on PDHK. In marked contrast, significant activation of PDHK was observed with the construct consisting of L2 and the E1BD (E1-binding domain) of E2 (L2-E1BD didomain) suggesting that co-localization and/or mutual orientation of PDHK and E1, facilitated by E2 binding, largely account for the activation of PDHK by the transacetylase component. Isothermal titration calorimetry and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays established that binding of adenyl nucleotides to the PDHK molecule facilitated the release of L2 domain. In contrast, binding of the L2 domain caused a significant decrease in the affinity of PDHK for ATP. The cross-talk in binding of adenyl nucleotides and the L2 domain to PDHK may indicate the existence of a highly integrated mechanism whereby the exchange of lipoyl-bearing domains presented to PDHK by E2 is coupled with ADP/ATP exchange.
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Skretas, I. M., and L. E. Kristensen. "Connecting Galactic and extragalactic outflows: From the Cygnus-X cluster to active galaxies." Astronomy & Astrophysics 660 (April 2022): A39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202141944.
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Context. Molecular outflows are commonly detected originating from both protostellar and extragalactic sources. Separate studies of low-mass, isolated high-mass, and extragalactic sources reveal scaling relations connecting the force carried by an outflow and the properties of the source that drives it, as for example the mass and luminosity. Aims. The aim of this work is twofold: first, to examine the effects, if any, of clustered star formation on the protostellar outflows and their scaling relations and, second, to explore the possibility that outflows varying in scale and energetics by many orders of magnitude are consistent with being launched by the same physical processes. Methods. To that end, high-angular resolution CO J = 3–2 observations were used of ten high-mass protostars in the Cygnus-X molecular cloud, obtained at the SubMilliMeter Array as part of the Protostellar Interferometric Line Survey of Cygnus-X (PILS-Cygnus). From these data, the outflow force, that is the momentum ejection rate, was measured. In addition, an extended sample of protostellar and extragalactic outflow-force measurements was assembled from existing literature to allow for a direct comparison of the scaling relations of the two types of outflows. Results. Molecular outflows were detected originating from all ten sources of the PILS-Cygnus survey, and their outflow forces are found to be in close agreement with measurements from the literature. In addition, the comparison of the protostellar and extragalactic sources reveals, with 95% confidence, that Class 0 protostars and extragalactic sources follow the same outflow force–bolometric luminosity correlation. Conclusions. The close agreement between the Cygnus-X sources and sources of similar envelope mass and bolometric luminosity suggests that clustered star formation has no significant effect on protostellar outflows. We find a strong indication that protostellar and extragalactic outflows are consistent with having a similar launch mechanism. The existence of such a mechanism would enable the development of a single universal outflow launch model, although more observations are required in order to verify this connection.
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Parsons, Giles, and Sam Whittingham. "Merck Global v Merck US: the intricacies of co-existence agreements." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 13, no. 7 (May 2, 2018): 521–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpy054.
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D’Addato, Sergio, Daniele Pinotti, Maria Chiara Spadaro, Guido Paolicelli, Vincenzo Grillo, Sergio Valeri, Luca Pasquali, Luca Bergamini, and Stefano Corni. "Influence of size, shape and core–shell interface on surface plasmon resonance in Ag and Ag@MgO nanoparticle films deposited on Si/SiO x." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (February 9, 2015): 404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.40.
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Ag and Ag@MgO core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) with a diameter of d = 3–10 nm were obtained by physical synthesis methods and deposited on Si with its native ultrathin oxide layer SiO x (Si/SiO x ). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of bare Ag NPs revealed the presence of small NP aggregates caused by diffusion on the surface and agglomeration. Atomic resolution TEM gave evidence of the presence of crystalline multidomains in the NPs, which were due to aggregation and multitwinning occurring during NP growth in the nanocluster source. Co-deposition of Ag NPs and Mg atoms in an oxygen atmosphere gave rise to formation of a MgO shell matrix surrounding the Ag NPs. The behaviour of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) excitation in surface differential reflectivity (SDR) spectra with p-polarised light was investigated for bare Ag and Ag@MgO NPs. It was shown that the presence of MgO around the Ag NPs caused a red shift of the plasmon excitation, and served to preserve its existence after prolonged (five months) exposure to air, realizing the possibility of technological applications in plasmonic devices. The Ag NP and Ag@MgO NP film features in the SDR spectra could be reproduced by classical electrodynamics simulations by treating the NP-containing layer as an effective Maxwell Garnett medium. The simulations gave results in agreement with the experiments when accounting for the experimentally observed aggregation.
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Khorshed Alam, Md, Mehnaz Sharmin, and Jiban Podder. "Bandgap tuning in ZnO thin films and enhanced n-type properties through Mn doping synthesized by a simple spray pyrolysis." International Journal of Modern Physics B 35, no. 11 (April 30, 2021): 2150155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979221501551.
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Undoped and manganese (Mn)-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films have been deposited onto glass substrates at 300[Formula: see text]C using a low cost spray pyrolysis technique. Structural, optical and electrical properties of the as-deposited films have been investigated. Scanning electron microscopy images show the existence of clusters with well-defined nucleation centers consisting of highly dense ganglia-like fibers over a large area around the nucleation center. Chemical compositions of the ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO thin films are studied by using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. X-ray diffraction spectra depict that the films have polycrystalline wurtzite structure. The average crystallite sizes are calculated in the range of 8–16 nm by Williamson–Hall method and found in good agreement with Scherer method. Optical transmittance of the films is about 80% in the visible region. Bandgap energy is tuned to 2.83 eV from 3.10 eV with increasing Mn doping. Electrical resistivity at room-temperature decreases significantly with increasing Mn doping as well as increasing temperature from 300–440 K. The activation energies in the temperature ranges 300–350 K and 350–440 K are found to be in the range of 0.25–0.16 eV and 0.35–0.59 eV, respectively. Hall Effect measurements show that the thin films have negative Hall co-efficient indicating [Formula: see text]-type conductivity at room-temperature. Carrier concentration is found to be of the order of 10[Formula: see text] cm[Formula: see text].
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Pravica, Michael, Ligang Bai, and Neelanjan Bhattacharya. "High-pressure X-ray diffraction studies of potassium chlorate." Journal of Applied Crystallography 45, no. 1 (December 22, 2011): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889811053957.
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Two static high-pressure X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies of potassium chlorate have been performed at pressures of up to ∼14.3 GPa in a diamond anvil cell at ambient temperature using the 16 ID-B undulator beamline at the Advanced Photon Source for the X-ray source. The first experiment was conducted to ascertain decomposition rates of potassium chlorate as a function of pressure. Below 2 GPa, the sample was observed to decompose rapidly in the presence of the X-ray beam and release oxygen. Above 2 GPa (near the phase I → phase II transition), the decomposition rate dramatically slowed so that good quality XRD patterns could be acquired. This suggests a phase-dependent decomposition rate. In the second study, X-ray diffraction spectra were collected at pressures from 2 to 14.3 GPa by aligning virgin portions of the sample into the focused X-ray beam at each pressure. The results suggest the co-existence of mixed monoclinic (I) and rhombohedral (II) phases of potassium chlorate near 2 GPa. At pressures beyond 4 GPa, the XRD patterns show a very good fit to KClO3in the rhombohedral phase with space groupR3m, in agreement with earlier studies. No further phase transitions were observed with pressure. Decompression of the sample to ambient pressure indicated mixed phases I and II coupled with a small amount of synchrotron X-ray-induced decomposition product. The equation of state within this pressure regime has been determined.