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Journal articles on the topic 'CMS High Level Trigger'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Gori, Valentina. "The CMS high level trigger." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 31 (January 2014): 1460297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201019451460297x.

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The CMS experiment has been designed with a 2-level trigger system: the Level 1 Trigger, implemented on custom-designed electronics, and the High Level Trigger (HLT), a streamlined version of the CMS offline reconstruction software running on a computer farm. A software trigger system requires a tradeoff between the complexity of the algorithms running on the available computing power, the sustainable output rate, and the selection efficiency. Here we will present the performance of the main triggers used during the 2012 data taking, ranging from simpler single-object selections to more complex algorithms combining different objects, and applying analysis-level reconstruction and selection. We will discuss the optimisation of the triggers and the specific techniques to cope with the increasing LHC pile-up, reducing its impact on the physics performance.

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2

Trocino, Daniele. "The CMS High Level Trigger." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 513, no. 1 (June 11, 2014): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/513/1/012036.

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3

Bagliesi, Giuseppe. "CMS high-level trigger selection." European Physical Journal C 33, S1 (March 31, 2004): s1035—s1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjcd/s2004-03-1804-1.

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4

Richardson, Clint. "CMS High Level Trigger Timing Measurements." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 664, no. 8 (December 23, 2015): 082045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/664/8/082045.

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5

Giordano, Domenico. "The CMS High-Level Trigger Selection." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 150 (January 2006): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2004.08.043.

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6

Afaq, Anzar, William Badgett, Gerry Bauer, Kurt Biery, Vincent Boyer, James Branson, Angela Brett, et al. "The CMS High Level Trigger System." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 55, no. 1 (2008): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2007.910980.

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7

Agostino, L., G. Bauer, B. Beccati, U. Behrens, J. Berryhil, K. Biery, T. Bose, et al. "Commissioning of the CMS High Level Trigger." Journal of Instrumentation 4, no. 10 (October 19, 2009): P10005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/4/10/p10005.

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8

Perrotta, Andrea. "Performance of the CMS High Level Trigger." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 664, no. 8 (December 23, 2015): 082044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/664/8/082044.

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9

Tosi, M. "Tracking at High Level Trigger in CMS." Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings 273-275 (April 2016): 2494–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2015.09.436.

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10

Donato, Silvio. "CMS trigger performance." EPJ Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818202037.

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During its second run of operation (Run 2), started in 2015, the LHC will deliver a peak instantaneous luminosity that may reach 2 · 1034 cm-2s-1 with an average pileup of about 55, far larger than the design value. Under these conditions, the online event selection is a very challenging task. In CMS, it is realized by a two-level trigger system: the Level-1 (L1) Trigger, implemented in custom-designed electronics, and the High Level Trigger (HLT), a streamlined version of the offine reconstruction software running on a computer farm. In order to face this challenge, the L1 trigger has been through a major upgrade compared to Run 1, whereby all electronic boards of the system have been replaced, allowing more sophisticated algorithms to be run online. Its last stage, the global trigger, is now able to perform complex selections and to compute high-level quantities, like invariant masses. Likewise, the algorithms that run in the HLT have been greatly improved; in particular, new approaches for the online track reconstruction lead to a drastic reduction of the computing time, and to much improved performances. This document will describe the performance of the upgraded trigger system in Run 2.

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11

Verwilligen, Piet. "Muons in the CMS High Level Trigger System." Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings 273-275 (April 2016): 2509–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2015.09.441.

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12

Boccali, Tommaso. "High level Trigger at CMS with the Tracker." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 511, no. 1-2 (September 2003): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(03)01781-9.

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13

Wightman, Andrew, Geoffrey Smith, Kelci Mohrman, and Charles Mueller. "Trigger Rate Monitoring Tools at CMS." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 01047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921401047.

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One of the major challenges for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS)experiment, is the task of reducing event rate from roughly 40 MHz down to a more manageable 1 kHz while keeping as many interesting physics events as possible. This is accomplished through the use of a Level-1 (L1) hardware based trigger as well as a software based High-Level Trigger (HLT). Monitoring and understanding the output rates of the L1 and HLT triggers is of key importance for determining the overall performance of the trigger system and is intimately tied to what type of data is being recorded for physics analyses. We present here a collection of tools used by CMS to monitor the L1 and HLT trigger rates. One of these tools is a script (run in the CMS control room) that gives valuable real-time feedback of trigger rates to the shift crew. Another useful tool is a plotting library, that is used for observing how trigger rates vary over a range of beam and detector conditions, in particular how the rates of individual triggers scale with event pile-up.

