Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'CMS High Level Trigger'
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Lorusso, Marco. "FPGA implementation of muon momentum assignment with machine learning at the CMS level-1 trigger." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23211/.
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With the advent of the High-Luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC), the instantaneous luminosity of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN is expected to increase up to around 7.5 x 10^34 cm^-2s^-1. Therefore, new strategies for data acquisition and processing will be necessary, in preparation for the higher number of signals produced inside the detectors, that would eventually make the trigger and readout electronics currently in use at the LHC experiments obsolete. In the context of an upgrade of the trigger system of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS), new reconstruction algorithms, aiming for an improved performance, are being developed. For what concerns the online tracking of muons, one of the figures that is being improved is the accuracy of the transverse momentum (pT) measurement.
Machine Learning techniques have already been considered as a promising solution for this problem, as they make possible, with the use of more information collected by the detector, to build models able to predict the pT with an improved precision.
In this Master Thesis, a step further in increasing the performance of the pT assignment is taken by implementing such models onto a type of programmable processing unit called Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). FPGAs, indeed, allow a smaller latency with a relatively small loss in accuracy with respect to traditional inference algorithms running on a CPU, both important aspects for a trigger system. The analysis carried out in this work uses data obtained through Monte Carlo simulations of muons crossing the barrel region of the CMS muon chambers, and compare the results with the pT assigned by the current (Phase-1) CMS Level 1 Barrel Muon Track Finder (BMTF) trigger system.
Together with the final results, the steps needed to create an accelerated inference machine for muon pT are also presented.
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Zhang, Fengwangdong. "Measurement of jet production in association with a Z boson at the LHC and jet energy correction calibration at high level trigger in CMS." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/251804.
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This PhD dissertation presents the measurement of the cross section of jet production in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider in CERN, with a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV in 2012 and of 13 TeV in 2015. The data used for this analysis were collected by the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector, with an integrated luminosity of 19.6 fb-1 in 2012 and of 2.25 fb-1 in 2015. The differential cross section is measured as a function of jet multiplicity, jet transverse momentum and rapidity, and the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta. The rapidity correlations between the Z boson and jets are also measured benefiting from the large statistics of data taken in 2012. All distributions of measured observables are obtained after correcting detector effects using unfolding approach, and the results of two leptonic decaying channels of Z boson are combined. Coming along with the systematic and statistical uncertainties, the measurement is compared to different theoretical predictions at different accuracy levels. The predictions are from MADGRAPH 5, SHERPA 2 (for 8 TeV analysis only), MADGRAPH_AMC@NLO, and fixed next-to-next-to-leading order (for 13 TeV analysis only). Thanks to the unprecedented high energy and the large statistics of data, precision measurement is accomplished in a physical phase space never reached before. This measurement provides precise systematics for different theoretical models. It also quantifies the improvement with higher order of perturbative quantum chromodynamics calculations on matrix elements relative to the leading order multi-leg approach. In particular to the rapidity correlation study, new matching schemes (FxFx and MEPS@NLO) for next-to-leading order matrix elements and parton shower show significant improvements with respect to the MLM matching scheme for leading order multi-leg matrix elements and parton shower. This measurement also gives precise background estimation for the measurements of many other processes in Standard Model like top quark production and gauge boson couplings, and for new physics searches such as Supersymmetry. In this thesis, the jet energy correction and calibration for the high level trigger system of CMS are also depicted. From 2012 to 2015, the Large Hadron Collider was upgraded, not only with the center-of-mass energy of the beams enlarged, but also with the instantaneous luminosity increased. The time distance between two particle bunches in a beam is reduced. As a result, the reconstructed momenta of the jets produced in each bunch crossing are significantly contaminated by multiple interactions. A dedicated technical approach has been developed for correcting the reconstructed jet momenta. The corrections have been calibrated and configured for the data taking in 2015 and 2016.Cette thèse présente une mesure de la section efficace de production de jets associés à un boson Z dans les collisions proton-proton du Grand Collisionneur de Hadron (LHC) situé au CERN, avec des énergies dans le centre de masse de 8 TeV et 13 TeV, respectivement pour les années 2012 et 2015. Les données utilisées pour cette analyse ont été collectées par le détecteur Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS). Elles constituent des échantillons de luminosités intégrées de 19.6 fb⁻¹ et 2.25 fb⁻¹, respectivement pour 2012 et 2015. Nous mesurons la section efficace différentielle en fonction de la multiplicité de jets, de l’impulsion transverse et de la rapidité des jets, et en fonction de la somme scalaire des impulsions transverses des jets. La corrélation entre les rapidités du boson Z et des jets est aussi mesurée et bénéficie de la large statistique prise en 2012. Toutes les distributions d’observables mesurées sont obtenues après corrections pour les effets détecteurs et les résultats des canaux de désintégration muonique et électronique du boson Z sont combinés. Tenant compte des incertitudes statistiques et systématiques, les mesures sont comparées à différentes prédictions théoriques ayant différents niveaux de précision. Les prédictions sont obtenues de MADGRAPH 5, SHERPA 2 (pour l’analyse à 8 TeV uniquement), MADGRAPH_AMC@NLO, et un modèle fixé au NNLO (pour l’analyse à 13 TeV uniquement). Par ces mesures de précisions, et en particulier celle de la corrélation de rapidités, nous avons acquis une compréhension plus approfondie de la chromodynamique quantique dans son régime perturbatif. Grâce à la plus haute énergie jamais atteinte en laboratoire, et à la grande statistique disponible, nous avons sondé avec précision des endroits de l’espace des phases jusque là inaccessibles.Dans cette thèse, les corrections et la calibration de l’énergie des jets pour le haut niveau de sélection de CMS est également présentée. Durant la période de 2012 à 2015, le LHC a été amélioré, non seulement l’énergie dans le centre de masse a augmenté, mais la luminosité instantanée a aussi été amplifiée. L’écart temporelle entre deux paquets de particules dans les faisceaux du LHC a été réduite. L’une des conséquences est que l’impulsion reconstruite pour les jets produits lors d’un croisement de faisceau à une contribution significative venant des multiples interactions ayant lieux lors du croisement des paquets. Une approche technique dédiée a été développée pour corriger l'impulsion des jets. Les corrections obtenues ont été calibrées aux données prises en 2015 et 2016.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Wang, Qun. "Measurement of the differential cross section of Z boson production in association with jets at the LHC." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/271719.
