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Wiltschnig, Stefan, Bo T. Christensen, and Linden J. Ball. "Collaborative problem–solution co-evolution in creative design." Design Studies 34, no. 5 (September 2013): 515–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2013.01.002.
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Contreras, Luis, Sérgio Cruz, J. M. S. T. Motta, and Carlos H. Llanos. "Hardware and Software Co-design for the EKF Applied to the Mobile Robotics Localization Problem." International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing 5, no. 2 (April 2015): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijmlc.2015.v5.491.
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Halstrøm, Per Liljenberg, and Per Galle. "Design as Co-Evolution of Problem, Solution, and Audience." Artifact 3, no. 4 (July 28, 2015): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/artifact.v3i4.12815.
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The meaning of ‘design’ can be captured in a general way by a good definition, but even the best definition cannot provide an understanding sufficiently deep to guide the professional designer or the student of design in the intricate deliberations of doing design in practice. Therefore we explore design beyond the level of definitions, reviewing canonical theories about design as a professional enterprise. We find that the well-established theoretical notion of ‘co-evolution’ of problem and solution in design has its merits in regard to understanding design deliberations; but also that existing theories leave the practitioner at a loss for guidance in some respects. To remedy this situation, we propose the notion of ‘triple co-evolution’ that also involves the ‘audience’ of a designed artefact. Furthermore, we conjecture that the study of so-called ‘constitutive rhetoric’ offers valuable conceptual resources for conceiving of design in terms of such triple co-evolution. For example, many design products may be thought of as offering an audience a ‘subject position’ that hint at whom they should become. In support of the case we make for thinking in terms of constitutive rhetoric in design, we present a small sample of design cases, arguably showing signs of triple co-evolution and understandable in terms of ‘audience constitution’.
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Dorst, Kees, and Nigel Cross. "Creativity in the design process: co-evolution of problem–solution." Design Studies 22, no. 5 (September 2001): 425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-694x(01)00009-6.
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Li, Qing Song, Li Zhi Qin, Wei Yang, and Yong Hui Wang. "Design of Service Network of Huachuan Denso Co." Applied Mechanics and Materials 101-102 (September 2011): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.101-102.352.
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Location decision of Service Networks is important for an enterprise to dominate market and to improve service level. Characteristics and the decentralized control strategies of service network were discussed for the enterprise of Denso class. A 0-1 mixed integer programming model was established for location problem of spare parts centers and solved by ILOG along with sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, a dynamic programming model was established for location problem of sales model shop and calculated by a numerical listing method.
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Liu, Longfan, Yan Li, Yan Xiong, Juan Cao, and Ping Yuan. "An EEG study of the relationship between design problem statements and cognitive behaviors during conceptual design." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 32, no. 3 (May 30, 2018): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060417000683.
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AbstractIn the design process, different problem statements result in different problem-solving strategies. A proper problem statement is the key to effective problem-solving. Based on the characteristics of the product design process, we divided design problem statements into open-ended (OE), decision-making (DM), and constrained (CO) statements and attempted to investigate the influences of different problem statements on designers’ cognitive behaviors from three perspectives, namely divergent thinking, convergent thinking, and mental workload. Then we provided quantification description to these influences based on electroencephalography (EEG) technology. We conducted experiments on 19 participants and used the BrainProduct™ actiChamp-32 to record the EEG data. Results are as follows: (1) The higher task-related α power was found in the temporal and occipital regions in the OE task compared with that in the DM and CO tasks. The OE statement also would help designers get novel ideas by strengthening their divergent thinking. (2) In the DM and CO tasks, there was no significant difference in the impact of the brain region on convergent thinking, but activities in the left hemisphere were stronger than that in the right hemisphere. The DM and CO tasks have better performance in convergent thinking than the OE task. (3) In the CO task, the designer's mental workload is the highest and mainly related to the activation of the centroparietal and occipital regions. These findings help designers understand the design problem-solving process from the perspective of cognitive science and monitor their thinking modes in the design process so as to improve their design performance.
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GAO, ZHENXIAO, TIANYUAN XIAO, and WENHUI FAN. "COLLABORATIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH DIMENSION REDUCTION." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 01, no. 02 (June 2010): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962310000134.
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Collaborative optimization (CO) method is widely used in solving multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) problems, yet its computation requirement has been an obstacle to the applications, leading to doubts about CO's convergence property. The feasible domain of CO problem is first examined and it is proven that feasible domain remains the same during the CO formulation. So is the same with extreme points. Then based on contemporary research conclusion that the system-level optimization problem suffers from inherent computational difficulties, it is further pointed out that the employment of meta-heuristic optimization methods in CO could eliminate these difficulties. To make CO more computational feasible, a new method collaborative optimization with dimension reduction (CODR) is proposed. It focused on optimization dimension reduction and lets local copy of common shared design variables equal system shared design variables directly. Thus, the number of dimensions that CODR could reduce equal the number of common shared design variables. Numerical experiment suggests that CODR reduces computations greatly without losing of optimization accuracy.
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Studer, Jaryn A., Shanna R. Daly, Seda McKilligan, and Colleen M. Seifert. "Evidence of problem exploration in creative designs." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 32, no. 4 (October 5, 2018): 415–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060418000124.
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AbstractDesign problems are often presented as structured briefs with detailed constraints and requirements, suggesting a fixed definition. However, past studies have identified the importance of exploring design problems for creative design outcomes. Previous protocol studies of designers has shown that problems can “co-evolve” with the development of solutions during the design process. But to date, little evidence has been provided abouthowdesigners systematically explore presented problems to create better solutions. In this study, we conducted a qualitative analysis of 252 design problems collected from publically available sources, including award-winning product designs and open-source design competitions. This database offers an independent sample of presented problems, designers’ alternative problem descriptions, and innovative solutions. We report the results of this large-scale qualitative analysis aimed at characterizing changes to problems during the design process. Inductive coding was used to identify content patterns in “discovered” problem descriptions, with qualitative codes reliably scored by two independent coders. A total of 32 distinct patterns of problem exploration were identified across designers and presented problems. Each pattern is described in the form of a generalized strategy to guide designers as they explore problem spaces. The exploration patterns identified in this study are the first empirical evidence of problem exploration in independent design problems. Further, the presence of exploration patterns in discovered problems is associated with the selection of the corresponding solution as a challenge finalist. These empirically identified strategies for problem exploration may be useful for computational tools supporting designers.
