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Journal articles on the topic 'Co-Al-Mo-Nb'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Davydov, Denis, Nataliya Kazantseva, Nikolai Popov, Nina Vinogradova, and Igor Ezhov. "Phase Transitions in the Co–Al–Nb–Mo System." Metals 11, no. 12 (November 23, 2021): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11121887.

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Phase transitions in the Co-rich part of the Co–Al–Nb–Mo phase diagram are studied by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The obtained results were compared with the results for alloys of the binary Co–Al and ternary Co–Al–Nb, and Co–Al–Mo systems. Formation of the intermetallic phase with the L12 structure was found in a range of alloys with 10 at.% Al, 2–9 at.% Nb, and 3–7 at.% Mo. Intermetallic compound Co2Nb, Laves phase with the different chemical composition and crystal structure (C14 and C36) was detected in the Co–Al–Nb and Co–Al–Nb–Mo samples after vacuum solution treating at 1250 °C for 30 h.
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2

Moskal, Grzegorz. "Oxidation behavior of Co-Al-Mo-Nb and Co-Ni-Al-Mo-Nb new tungsten-free y-y' cobalt-based superalloys." OCHRONA PRZED KOROZJĄ 1, no. 9 (September 5, 2017): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/40.2017.9.5.

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3

Davidov, D. I., Igor Ezhov, Nikolay A. Popov, and Nataliya Kazantseva. "Mechanical Properties of Co-Al-Mo-Nb Intermetallic Alloys." Key Engineering Materials 910 (February 15, 2022): 1121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-3102k8.

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The results of the experimental study of the mechanical properties and structure of the Co-9.5Al-2.9Mo-4Nb, Co-9.1Al-5.2Mo-4.7Nb, and Co-8.9Al-6.5Mo-9.3Nb alloys were presented. The Young’s moduli in the studied alloy samples were found to be smaller than those of Ni3Al-based and Co3(Al,W)-based alloys. The eutectic structure was observed in all studied alloys. Cuboids of the Co3(Al,Nb,Mo) intermetallic compound with L12 crystal structure were found by TEM study.
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4

Inoue, Akihisa, Bao Long Shen, and Akira Takeuchi. "Syntheses and Applications of Fe-, Co-, Ni- and Cu-Based Bulk Glassy Alloys." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.92.

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This paper reviews our recent results of the formation, fundamental properties, workability and applications of late transition metal (LTM) base bulk glassy alloys (BGAs) developed since 1995. The BGAs were obtained in Fe-(Al,Ga)-(P,C,B,Si), Fe-(Cr,Mo)-(C,B), Fe-(Zr,Hf,Nb,Ta)-B, Fe-Ln-B(Ln=lanthanide metal), Fe-B-Si-Nb and Fe-Nd-Al for Fe-based alloys, Co-(Ta,Mo)-B and Co-B-Si-Nb for Co-based alloys, Ni-Nb-(Ti,Zr)-(Co,Ni) for Ni-based alloys, and Cu-Ti-(Zr,Hf), Cu-Al-(Zr,Hf), Cu-Ti-(Zr,Hf)-(Ni,Co) and Cu-Al-(Zr,Hf)-(Ag,Pd) for Cu-based alloys. These BGAs exhibit useful properties of high mechanical strength, large elastic elongation and high corrosion resistance. In addition, Fe- and Co-based glassy alloys have good soft magnetic properties which cannot be obtained for amorphous and crystalline type magnetic alloys. The Feand Ni-based BGAs have already been used in some application fields. These LTM base BGAs are promising as new metallic engineering materials.
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5

Zhang, Qing Quan, Ming Yang Li, Ran Wei, Hui Yun Wu, and Zhen Rui Li. "Research on Effect of Alloy Elements on Equilibrium and Properties of Ni-Cr-Co Type Nickel-Based Superalloy." Materials Science Forum 849 (March 2016): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.849.513.

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Ni-Cr-Co type Nickel-based super alloy Inconel 740H was studied. The effect of Nb, Al and Ti on the equilibrium of this alloy was analyzed by JMatPro software. The amount of Ti and Nb should be controlled by 1.50wt.%, and meanwhile, Al should be 1.0-2.0wt.%. If Mo and W were added the amount of Mo should be in the range of 1.0-2.0wt. %, and W should be about 1.0wt.%. Based on these results, three types of new alloys were designed, which contain Ni-Cr-Co-Mo type (1#), Ni-Cr-Co-W type (2#) and Ni-Cr-Co-Mo-W type (3#). Compared with the Ni-Cr-Co type Inconel 740H alloy, the room temperature strength, high temperature strength and high temperature durable performance of the three new alloys improved, which can provide the evidence and reference to optimize the chemical composition of Inconel 740H alloy, i.e., adding 1.50wt.% Mo and 1.0wt.% W individually or together.
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6

Tian, Jinzhong, Yuhong Zhao, Hua Hou, and Bing Wang. "The Effect of Alloying Elements on the Structural Stability, Mechanical Properties, and Debye Temperature of Al3Li: A First-Principles Study." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 18, 2018): 1471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081471.

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The structural stability, mechanical properties, and Debye temperature of alloying elements X (X = Sc, Ti, Co, Cu, Zn, Zr, Nb, and Mo) doped Al3Li were systematically investigated by first-principles methods. A negative enthalpy of formation ΔHf is predicted for all Al3Li doped species which has consequences for its structural stability. The Sc, Ti, Zr, Nb, and Mo are preferentially occupying the Li sites in Al3Li while the Co, Cu, and Zn prefer to occupy the Al sites. The Al–Li–X systems are mechanically stable at 0 K as elastic constants Cij has satisfied the stability criteria. The values of bulk modulus B for Al–Li–X (X = Sc, Ti, Co, Cu, Zr, Nb, and Mo) alloys (excluding Al–Li–Zn) increase with the increase of doping concentration and are larger than that for pure Al3Li. The Al6LiSc has the highest shear modulus G and Young’s modulus E which indicates that it has stronger shear deformation resistance and stiffness. The predicted universal anisotropy index AU for pure and doped Al3Li is higher than 0, implying the anisotropy of Al–Li–X alloy. The Debye temperature ΘD of Al12Li3Ti is highest among the Al–Li–X system which predicts the existence of strong covalent bonds and thermal conductivity compared to that of other systems.
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7

Migas, Damian, Grzegorz Moskal, and Tomasz Maciąg. "Thermal analysis of W-free Co–(Ni)–Al–Mo–Nb superalloys." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 142, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09375-7.