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This thesis presents the measurement of the differential cross section of Z boson pro-duction in association with jets (Z+jets) in proton-proton collision at the center-of-massenergy of 13 TeV. The data has been recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC duringthe year 2015, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.19 fb −1 .A study of theCMS muon High Level Trigger (HLT) with the data collected in 2016 is also presented.The goal of analysis is to perform a first measurement at 13 TeV of the cross sections ofZ+jets as a function of the jet multiplicity, its dependence on the transverse momentumof the Z boson, the jet kinematic variables (transverse momentum and rapidity), thescalar sum of the jet momenta, and the balance in the transverse momentum betweenthe reconstructed jet recoil and the Z boson. The results are obtained by correctingthe detector effects, and are unfolded to particle level. The measurement are com-pared to four predictions using different approximations: at the leading-order (LO),next-to-leading-order (NLO) and next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) accuracy. Thefirst two calculations used M AD G RAPH 5_ A MC@NLO interfaced with PYTHIA 8 for theparton showering and hadronisation, one of which includes matrix elements (MEs) atLO, another includes one-loop corrections (NLO). The third is a fixed-order calculationwith NNLO accuracy for Z+1 jet using the N -jettiness subtraction scheme (N jetti ). Thefourth uses the GENEVA program with an NNLO calculation combined with higher-order resummation.A series of studies on the HLT double muon trigger are also included. Since 2015 theLHC reached higher luminosity, more events are produced inside the CMS detector persecond, which resulted in more challenges for the trigger system. The work presentedincludes the monitoring, validation and the calibration of the muon trigger paths since2016.Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Brooke, James. "Level-1 trigger studies for the CMS experiment." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271850.
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Diotalevi, Tommaso. "CMS level-1 trigger muon momentum assignment with machine learning." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16326/.
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With the advent of the High-Luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC), the instantaneous luminosity of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN will increase up to 7,5 10^34 cm^-2s^-1. Therefore, new algorithmic techniques for data acquisition and processing will be necessary, in preparation for a high pile-up environment that would eventually make the current electronics and trigger devices obsolete.
Nowadays, Machine Learning techniques represent a promising alternative to this problem, as they make possible the selection of multiple information - collected by the detector - and build from them different models, able to predict with a certain efficiency fundamental physical quantities, including the transverse momentum pT.
The analysis presented in this Master Thesis consists in the production of such models - with data obtained through Monte Carlo simulations - capable of predicting the transverse momentum of muons crossing the Barrel region of the CMS muon chambers, and compare the results with the pT assigned by the current CMS Level 1 Barrel Muon Track Finder (BMTF) trigger system.
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James, Tom. "A hardware track-trigger for CMS at the High Luminosity LHC." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/60593.
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The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is designed to study a wide range of high energy physics phenomena. It employs a large all-silicon tracker within a 3.8 T magnetic solenoid, which allows precise measurements of transverse momentum (pT) and vertex position. This tracking detector will be upgraded to coincide with the installation of the High-Luminosity LHC, which will provide up to about 10^35 / cm^2 / s to CMS, or 200 collisions per 25 ns bunch crossing. This new tracker must maintain the nominal physics performance in this more challenging environment. Novel tracking modules that utilise closely spaced silicon sensors to discriminate on track pT have been developed that would allow the readout of only hits compatible with pT > 2−3 GeV tracks to off-detector trigger electronics. This would allow the use of tracking information at the Level-1 trigger of the experiment, a requirement to keep the Level-1 triggering rate below the 750 kHz target, while maintaining physics sensitivity. This thesis presents a concept for an all Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based track finder using a fully time-multiplexed architecture. A hardware demonstrator has been assembled to prove the feasibility and capability of such a system. The track finding demonstrator uses a projective binning algorithm called a Hough Transform to form track-candidates, which are then cleaned and fitted by a combinatorial Kalman Filter. Both of these algorithms are implemented in FPGA firmware. This demonstrator system, composed of eight Master Processor Virtex-7 (MP7) processing boards, is able to successfully find tracks in one eighth of the tracker solid angle at a time, within the expected 4 μs latency constraint. The performance for a variety of physics scenarios is studied, as well as the proposed scaling of the demonstrator to the final system and new technologies.