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Ji, Bin, Xiaohui Yuan, and Yanbin Yuan. "Orthogonal Design-Based NSGA-III for the Optimal Lockage Co-Scheduling Problem." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 18, no. 8 (August 2017): 2085–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tits.2016.2630718.
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Heiss, Leah, and Olga Kokshagina. "Tactile co-design tools for complex interdisciplinary problem exploration in healthcare settings." Design Studies 75 (July 2021): 101030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2021.101030.
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Huo, J.-Z., H.-F. Teng, W. Sun, and J. Chen. "Human-computer co-operative co-evolutionary method and its application to a satellite module layout design problem." Aeronautical Journal 114, no. 1154 (April 2010): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000003663.
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Abstract The layout design of a satellite module is a complex mechanical layout problem. Its main difficulties lie in combinatorial explosion of computational complexity, engineering complexity, and applicability in engineering practice. Inspired by the human-computer cooperation ideas, a human–computer co-operative co-evolutionary method for optimising layout design of a satellite module is developed. This method constructs the diversity reference set by using the diversity intelligence solutions (DIs) that are created by using the combinatorial operators of differential evolution (DE) and the blend crossover operator (BLX-a). During the co-evolution process of the presented method, the AIs, the DIs and the algorithm solutions are expressed by unified encoding strings and incorporated together to create new co-operative solutions. An instance of a satellite module layout design is presented to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with the co-evolutionary approach and the all-at-once optimisation approaches, computational results show that the proposed method not only can produce better solutions, but also can better balance the conflicting objectives on the trade-off issues.
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Storm, Rosa, Jeffrey van Maanen, and Milene Gonçalves. "Reframing the Design Process: Integrating Goals, Methods and Manifestation into the Co-Evolution Model." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.39.
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AbstractIn their early years of education, design students may experience difficulties in reframing design problems. Since reframing is linked to creativity, this may be problematic. While there are some models available to describe the reframing process, it is yet unclear how they are supporting design students. This study concerned the development and test of a framing model based on co-evolution transitions, through a two-part study: interviews with expert designers and workshops followed by group interviews with novices. The resulting model offers a way of thinking and a way of working, based on the fluidity of the design process. This study yielded two major insights. Firstly, students tend to perceive the problem space to be fixed once they defined it, even if they discovered disparate information along the way. Secondly, the developed model provides students with guidance and confidence in dealing with complex problems. Our results have a considerable impact on design education, as it is important to reinforce to design students that both the problem and solution understanding are fluid, and this model provides initial steps to help designers structuring their process.
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Martinec, Tomislav, Stanko Škec, Marija Majda Perišić, and Mario Štorga. "Revisiting Problem-Solution Co-Evolution in the Context of Team Conceptual Design Activity." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 10, 2020): 6303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186303.
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The conventional prescriptive and descriptive models of design typically decompose the overall design process into elementary processes, such as analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. This study revisits some of the assumptions established by these models and investigates whether they can also be applied for modelling of problem-solution co-evolution patterns that appear during team conceptual design activities. The first set of assumptions concerns the relationship between performing analysis, synthesis, and evaluation and exploring the problem and solution space. The second set concerns the dominant sequences of analysis, synthesis, and evaluation, whereas the third set concerns the nature of transitions between the problem and solution space. The assumptions were empirically tested as part of a protocol analysis study of team ideation and concept review activities. Besides revealing inconsistencies in how analysis, synthesis, and evaluation are defined and interpreted across the literature, the study demonstrates co-evolution patterns, which cannot be described by the conventional models. It highlights the important role of analysis-synthesis cycles during both divergent and convergent activities, which is co-evolution and refinement, respectively. The findings are summarised in the form of a model of the increase in the number of new problem and solution entities as the conceptual design phase progresses, with implications for both design research and design education.
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CHOWDHURY, Shuva, and Prof Marc Aurel SCHNABEL. "A Framework for Virtual Co-Urban Design." Urbanie & Urbanus - Smart City?, no. 5 (July 2021): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55412/05.03.
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Traditionally, professionals’ urban design methods and tools do not allow users to be active in the design process. On the contrary, participatory design processes build the citizen’s capacity of traditionally omitted city building procedures. The participants act as individual actors in the participatory design process, and a social hierarchy exists among them. The visual information adheres to the design artefacts used in the process stay in assumptions and leads to an unsolved conclusion with an expense of time. The article argues that immersive virtual reality equipped with producing instantaneous design artefacts and design engagement set-up brings conclusion at the early stage of an urban design process. The design task, the perceptual understanding of the virtual environment and the feeling of affiliation are the catalysts to keep the flow of the conversation. The design experts set design tasks understanding the capacity of the virtual tools and the need for the design problem. The paper presents a conceptual framework to develop a virtual tool based on participatory mindsets and principles experimented with earlier. It discusses how virtual media leverage citizens of a neighbourhood in the design process. In the end, the article puts light on the scope of using collaborative virtual reality tools on a shared understanding of collective design discussion in regenerating and developing urban spaces.
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Meng, Debiao, Xiaoling Zhang, Hong-Zhong Huang, Zhonglai Wang, and Huanwei Xu. "Interaction Prediction Optimization in Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Problems." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/698453.
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The distributed strategy of Collaborative Optimization (CO) is suitable for large-scale engineering systems. However, it is hard for CO to converge when there is a high level coupled dimension. Furthermore, the discipline objectives cannot be considered in each discipline optimization problem. In this paper, one large-scale systems control strategy, the interaction prediction method (IPM), is introduced to enhance CO. IPM is utilized for controlling subsystems and coordinating the produce process in large-scale systems originally. We combine the strategy of IPM with CO and propose the Interaction Prediction Optimization (IPO) method to solve MDO problems. As a hierarchical strategy, there are a system level and a subsystem level in IPO. The interaction design variables (including shared design variables and linking design variables) are operated at the system level and assigned to the subsystem level as design parameters. Each discipline objective is considered and optimized at the subsystem level simultaneously. The values of design variables are transported between system level and subsystem level. The compatibility constraints are replaced with the enhanced compatibility constraints to reduce the dimension of design variables in compatibility constraints. Two examples are presented to show the potential application of IPO for MDO.
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Yang, Liunan, Massimiliano Gobbi, Gianpiero Mastinu, Giorgio Previati, and Federico Ballo. "Multi-Disciplinary Optimisation of Road Vehicle Chassis Subsystems." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 2172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062172.