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Abstract In this investigation, the thermal analysis of W-free cobalt-based superalloys based on Co–Al–Mo–Nb and Co–Ni–Al–Mo–Nb systems was performed. The analysis was performed at different stages of heat treatment process. The differential thermal analysis (DTA) was utilized for the determination of characteristic temperatures related to microstructural changes. First of all, the DTA analysis was carried out for discussing as-cast alloys in the temperature range of 40–1500 °C. The results showed thermal effects connected with melting and important order–disorder transition. The temperature range of 1200–1250 °C was chosen for performance of a first heat treatment operation for the investigated alloys. Specimens were annealed at selected temperature for 5 h. The microstructure of alloys after solution heat treatment was analyzed as well. Afterward, the solutionized specimens were subjected to the further thermal analysis in order to select the aging temperature according to the order–disorder transformation related to formation of γ′ phase with overall formula Co3(Al,X). Five aging variants were performed in the temperature range of 800–1000 with a step of 50 °C. After each stage of heat treatment, SEM/EDS analysis and hardness measurements were performed.
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8

Komatsu, Naoyoshi, Takeshi Mitani, Yuichiro Hayashi, Tomohisa Kato, and Hajime Okumura. "Influence of Additives on Surface Smoothness and Polytype Stability in Solution Growth of n-Type 4H-SiC." Materials Science Forum 924 (June 2018): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.924.55.

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We have investigated the dependence of the macrostep height on various additives in solution growth of n-type 4H-SiC. Surface modification by adding transition elements in periods 4‒6 (Sc, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, Nb, Mo, Ce, and W) and group 13‒14 elements (B, Al, Ga, Ge, Sn) was systematically studied to find additives improving smoothness of the growth surface. We found that Sc, Co, Mo, and Ge improved surface smoothness in addition to the already-known additives, such as Al, B, and Sn. Besides, these additives (Sc, Co, Mo, Ge) give no measurable influence on the conductivity of n-type grown crystals. These results demonstrated that Sc, Co, Mo, Ge and Sn are useful additives for solution growth of n-type 4H-SiC.
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9

Makineni, S. K., B. Nithin, and K. Chattopadhyay. "A new tungsten-free γ–γ’ Co–Al–Mo–Nb-based superalloy." Scripta Materialia 98 (March 2015): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2014.11.009.

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10

Kitajima, Yuri, Shigenari Hayashi, Shigeharu Ukai, and Toshio Narita. "The Effect of Additional Elements on Oxide Scale Evolution of Fe-20at.%Cr-10at.%Al Alloy at 900 °C in Air." Materials Science Forum 595-598 (September 2008): 1013–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.595-598.1013.

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The oxidation behavior of Fe-20at.%Cr-10at.%Al alloys with a small amount of an additional element such as W, Cu, Mn, Nb, Mo, Re, Co or Ti was investigated at 900 °C for up to 625hr. The fourth element addition to the FeCrAl alloy could be classified into two groups; elements (Mn, Nb, Ti) that are contained in the Al2O3 scale, and elements (W, Mo, Re, Co) which are not present in the scale. In the latter case, the elements (W, Cu) caused scale spallation. The rumpling of alloys with Mn, Nb or Ti was smaller than that of the other alloys. The surface of the alloy with Ti was the smooth. Pt marker experiments suggested that the Al2O3 scale formed on the alloy with Ti grew by inward diffusion of O, whilst the Al2O3 scale formed on the FeCrAl alloy grew by both outward diffusion of Al and inward diffusion of O. This different growth behavior due to the elements incorporated in the Al2O3 scale could have an effect on the surface rumpling behavior.
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11

Dvoretskov, R. M., А. V. Slavin, F. N. Karachevtsev, and Т. N. Zagvozdkina. "COMPARISONS OF THE NICKEL ALLOYS VZH172 AND VZHL21 REFERENCE MATERIALS KITS USING THE AES ICP METHOD." Proceedings of VIAM, no. 11 (2021): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2021-0-11-120-132.

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The procedure for comparing the kits of reference materials of nickel alloys VZh172 and VZhL21 is considered. Using the method of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma for analytical lines of elements Al, Co, Cr, Mo, Ti, W, Zr, Fe, Mn, calibration characteristics were constructed using by two kits of reference materials VZh172 and VZhL21. According to statistical criteria an assessment is made of the possibility of joint use of the kits when constructing general calibration characteristics using the method of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma for the simultaneous determination of elements Al, Co, Cr, Mo, Nb, Ta, Ti, W, Zr, Fe, Mn in nickel alloys.
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12

Rousis, Nikolaos I., Ioannis N. Pasias, and Nikolaos S. Thomaidis. "Attenuation of interference in collision/reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, using helium and hydrogen as cell gases – application to multi-element analysis of mastic gum." Anal. Methods 6, no. 15 (2014): 5899–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ay00452c.

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A collision/reaction cell ICP-MS was used to develop a method for the multi-element determination of Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, Hg and Pb in mastic gum.
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13

Bondarenko, Yu A., M. Yu Kolodyazhnyy, and V. A. V. A. "Creation of high-temperature heat-resistant alloys based on refractory matrices and natural composites." Perspektivnye Materialy 2 (2021): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/1028-978x-2021-2-5-16.

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The scientific, technical and technological aspects in the field of creating new high-temperature materials for the hot tract parts of gas turbine engines (GTE) with operating temperatures exceeding those existing in the GTE are considered. Investigated more refractory metal materials to create new high-temperature alloys used in the manufacture of working and nozzle blades and other parts of promising gas turbine engines based on Co – Cr, Pt – Al, Nb – Si, Mo – Si – B systems. In Co – Cr alloys, heat resistance is mainly ensured by hardening the Co matrix, including dispersed precipitates of the carbide phase (TaC) and the boride phase Cr2B. In alloys of the Pt – Al system, due to the doping of Cr, Al, Ti, Re ... and precipitates of the coherently embedded Pt3Al phase. In eutectic alloys of the Nb-Si system, this is due to complex hardening of the Nb solid solution and Nb5Si3 silicide, as well as the natural compositional structure. In Mo – Si – B alloys, high strength is achieved by doping a-Mo solid solution and the formation of intermetallic phases Mo3Si, Mo5SiB2, carbides Mo2C, TiC. Compositions were selected, analysis of their smelting methods was carried out, including directed crystallization, which provides a natural compositional structure, mechanical properties at room and high temperatures, oxidation resistance were evaluated, structural features were investigated, information was provided on technological equipment and the possibility of obtaining parts in various ways. It is shown that, depending on the composition of the selected matrix, the working temperature of heat-resistant alloys can increase to 1300 – 1500 °C, which significantly exceeds the existing nickel heat-resistant alloys. It is concluded that the materials under study are promising for use in aircraft engine building and the aerospace industry.
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14

Davydov, D. I., N. V. Kazantseva, N. A. Popov, I. V. Narygina, and E. N. Popova. "Structure and Phase Composition of Refractory Alloys of the Co – Al – Mo – Nb System." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 62, no. 7-8 (November 2020): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11041-020-00587-0.

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15

Yamanaka, Syuki, Ken-ichi Ikeda, and Seiji Miura. "Effect of Multi-Elements Substitution on the Mechanical Properties of Intermetallic Compound." MRS Advances 4, no. 25-26 (2019): 1497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.119.