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Prvan, Marina. "Algorithms for the Level-1 trigger with the HGCAL calorimeter for theCMS HL-LHC upgrade." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX094.
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L'instrumentation moderne en physique des particules (HEP) fait face à une augmentation exponentielle du volume de données provenant des détecteurs. Cela conduit à une augmentation du volume de données, qui requière une mise à niveau des détecteurs. Aussi l'évolution des détecteurs est liée à la nécessité de suivre les évoluutions technologiques, ainsi qu'à la necessité de remplacer des parties du détecteur endomagées par les radiations. En particulier les détecteurs auprès du Large Hadron Collider (LHC) devront être mise à niveau pour la phase de haute luminosité (HL-LHC).Cette thèse décrit le travail de recherche effectué dans le contexte du calorimètre de haute granularité (HGCAL). Dans l’environnement difficile du LHC, avec des volumes de données plus élevés, plus de radiation, et plus d’empilement (PU), et où le nombre d’événements intéressant est faible, il est essentiel de fournir une décision de qualité en vue de garder ou non les données de l’événement. Ce processus, appelé déclenchement, doit opérer en temps réel, en prenant en compte les contraintes de communication et de capacité de calcul des processeurs disponibles. Les conditions d’opération du système de déclenchement sont difficiles car les algorithmes doivent être exécutés en un temps limité, sans possibilité de revoir la décision à postériori puisque les événements non sélectionnés sont définitivement perdus.Pour satisfaire aux contraintes du HL-LHC, le système de déclenchement actuel doit être mis à niveau. Cette thèse présente les études réalisées pour la conception du nouveau système. Les études présentées concernent les aspects essentiels de la chaine de déclenchement, depuis la lecture des éléments de détecteurs à pixels et l'électronique de sélection frontale (FE) jusqu'au flot de données en sortie d'électronique dorsale (BE). Tout d'abord, la conception des modules du HGCAL est revue de façon à former des cellules de déclenchement à partir des cellules hexagonales, afin de réduire le volume de données par un regroupement des cellules de lecture. Lorsque le module est défini, une part important du travail est consacré aux stratégies en vue de réduire les données au niveau du FE et du BE. Des architectures sont étudiées en vue d'une génération de primitives de déclenchement pour laquelle une approche en deux étapes pour une aggrégation en 3D est pproposée. La première étape consiste en la recherche de régions d'intérêts (ROIs) dans le détecteur, et est basé sur un algorithme de reconstruction des traces (TA), qui permet l'identification des gerbes électromagnétiques (EM) et la sélection d'un germe pour le signal. Aussi, il est montré que plus de germes de signaux peuvent être sélectionées lorsque une paramétrisation des gerbes EM est utilisée dans le TA.Finalement, le TA est utilisé dans un algorithme d'apprentissage pour la génération des ROIs. Cela conduit à une image de la gerbe, et un réseau de neurones (NN) est appliqué pour effectuer la classification (gerbes EM ou PU). Nous avons comparés plusieurs modèles de NN et leur performances (précision de la classification) sont mesurées en fonction de la compelxité du modèle (nombre total de paramètres). Le meilleur compromis est ainsi obtenu entre la qualité de la décision et les contraintes sur le processeurModern instrumentation in high energy physics (HEP) is facing the exponential growth of amount of data from the sensor arrays. This results in an enormous increase of output data volume, which requires in-time upgrades of detectors in HEP experiments. Also, the detector evolution is driven by the need to follow the newest technological trends as well as to replace parts of the mechanical construction that are damaged by radiation. In particular, the detectors at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will have to be upgraded before entering the high luminosity (HL) operational phase.This thesis describes the research work done in context of the High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) project, which is part of the upgrade of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector. In the challenging environment of HL-LHC, with higher data rates, harder radiation, and high pile-up (PU), where the number of „interesting“ events is low, it is essential to provide a quality decision on whether to read-out the event data or not. This process, called the trigger, should operate in real-time, under constrains of communications and processing limits from the available hardware. The working conditions of the trigger are challenging since the algorithm must be executed in a very limited time, without the possibility to revisit the decision of keeping the event for further processing or not.To cope with HL-LHC requirements, the current trigger system must be upgraded. The thesis presents the related studies that were necessary for the design of such trigger. The presented studies relates to key aspects that were necessary along the whole trigger path from the detector sensors read-out and front-end (FE) selection to the back-end (BE) electronics output data flow. First, a re-design of the mechanical HGCAL construction is studied on forming hexagonal sensor cells as well as larger polyhex structures of trigger cells (TCs) used to reduce the amount of data by using grouping of cells. Once the sensor module of the future HGCAL detector is defined, a large amount of work is devoted to the strategies for further FE data reduction and BE reconstruction studies. Architectures are explored for a possible trigger primitive generation from which a two-step approach for a direct 3D clustering is proposed. The first step consists of finding the regions of interest (ROIs) in the detector and is based on a designed tracking algorithm (TA), which enables the identification of electromagnetic (EM) shower tracks and of a signal seed selection. Also, it is shown that more signal seeds can be selected when an EM shower parametrization is used in the TA.Finally, the TA is used in the machine learning study for the ROI generation procedure. It results in an image of the physical shower, and a neural network (NN) is applied to perform the data classification (EM-like or PU-like). We have compared several NN models and the performance (classification accuracy) is measured against the model complexity (the total number of model parameters). The best trade-off is obtained between the quality of the decision-making process and the requirements on the hardware processing power
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Rose, A. W. "The level-1 Trigger of the CMS experiment the LHC and the Super-LHC." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516181.