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Two vehicle chassis design tasks were solved by decomposition-based multi-disciplinary optimisation (MDO) methods, namely collaborative optimisation (CO) and analytical target cascading (ATC). A passive suspension system was optimised by applying both CO and ATC. Multiple parameters of the spring and damper were selected as design variables. The discomfort, road holding, and total mass of the spring–damper combination were the objective functions. An electric vehicle (EV) powertrain design problem was considered as the second test case. Energy consumption and gradeability were optimised by including the design of the electric motor and the battery pack layout. The standard single-level all-in-one (AiO) multi-objective optimisation method was compared with ATC and CO methods. AiO methods showed some limitations in terms of efficiency and accuracy. ATC proved to be the best choice for the design problems presented in this paper, since it provided solutions with good accuracy in a very efficient way. The proposed investigation on MDO methods can be useful for designers, to choose the proper optimisation approach, while solving complex vehicle design problems.
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Azzam, M. Abdullah, Uzma Batool, and Hilman Fauzi. "Design of an Helical Spring using Single-solution Simulated Kalman Filter Optimizer." Mekatronika 1, no. 2 (July 15, 2019): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/mekatronika.v1i2.4990.
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Optimization is one of the important process in solving engineering problems. Regrettably, there are numerous problems in practical optimization that cannot be solved flawlessly within reasonable computational effort. Thus, metaheuristic approach is often useful to get near-optimal solution when the best solution is not achievable. This paper demonstrates the usefullness of a metaheuristic algorithm called single-solution simulated Kalman filter (ssSKF) in helical spring design, which is an example of structural engineering design problem. The ssSKF is a single agent-based optimization algorithm based on the Kalman filtering. The solution obtained by the ssSKF is compared againsts the genetic algorithm, co-evolutionary particle swarm optimization, co-evolutionary differential evolution, bat algorithm, and artificial bee colony.
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van der Merwe, Johann, and Julia Brewis. "From Problem-Solving Paradigm to Co-Ontogenic Drift: How Do Learning Narratives Self-Generate?" Leonardo 44, no. 2 (April 2011): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_00117.
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It is now an accepted maxim in design theory and practice that real-world problems needing the attention of design practitioners are not neat and well-structured, but ill-structured and “wicked”—part of a larger, complex social situation. For design education, then, to take its lead from contemporary social, political and economic structures, it will have to seriously re-think its problem-solving paradigms. The authors investigate the use of self-generating learning narratives in the classroom and contrast the approach they introduce with the still-too-prevalent notion that knowledge can be transferred from teacher to student. Their methodology draws from ideas formulated by Maturana and Varela on autopoiesis, specifically the notion of co-ontogenic drift.
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Tappeta, R. V., and J. E. Renaud. "Multiobjective Collaborative Optimization." Journal of Mechanical Design 119, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826362.
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This investigation focuses on the development of modifications to the Collaborative Optimization (CO) approach to multidisciplinary systems design, that will provide solution capabilities for multiobjective problems. The primary goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview and development of mathematically rigorous optimization strategies for Multiobjective Collaborative Optimization (MOCO). Collaborative Optimization strategies provide design optimization capabilities to discipline designers within a multidisciplinary design environment. To date these CO strategies have primarily been applied to system design problems which have a single objective function. Recent investigations involving multidisciplinary design simulators have reported success in applying CO to multiobjective system design problems. In this research three Multiobjective Collaborative Optimization (MOCO) strategies are developed, reviewed and implemented in a comparative study. The goal of this effort is to provide an in depth comparison of different MOCO strategies available to system designers. Each of the three strategies makes use of parameter sensitivities within multilevel solution strategies. In implementation studies, each of the three MOCO strategies is effective in solving a multiobjective multidisciplinary systems design problem. Results indicate that these MOCO strategies require an accurate estimation of parameter sensitivities for successful implementation. In each of the three MOCO strategies these parameter sensitivities are obtained using post-optimality analysis techniques.
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Lalvani, Haresh. "Meta-Morphological Technique for a Multi-Parameter Design Index." International Journal of Space Structures 8, no. 4 (December 1993): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635119300800402.
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Complex design and morphologic problems, consisting of multiple parameters, can be described, modelled and indexed using a meta-morphological technique presented here. All design and morphologic variables can be mapped in Euclidean n-dimensional space, where n is the number of variables. This meta-space contains all the possible solutions to the problem and each point in this solution n-space is a candidate solution. The desired solution, represented by a specific point in this space and coded (addressed) by its n-dimension Cartesian co-ordinates, is ranked by the hyper-distance of this point from the origin. The hyper-distance itself provides a design index (or hyper-index) of the solution and can be determined by the known hyper-Pythagorean theorem. The procedure is recursive and applies to complex design problems which are hierarchical and composed of problem-within-problem-within-problems. Here the parameters are composed of subparameters, and the solutions are correspondingly mapped in a recursive, fractal n-cube composed of sub-cubes composed of sub-sub-cubes. The total composite index is determined by the recursive application of the hyper-Pythagorean theorem and represents a quantification of the morphological complexity of the design. The model is independent of the design problem, and has attractive possibilities for application in computer-aided design environments. The application is shown with the hypothetical selection of a space frame from a number of alternatives.
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Aronoff-Spencer, Eliah, Melanie McComsey, Ming-Yuan Chih, Alexandra Hubenko, Corey Baker, John Kim, David K. Ahern, et al. "Designing a Framework for Remote Cancer Care Through Community Co-design: Participatory Development Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 24, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): e29492. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/29492.