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ABSTRACTIt is well known that various elements substitute for a certain sub-lattice of intermetallic compounds. There have been various experimental investigations of the effects of substituted elements on mechanical properties, however, there are few reports describing the effects of multi-element substitution. In the present study, L12-type compounds A3B (Ni3Al and Co3(Al,W)) were selected as model compounds because their substitution behavior is well known. It was reported that various elements such as Ni, Co, Cu, Pd and Pt occupy the A-site, whereas Al, Si, Ga, Ge, Ti, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, and W occupy the B-site. These elements are expected to introduce local lattice distortion, which may affect the motion of dislocations over a wide range of temperatures. Several alloys composed of five or more elements including Ni, Co, Al, Mo, and W, were prepared using an Ar-arc melting machine and heat-treated. Several alloys were found to include an (Ni, Co)3(Al, Mo, W, …)-L12 compound as a constituent phase. The nano-hardness of these L12 phases was higher than that of the high-strength Co3(Al,W)-L12 compound, confirming that multi-element substitution is an effective way to improve the mechanical properties of an intermetallic compound without decreasing the phase stability.
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16

Al-Zoubi, Noura. "Elastic Parameters of Paramagnetic Fe–20Cr–20Ni-Based Alloys: A First-Principles Study." Metals 9, no. 7 (July 17, 2019): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9070792.

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The single-crystal and polycrystalline elastic parameters of paramagnetic Fe0.6−xCr0.2Ni0.2Mx (M = Al, Co, Cu, Mo, Nb, Ti, V, and W; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.08) alloys in the face-centered cubic (fcc) phase were derived by first-principles electronic structure calculations using the exact muffin-tin orbitals method. The disordered local magnetic moment approach was used to model the paramagnetic phase. The theoretical elastic parameters of the present Fe–Cr–Ni-based random alloys agree with the available experimental data. In general, we found that all alloying elements have a significant effect on the elastic properties of Fe–Cr–Ni alloy, and the most significant effect was found for Co. A correlation between the tetragonal shear elastic constant C′ and the structural energy difference ΔE between fcc and bcc lattices was demonstrated. For all alloys, small changes in the Poisson’s ratio were obtained. We investigated the brittle/ductile transitions formulated by the Pugh ratio. We demonstrate that Al, Cu, Mo, Nb, Ti, V, and W dopants enhance the ductility of the Fe–Cr–Ni system, while Co reduces it. The present theoretical data can be used as a starting point for modeling the mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels at low temperatures.
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17

Kierat, Milena, and Maciej Liśkiewicz. "INFLUENCE OF 2% TITANIUM ADDITION ON MICROSCTRUCTURE AND SELECTED HIGH-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF A NOVEL Co-BASED SUPERALLOY STRENGHTENED WITH L12 PHASE." Journal of Metallic Materials 73, no. 4 (June 7, 2022): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32730/imz.2657-747.21.4.2.

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This paper contains selected results of primary microsctructure analysis of a novel superalloy, Co-20Ni-10Al-5Mo-2Nb-2Ti. Research on this class of superalloys was started by J. Sato in 2006, and further expanded by S.K. Makineni in 2015. It is implied that Co-based, W-free superalloys will resolve the issues that the aircraft industry currently faces with Ni-based γ/γ’ superalloys. It is believed that the addition of the Ti alloying element will help with γ’ stabilisation due to high Co3(Mo, Al, Nb) fragmentation. Ti content has to be carefully selected to avoid precipitation of harmful phases, such as Co(Ti, Al).
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18

Niu, Ben, Zhenhua Wang, Qing Wang, Qianfu Pan, Chuang Dong, Ruiqian Zhang, Huiqun Liu, Peter K. Liaw, and Wei Xu. "Dual-phase synergetic precipitation in Nb/Ta/Zr co-modified Fe–Cr–Al–Mo alloy." Intermetallics 124 (September 2020): 106848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2020.106848.

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19

Singh, Mahander Pratap, Surendra Kumar Makineni, and Kamanio Chattopadhyay. "Achieving lower mass density with high strength in Nb stabilised γ/γ′ Co–Al–Mo–Nb base superalloy by the replacement of Mo with V." Materials Science and Engineering: A 794 (September 2020): 139826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139826.

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20

Migas, Damian, Grzegorz Moskal, and Dawid Niemiec. "Surface Condition of New γ–γ′ Co-Al-Mo-Nb and Co-Al-W Cobalt-Based Superalloys After Oxidation at 800 °C." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 27, no. 2 (January 19, 2018): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3127-y.

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21

Addicoat, Matthew A., and Gregory F. Metha. "Computational Study of CO Reactivity with Nb3X Heteronuclear Clusters." Australian Journal of Chemistry 61, no. 11 (2008): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch08269.

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Density functional calculations were performed to determine the equilibrium structures, ionization potentials, and electron affinities of Nb3X clusters (X = Na, Al, Sc, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd). Pseudo-tetrahedral geometries were preferred for all Nb3X clusters except Nb3Cd. The equilibrium structures and binding energies of the associatively and dissociatively bound products of the Nb3X + CO reaction were calculated at the same level of theory. All clusters were found to thermodynamically dissociate CO. Only Nb3Al and Nb3Cd reduced the enthalpy of dissociation relative to Nb4, whereas all other heteroatoms increased it.
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22

Nishimura, Takahito. "(Invited, Digital Presentation) Application of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Chalcopyrite Solar Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 16 (October 9, 2022): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0216829mtgabs.