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14

Govoni, P. "High-Level Trigger for Electrons and Photons in CMS." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 150 (January 2006): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2005.02.110.

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15

Lenzi, M. "Performance of the CMS tracker in high level trigger." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 514, no. 1-3 (November 2003): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2003.08.103.

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16

Chabert, Eric. "b-jet identification at High Level Trigger in CMS." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 608 (May 22, 2015): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/608/1/012041.

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17

Dordevic, Milos. "The CMS Trigger System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2375, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2375/1/012003.

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Abstract The CMS experiment at CERN uses a two-stage triggering system composed of the Level-1 (L1), instrumented with custom-designed hardware boards with an output rate of 100 kHz, and the High Level Trigger (HLT), streamlined version of the offline software reconstruction that runs on the computing farm, allowing to store around 1.5 kHz of rate. New trigger algorithms and new features, as well as optimized trigger menus at both L1 and HLT are mandatory in order to be able to successfully record the events at higher data loads due to increasing luminosity and pileup at the LHC in Run 3. Many measurements and searches will profit from the updates implemented in the CMS trigger. The highlights of Run 2 CMS trigger results will be presented, together with the improvements for Run 3.

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18

Kumar, Piyush, and Bhawna Gomber. "The CMS Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger for the HL-LHC." Instruments 6, no. 4 (October 17, 2022): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040064.

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The High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) provides an opportunity for a pioneering physics program to harness an integrated luminosity of 4000 fb−1 of ten years of operations. This large volume of collision data will help in high precision measurements of the Standard Model (SM) and the search for new and rare physics phenomena. The harsh environment of 200 proton–proton interactions poses a substantial challenge in the collection of these large datasets. The HL-LHC CMS Level-1 (L1) trigger, including the calorimeter trigger, will receive a massive upgrade to tackle the challenge of a high-bandwidth and high pileup environment. The L1 trigger is planned to handle a very high bandwidth (∼63 Tb/s) with an output rate of 750 kHz, and the desired latency budget is 12.5 μs. The calorimeter trigger aims to process the high-granular information from the new end-cap detector called the high-granularity calorimeter (HGCAL) and the barrel calorimeter. The HL-LHC trigger prototyped boards are equipped with large modern-day FPGAs and high-speed optical links (∼28 Gb/s), which helps in the parallel and rapid computation of the calorimeter trigger algorithms. This article discusses the proposed design and expected performance of the upgraded CMS Level-1 calorimeter trigger system.

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19

Bauer, G., T. Bawej, U. Behrens, J. Branson, O. Chaze, S. Cittolin, J. A. Coarasa, et al. "Prototype of a File-Based High-Level Trigger in CMS." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 513, no. 1 (June 11, 2014): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/513/1/012025.

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20

Colling, David, Adam Huffman, Alison McCrae, Andrew Lahiff, Claudio Grandi, Mattia Cinquilli, Stephen Gowdy, et al. "Using the CMS High Level Trigger as a Cloud Resource." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 513, no. 3 (June 11, 2014): 032019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/513/3/032019.

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21

Collaboration, CMS. "Commissioning of the CMS High-Level Trigger with cosmic rays." Journal of Instrumentation 5, no. 03 (March 19, 2010): T03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/5/03/t03005.

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22

Bauer, G., U. Behrens, M. Bowen, J. Branson, S. Bukowiec, S. Cittolin, J. A. Coarasa, et al. "The CMS High Level Trigger System: Experience and Future Development." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 396, no. 1 (December 13, 2012): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/396/1/012008.

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23

Badaro, Gilbert, Ulf Behrens, James Branson, Philipp Brummer, Sergio Cittolin, Diego Da Silva-Gomes, Georgiana-Lavinia Darlea, et al. "40 MHz Level-1 Trigger Scouting for CMS." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024501032.