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Background Recent shifts to telemedicine and remote patient monitoring demonstrate the potential for new technology to transform health systems; yet, methods to design for inclusion and resilience are lacking. Objective The aim of this study is to design and implement a participatory framework to produce effective health care solutions through co-design with diverse stakeholders. Methods We developed a design framework to cocreate solutions to locally prioritized health and communication problems focused on cancer care. The framework is premised on the framing and discovery of problems through community engagement and lead-user innovation with the hypothesis that diversity and inclusion in the co-design process generate more innovative and resilient solutions. Discovery, design, and development were implemented through structured phases with design studios at various locations in urban and rural Kentucky, including Appalachia, each building from prior work. In the final design studio, working prototypes were developed and tested. Outputs were assessed using the System Usability Scale as well as semistructured user feedback. Results We co-designed, developed, and tested a mobile app (myPath) and service model for distress surveillance and cancer care coordination following the LAUNCH (Linking and Amplifying User-Centered Networks through Connected Health) framework. The problem of awareness, navigation, and communication through cancer care was selected by the community after framing areas for opportunity based on significant geographic disparities in cancer and health burden resource and broadband access. The codeveloped digital myPath app showed the highest perceived combined usability (mean 81.9, SD 15.2) compared with the current gold standard of distress management for patients with cancer, the paper-based National Comprehensive Cancer Network Distress Thermometer (mean 74.2, SD 15.8). Testing of the System Usability Scale subscales showed that the myPath app had significantly better usability than the paper Distress Thermometer (t63=2.611; P=.01), whereas learnability did not differ between the instruments (t63=–0.311; P=.76). Notable differences by patient and provider scoring and feedback were found. Conclusions Participatory problem definition and community-based co-design, design-with methods, may produce more acceptable and effective solutions than traditional design-for approaches.
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Sunanto, Rahma Faelasofi, Risna Apriliani, and Walidatul Nafi'ah. "Students’ Mathematical Problem Solving Abilities: The Impact of The Co-Op Co-Op Cooperative Learning Model and Missouri Mathematics Project." Desimal: Jurnal Matematika 3, no. 3 (September 29, 2020): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/djm.v3i3.7332.
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The development of the industrial revolution must be balanced by the increase of quality soft skills, one of which is problem-solving ability. This study was aimed to determine which learning models that have more influence on students' mathematical problem-solving abilities. Cooperative learning model Co-Op Co-Op with students who applied the Missouri Mathematics Project learning model. This research employed the quasi-experimental design. The sample was selected using cluster random sampling. The data collection instrument used was a problem-solving ability test in the form of an essay test. Based on the results of calculations using the t-test, it was concluded that the Co-Op Co-Op Cooperative learning model had more influence on students' mathematical problem-solving abilities compared to the Missouri Mathematics Project.
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Raharjo, Wiryono. "Teaching Co-Design to Promote Students’ Community Engagement." SHS Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184103002.
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The current landscape of architectural education has been predominantly based on studio teaching the mode of teaching that can be traced back in the age of French L’Ecole des Beaux Arts. It was during the Beaux Arts era that studio teaching and jury system first deve-loped, and it continues today. The approach is characterized by the use of atelier (studio) for coaching, where juniors learn from seniors and competition among students are the norm. The approach also presumes that architects are the provider of design services who think that they are more competent than their clients in solving the design problem; which is a paradox to the fact that most parts of the built environment anywhere in the world are the creation of ordinary people. In other words, ordinary people can contribute significantly to the decision making within the architectural design process. They can actually be treated as a partner of architects in designing their building, which is what Co-Design all about. This paper aims to describe the introduction of Co-Design approach in architectural design studio teaching at Universitas Islam Indonesia. The research questions this paper intends to respond: to what extent could Co-Design be adopted in architectural design teaching? What lessons have the students learned from their experience in involving people in the urban design process? The case study methods employed in this research, through which author looks at the Co- Design teaching delivery in the Architectural Design Studio 7 in the past three years. While overall result of the study shows that time limitation has constrained the students’ community engagement, most cases examined reveal that introduction of Co-Design approach has paved the way for students to understand how ordinary people contribute to the shaping of the urban built environment.
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Mouws, Karen, and Lizzy Bleumers. "Co-Creating Games with Children." International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations 7, no. 3 (July 2015): 22–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgcms.2015070102.
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In this paper, the authors investigate the role of and relationship between creative production practices (e.g. problem-solving and self-evaluation) and cooperative learning mechanisms (e.g. building trust and group processing) in a case of game co-design. 21 Belgian school children created game concepts together with a game designer, their teacher, and co-design facilitators. During a project week at school, participants moved from idea generation to presenting game concepts through collaboratively created prototypes. This case study, combining observation and survey methods, reveals that self-evaluation and openness to sharing ideas emerged spontaneously, but the critical analysis of digital games and crediting existing work require support. Moreover, as creative choices become part of group deliberation, progress in the creative production process critically depends on group functioning. The authors conclude that by grounding co-design in theory on cooperative learning and media literacy, co-design activities may be better understood and new avenues for supporting co-creators can be identified.
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Crilly, Nathan. "The Evolution of “Co-evolution” (Part I): Problem Solving, Problem Finding, and Their Interaction in Design and Other Creative Practices." She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation 7, no. 3 (2021): 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2021.07.003.
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Zhao, Haisen, Max Willsey, Amy Zhu, Chandrakana Nandi, Zachary Tatlock, Justin Solomon, and Adriana Schulz. "Co-Optimization of Design and Fabrication Plans for Carpentry." ACM Transactions on Graphics 41, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3508499.
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Past work on optimizing fabrication plans given a carpentry design can provide Pareto-optimal plans trading off between material waste, fabrication time, precision, and other considerations. However, when developing fabrication plans, experts rarely restrict to a single design , instead considering families of design variations , sometimes adjusting designs to simplify fabrication. Jointly exploring the design and fabrication plan spaces for each design is intractable using current techniques. We present a new approach to jointly optimize design and fabrication plans for carpentered objects. To make this bi-level optimization tractable, we adapt recent work from program synthesis based on equality graphs (e-graphs), which encode sets of equivalent programs. Our insight is that subproblems within our bi-level problem share significant substructures. By representing both designs and fabrication plans in a new bag of parts (BOP) e-graph, we amortize the cost of optimizing design components shared among multiple candidates. Even using BOP e-graphs, the optimization space grows quickly in practice. Hence, we also show how a feedback-guided search strategy dubbed Iterative Contraction and Expansion on E-graphs (ICEE) can keep the size of the e-graph manageable and direct the search towards promising candidates. We illustrate the advantages of our pipeline through examples from the carpentry domain.
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Caiado, Fátima, and Leonardo Springer. "Contributions of Design Thinking in Inter and Transdisciplinary Communication, Research & Co-work Environment for Complex Problem Solving." Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics 20, no. 2 (March 2022): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54808/jsci.20.02.45.