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Introduction Chalcopyrite compound materials, such as Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe), Cu(In,Ga)S2 (CIGS), and Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2, are expected as promising photovoltaic materials since they can be applied for flexible light-weight solar cells, which realize a high-speed and low-cost production utilizing a roll-to-roll process. In this work, transition metal dichalcogenides, i.e., MoSe2 and MoS2 are applied to develop new functions in the chalcopyrite solar cells. First, a device peeling technique for CIGSe solar cells are developed by utilizing two-dimensional MoSe2 atomic layers. To boost an electric power generation via collecting of the ground albedo radiation, bifacial-type structures for the flexible CIGSe solar cells are constructed by depositing a TCO layer on CIGS rear side after applying device-peeling technique to traditional substrate-type structure. Second, an interfacial control technique to modify CIGS absorber / Mo back contact interfaces for the wide-gap CIGS solar cells are developed by introducing a p+-type MoS2 layer, where the carrier concentration is controlled by Nb-doping. Experimental methods 1. Peeling techniques for flexible-bifacial CIGSe solar cells 2-μm-thick CIGSe absorber was prepared on a Mo-covered glass substrate using a three-stage process, where the MoSe2 atomic layers were intentionally formed to control the adhesion at the Mo/CIGSe interface. CIGSe solar cells with a structure of glass/Mo/CIGSe/CdS/i-ZnO/Al:ZnO/Ni-Al grids were fabricated (Figure 1 (a)). For the peeling-off procedure, fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) films as alternative flexible substrates were attached to the front side with thermosetting epoxy glue under a temperature of 100 °C. While cooling down to room temperature, residual stress remained in the epoxy glue and FEP films due to their higher thermal expansion coefficients. Therefore, the CIGSe/CdS/i-ZnO/Al:ZnO/epoxy/FEP layers spontaneously detached from the Mo-covered glass. Finally, flexible-bifacial CIGSe solar cells were completed via deposition of 300-nm-thick ITO films on the rear side of the CIGSe by sputtering methods. 2. Fabrication of Nb-doped MoS2 and wide-gap CIGS solar cells 20-nm-thick Nb-Mo metal precursors were deposited on glass substrates via co-sputtering methods utilizing Mo and Nb targets. The sulfurization process for 30 min at 600 °C under H2S/Ar atmosphere was performed on the Nb-Mo metal precursors to form the p+-type Nb-doped MoS2 (Nb:MoS2) films. Hall effect measurement was performed for the Nb:MoS2 films to evaluate their electrical properties. The wide-gap CIGS solar cells with a structure of glass/Mo/Nb:MoS2/CIGS/CdS/i-ZnO/Al:ZnO/Ni-Al grids were fabricated (Figure 1 (b)). The Nb:MoS2 thin films with the [Nb] / ([Nb] + [Mo]) ratios of 0 and 0.02 were deposited on a Mo-covered glass substrate. Then, 2-μm-thick CIGS absorber were prepared. Stacked layers of Cu–Ga and Cu–In precursors were deposited using the evaporation method, and followed by a sulfurization process at the substrate temperature of 600 °C under H2S/Ar atmosphere. Results and discussions 1. Conversion efficiency of flexible-bifacial CIGSe solar cells The CIGSe solar cells were successfully peeled from Mo back contacts, when the layered-grown MoSe2 (c-axis orientation) was formed at the Mo/CIGSe interface, suggesting the controllability of interfacial adhesion via cleavage by weak chemical bonding due to van der Waals force in the MoSe2 atomic layers. A high-performance ratio of 95.0% was achieved in the 11.5%-efficient lift-off cells (with alternative Au back contact) compared with 12.1%-efficient substrate cells on Mo back contact. Furthermore, the results demonstrated the device operation as a bifacial solar cell with conversion efficiency, V OC, J SC, and FF of 10.1% 0.487 V, 33.9 mA/cm2, and 0.609 under front illumination and 2.8%, 0.435 V, 9.8 mA/cm2, and 0.658 under rear illumination. 2. Conductivity control of MoS2 interface layer for wide-gap CIGS solar cells Carrier density of Nb:MoS2 thin films was monotonically increased from 9.9 × 1015 to 1.9 × 1020 cm-3 and the conductivity type was inverted from n- to p-type with increasing the [Nb] / ([Nb] + [Mo]) compositional ratio from 0 to 0.06. This result suggests that Nb element acts as an acceptor in MoS2. For the wide-gap CIGS solar cells the, the roll-over in the current density‒voltage curves was observed in the samples with the [Nb] / ([Nb] + [Mo]) ratio of 0 (without Nb-doping) in MoS2, whereas the roll-over was disappeared in the [Nb] / ([Nb] + [Mo]) ratio of 0.02. This demonstrated that a highly doped p-type Nb:MoS2 introduced in the CIGS/Mo back junction improved the performance of wide-gap CIGS solar cells. Conclusions We demonstrated a usefulness of the transition metal dichalcogenides, MoSe2 and MoS2, on the device peeling technique to fabricate the flexible-bifacial CIGSe solar cells and the interfacial modification technique for the wide-gap CIGS solar cells. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the support of JSPS KAKENHI (20K14780) and Kato Foundation for Promotion of Science (KJ–3020) in Japan. Figure 1
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23

Hu, Xian Xian, Xiao Gang Lu, and Yan Lin He. "Assessments of Impurity Diffusion Coefficients of Selected Pure Metals in Fcc Fe." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.545.

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Abstract: The atomic mobilities for impurity diffusion of Al, Au, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pt, Sn and Zn in fcc Fe have been critically assessed based on the experimental diffusion coefficient data available in the literature. The impurity diffusion coefficients calculated from the atomic mobilities agree reasonably well with the reliable experimental data. This work provides a helpful guidance for the establishment of a general Fe-based mobility database to design new Fe-based alloys for practical purposes.
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24

Matsumoto, Hajime, Eiichi Sukedai, and Hatsujiro Hashimoto. "Direct Observation of Growth Behaviour of Athermal Omega-Phase Crystals in a Beta-Titanium Alloy Due to Cooling to 77k Using In-Situ Dark Field Imaging Technique." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 700–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600016822.

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INTRODUCTIONIt has been reported by many authors that metastable β-Ti alloys such as Ti-Nb, Ti-V and Ti- Mo indicate the negative temperature dependence of electrical resistivity at low temperature since Ames et al., found the dependence on Ti-Nb alloys in 1954. Williams et al., suggested that the phenomenon resulted from formation of athermal co-phase crystals. In order to clarify the origin, electron diffraction pattern analyses were carried out using a specimen cooling stage and both of start and finish temperatures of formation of athermal co-phase crystals were decided. However, it is necessary to reveal the morphology of athermal ω-phase crystals to study the relationship between the electrical resistivity change and appearance of athermal ω-phase crystals. On the other hand, although electron diffraction pattern analyses are able to identify the atomic structures of crystals, which appear the diffraction spots, it is not so easy to reveal the detailed morphology of the crystals. Also, it has to consider effects of electron irradiation to transformations.
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Strunz, P., A. Wiedenmann, J. Zrník, and P. Lukás. "Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Investigation of Precipitation in Single-Crystal Nickel-Based Superalloy ZS26." Journal of Applied Crystallography 30, no. 5 (October 1, 1997): 597–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889897001295.

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The influence of different heat treatments on the microstructure of ordered cuboidal γ′ precipitates in the ZS26 superalloy (wt%: Ni 64, W 11, Co 9, Al 6, Cr 5, Nb 1.5, Ti 1, Mo 1, V 1) was studied by small-angle neutron scattering. The average shape and size of the precipitates were determined by modelling the scattering curves and by fitting them to the measured 2D data. The volume fraction of the precipitates was deduced from the fitted parameters under the assumption of a homogeneous distribution of particles inside the sample.
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26

Karamat, L., O. Pinggera, and K. Knahr. "Blood analysis for trace metals in metal-on-metal, ceramic-on-ceramic and metal-on-cross-linked PE bearings in total hip arthroplasty." HIP International 15, no. 3 (July 2005): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112070000501500302.

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We obtained postoperative blood concentrations of Co, Cr, Mo, Ti, Al and Nb in 75 patients undergoing primary THA at our institution between January 1998 and December 2000. All patients were treated with the same prosthetic device (Alloclassic® VARIALL™, Zimmer, Winterthur, Switzerland) using three types of articulations: metal-on-metal (METASUL™), ceramic-on-ceramic (CERASUL™) and metal-on-cross linked polyethylene (DURASUL™). 25 patients out of each articulation-group were evaluated by blood analysis 24–38 months after surgery. The patients were submitted to strict criteria of inclusion. Comparing the three articulation-groups there were no significant differences in the categories age, follow-up time and preoperative blood level of creatinine. The Al-, Ti- and Nb-blood levels were all below their detection limit. Regarding the median blood concentrations of Mo, we found no statistically significant differences comparing the three articulations (p>0.05). The median Co blood concentration in the ceramic group was 0.19 ng/mL, 0.69 ng/mL in the metal group and 0.19 ng/mL in the cross-linked PE group. The difference between the metal and ceramic group and between the metal and polyethylene group is statistically significant (p=0.001 in both comparisons). The median blood concentration of Cr was 0.19 ng/mL in the ceramic and in the cross-linked PE group, and 0.47 ng/mL in the metal group, the difference being statistically significant (p=0.003 and p=0.0002). Although the blood concentrations of Co and Cr were significantly higher in patients with a metal-on-metal articulation they were far from reaching toxic levels.
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Kwon, Oh Jib, Young Kook Lee, Jin Ju Lee, Yu Chan Kim, and Eric Fleury. "Magnetic and Mechanical Properties of Fe-Co-B-Si-Nb-M (M = Al, V, Mo,) Bulk Metallic Glasses." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 743–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.743.