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The CMS experiment will be upgraded for operation at the HighLuminosity LHC to maintain and extend its physics performance under extreme pileup conditions. Upgrades will include an entirely new tracking system, supplemented by a track finder processor providing tracks at Level-1, as well as a high-granularity calorimeter in the endcap region. New front-end and back-end electronics will also provide the Level-1 trigger with high-resolution information from the barrel calorimeter and the muon systems. The upgraded Level-1 processors, based on powerful FPGAs, will be able to carry out sophisticated feature searches with resolutions often similar to the offline ones, while keeping pileup effects under control. In this paper, we discuss the feasibility of a system capturing Level-1 intermediate data at the beam-crossing rate of 40 MHz and carrying out online analyzes based on these limited-resolution data. This 40 MHz scouting system would provide fast and virtually unlimited statistics for detector diagnostics, alternative luminosity measurements and, in some cases, calibrations. It has the potential to enable the study of otherwise inaccessible signatures, either too common to fit in the Level-1 accept budget, or with requirements which are orthogonal to “mainstream” physics, such as long-lived particles. We discuss the requirements and possible architecture of a 40 MHz scouting system, as well as some of the physics potential, and results from a demonstrator operated at the end of Run-2 using the Global Muon Trigger data from CMS. Plans for further demonstrators envisaged for Run-3 are also discussed.

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24

Bortolato, G., C. Deldicque, D. Gigi, B. Huber, E. Leutgeb, A. Lobanov, D. Rabady, A. Racz, and H. Sakulin. "Architecture and prototype of the CMS Global Level-1 Trigger for Phase-2." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): C01034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/c01034.

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Abstract We present the architecture and current state of prototype firmware of the CMS Level-1 Global Trigger, the final stage of the new Level-1 trigger for Phase-2 of the LHC. Based on high-precision inputs from the muon, calorimeter, track and particle flow triggers, the Global Trigger evaluates O(1000) cut-based and neural-net-based algorithms in a system of up to thirteen Xilinx Ultrascale+ based ATCA processing boards interconnected by 25 Gb/s optical links. In order to optimize the usage of resources, the main algorithms, including the DSP-based calculation of invariant masses, are implemented at 480 MHz.

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25

Bauer, G., U. Behrens, V. Boyer, J. Branson, A. Brett, E. Cano, A. Carboni, et al. "High level trigger configuration and handling of trigger tables in the CMS filter farm." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 119, no. 2 (July 1, 2008): 022011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/119/2/022011.

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26

Fernandez Perez Tomei, Thiago Rafael. "The CMS Trigger Upgrade for the HL-LHC." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024501031.

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The CMS experiment has been designed with a two-level trigger system: the Level-1 Trigger, implemented on custom-designed electronics, and the High Level Trigger, a streamlined version of the CMS offline reconstruction software running on a computer farm. During its second phase the LHC will reach a luminosity of 7.5 1034 cm−2 s−1 with a pileup of 200 collisions, producing integrated luminosity greater than 3000 fb−1 over the full experimental run. To fully exploit the higher luminosity, the CMS experiment will introduce a more advanced Level-1 Trigger and increase the full readout rate from 100 kHz to 750 kHz. CMS is designing an efficient data-processing hardware trigger that will include tracking information and high-granularity calorimeter information. The current Level-1 conceptual design is expected to take full advantage of advances in FPGA and link technologies over the coming years, providing a high-performance, low-latency system for large throughput and sophisticated data correlation across diverse sources. The higher luminosity, event complexity and input rate present an unprecedented challenge to the High Level Trigger that aims to achieve a similar efficiency and rejection factor as today despite the higher pileup and more pure preselection. In this presentation we will discuss the ongoing studies and prospects for the online reconstruction and selection algorithms for the high-luminosity era.

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27

Portalès, Louis. "L1 Triggering on High-Granularity Information at the HL-LHC." Instruments 6, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040071.

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The CMS collaboration is building a high-granularity calorimeter (HGCAL) for the endcap regions as part of its planned upgrade for the High-Luminosity LHC. The calorimetric data will form part of the Level-1 trigger (hardware) of the CMS experiment, reducing the event rate from the nominal 40 MHz to 750 kHz with a decision time (latency) of 12.5 microseconds. In addition to basic tracking information, which will also be available in the Level-1 trigger system, the use of particle-flow techniques will be facilitated as part of the trigger system. Around 1-million “trigger channels” are read at 40 MHz from the HGCAL, presenting a significant challenge in terms of data manipulation and processing for the trigger system: the trigger data volumes will be an order of magnitude above those currently handled at CMS. In addition, the high luminosity will result in an average of 140 (or more) interactions per bunch crossing that produce a huge background rate in the forward region and these will need to be efficiently rejected by the trigger algorithms. Furthermore, the reconstruction of particle clusters used for particle flow in high hit-rate events presents a complex computational problem associated with the trigger. We present the status of the trigger architecture and design, as well as the algorithmic concepts needed in order to tackle these major issues.