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Gasperini, Simone. "Performance of the CMS barrel muon trigger algorithms for high luminosity LHC." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17740/.
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In questa tesi sono state misurate le prestazioni di un nuovo algoritmo per il trigger muonico locale delle camere a deriva di CMS
(Compact Muon Solenoid).
L'algoritmo è stato sviluppato e proposto da un gruppo di ricercatori dell'INFN di Padova, in vista del futuro upgrade sull'acceleratore di particelle LHC (Large Hadron Collider), che diventerà High Luminosity LHC, ed il rispettivo upgrade di CMS.
In particolare, sono stati svolti studi sulle efficienze e sulle risoluzioni spaziali del nuovo algoritmo comparandole con quelle del
sistema di trigger attualmente in uso.
Questo lavoro è stato realizzato sviluppando uno strumento di analisi che sfrutta il pacchetto software di ROOT.
Le misure di efficienza e risoluzione sono state ottenute con il metodo del Tag & Probe, utilizzando un campione di dati raccolti durante il run di collisioni protone-protone nel settembre 2018.
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Mohlalisi, Seforo. "Implementation of a Custom Muon High Level Trigger Monitoring System." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6541.
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A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE) is one of the 4 major experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Its main aim is to investigate the physics of strongly interacting matter in proton-proton, nucleus-nucleus and nucleus-proton or proton-nucleus collisions at ultra high energy densi- ties, where the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) is expected to form. The experiment is expected to produce data at very high rates of about 25 Gbytes/s however the bandwidth to permanent storage is limited to about 10% (1.25 Gbyte/s) of the total expected data rates. In order to reduce data to permanent storage a special level of selecting interesting/relevant physics events is required. In ALICE the trigger (selection) of signals is issued based on a series of levels varying from levels 0 (L0) up to the High Level Trigger (HLT). For the ALICE muon spectrometer, the role of the trigger is to select events containing muon tracks, with the transverse momentum (pt) above a given threshold. Due to the limited spatial resolution of the muon trigger chambers a pt cut above a few GeV with the L0 trigger is not possible. While the L0 signal for the muon spectrometer is issued at about 700 - 800 ns, the HLT is delivered at about 1 ms. The role of the HLT is to perform online and o ine reconstruction of the ALICE muon spectrometer data in order to improve the measured (L0) pT resolution. In this way a better separation between relevant physics events and unwanted events (background) can be attainable, which could eventu- ally lead to lower trigger rates. The HLT is designed to improve signal- to-background ratio in the raw data transferred to the storage. In order to facilitate online/o ine data analysis the HLT monitoring system which will enable the user to graphically view the events during the reconstruc- tion phase was developed in this study. The system will read and decode the reconstructed events from the HLT analysis chain using the HLT Online Monitoring Environment including ROOT (HOMER) and displaying them on the ALICE Event Visualization Environment (ALIEVE). In addition, the ii utility, dHLTdumpraw, that inspects, with ner detail, the contents of all muon HLT internal data blocks and the detector data link (DDL) raw data stream is also described.
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Aggleton, Robin Cameron. "Searches for exotic Higgs bosons at CMS : from Level-1 jet trigger calibration to data analyses and their interpretation." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/410358/.
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This thesis covers several topics investigating the nature of exotic Higgs bosons, using data from the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).A search was performed for invisible decays of a Higgs boson, using 19.5 fb−1 of data from proton-proton collisions collected during 2012. No significant excess was observed, and an observed (expected) upper limit on the invisible branching fraction of the125 GeV Higgs boson was set at BR(h → Invis.) < 0.65 (0.49) at 95% confidence level (CL).A search for a pair of light Higgs bosons with masses 4–8 GeV, produced by the discovered Higgs boson and each decaying into a pair of tau leptons, was also performed using the collision data from 2012. No significant excess was observed in this search either, and upper limits were set on the total production cross-section for such processes as a function of the light boson mass. The observed limit at 95% CL ranges from 4.5 to 10.3 pb, with corresponding expected limits 2.9 and 10.3 pb. The results of several light Higgs boson searches carried out at the LHC are interpreted within the context of the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. The limits from these searches are compared to model predictions, and theirimpact on model parameters is discussed. The upgrade of the CMS Level-1 trigger allows for more sophisticated object identification algorithms, including removal of contributions from overlapping collisions. The derivation of calibrations for the jet algorithm in both the interim and fullupgrades is examined, along with their performance.
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Künsken, Andreas Verfasser], Achim [Akademischer Betreuer] Stahl, and Christopher Henrik V. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Wiebusch. "Studies on the use of the CMS Outer Hadron Calorimeter in the Level-1 Muon Trigger / Andreas Künsken ; Achim Stahl, Christopher Wiebusch." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/116249848X/34.