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The compositional dependency of the glass forming ability (GFA), magnetic and mechanical properties of the Fe52Co20B20Si4Nb4 bulk metallic glass was investigated by means of the partial substitution of Co either by Al, V or Mo elements. A minor concentration of these elements enabled an increase of the GFA and fully amorphous rods of 4 mm diameter were successfully fabricated for the Fe52Co19B20Si4Nb4Al1, Fe52Co17B20Si4Nb4V3 and Fe52Co17B20Si4Nb4Mo3 alloys. While the addition of Al resulted in an increase of the magnetization saturation, V appeared as the most effective element to enhance the plastic deformation under compression.
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Gubin, Dmitry, and Anton Kisel'. "Calculation of temperatures during finishing milling of a nickel based alloys." Metal Working and Material Science 24, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1994-6309-2022-24.1-23-32.

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Introduction. One of the most important tasks in cutting metals and alloys is the control of the temperature factor, since temperature is one of the limitations in determining cutting conditions. This approach makes it possible to determine rational (in some cases, optimal) milling modes. Experimental methods for determining the temperature are labor-consuming, costly and not always available. The labor-consuming nature lies in the need for constant adjustment of experimental equipment due to changing cutting conditions, electrical insulation of the tool and workpiece, the appearance of parasitic electrical micro-voltage (if we are talking about temperature measurement methods with thermocouples), constant calibration of instruments and selection of thermal radiation coefficients (if we are talking about non-contact measurement methods). In this regard, there is a need for a theoretical determination of temperatures during milling with minimal use of experimental data. The purpose of the work: to develop a method for theoretical calculation of temperature during milling (cutting) of nickel-based heat-resistant materials on the example of 56% Ni -Cr-W Mo-Co-Al alloy (56% Ni, 0.1% C, 10% Cr, 6.5% W, 6% Al, 6.5% Mo, 0.6% Si, 13 % Co, 1% Fe). Research methodology. To determine theoretically the cutting temperatures, a mathematical model is formed that takes into account the mechanical and thermophysical properties of the material being processed and its change depending on the temperature variations during milling, the geometry of the cutting tool and the features of the schematization of the milling process. The experimental part of the study is carried out on a console milling machine KFPE-250 with a CNC system Mayak-610. The 56% Ni -Cr-W Mo-Co-Al material is processed with a Seco JS513050D2C.0Z3-NXT cutter with different speeds and feeds. The temperature is measured using a Fluke Ti400 thermal imager. Results and discussion. A theoretical model for calculating the temperature (for the group of 77% Ni - Cr - Ti - Al - B, 66% Ni - Cr - Mo - W - Ti - Al, 73% Ni-Cr-Mo-Nb-Ti-Al and 56% Ni -Cr-W Mo-Co-Al alloys) during milling of heat-resistant nickel-based alloys is developed, which makes it possible to predict the temperature value at the face and flank of the tool when changing cutting conditions (speed, feed, depth, cutting tool geometry), as well as the cutting temperature. An analysis of the experimental and theoretically predicted values of the cutting temperature showed a satisfactory agreement between the corresponding values.
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Mitrović, N., Stefan Roth, J. Degmová, M. Stoica, and Jürgen Eckert. "Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Iron-Based Bulk Glass-Forming Metallic Alloys Prepared by Different Processing." Materials Science Forum 494 (September 2005): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.494.321.

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This article deals with the materials science and engineering of glass-forming alloys in Fe-(Nb)-(Al, Ga)-(P, C, B, Si), Fe-(Cr, Mo, Ga)-(P, C, B) and Fe-(Co, Ni)-(Cu)-(Zr, Nb)-B bulk metallic glasses (BMG) systems with high thermal stability of the undercooled melt against crystallization. Different liquid quenching techniques (melt-spinning or copper-mold casting) as well as hot pressing of the powder obtained by milling of the melt-spun ribbons were used to prepare samples in various shapes. Synthesis of the investigated BMG alloys is discussed according to Inoue’s empirical components rules for the achievement of the large glass forming ability (GFA). Thermal and microstructure characterization (performed by DSC, TMA, XRD and Mössbauer spectroscopy) was used to correlate GFA, microstructure and thermo/thermo-magnetic treatments with optimum soft magnetic properties.
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30

Xie, Xi Shan, Shuang Qun Zhao, Jian Xin Dong, Gaylord D. Smith, B. A. Baker, and Shalesh J. Patel. "Modification of Ni-Cr-Co-Mo-Nb-Ti-Al Superalloy for USC Power Plant Application at Temperature above 750°C." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.471.

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A recent developed Ni-Cr-Co-Mo-Nb-Ti-Al type nickel-base superalloy, INCONEL 740, has been selected for the application of USC boilers at the temperature above 750°C. This paper focuses on the structure stability improvement of this alloy. Phase computation by Thermo-Calc has been adopted to study main influencing factors on precipitating phases of the alloy and the results show that the ratio of Al/Ti plays an important role. Four new modified alloys in adjustment of Al and Ti contents and in control of Si level were designed and melted for experimental study. The results indicate that the modified alloys exhibit more stable structure stability at 750, 800 and 850°C long time exposure. The newly developed alloy can be adopted for engineering production and application for USC power plants at temperature above 750°C.
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Chen, Shuyang, James K. H. Tsoi, Peter C. S. Tsang, Yeong-Joon Park, Ho-Jun Song, and Jukka P. Matinlinna. "Candida albicans aspects of binary titanium alloys for biomedical applications." Regenerative Biomaterials 7, no. 2 (January 25, 2020): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rb/rbz052.

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Abstract Titanium and its alloys are widely used in biomedical devices, e.g. implants, due to its biocompatibility and osseointegration ability. In fact, fungal (Candida spp.) infection has been identified as one of the key reasons causing the failure of the device that is inevitable and impactful to the society. Thus, this study evaluated the surface morphology, surface chemical composition and Candida albicans adhesion on specimens of 16 binary Ti-alloys (∼5 wt% of any one of the alloy elements: Ag, Al, Au, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, In, Mn, Mo, Nb, Pd, Pt, Sn, V and Zr) compared with cp-Ti, targeting to seek for the binary Ti-alloys which has the lowest C. albicans infection. Candida albicans cultures were grown on the specimens for 48 h, and colony forming units (CFUs) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to evaluate the biofilm formation ability. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed the formation of C. albicans biofilm on all specimens’ surfaces, such that CFU results showed Ti-Mo, Ti-Zr, Ti-Al and Ti-V have less C. albicans formed on the surfaces than cp-Ti. RT-PCR showed Ti-Zr and Ti-Cu have significantly higher C. albicans DNA concentrations than Ti-Al and Ti-V (P < 0.05), whereas Ti-Cu has even showed a statistically higher concentration than Ti-Au, Ti-Co, Ti-In and Ti-Pt (P < 0.05). This study confirmed that Ti-Mo, Ti-Zr, Ti-Al and Ti-V have lower the occurrence of C. albicans which might be clinically advantageous for medical devices, but Ti-Cu should be used in caution.
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32

Mehrer, Helmut, and Sergiy V. Divinski. "Diffusion in Metallic Elements and Intermetallics." Defect and Diffusion Forum 289-292 (April 2009): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.289-292.15.