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Design, as research process, management strategy or problem-solving methodology, is nowadays embedded on organizational structures, social demands and in human interaction and experiences. Involves digital & analogue technologies, requires immersion in complex problems and systems, since the stage of identifying problems, constraints and consequently needs and opportunities, with constant feedback that prompts multidisciplinary team's cooperation looping, from gathering data, to ideation, model and prototype, analysis, and synthesis, evaluate and test, experiment, thus presenting solutions. This cybernetic loop research process stimulates and feeds itself of feedbacks gained also from Inter and Transdisciplinary Communication, that stimulates new knowledge [7], in Research & Development + Innovation (R&D+I). This exploratory research approaches a Project-Based Methodology known as Design Thinking (DT), considering four models: Stanford d. School - 5 Step Design Thinking; Design Council - Double Diamond; IDEO Human-Centered Design, 3I's model (Inspiration, Ideation, Implementation); and Katja Tschimmel - Evolution 6*, and the Creative Techniques used in these methodologies. The present deductive research tries to explain correlations between its use in academia/business/social environments, as a transdisciplinary communication approach, to complex problem resolution, embedding Design Thinking methodologies in applied research. * "R&D is increasingly viewed as an input to innovation in the context of the overall efforts made in a knowledge-based global economy." pp.3 [9] "2.9. The term R&D covers three types of activity: basic research, applied research and experimental development. … Applied research is original investigation undertaken to acquire new knowledge. It is, however, directed primarily towards a specific, practical aim or objective." pp.45 [9]
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Attarzadeh-Niaki, Seyed-Hosein, and Ingo Sander. "Heterogeneous co-simulation for embedded and cyber-physical systems design." SIMULATION 96, no. 9 (June 1, 2020): 753–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549720921945.
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The growing complexity of embedded and cyber-physical systems makes the design of all system components from scratch increasingly impractical. Consequently, already from early stages of a design flow, designers rely on prior experience, which comes in the form of legacy code or third-party intellectual property (IP) blocks. Current approaches partly address the co-simulation problem for specific scenarios in an ad hoc style. This work suggests a general method for co-simulation of heterogeneous IPs with a system modeling and simulation framework. The external IPs can be integrated as high-level models running in an external simulator or as software- and hardware-in-the-loop simulation with minimal effort. Examples of co-simulation scenarios for wrapping models with different semantics are presented together with their practical usage in two case studies. The presented method is also used to formulate a refinement-by-replacement workflow for IP-based system design.
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Keane, Andy J., and Ivan I. Voutchkov. "Robust design optimization using surrogate models." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwaa005.
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Abstract The use of surrogate models (response surface models, curve fits) of various types (radial basis functions, Gaussian process models, neural networks, support vector machines, etc.) is now an accepted way for speeding up design search and optimization in many fields of engineering that require the use of expensive computer simulations, including problems with multiple goals and multiple domains. Surrogates are also widely used in dealing with uncertainty quantification of expensive black-box codes where there are strict limits on the number of function evaluations that can be afforded in estimating the statistical properties of derived performance quantities. Here, we tackle the problem of robust design optimization from the direction of Gaussian process models (Kriging). We contrast two previously studied models, co-Kriging and combined Kriging (sometimes called level 1 Kriging), and propose a new combined approach called combined co-Kriging that attempts to make best use of the key ideas present in these methods.
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Lemos-Cano, Santiago, and James McCalley. "Co-Optimized Analysis and Design of Electric and Natural Gas Infrastructures." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 26, 2019): 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12102012.
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This paper proposes and implements a long-term deterministic capacity expansion model for the co-optimization of electric and natural gas infrastructures. It determines the required investments in generation units, transmission lines and pipelines for meeting future demands, while representing electricity and natural gas flows using DC Power Flow and Weymouth equations, respectively. A Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) problem is developed, from which a linearized version is derived. A 26 node integrated gas-electric system for the Eastern Region of the United States is used to demonstrate the model’s capabilities. Results show that the model provides an accurate operational representation of the integrated system, and, therefore, enhances the expansion planning process.
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HANAHARA, Kazuyuki, and Yukihiro YOSHIDA. "411 Multi-Criteria Optimal Design of Robot Arm with Discrete Design Variables : A Knowledge-Oriented Approach to Co-binatorial Problem." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2005.80 (2005): _4–27_—_4–28_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2005.80._4-27_.
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Dunning, Peter D. "On the co-rotational method for geometrically nonlinear topology optimization." Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 62, no. 5 (May 9, 2020): 2357–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00158-020-02605-4.
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Abstract This paper investigates the application of the co-rotational method to solve geometrically nonlinear topology optimization problems. The main benefit of this approach is that the tangent stiffness matrix is naturally positive definite, which avoids some numerical issues encountered when using other approaches. Three different methods for constructing the tangent stiffness matrix are investigated: a simplified method, where the linear elastic stiffness matrix is simply rotated; the consistent method, where the tangent stiffness is derived by differentiating residual forces by displacements; and a symmetrized method, where the consistent tangent stiffness is approximated by a symmetric matrix. The co-rotational method is implemented for 2D plane quadrilateral elements and 3-node shell elements. Matlab code is given in the appendix to modify an existing, freely available, density-based topology optimization code so it can solve 2D problems with geometric nonlinear analysis using the co-rotational method. The approach is used to solve four benchmark problems from the literature, including optimizing for stiffness, compliant mechanism design, and a plate problem. The solutions are comparable with those obtained with other methods, demonstrating the potential of the co-rotational method as an alternative approach for geometrically nonlinear topology optimization. However, there are differences between the methods in terms of implementation effort, computational cost, final design, and objective value. In summary, schemes involving the symmetrized tangent stiffness did not outperform the other schemes. For problems where the optimal design has relatively small displacements, then the simplified method is suitable. Otherwise, it is recommended to use the consistent method, as it is the most accurate.
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Baran, Grzegorz. "Social Innovation Living Labs as Platforms to Co-design Social Innovations." Journal of Intercultural Management 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 36–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/joim-2019-0031.