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28

Petrucciani, Giovanni. "Particle Flow reconstruction in the CMS Level-1 Trigger For The HL-LHC." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921401019.

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With the planned addition of the tracking information in the Level-1 trigger in CMS for the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), the algorithms for the Level-1 trigger can be completely reconceptualized. Following the example for offline reconstruction in CMS to use complementary subsystem information and mitigate pileup, we explore the feasibility of using Particle Flow-like and pileup-per-particle identification techniques at the hardware trigger level. We present the challenges of adapting these algorithm to the timing and resource constraints of the Level-1 trigger, the first prototype implementations, and the expected performance on physics object reconstruction.

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29

Kotliński, Danek, and Andrey Starodumov. "High level tracker triggers for CMS." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 501, no. 1 (March 2003): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(02)02038-7.

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30

Palla, Fabrizio. "High level B triggers with CMS." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 120 (June 2003): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(03)01895-4.

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31

D’Alfonso, M., F. Ambroglini, G. Bagliesi, L. Barbone, D. Benedetti, L. Benucci, I. Bernardini, et al. "First level trigger using pixel detector for the CMS experiment." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 570, no. 2 (January 2007): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2006.09.081.

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32

Vos, Marcel. "Tracking and b- and -tagging in the CMS high-level trigger." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 566, no. 1 (October 2006): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2006.05.137.

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33

Bainbridge, Robert. "Recording and reconstructing 10 billion unbiased b hadron decays in CMS." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024501025.

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The CMS experiment has recorded a high-purity sample of 10 billion unbiased b hadron decays. The CMS trigger and data acquisition systems were configured to deliver a custom data stream at an average throughput of 2 GB s−1, which was “parked” prior to reconstruction. The data stream was defined by level-1 and high level trigger algorithms that operated at peak trigger rates in excess of 50 and 5 kHz, respectively. New algorithms have been developed to reconstruct and identify electrons with high efficiency at transverse momenta as low as 0.5 GeV. The trigger strategy and electron reconstruction performance were validated with pilot processing campaigns. The accumulation and reconstruction of this data set, now complete, were delivered without significant impact on the core physics programme of CMS. This unprecedented sample provides a unique opportunity for physics analyses in the flavour sector and beyond.

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34

Summers, Sioni, and Andrew Rose. "Kalman Filter track reconstruction on FPGAs for acceleration of the High Level Trigger of the CMS experiment at the HL-LHC." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921401003.

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Track reconstruction at the CMS experiment uses the Combinatorial Kalman Filter. The algorithm computation time scales exponentially with pileup, which will pose a problem for the High Level Trigger at the High Luminosity LHC. FPGAs, which are already used extensively in hardware triggers, are becoming more widely used for compute acceleration. With a combination of high performance, energy efficiency, and predictable and low latency, FPGA accelerators are an interesting technology for high energy physics. Here, progress towards porting of the CMS track reconstruction to Maxeler Technologies’ Dataflow Engines is shown, programmed with their high level language MaxJ. The performance is compared to CPUs, and further steps to optimise for the architecture are presented.

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35

Andre, Jean-Marc, Ulf Behrens, James Branson, Philipp Brummer, Sergio Cittolin, Diego da Silva Gomes, Georgiana-Lavinia Darlea, et al. "Operational experience with the new CMS DAQ-Expert." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921401015.

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The data acquisition (DAQ) system of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) at CERN reads out the detector at the level-1 trigger accept rate of 100 kHz, assembles events with a bandwidth of 200 GB/s, provides these events to the high level-trigger running on a farm of about 30k cores and records the accepted events. Comprising custom-built and cutting edge commercial hardware and several 1000 instances of software applications, the DAQ system is complex in itself and failures cannot be completely excluded. Moreover, problems in the readout of the detectors,in the first level trigger system or in the high level trigger may provoke anomalous behaviour of the DAQ systemwhich sometimes cannot easily be differentiated from a problem in the DAQ system itself. In order to achieve high data taking efficiency with operators from the entire collaboration and without relying too heavily on the on-call experts, an expert system, the DAQ-Expert, has been developed that can pinpoint the source of most failures and give advice to the shift crew on how to recover in the quickest way. The DAQ-Expert constantly analyzes monitoring data from the DAQ system and the high level trigger by making use of logic modules written in Java that encapsulate the expert knowledge about potential operational problems. The results of the reasoning are presented to the operator in a web-based dashboard, may trigger sound alerts in the control room and are archived for post-mortem analysis - presented in a web-based timeline browser. We present the design of the DAQ-Expert and report on the operational experience since 2017, when it was first put into production.