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Starting from some fundamentals of solid-state diffusion, we remind the reader to the major techniques for lattice diffusion measurements. Self-diffusion is the most basic diffusion phenomenon in any solid. The paper covers main features of self-diffusion in pure fcc and bcc metals and some important facts about diffusion of substitutional solutes in metals. Binary intermetallics are compounds of two metals or of a metal and a semimetal. Their structures are different from those of the constituents. Some intermetallics are interesting functional materials others have attracted attention as high-temperature structural materials. The paper reviews some results mainly from our laboratory on diffusion in binary intermetallics from the systems Cu-Zn, Ni-Al, Fe-Al, Ni-Ge, Ni-Ga, Fe-Si, Ti-Al, Ni-Mn, Mo-Si and Co-Nb, which have been published in detail elsewhere. Some results for the ternary system Ni-Fe-Al are also mentioned.
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33

Trziszka, Tadeusz, Zbigniew Dobrzański, Katarzyna Chojnacka, Anna Bubel, Halina Beń, Mariusz Korczyński, Damian Konkol, and Wojciech Tronina. "Assessment of Macro-, Micro-, Trace, and Ultratrace Element Concentration in Green-Legged Partridge Hens’ Eggs from a Free-Range System." Agriculture 11, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060473.

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The goal of this research was to determine the concentration of macro-, micro-, trace, and ultratrace elements in egg albumen and yolk of Green-Legged Partridge (GLP) hens (Polish native breed) maintained in a free-range system. The hens received two feed mixtures (FM), which differed in mineral content (Gr-1 and Gr-2). Analyses of 57 chemical elements were performed using inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy by ICP-OES and ICP-MS techniques. FM from Gr-2 were characterized by a significantly (p < 0.05 or 0.01) higher concentration of macro- and microelements (Al, Ba, Ca, K, P, S, Si) than that from Gr-1. Among the trace and ultratrace elements there were significantly higher levels of Co, Cr, Li, Nb, Ni, Pb, Ru, Sn, and Zr, and significantly lower levels of Cs, Pd, and Te in Gr-2 compared with Gr-1. Egg albumen from hens from the Gr-2 group contained a significantly higher Ba concentration. In the case of trace and ultratrace elements, significantly greater Au, Co, Cr, Mo, Nb, Ru, and Se, and less As were recorded in the albumen from Gr-2. No significant differences were observed in the concentrations of macro- and microelements in the egg yolk. Among the examined trace and ultratrace elements, substantial differences were observed in the level of Co, Cr, Ni, Se, Sn, and Y (more in Gr-2), and Au, Hf, Hg, Nb, Nd, and Rb (less in Gr-2). Only in the case of Co and Cr concentrations in the feed (Gr-2) was a significant increase found in the albumen and yolk. Gr-2 also showed a significantly greater concentration of Ba, Nb, and Ru in the albumen, and Ni and Sn in the yolk.
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34

Xie, Xi Shan, Shuang Qun Zhao, Jian Xin Dong, Gaylord D. Smith, and Shalesh J. Patel. "An Investigation of Structure Stability and Its Improvement on New Developed Ni-Cr-Co-Mo-Nb-Ti-Al Superalloy." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.613.

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A new nickel-base superalloy Ni-25Cr-20Co-0.5Mo-2Nb-1.7Ti-0.8Al has just developed by Special Metals Corporation in the application to ultra-supercritical boilers with steam temperatures up to 700°C. The structure stability of the alloy was studied in detail in combination of SEM, TEM, XRD and micro-chemical phase analyses. Experimental results show that the most important structure instability is as follows: 1) g¢ coarsening; 2) g¢ to h transformation; 3) G phase formation. The phase computation by means of Thermo-Calc has been adopted in chemical composition modification for structure stability improvement. Two suggested new modified alloys in adjustment of the Al and Ti contents and in control of Si level were designed and melted for experimental study. These 2 modified new alloys exhibit more stable structure at 760oC long time aging. A bright perspective has been shown for the development of this new alloy in the near future.
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35

Mehrer, Helmut. "Self-Diffusion, Solute-Diffusion and Interdiffusion in Binary Intermetallics." Diffusion Foundations 2 (September 2014): 1–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.2.1.

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800x600 Intermetallics are compounds of two metals or of metal(s) and semimetal(s). Their structures are usually different from those of the constituents. Some intermetallics are interesting functional materials, others have attracted attention as high-temperature structural materials. We remind the reader of some fundamentals of solid-state diffusion and to the major techniques for tracer diffusion measurements, interdiffusion studies and the growth kinetics of layers in solid diffusion couples. Starting from self-diffusion, which is the most basic diffusion phenomenon in any solid, the paper covers the main features of diffusion in binary intermetallics from the systems Cu-Zn, Ni-Al, Fe-Al, Mg-Al, Ni-Ge, Ni-Ga, Fe-Si, Ti-Al, Ni-Mn, Mo-Si, Co-Nb and Ni-Nb.. We illustrate the influence of phase transitions on diffusion and point out some common features of diffusion in intermetallics. We discuss in detail diffusion in silicides of iron, molybdenum and of silicides of refractory metals. We also consider aluminides of iron, nickel, and titanium and in the aluminium-magnesium system. We consider diffusion in intermetallics of the cobalt-niobium and nickel-niobium system and in in the Nb-Sn and V-Ga systems. We finish with some remarks about grain boundary diffusion in intermetallics. Normal 0 21 false false false UK X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
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Kommel, Lembit A., and Boris B. Straumal. "Diffusion in SC Ni-Base Superalloy under Viscoplastic Deformation." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 1340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.1340.

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Deformation-enhanced diffusion in single-crystalline Ni-based superalloy specimens have been investigated under the conditions of hard cyclic viscoplastic tension-compression deformation. The chemical composition of phases before and after cyclic deformation was investigated by filed-emission scanning electron microscopy. At low strain amplitude values (0-0.05%; 0-0.2%; 0-0.5%) the material shows upscaled viscoelastic behavior and microstructural stability. At the increase of strain amplitude in the γ+γ’-phase (0-1%), the Ni, Re and Co content decreases, whereas Al and Mo content increases significantly. On the contrary, in the single γ’-phase area, the Ni and Co content was increased, which was accompanied by a decrease of Nb, Cr, Ta and Al content. The length of dendrite arms was significantly decreased as compared to primary dendrite arms and γ+γ’-rafts were formed parallel to the stress axis direction. As a result of the deformation-enhanced, diffusion the necking of dendrites accompanied with longitudinal cracking by the dendrite axis and cross-sectional radial cracking by interdendritic region of single crystalline specimen occurs.
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Yao, Qiang, Shun-Li Shang, Kang Wang, Feng Liu, Yi Wang, Qiong Wang, Tong Lu, and Zi-Kui Liu. "Phase stability, elastic, and thermodynamic properties of the L12 (Co,Ni)3(Al,Mo,Nb) phase from first-principles calculations." Journal of Materials Research 32, no. 11 (February 7, 2017): 2100–2108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2017.8.