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AbstractObjective: The aim of the research is to develop a new original concept of social innovation lab based on the concept of living labs seen from the perspective of design-led approach to management and innovation.Methodology: The research was carried out with use of non-empirical (theoretical) framework. The existing knowledge was the source of reasoning leading to solve the scientific problem. It was rather implicit two-stage process of reasoning. The first stage was to reframe the conceptual framework, which was based on the analysis of the living lab concept seen from the perspective of the unique nature of social innovation and its limits. In the second stage, prototyping of a new concept of social innovation living lab was built on the conceptual framework developed at the first stage.Findings: The original theoretical model of social innovation living lab and its operationalization have been developed. It is based on the concept of living labs regarded as long term environments for open innovation that are being developed with real users in real contexts, and framed from the perspective of design-led approach to management and innovation.Value Added: The literature review has revealed the significant lack of research studies on the processes of generating social innovation. The proposed original model of social innovation living lab helps fill this gap. Social innovations as successful exploitation of new ideas to meet social problems and needs are essential in social and economic life. However, the conventional approaches to innovation are not sufficient to develop social innovation due to its nature. The proposed approach describes the operation of the social innovation living lab as an effective way to develop such innovations and at the same time the methodology useful in the further research.Recommendations: The proposed original approach to the processes of designing and accomplishing social innovation can help to develop such innovations in a more intentional and goal-oriented way, which is difficult using traditional laboratories due to the nature of such innovations.
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Nguyen, Du Duc, and Phong Dinh Pham. "A Co-optimization PSO for Fuzzy Rule-Based Classifier Design Problem Based on Enlarged Hedge Algebras." Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 65, no. 4 (October 29, 2021): 290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppee.16141.
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Fuzzy Rule-Based Classifier (FRBC) design problem has been widely studied due to many practical applications. Hedge Algebras based Classifier Design Methods (HACDMs) are the outstanding and effective approaches because these approaches based on a mathematical formal formalism allowing the fuzzy sets based computational semantics generated from their inherent qualitative semantics of linguistic terms. HACDMs include two phase optimization process. The first phase is to optimize the semantic parameter values by applying an optimization algorithm. Then, in the second phase, the optimal fuzzy rule based system for FRBC is extracted based on the optimal semantic parameter values provided by the first phase. The performance of FRBC design methods depends on the quality of the applied optimization algorithms. This paper presents our proposed co-optimization Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm for designing FRBC with trapezoidal fuzzy sets based computational semantics generated by Enlarged Hedge Algebras (EHAs). The results of experiments executed over 23 real world datasets have shown that Enlarged Hedge Algebras based classifier with our proposed co-optimization PSO algorithm outperforms the existing classifiers which are designed based on Enlarged Hedge Algebras methodology with two phase optimization process and the existing fuzzy set theory based classifiers.
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Nguyen, Du Duc, and Phong Dinh Pham. "A Co-optimization PSO for Fuzzy Rule-Based Classifier Design Problem Based on Enlarged Hedge Algebras." Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 65, no. 4 (October 29, 2021): 290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppee.16141.
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Fuzzy Rule-Based Classifier (FRBC) design problem has been widely studied due to many practical applications. Hedge Algebras based Classifier Design Methods (HACDMs) are the outstanding and effective approaches because these approaches based on a mathematical formal formalism allowing the fuzzy sets based computational semantics generated from their inherent qualitative semantics of linguistic terms. HACDMs include two phase optimization process. The first phase is to optimize the semantic parameter values by applying an optimization algorithm. Then, in the second phase, the optimal fuzzy rule based system for FRBC is extracted based on the optimal semantic parameter values provided by the first phase. The performance of FRBC design methods depends on the quality of the applied optimization algorithms. This paper presents our proposed co-optimization Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm for designing FRBC with trapezoidal fuzzy sets based computational semantics generated by Enlarged Hedge Algebras (EHAs). The results of experiments executed over 23 real world datasets have shown that Enlarged Hedge Algebras based classifier with our proposed co-optimization PSO algorithm outperforms the existing classifiers which are designed based on Enlarged Hedge Algebras methodology with two phase optimization process and the existing fuzzy set theory based classifiers.
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Xing, Lei, Jia-Liang Zhang, Tian-jiao Zhou, Yu-Jing He, Peng-Fei Cui, Jia-Hui Gong, Minjie Sun, et al. "A novel design of a polynuclear co-delivery system for safe and efficient cancer therapy." Chemical Communications 54, no. 63 (2018): 8737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc03720e.
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A polynuclear nanoparticle fabricated through a sequential hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction mechanism can circumvent the contradictory problem of siRNA binding capacity and toxicities of cationic vectors.
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Kjørstad, Marianne, Gerrit Muller, and Kristin Falk. "Co-Creative Problem Solving to Support Rapid Learning of Systems Knowledge Towards High-Tech Innovations: A Longitudinal Case Study." Systems 9, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems9020042.
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This article explores co-creative problem solving to support rapid learning of systems knowledge in the concept phase towards innovation. We introduce the term co-creative problem solving to describe the act of collective creation between systems engineers and stakeholders during problem solving. The context of this research is a mature Norwegian industry accustomed to efficiency and risk aversion, challenged by late validation of systems design due to poor utilization of systems knowledge. We have explored co-creation between systems engineers and stakeholders such as project managers, business developers, and subject-matter experts through a longitudinal in-depth industry case in the energy domain. The primary outcome is insights into how co-creative problem solving supports rapid learning of systems knowledge in the industry case. We propose a method building on the findings from the research results to support systems engineers in similar contexts facing similar challenges.
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Farooqi, Seemab Ara. "Co-production: what makes co-production work? Evidence from Pakistan." International Journal of Public Sector Management 29, no. 4 (May 9, 2016): 381–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-10-2015-0190.
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Purpose – In developing countries there is a growing recognition that co-production offers more cost effective and responsive service delivery options in low income areas. The purpose of this paper is to explore the way co-production initiatives are managed in developing country, Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative comparative case study design is used. Data are collected through 25 semi-structured interviews and document analysis and applies institutional analysis and development framework for analysis. Findings – The study suggests that challenges to co-production are more than a managerial problem which require a different set of capabilities on the part of the actors in order to achieve anticipated goals in the joint production of services. Co-production initiatives require formal structures and processes to involve the local community and third sector to work with the public sector as effective partners. Political and bureaucratic commitment in regional and local government and community willingness to engage act as a catalyst for the successful management of co-production. Originality/value – The study extends understanding of what makes co-production work, a less researched area on co-production, drawing on a comparative analysis of two different institutional arrangements of co-production.
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Beaulieu-Brossard, Philippe, and Philippe Dufort. "Enhancing Challenge Framing in Defence Organisations: Towards Reflexive Methods." Honvédségi Szemle 148, Special Issue 2. (2020): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35926/hdr.2020.2.2.