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36

Ahuja, S. "Concepts and design of the CMS high granularity calorimeter Level 1 trigger." Journal of Instrumentation 15, no. 06 (June 5, 2020): C06016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/06/c06016.

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37

Anuar, Afiq A. "Electrons and photons at High Level Trigger in CMS for Run II." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 664, no. 8 (December 23, 2015): 082001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/664/8/082001.

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38

Strebler, Thomas. "Design and performance of the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter Level 1 trigger." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1162 (January 2019): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1162/1/012019.

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39

Sauvan, Jean-Baptiste. "Concepts and design of the CMS high granularity calorimeter Level-1 trigger." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 928 (November 2017): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/928/1/012026.

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40

Zabi, Alexandre. "System Design and Prototyping for the CMS Level-1 Trigger at the High-Luminosity LHC." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2374, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012090.

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For the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider era, the trigger and data acquisition system of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment will be entirely replaced. Novel design choices have been explored, including ATCA prototyping platforms with SoC controllers and newly available interconnect technologies with serial optical links with data rates up to 28 Gb/s. Trigger data analysis will be performed through sophisticated algorithms, including widespread use of Machine Learning, in large FPGAs, such as the Xilinx Ultrascale family. The system will process over 60 Tb/s of detector data with an event rate of 750 kHz. The system design and prototyping are described and examples of trigger algorithms reviewed.

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41

Herwig, C. "System design and prototyping for the CMS Level-1 Trigger at the High-Luminosity LHC." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): C01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/c01021.

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Abstract For the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, the trigger and data acquisition system of the CMS experiment will be entirely replaced. Novel design choices have been explored, including ATCA prototyping platforms with SoC controllers and newly available interconnect technologies with serial optical links with data rates up to 28 Gb/s. Trigger analyses will be performed through sophisticated algorithms, including widespread use of Machine Learning, in large FPGAs, such as the Xilinx Ultrascale family. The system will process over 50 Tb/s of detector data with an event rate of 750 kHz. We describe system design and prototyping and review trigger algorithm exemplars.

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42

Das, Pallabi. "An overview of the trigger system at the CMS experiment." Physica Scripta 97, no. 5 (April 11, 2022): 054008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ac6302.

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Abstract The trigger system of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at CERN has been evolving continuously since the startup of the LHC. While the base of the current configuration will remain in use for the next LHC running period (Run 3 starting in 2022), new features and algorithms are already being developed to take care of higher data loads due to increasing LHC luminosity and pileup but also of new experimental signatures to be investigated, in particular, displaced decay vertices stemming from relatively long-lived particles created in proton-proton collisions. Beyond this period, the trigger system will undergo a major upgrade to prepare for the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) operations, which will deliver a luminosity of 5–7.5 times the design value. It corresponds to 140-200 pileup events, defined as overlapping proton-proton interactions in the same or nearby bunch crossings. During HL-LHC, information from the silicon pixel and strip tracker will be available already for the Level-1 Trigger, detector granularity and pseudorapidity coverages will increase. Trigger rates will rise by a factor of about 7.5 both at Level-1 (to 750 kHz) and at the High Level Trigger (to 7.5 kHz) and the latency—the processing time available for arriving at the Level-1 trigger decision—will increase significantly from 3.8 μs to 12.5 μs, allowing for the use of more sophisticated algorithms at the Level-1 trigger.

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43

Tishelman-Charny, Abraham. "ECAL trigger performance in Run 2 and improvements for Run 3." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2374, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012088.