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38

Kablov, E. N., Yu A. Bondarenko, M. Yu Kolodyazhny, V. A. Surova, and A. R. Narsky. "Prospects for the creation of high-temperature heatresistant alloys based on refractory matrices and natural composites." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 4(104) (February 12, 2021): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2020-104-4-64-78.

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The paper presents the scientific, technical and technological aspects in the field of creating new high-temperature materials for parts of the hot section of gas turbine engines (GTE) with operating temperatures exceeding those existing in GTE. More refractory metallic materials for the creation of new high-heat-resistant alloys used for the manufacture of rotor and nozzle blades and other parts of promising gas turbine engines based on NiAl-Ni3Al, Co-Cr-Re, Pt-Al, Nb-Si, Mo-Si-B systems have been investigated. It is shown that, depending on the composition of the selected matrix, the working temperature of heat-resistant alloys increases to 1300-1500°С, which is significantly higher than the existing nickel heat-resistant alloys.
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39

Huang, Xiao-Wen, Anne-Aurélie Sappin, Émilie Boutroy, Georges Beaudoin, and Sheida Makvandi. "Trace Element Composition of Igneous and Hydrothermal Magnetite from Porphyry Deposits: Relationship to Deposit Subtypes and Magmatic Affinity." Economic Geology 114, no. 5 (August 1, 2019): 917–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4648.

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Abstract The trace element composition of igneous and hydrothermal magnetite from 19 well-studied porphyry Cu ± Au ± Mo, Mo, and W-Mo deposits was measured by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and then classified by partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to constrain the factors explaining the relationships between the chemical composition of magnetite and the magmatic affinity and porphyry deposit subtypes. Igneous magnetite can be discriminated by relatively high P, Ti, V, Mn, Zr, Nb, Hf, and Ta contents but low Mg, Si, Co, Ni, Ge, Sb, W, and Pb contents, in contrast to hydrothermal magnetite. Compositional differences between igneous and hydrothermal magnetite are mainly controlled by the temperature, oxygen fugacity, cocrystallized sulfides, and element solubility/mobility that significantly affect the partition coefficients between magnetite and melt/fluids. Binary diagrams based on Ti, V, and Cr contents are not enough to discriminate igneous and hydrothermal magnetite in porphyry deposits. Relatively high Si and Al contents discriminate porphyry W-Mo hydrothermal magnetite, probably reflecting the control by high-Si, highly differentiated, granitic intrusions for this deposit type. Relatively high Mg, Mn, Zr, Nb, Sn, and Hf but low Ti and V contents discriminate porphyry Au-Cu hydrothermal magnetite, most likely resulting from a combination of mafic to intermediate intrusion composition, high chlorine in fluids, relatively high oxygen fugacity, and low-temperature conditions. Igneous or hydrothermal magnetite from Cu-Mo, Cu-Au, and Cu-Mo-Au deposits cannot be discriminated from each other, probably due to similar intermediate to felsic intrusion composition, melt/fluid composition, and conditions such as temperature and oxygen fugacity for the formation of these deposits. The magmatic affinity of porphyritic intrusions exerts some control on the chemical composition of igneous and hydrothermal magnetite in porphyry systems. Igneous and hydrothermal magnetite related to alkaline magma is relatively rich in Mg, Mn, Co, Mo, Sn, and high field strength elements (HFSEs), perhaps due to high concentrations of chlorine and fluorine in magma and exsolved fluids, whereas those related to calc-alkaline magma are relatively rich in Ca but depleted in HFSEs, consistent with the high Ca but low HFSE magma composition. Igneous and hydrothermal magnetite related to high-K calc-alkaline magma is relatively rich in Al, Ti, Sc, and Ta, due to a higher temperature of formation or enrichment of these elements in melt/fluids. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis on hydrothermal magnetite compositions from porphyry Cu, iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG), Kiruna-type iron oxide-apatite (IOA), and skarn deposits around the world identify important discriminant elements for these deposit types. Magnetite from porphyry Cu deposits is characterized by relatively high Ti, V, Zn, and Al contents, whereas that from IOCG deposits can be discriminated from other types of magnetite by its relatively high V, Ni, Ti, and Al contents. IOA magnetite is discriminated by higher V, Ti, and Mg but lower Al contents, whereas skarn magnetite can be separated from magnetite from other deposit types by higher Mn, Mg, Ca, and Zn contents. Decreased Ti and V contents in hydrothermal magnetite from porphyry Cu and IOA, to IOCG, and to skarn deposits may be related to decreasing temperature and increasing oxygen fugacity. The relative depletion of Al in IOA magnetite is due to its low magnetite-silicate melt partition coefficient, immobility of Al in fluids, and earlier, higher-temperature magmatic or magmatic-hydrothermal formation of IOA deposits. The relative enrichment of Ni in IOCG magnetite reflects more mafic magmatic composition and less competition with sulfide, whereas elevated Mn, Mg, Ca, and Zn in skarn magnetite results from enrichment of these elements in fluids via more intensive fluid-carbonate rock interaction.
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40

Movchan, O. V., and K. O. Chornoivanenko. "In situ Composites: A Review." Uspehi Fiziki Metallov 22, no. 1 (March 2021): 58–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ufm.22.01.058.

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The review of the works on the fabrication-technology studies, patterns of structure formation, and properties of in situ composites is presented. The main advantage of in situ (natural) composites is the thermodynamic stability of their composition and the coherence (conjugation) of the lattices of the contacting phases. All these ones provide the composite with a high level of the physical and mechanical properties. As shown, composite materials of this type are formed in the process of directed phase transformations, such as eutectic crystallization, eutectoid decomposition, etc., caused by a temperature gradient, as well as a result of diffusional changes in composition. The conditions for the growth of in situ composites are formulated. The mechanisms of growth of composite structures of the eutectic type are considered. The factors influencing on the morphology of structures of the eutectic type are indicated. The considered technological methods make it possible to obtain materials with predetermined properties, in which the size, volumetric composition, and spatial arrangement of phases are characteristic of in situ composites. The paper provides a large number of examples of in situ composites: from low-melting Bi-based alloys to refractory eutectics based on Mo and W (Bi–MnBi, Cd–Zn, Al–Al3Ni, Al–Al4La, Al–Al10CaFe2, Al–Al9FeNi, Al–Al3Zr, Al–Al3Sc, Au–Co, Si–TaSi2, Cr–HfC, Cr–ZrC, Cr–NbC, Cr–NbC, Cr–TaC, Nb–Nb5Si3, Mo–ZrC, Mo–HfC, W–TiC, W–ZrC, W–HfC, etc.). Processes and aspects of structure formation are considered. The influence of additional doping on the structure and properties of composite materials of the eutectic type of binary systems, as well as the features of the structure formation of ternary colonies in the composite are considered.
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41

Tassiou, S., and E. Vassiliades. "GEOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE URBAN AND SUBURBAN AREA OF NAFPLION CITY, ARGOLIDHA PREFECTURE, HELLAS." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 3 (January 24, 2017): 1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11326.