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This article contributes to problem solving, design, and planning in defence organisations by arguing that a ‘problem’ or a ‘challenge’ is never objective, natural or ready-made. Challenges are contingent to the conditions under which individuals perceive and formulate them. As a result, this article understands ‘challenges’ and ‘approaches’ to address them as co-dependent on one another. This article recommends that officers should attempt to generate the most interesting and, we hope, innovative problem-solution pair or challenge-approach pair in order to integrate this insight into practice when problem solving, designing, or planning. Leaders and their teams can learn to inhabit this mind-set by finding inspiration in three modes observed through practice: initial challenge framing, challenge curation and co-evolution. For each of these modes, the article proposes reflexive methods and tools for enhancing introspection in challenge framing and formulation namely the Five Whys, question-storming, and loyal opposition. The article supports these recommendations and methods through insights gleaned from philosophy of knowledge, design theory, and on design experiences with the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD) in 2019.
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Peng, Yun, Ai Min Gong, and Hai Yan Huang. "Multi-Objective Collaborative Optimization of Spring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.362.
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A framework for solving the multi-objective optimization problems of spring in multidisciplinary design environment is advised in this paper. Based on the collaborative optimization (CO) algorithm, a new system level objective function is advised to minimize relative value among the structural mass, the height and the natural vibration frequency. The proposed models were demonstrated with a multi-objective optimization problem of a spring. The optimal design of the spring obtained indicates the great potential of decreasing structural mass and vibration level and increasing natural frequency reserve under the constraints. The analysis progress and results show that the model is feasible and well-suited for using in actual optimization problems of spring design.
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Zhou, Zhen, Debiao He, Zhe Liu, Min Luo, and Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo. "A Software/Hardware Co-Design of Crystals-Dilithium Signature Scheme." ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems 14, no. 2 (June 5, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3447812.
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As quantum computers become more affordable and commonplace, existing security systems that are based on classical cryptographic primitives, such as RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography ( ECC ), will no longer be secure. Hence, there has been interest in designing post-quantum cryptographic ( PQC ) schemes, such as those based on lattice-based cryptography ( LBC ). The potential of LBC schemes is evidenced by the number of such schemes passing the selection of NIST PQC Standardization Process Round-3. One such scheme is the Crystals-Dilithium signature scheme, which is based on the hard module-lattice problem. However, there is no efficient implementation of the Crystals-Dilithium signature scheme. Hence, in this article, we present a compact hardware architecture containing elaborate modular multiplication units using the Karatsuba algorithm along with smart generators of address sequence and twiddle factors for NTT, which can complete polynomial addition/multiplication with the parameter setting of Dilithium in a short clock period. Also, we propose a fast software/hardware co-design implementation on Field Programmable Gate Array ( FPGA ) for the Dilithium scheme with a tradeoff between speed and resource utilization. Our co-design implementation outperforms a pure C implementation on a Nios-II processor of the platform Altera DE2-115, in the sense that our implementation is 11.2 and 7.4 times faster for signature and verification, respectively. In addition, we also achieve approximately 51% and 31% speed improvement for signature and verification, in comparison to the pure C implementation on processor ARM Cortex-A9 of ZYNQ-7020 platform.
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Clement, Jennifer. "Spatially Democratic Pedagogy: Children’s Design and Co-Creation of Classroom Space." International Journal of Early Childhood 51, no. 3 (October 30, 2019): 373–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13158-019-00253-4.
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Abstract Young children’s participation has been specifically foregrounded as a pedagogical element within education policy in Wales. However, there is currently little evidence that this policy concerned with participation has been enacted. This research describes an intervention, Spatially Democratic Pedagogy, as a pedagogical approach to foster young children’s participation, through design and co-creation of their classroom space. A group of six children, aged 4–5 years, alongside their teacher, were supported through a design-based intervention to enact, document and analyse this process. The research draws upon social understandings of space, as well as Froebel’s ideas about construction of communal gardens. Findings illustrate notable differences in the roles and relationships that formed between the teacher and the children when using Spatially Democratic Pedagogy. Children were teachers, planners, architects, negotiators and problem-solvers, as they participated in co-construction of their space. The argument is made that it is the process of design and co-creation that becomes the mediator for pedagogical change and acts as the driver for children’s participation. The co-construction of space is an important element to support young children’s participation in early years classrooms.
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Pennington, K. W., N. A. Harwood, and D. M. Peat. "A Steering Bogie for the British Rail Class 37 Locomotive." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Transport Engineering 200, no. 3 (July 1986): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1986_200_182_02.
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This paper describes the theoretical and practical design studies undertaken to improve the curving perfornrance of the British Rail Class 37 Co–Co locomotive to reduce expensive wheel and rail wear on the West Highland Line. Observatiomfrom preliminary performance trials with a locomotivejitted with prototype steering bogies are also discussed. It is shown how a traditional design can be improved through current theoretical understanding to provide a practical solution to an operating problem.
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Ortiz, Joshua, Joshua Summers, James Coykendall, Travis Roberts, and Rahul Rai. "A TOPOLOGICAL FORMALISM FOR QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DESIGN SPACES." Proceedings of the Design Society 1 (July 27, 2021): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2021.30.
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AbstractThe objective of this paper is to present a mathematically grounded description of the two topological spaces for the design problem and the design solution. These spaces are derived in a generalized form such that they can be applied by researchers studying engineering design and developing new methods or engineers seeking to understand the influence that changes in the problem space have on the solution space. In addition to the formal definitions of the spaces, including assumptions and limitations, three types of supported reasoning are presented to demonstrate the potential uses. These include similarity analysis to compare spaces, an approach to sensitivity analysis of the solution space to changes in the problem space, and finally a distance measure to determine how far a current proposal is to the feasible solution space. This paper is presented to establish a common vocabulary for researchers when discussing, studying, and supporting the dyadic nature of engineering design (problem-solution co-evolution).
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Tufail, Muhammad, HaeBin Lee, YangGyu Moon, Hwang Kim, and KwanMyung Kim. "Interdisciplinary Co-Design Research Practice in the Rehabilitation of Elderly Individuals with Chronic Low Back Pain from a Senior Care Center in South Korea." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (May 6, 2022): 4687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094687.