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Künsken, Andreas [Verfasser], Achim Akademischer Betreuer] Stahl, and Christopher Henrik V. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Wiebusch. "Studies on the use of the CMS Outer Hadron Calorimeter in the Level-1 Muon Trigger / Andreas Künsken ; Achim Stahl, Christopher Wiebusch." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/116249848X/34.
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Paggi, Giulia. "Sviluppo di un algoritmo di trigger per la ricerca di particelle esotiche a lunga vita media a High Luminosity LHC con il rivelatore di muoni di CMS." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21605/.
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In questa tesi si è sviluppato un nuovo algoritmo di trigger per la selezione di particelle esotiche, che fa uso delle DT di CMS, nel contesto dell'upgrade di rivelatore e sistema di trigger, in preparazione per HL-LHC. Si fa uso dell'algoritmo Analytical Method (AM) che genera i segmenti di trigger nelle camere DT, con una risoluzione temporale di alcuni ns, migliorando quasi di un ordine di grandezza le prestazioni rispetto al sistema attuale. Questo permette di aumentare l'accettanza di selezione per HSCP, che attraversano il rivelatore con una velocità significativamente minore di quella della luce. È stato sviluppato un algoritmo in grado di stimare, tramite un fit a due parametri, sia il valore di β = v/c di una particella, sia il tempo della collisione a cui è stata prodotta.
Per migliorare ulteriormente i risultati ottenuti, è stato sviluppato un metodo di correzione della misura di tempo nelle camere, considerando il tempo necessario a propagare il segnale attraverso il filo anodico fino all'elettronica di Front End. In questo modo è migliorata la risoluzione temporale dei segmenti di trigger e di conseguenza la stima sia del valore di β sia del tempo al momento della collisione. Per migliorare la stima
di β, si è vincolato il parametro temporale al valore nominale del bunch crossing ed è stato eseguito di nuovo il fit con un solo parametro libero. Combinando il prompt muon trigger e l'algoritmo proposto per HSCP, applicando a quest’ultimo un taglio in β ≤ 0.7 in modo da minimizzarne la sovrapposizione, si riesce a ottenere un'efficienza pari o maggiore del ≈ 90% fino a β ≈ 0.35. Per il campione usato si misura un incremento di accettanza che va dal 67.4% al 93.4%. Infine, con un campione di muoni, si è studiata la frequenza con cui vengono associati ad un BX precedente a quello corretto. Il risultato è il 4% del campione: buono, ma da ridurre migliorando ulteriormente l'algoritmo.
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Ogul, Hasan. "Measurements of the differential cross section and charge asymmetry for inclusive pp→W(μν) production with 8 TeV CMS data and CMS single muon trigger efficiency study." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3152.
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This dissertation presents muon charge asymmetry, fiducial differential cross section and CMS single muon trigger efficiency measurements as a function of muon pseudorapidity for inclusive W→μν events produced in proton-proton collisions at the LHC. The data were recorded by the CMS detector at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 18.8 fb-1. Several comparisons are performed to cross-check the experimental results. Muon efficiency measurements are compared to estimated values from Monte Carlo simulations and reference values recommended by CMS physics object groups. The differential cross section and the charge asymmetry measurements are compared to theoretical predictions based on next-to-leading order and next-to-next-to-leading order QCD calculations with different PDF models. Inputs from the charge asymmetry and the differential cross section measurements for the determination of the next generation of PDF sets are expected to bring different predictions closer together and aid in reducing PDF uncertainties. The impact of the charge asymmetry on PDFs has been investigated by putting the asymmetry results into a QCD analysis at next-to-leading order and next-to-next-leading order with inclusive deep-inelastic scattering data from HERA. Significant improvement of the accuracy on the valence-quark distributions is observed. This measurement is recommended for more accurate constraints in future PDF determinations. More precise measurements of PDFs will improve LHC predictions.
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Alt, Torsten [Verfasser], Volker [Gutachter] Lindenstruth, and Udo [Gutachter] Kebschull. "An FPGA-based preprocessor for the ALICE High-Level-Trigger / Torsten Alt ; Gutachter: Volker Lindenstruth, Udo Kebschull." Frankfurt am Main : Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1153572230/34.