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Soil, as the primary receptor of anthropogenic urban contamination acts as a sink for a variety of toxic and other hazardous substances. It constitutes, therefore, an indicator of contamination and may be utilised geochemically to assess environmental quality of urban and suburban areas. In Nafplion, an urban and suburban area of 50 km2 , was investigated using for the first time in Hellas an integrated approach with all available geoscientific techniques to make an in-depth environmental impact assessment. One of these techniques was applied geochemistry, which mapped the geochemistry of surface soil (0-10 cm) with 144 samples, collected on a regular grid of 500 x 500 km. The following fifty determinands were measured on the soil samples: Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Ge, Hg, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Re, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sn, Sr, Ta, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, U, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr, pH, electrical conductivity and grain-size distribution. The aim of the geochemical study was to distinguish, as far as possible, the origin of chemical elements, and (i) to classify them as geogenic or anthropogenic; (ii) to delineate contaminated areas, and (iii) to assess potential future impacts of human activities on soil. Interpretation of the resulting geochemical patterns has shown that those of Al, Fe, Be, Ce, Cr, Co, Ga, Ge, K, La, Li, Mg, Nb, Ni, Rb, Sc, Sr, Tl, V, Y, W and Zr are of geogenic origin, since they are directly related to parent rocks, whereas patterns of As, B, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Cu, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Pb, S, Sb, Sn, Th, U and Zn are interpreted as being of dual origin, geogenic and anthropogenic. In this paper, the geochemical distribution of only five elements shall be described, i.e., Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and Na. This case study was indeed very interesting, since for the interpretation of some patterns, even the military history of the area had to be unravelled.
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42

Dobrovská, Jana, Simona Dočekalová, Věra Dobrovská, and Karel Stránský. "Effect of Cooling Rate on Structural and Chemical Microheterogeneity of IN 738LC Nickel Based Superalloy." Solid State Phenomena 138 (March 2008): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.138.201.

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The paper deals with the effect of cooling rate on solidification behavior of IN 738LC nickel based superalloy and on resulting structural and chemical microheterogeneity of this alloy. Samples taken from as-received state were heated with controlled ramp rates (1, 5, 10 and 20 °C min-1). Immediately after melting they were cooled with the same controlled ramp rate with the help of the laboratory experimental system SETARAM SETSYS 18TM TG/DTA/TMA. Then the microanalysis of minority phases was conducted with use of X-ray spectroscopy and microstructure of the individual samples was documented by scanning electron microscopy. Chemical microheterogeneity was determined on the basis of measured concentration data of selected elements (Al, Ti, Cr, Co, Ni, Nb, Mo, Ta and W) in representative areas of the individual samples structure.
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43

Ol’shanetskii, V. E., and A. A. Glotka. "Distribution of Elements Within Carbides of Multicomponent Alloys of the Ni – Cr – Co – Al – W – Re – Ta – Mo – Nb – C System." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 63, no. 5-6 (September 2021): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11041-021-00689-3.

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Tomaszewska, Agnieszka, Tomasz Mikuszewski, Grzegorz Moskal, and Damian Migas. "Primary microstructure, microsegregation and precipitates characterization of an as-cast new type γ-γ′ Co-Al-Mo-Nb cobalt-based superalloy." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 750 (June 2018): 741–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.397.

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MIYAZAKI, Shogo, Yoshinori MURATA, and Masahiko MORINAGA. "Evaluation of Partitioning Ratios of Re Atoms in Ni-Al-Re-X (X : Cr, Mo, W, Ti, Ta, Nb, Co)Quaternary Alloys." Tetsu-to-Hagane 80, no. 2 (1994): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.2_166.

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46

XU, W., P. E. J. RIVERA DÍAZ DEL CASTILLO, and S. VAN DER ZWAAG. "THE COMPOSITION AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE ULTRA HIGH STRENGTH STAINLESS STEEL DESIGN." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2009): 1060–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209060464.

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Alloy composition and heat treatment are of paramount importance to determining alloy properties. Their control is of great importance for new alloy design and industrial fabrication control. A base alloy utilizing MX carbide is designed through a theory guided computational approach coupling a genetic algorithm with optimization criteria based on thermodynamic, kinetic and mechanical principles. The combined effects of 11 alloying elements ( Al , C , Co , Cr , Cu , Mo , Nb , Ni , Si , Ti and V ) are investigated in terms of the composition optimization criteria: the martensite start (Ms) temperature, the suppression of undesirable phases, the Cr concentration in the matrix and the potency of the precipitation strengthening contribution. The results show the concentration sensitivities of each component and also point out new potential composition domains for further strength increase. The aging temperature effect is studied and the aging temperature industrially followed is recovered.
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Zhu, Lilong, Changdong Wei, Haiying Qi, Liang Jiang, Zhanpeng Jin, and Ji-Cheng Zhao. "Experimental investigation of phase equilibria in the Co-rich part of the Co-Al-X (X = W, Mo, Nb, Ni, Ta) ternary systems using diffusion multiples." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 691 (January 2017): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.08.210.

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48

Zhong, Fei, Fei Fan, Shusuo Li, and Jiangbo Sha. "High-temperature oxidation behaviour of novel Co-Al-W-Ta-B-(Mo, Hf, Nb) alloys with a coherent γ/γ'–dominant microstructure." Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 26, no. 6 (December 2016): 600–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2016.11.005.

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49

Memisi, N., M. Zujovic, V. Bogdanovic, Z. Tomic, and M. P. Petrovic. "The influence of presence of cadmium and arsenic in feedmeal on production and reproduction traits of goats." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 24, no. 3-4 (2008): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0804039m.

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Animals require microelements in small quantities, and they play a role in virtually all physiological and biochemical processes. The role of microelements is important role from bone structure to maintaining the structure of proteins and lipids. Microelements are provided to animals in food, by special supplementation (premixes), or in water. In addition to essential minerals, which are regularly used in goat nutrition, there are 10 other elements present in traces (mg/kg or ppm) which are also indispensable for the goat's organism, as follows: Fe, J, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, Mo, Se, Cr, F. In addition to these, following elements have also been identified in goats' tissues: Al, B, Ge, Cd, As, Pb, Hg, Ru, and Nb, however their significance for the organism of goats has still not been established. Their lack in goat nutrition may to a large extent contribute to lower yields and bad health.
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Makineni, S. K., B. Nithin, D. Palanisamy, and K. Chattopadhyay. "Phase evolution and crystallography of precipitates during decomposition of new “tungsten-free” Co(Ni)–Mo–Al–Nb γ–γ′ superalloys at elevated temperatures." Journal of Materials Science 51, no. 17 (May 23, 2016): 7843–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0026-1.

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