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The rehabilitation practices encounter multifaceted problems inherent in the current context of the elderly with chronic low back pain (LBP). We addressed a particular multifaceted problem in the current context using an interdisciplinary co-design research practice that consists of three phases: context exploration, patient-expert interaction, and patient-centered rehabilitation. Using an empirical study integrated with this practice, we investigated 30 Korean elderly patients suffering from LBP and introduced an exercise program design. In the context exploration phase, we found that the elderly patients neglected proper posture during work causing spine instability and resultantly developing chronic LBP. The patient–expert interaction phase explored latissimus dorsi (LD) and lumbar erector spinae (LES) muscles as the back trunk muscles that had caused LBP in most of these elderly patients. In the patient-centered rehabilitation phase, we designed an exercise program with exercise protocols and an exercise object for flexion and extension of trunk muscle relaxation and stabilization. Using electromyography (EMG), we found that the exercise program significantly increased the muscle activation levels of the muscles and reduced LBP. Our practice defines and addresses a multifaceted problem with several challenges both in healthcare design and the problem itself. This integrated approach can easily be expanded and adapted to other domain-related research projects that possess characteristics of complex problems.
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Wu, Bei Bei, and Hai Huang. "Multidisciplinary Optimization of Autonomous Rendezvous Spacecraft Using Updated Analytical Target Cascading Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 195-196 (August 2012): 801–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.195-196.801.
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For the multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) question of autonomous rendezvous spacecraft, first, the analysis model and coupling relations of payload, propulsion and structure discipline are discussed; then the updated analytical target cascading (UATC) method is introduced and compared with the widely used collaborative optimization (CO). Results prove that the UATC method requires 54.8% fewer average subspace iterations than the CO and is more efficient for practical engineering MDO problem. Finally, based on the UATC method, a MDO problem of autonomous rendezvous spacecraft is solved and gets reasonable and effective results. The process proves the effectiveness of UATC method solving spacecraft MDO problem.
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Jakubeit, Nina, Willem Haanstra, Jan Braaksma, Mohammad Rajabalinejad, and Leo van Dongen. "Co-Designing Sustainable Coordination to Support Inter-Organizational Decision Making." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 6467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116467.
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Processes in inter-organizational projects tend to be complex to coordinate. Within these projects, stakeholders have to make decisions together, despite a limited awareness of the other parties’ interests and views. Frequently, coordination in inter-organizational projects is ineffective and inadequately addressed, despite the investment of considerable effort, which often results in delays and/or unwanted project outcomes. The purpose of this study is to investigate how a shared problem understanding for inter-organizational decision making can be achieved by means of sustainable coordination. In this study, CIMO logic was used to explore the context of the organizational change, followed by the application of design science research in order to develop an intervision process. The findings of this study are twofold. To manage the complex problem context, additional efforts were needed in order to create awareness of the team’s coordination activities. The application of the concept of co-designing resulted in a higher degree of sustainable relational coordination. The resulting intervision process aided the team in gaining a shared problem understanding of the decision making process in the inter-organizational project. The use of the co-designed intervision process can potentially be employed for other complex systematic problems, such as those occurring in the construction industry.
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Liu, Ruonan. "Can compensation committees effectively mitigate the CEO horizon problem? The role of co-opted directors." Accounting Research Journal 34, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arj-11-2019-0213.
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Purpose This study aims to examine whether compensation committees dominated by co-opted directors are less effective in mitigating the CEO horizon problem. Design/methodology/approach The author uses a sample of 7,280 firm-year observations from 1998 to 2011. Findings In this study, the author finds evidence of opportunistic research and development (R&D) reduction and accruals management in firms with retiring CEOs and compensation committees dominated by co-opted directors. Moreover, it is found that R&D reduction and income-increasing accruals are less discouraged when determining the compensation for retiring CEOs by compensation committees that are dominated by co-opted directors. The results suggest that compensation committees dominated by co-opted directors are less effective in adjusting CEO compensation to mitigate the CEO horizon problem. Originality/value The study reveals that co-opted directors are weak monitors. Moreover, the study adds empirical evidence to the debate of organizations’ CEO horizon problem. Finally, the study adds to the literature on corporate governance, revealing that compensation committees play an important role in mitigating an organization’s CEO horizon problem by adjusting CEO compensation.
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Awre, Chris, Jim Baxter, Brian Clifford, Janette Colclough, Andrew Cox, Nick Dods, Paul Drummond, et al. "Research Data Management as a “wicked problem”." Library Review 64, no. 4/5 (July 6, 2015): 356–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lr-04-2015-0043.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the usefulness of the concept to thinking about Research Data Management (RDM). The concept of “wicked problems” seeks to differentiate very complex, intractable challenges from tamer issues where approaches to problem solving are well-understood. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on and co-authored by a collaboration of practitioners from libraries, information technology and research administration, with facilitators from the Sheffield Information School. Participants worked together in two-day-long workshops to understand the wicked problem concept and advice on leadership in wicked problem contexts. Findings – Participants concurred that RDM had many features of a wicked problem and most of Grint’s advice on leadership for wicked problems also resonated. Some elements of the issue were simple; participants were optimistic about improving the situation over time. Participants were resistant to the more negative or fatalistic connotations of the phrase “wicked problem”. Viewing RDM as a wicked problem is an interesting way of looking at it as a challenge for support professionals. Practical implications – The notion of a wicked problem is a generative concept that can be usefully added to professional vocabulary. Originality/value – The paper captures an in-depth response from practitioners to the notion of wicked problems as a lens for examining RDM.
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Chagraoui, Hamda, and Mohamed Soula. "Multidisciplinary collaborative optimization based on relaxation method for solving complex problems." Concurrent Engineering 28, no. 4 (September 24, 2020): 280–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1063293x20958921.
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The purpose of the present work is to improve the performance of the standard collaborative optimization (CO) approach based on an existing dynamic relaxation method. This approach may be weakened by starting design points. First, a New Relaxation (NR) method is proposed to solve the difficulties in convergence and low accuracy of CO. The new method is based on the existing dynamic relaxation method and it is achieved by changing the system-level consistency equality constraints into relaxation inequality constraints. Then, a Modified Collaborative Optimization (MCO) approach is proposed to eliminate the impact of the information inconsistency between the system-level and the discipline-level on the feasibility of optimal solutions. In the MCO approach, the impact of the inconsistency is treated by transforming the discipline-level constrained optimization problems into an unconstrained optimization problem using an exact penalty function. Based on the NR method, the performance of the MCO approach carried out by solving two multidisciplinary optimization problems. The obtained results show that the MCO approach has improved the convergence of CO significantly. These results prove that the present MCO succeeds in getting feasible solutions while the CO fails to provide feasible solutions with the used starting design points.