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Oliveira, Marcos Vinícius Silva. "The atlas level-1 muon topological trigger information for run 2 of the LHC." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/881.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Experimentos modernos de física de altas energias têm demandando cada vez mais a utilização de técnicas avançadas de instrumentação eletrônica, devido principalmente ao grande número de sensores e a alta taxa de eventos gerados nesses experimentos, como é o caso do LHC (Large Hadron Collider), o maior e mais energético acelerador de partículas do mundo. Para a segunda tomada de dados do LHC, o sistema de primeiro nível de seleção on-line de eventos do ATLAS, um dos maiores detectores do LHC, irá adicionar informação de posição (informação topológica) dos sinais detectados pelo detector para aumentar a eficiência de seleção de eventos para variados processos de física, como o decaímento de hádron B em um par de múons de baixo momento e os decaímentos originados de processos de violação de sabor leptónico. Um dedicado Processador Topológico (L1Topo) foi desenvolvido para selecionar eventos baseados em sua topologia e fornecer o resultado para o CTP (Processador Central de Seleção de Eventos). Esta dissertação aborda o trabalho desenvolvido na atualização da Interface de Múon para o Processador Central de Seleção de Eventos (MUCTPI), que irá transmitir informação de posição de múons para o processador topológico através de saídas elétricas originalmente desenvolvidas para teste e monitoração. Portanto, um sistema de testes foi desenvolvido e resultados gerados pelo dispositivo demonstraram a viabilidade de atualização do sistema MUCTPI para que dados sejam enviados através de suas saídas elétricas com uma taxa de transmissão (320 MHz) 8 vezes maior que a taxa inicialmente prevista em projeto. Em seguida, são abordados os desenvolvimentos em FPGA do programa embarcado do sistema MUCTPI para a codificação de informação topológica de múon, bem como os desafios para o desenvolvimento de um sistema de baixa latência. Esta inclui ainda, simulações computacionais da operação do programa embarcado desenvolvido para o sistema MUCTPI, testes no equipamento através de interfaces de monitoração e testes de integração com o processador L1Topo, que demostraram a eficácia do desenvolvimento.
Modern high-energy physics experiments, such as those taking place at the LHC (Large Hadron Collider), require the use of advanced electronic instrumentation to cope with the high number of sensor channels operating at a high rate. During the first data taking run of the LHC, the proton-proton luminosity delivered to ATLAS and CMS, two of its four detectors, made possible the discovery of the Higgs boson. For the second LHC data-taking run, the first level trigger of ATLAS will use the geometry of particle tracks (topological information) aiming at the increase of the trigger efficiency of several physics processes, such as the B-hadrons decaying to two low-pT muons and lepton flavor violation decays. For this purpose, a dedicated Topological Processor (L1Topo) was developed to process topological algorithms and provide additional trigger inputs to the CTP (Central Trigger Processor), which is in charge of reducing the collision rate of 40 MHz to a Level-1 event rate of 75 kHz based on event information from the calorimeters and muon spectrometer. This dissertation presents the upgrade of the existing Muon-to-Central-Trigger- Processor Interface (MUCTPI) with the objective of transmitting muon topological information to L1Topo through electrical trigger outputs initially intended, solely, for testing and monitoring purposes. As a first step, an error-rate test system has been developed and its results have demonstrated the possibility of reliably transmitting data through the trigger outputs at 320 MHz, eight times the nominal transmission rate (40 MHz). In addition, here is presented the FPGA firmware developments for the MUCTPI to encode and transmit the muon topological information. Furthermore, this work includes computer simulations of the MUCTPI firmware operation, hardware tests using the debugging interface, and integration tests with L1Topo processor, which have demonstrated the functionality of the upgraded MUCTPI system.
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Thäder, Jochen [Verfasser], Volker [Akademischer Betreuer] Lindenstruth, and Harald [Akademischer Betreuer] Appelshäuser. "Commissioning of the ALICE High-Level Trigger / Jochen Thäder. Gutachter: Harald Appelshäuser ; Volker Lindenstruth. Betreuer: Volker Lindenstruth ; Harald Appelshäuser." Frankfurt am Main : Univ.-Bibliothek Frankfurt am Main, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1044413034/34.
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Braun, Nils Lennart [Verfasser], and M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Feindt. "Combinatorial Kalman Filter and High Level Trigger Reconstruction for the Belle II Experiment / Nils Lennart Braun ; Betreuer: M. Feindt." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1177147122/34.
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Becker, Bruce. "Development of a high-level trigger for the dimuon spectrometer of the ALICE experiment at the large hadron collider." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6525.
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Includes bibliographical references (p. 172-181).The ALICE experiment at CERN's Large Hadronic Collider will mark the beginning of a new phase in the study of ultra-relativistic heavy ion-collisions. It will be possible to explore in great detail phenomena discovered or hinted at in the course of experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, in particular the signals of the quark-gluon plasma. One of the most promising signals of the creation of this new state of matter is the anomalous suppression of the Υ (bb) and J/v(cc) families. One of the main decay channels of these mesons is into dimuons and ALICE has a dedicated dimuon spectrometer in order to study the spectra of these interesting particles. The signal is, however, swamped by a large background from several other muonic sources. Due to the large data rate expected for ALICE and the limited bandwidth, a highly efficient and selective trigger is required for the experiment - the dimuon high-level trigger (dHLT). This thesis concerns the context, development and implementation of the ALICE dimuon high-level trigger. The physics context ot the experimentation is described, as well as the technical requirements of the system. The performance of the prototype is investigated with the use of Monte-Carlo simulations. An investigation into the performance estimates of system in the expected physics environment was performed, which validated the benchmarks, as well as investigation of the effect of possible modifications of quarkonia yields due to QGP formation on the response of the dHLT.
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Delaere, Christophe. "Study of WW decay of a Higgs boson with the ALEPH and CMS detectors." Université catholique de Louvain, 2005. http://edoc.bib.ucl.ac.be:81/ETD-db/collection/available/BelnUcetd-06022006-185157/.