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The CMS electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is a high resolution crystal calorimeter operating at the CERN LHC. It is read out at 40 MHz (the proton-proton collision rate) in order to provide information to the hardware-level (Level-1) trigger system, which decides whether the full CMS detector must be read out for each collision. The ECAL trigger performance achieved during LHC Run 2 (2015-2018) will be presented. The increased luminosity with respect to the LHC Run 1 has required frequent calibrations during LHC operation to account for radiation-induced changes in crystal and photodetector response. Further improvements in the energy and time reconstruction of the CMS ECAL trigger primitives are being explored for LHC Run 3 (2022-24), using additional features implemented in the on-detector readout. In this presentation, we will review the ECAL trigger performance during LHC Run 2 and present improvements to the ECAL trigger system for LHC Run 3.

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Bunkowski, K. "The algorithm of the CMS Level-1 Overlap Muon Track Finder trigger." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 936 (August 2019): 368–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.10.173.

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Herwig, C. "Particle flow reconstruction for the CMS Phase-II Level-1 Trigger." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): C01037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/c01037.

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Abstract The upgrade of the CMS detector for the high-luminosity LHC will include track-finding for the first time in the Level-1 trigger, enabling Particle Flow reconstruction of every event in addition to comprehensive pileup mitigation. The Correlator trigger will reconstruct isolated leptons and photons, hadronic jets, and energy sums, assisted in many cases by machine learning to benefit from the complete particle-level event record. We present the logic of these algorithms, possible implementations using large FPGAs and their demonstration in prototype hardware, in addition to the expected physics performance.

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Choudhury, Somnath. "Performance of the High-Level Trigger System at CMS in LHC Run-2." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 68, no. 8 (August 2021): 2035–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2021.3087618.

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Florio, Adriano Di, Felice Pantaleo, and Antonio Carta. "Convolutional Neural Network for Track Seed Filtering at the CMS High-Level Trigger." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1085 (September 2018): 042040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1085/4/042040.

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Badaro, Gilbert, Ulf Behrens, Andrea Bocci, James Branson, Philipp Brummer, Sergio Cittolin, Diego Da Silva-Gomes, et al. "The Phase-2 Upgrade of the CMS Data Acquisition." EPJ Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 04023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125104023.

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The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will start operating in 2027 after the third Long Shutdown (LS3), and is designed to provide an ultimate instantaneous luminosity of 7:5 × 1034 cm−2 s−1, at the price of extreme pileup of up to 200 interactions per crossing. The number of overlapping interactions in HL-LHC collisions, their density, and the resulting intense radiation environment, warrant an almost complete upgrade of the CMS detector. The upgraded CMS detector will be read out by approximately fifty thousand highspeed front-end optical links at an unprecedented data rate of up to 80 Tb/s, for an average expected total event size of approximately 8 − 10 MB. Following the present established design, the CMS trigger and data acquisition system will continue to feature two trigger levels, with only one synchronous hardware-based Level-1 Trigger (L1), consisting of custom electronic boards and operating on dedicated data streams, and a second level, the High Level Trigger (HLT), using software algorithms running asynchronously on standard processors and making use of the full detector data to select events for offline storage and analysis. The upgraded CMS data acquisition system will collect data fragments for Level-1 accepted events from the detector back-end modules at a rate up to 750 kHz, aggregate fragments corresponding to individual Level- 1 accepts into events, and distribute them to the HLT processors where they will be filtered further. Events accepted by the HLT will be stored permanently at a rate of up to 7.5 kHz. This paper describes the baseline design of the DAQ and HLT systems for the Phase-2 of CMS.

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Migliorini, M., J. Pazzini, A. Triossi, M. Zanetti, and A. Zucchetta. "Trigger-less readout and unbiased data quality monitoring of the CMS drift tubes muon detector." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): C01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/c01003.

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Abstract The CMS experiment 40 MHz data scouting project is aimed at intercepting the data produced at the level of the detectors’ front-end without the filters induced by hardware-based triggers. A first implementation is realized by the trigger-less reading and processing of a fraction of the Drift Tube (DT) muon detector, equipped with a preliminary version of the so-called Phase-2 Upgrade on-detector electronics boards. The data are transferred via high-speed optical links to back-end boards independently from the central experiment data acquisition (DAQ), permitting real-time detector status monitoring via receiving all the signals produced at the front-end level, and providing an unbiased estimate of the CMS DT hit-rate under various data-taking conditions.

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Wulz, Claudia-Elisabeth. "Concept of the First Level Global Trigger for the CMS experiment at LHC." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 473, no. 3 (November 2001): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(01)00809-9.

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