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The Standard Model is a mathematical description of the very nature of elementary particles and their interactions, now seen as relativistic quantum fields. A key feature of the theory is the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism, responsible for the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the underlying gauge symmetry, and which implies the existence of a neutral Higgs particle. Searches for the Higgs boson were conducted at the Large Electron Positron collider until 2000 and are still ongoing at the Tevatron collider, but the particle has not been not observed. In order to better constrain models with an exotic electroweak symmetry breaking sector, a search for a Higgs boson decaying into a W pair is carried out with the ALEPH detector on 453 pb-1 of data collected at center-of-mass energies up to 209 GeV. The analysis is optimized for the many topologies resulting from the six-fermion final state. A lower limit at 105.8 GeV/c² on the Higgs boson mass in a fermiophobic Higgs boson scenario is obtained. The ultimate machine for the Higgs boson discovery is the Large Hadron Collider, which is being built at CERN. In order to evaluate the physics potential of the CMS detector, the WH associated production of a Higgs boson decaying into a W pair is studied. Performances of data acquisition and its sophisticated trigger system, particle identification and event reconstruction are investigated by performing a detailed analysis on simulated data. Three-lepton final states are shown to provide interesting possibilities. For an integrated luminosity of 100 fb-1, a potential signal significance of more than 5ó is obtained in the mass interval between 155 and 178 GeV/c². The corresponding precision on the Higgs boson mass and partial decay width into W pairs are evaluated. This channel also provides one of the very few possible avenues towards the discovery of a fermiophobic Higgs boson below 180 GeV/c². These studies required many original technical developments, that are also presented.
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McFall, Jason Derek. "The performance of the ZEUS first level tracking trigger and a study of diffractive D* production in deep inelastic scattering at HERA." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364105.
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George, Simon. "Design of the SDC second level silicon tracking trigger : storage of strange meson production in Deep Inelastic Scattering with ZEUS detector at HERA." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294961.
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Ali, Babar. "Study of the performance of the Level-1 track trigger in the H→ττ→ee channel in ATLAS at high luminosity LHC." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Högenergifysik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-208333.
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Hadley, David Richard. "Search for a High Mass Higgs Boson in the Channel H - ZZ - llbb and digital filtering for the ATLAS level-1 calorimeter trigger." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2975/.
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The Standard Model of particle physics predicts the existence of a new massive state: the Higgs Boson. The discovery or exclusion of this particle is one of the main goals of the ATLAS experiment. One of the greatest experimental challenges at the LHC is to achieve efficient triggering. The ATLAS rst level calorimeter trigger uses reduced granularity information from the calorimeters to search for high ET e, y,t and jets as well as identifying high Emiss T and total ET events. A Finite Impulse Response (FIR) lter combined with a peak nder is applied to identify signals, determine their correct bunch-crossing and improve the energy measurement. A study to determine the optimum lter coecients is presented. The performance of these lters is investigated with commissioning data and cross-checks of the calibration with initial beam data are shown. In this thesis a study of the search sensitivity in the channel H - ZZ - llbb is presented. This channel can contribute to the Higgs search in the high mass region that has been unexplored by previous lower energy colliders. The dominant backgrounds, without b-tagging applied, are extracted from 34:6 pb
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Beaupère, Nicolas. "Etude du système de déclenchement électronique pour le projet HL-LHC et recherche de nouvelle physique dans le spectre de masse invariante top anti-top au sein de l'expérience CMS du LHC." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00745211.
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Ce manuscrit décrit mon travail de thèse au sein de l'expérience CMS du collisioneur LHC. Il présente les deux sujets sur lesquels j'ai travaillé : un sujet orienté détecteur et un sujet orienté analyse de données. Le premier sujet, orienté détecteur, se situe dans le cadre du projet HL-LHC qui prévoit une augmentation de la luminosité instantanée d'un facteur cinq. Une telle augmentation et la conservation du système de haut niveau du déclenchement (HLT), engendre de nouvelles contraintes sur le détecteur CMS. Notamment au niveau du système de déclenchement électronique. La collaboration CMS envisage d'implanter ce dernier au sein du détecteur de traces. La méthode des mémoires associatives est proposée. Elle nécessite toutefois une présélection intelligente des signaux électriques pour être utilisable. La méthode de la largeur des amas est proposée pour présélectionner les signaux. L'optimisation de cette méthode, en particulier des paramètres géométriques des modules et des seuils appliqués pour la présélection des signaux électrique, est le résultat de mon travail. Il est détaillé tout au long de la partie III de ce manuscrit. Le deuxième sujet concerne l'analyse des données récoltées par CMS durant l'année 2011. Cette analyse a pour objectif de rechercher de nouvelles particules dans le spectre de masse invariante top anti-top. De par sa grande masse, proche de la brisure électrofaible, le quark top joue un rôle prépondérant dans de nombreuses extensions du Modèle Standard. L'observation de résonances étroites dans le spectre pourrait en être le signe. L'analyse est subdivisée en trois parties : la sélection des évènements top anti-top, la reconstruction de la masse invariante top anti-top et une étude statistique pour quantifier la présence de nouvelle physique. Les résultats de ce travail sont des limites sur la section efficace de production de nouvelles particules. Ils sont présentés dans la partie IV du manuscrit.
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Schmitt, Sebastian [Verfasser], and André [Akademischer Betreuer] Schöning. "Measurement of the Inclusive pp->Z/gamma*->e+e- Cross Section at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the ATLAS Experiment and Design Studies for a First Level Track Trigger for the ATLAS Trigger Upgrade at the future High Luminosity LHC / Sebastian Schmitt ; Betreuer: André Schöning." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1177382881/34.
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Ramalho, Lucas Arruda. "An FPGA based 3.8 Tbps Data Sourcing and Emulator System." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153037.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A evolução dos Multi Gigabit Transceivers (MGT) nos Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) trouxeram oportunidades para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de aquisição e formatadores de dados em diversas áreas. As novas famílias de FPGAs são capazes de lidar com canais de transmissão com velocidade da ordem de Gbps que utilizam protocolos seriais de alta velocidade, podendo assim se tornar o futuro dos processadores downstream ou upstream. Os sistemas digitais criados para esse propósito, precisam ser confiáveis e síncronos entre dezenas de canais e placas. Como forma de permitir o teste de projetos com essa taxa massiva de bits, essa tese descreve o desenvolvimento do Data Sourcing System (DSS). Esse sistema deve ser capaz de testar qualquer application upstream ou downstream, permitir controle e acesso remoto aos sinais internos dos FPGAs, medir sincronismo e latência entre MGTs e avaliar integridade de links através de bit error rate (BER). Este trabalho faz parte de uma colaboração internacional liderada pelo Fermilab que propôs, com a contribuição do sistema descrito nesta tese, um sistema de trigger de nível 1 para o Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Outer Tracker. O dectetor CMS é um experimento vinculado ao European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). O DSS foi implementado sobre a placa Pulsar 2b, uma placa padrão Advanced Telecommunication Computing Architecture (ATCA), desenvolvida pelo Fermilab, que conta com um dispositivo FPGA para programação e costumização de aplicações. O setup de hardware utilizado foi construído sobre dois bastidores ATCA com 12 placas Pulsares 2b em cada. A taxa de dados máxima atingida foi de 3.84 Tbps entre os dois bastidores ATCAs. O DSS está operacional e foi utilizado para emular o fluxo de dados de saída do CMS Silicon Outer Tracker, e auxiliar na demonstração da proposta trigger de nível 1. Esta tese descreve essa demonstração como estudo de caso, que testa o formatador de dados do trigger (downstream) através do DSS e- mulando a saída de dados do detector. Nesse estudo de caso, tanto o DSS e o trigger proposto foram implementados utilizando o mesmo hardware ATCA e a Pulsar 2b. O foco do estudo de caso é descrever a comunicação entre o Data Sourcing shelf e o Pattern Recognition shelf. O DSS atendeu aos requisitos da demonstração provendo uma interface de usuário que permite aos desenvolvedores de trigger inserir sinais de controle e executar operações de leitura e escrita de forma remota nos FPGAs.
The evolution of Fiel Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Multi Gigabit Transceivers (MGT) brought opportunities for data formatter and data acquisition projects in several areas. The newer FPGA families are capable of handling Gigabits per second (Gbps) I/Os implemented using high speed serial link protocols and to become the future downstream processors. The digital systems created for that purpose need to be reliable and synchronous between dozens of channels and boards. To allow the test of such massive bitrate projects, this work implemented the Data Sourcing System (DSS) e- mulator that is able to produce synchronized data in 12 boards, 480 channels, delivering up to 8 Gbps for each of them. This work is part of a international collaboration, led by Fermilab, that proposed with the contribuition of the system described in this thesis, a Level 1 (L1) tri- gger for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Outer Tracker. The CMS detector is an European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) experiment. The DSS is based on the Pulsar 2b, a custom Advanced Telecommunication Computing Architecture (ATCA) standard FPGA-based board designed by Fermilab to be a scalable high speed link processor system. This hardware setup was implemented at Fermilab using two interconnected ATCA shelves with 12 Pulsar 2b on both. The results show that the system is able to provide data at 3.8 Terabits per second (Tbps), and to measure synchronization, latency and bit error rate of the MGTs. The system is operational and was already used to emulate the CMS Silicon Tracker data, and helped the demonstration of a L1 Trigger approach. This thesis describes the demonstration performed as case of study, which used the DSS as upstream system and tested the trigger data delivery as a downstream. In the case of study, both DSS and the proposed trigger are performed by the same ATCA hardware and the Pulsar 2b. The case of study focused to describe the communication between the Data Sourcing shelf and the Pattern Recognition shelf. Data Sourcing reached those requirements for the demonstration and provided a user interface that allows the trigger developers to insert control signals or to perform W/R operations inside Pulsar 2b FPGA block memories.
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Pawloski, Gregory J. "Testing of the muon port card and related electronics for the CMS endcap muon trigger system." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/17720.
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This thesis is related to the design of the level one endcap muon trigger system for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). This system is designed to use muon measurements to help reduce a computationally overwhelming 40 MHz signal of collision data (∼40 TBytes/sec) to a manageable 33kHz (∼33GBytes/sec) [1]. The main focus of this thesis will be on the validation of one of the electronics boards in the trigger device chain. This board is used to pick the 3 most interesting muons out of 18 measured in a single crossing. Referred to as the Muon Port Card, this card will be located on the periphery of the detector and can be tested through a VME back plane.
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DeMello, Martin J. "Study and implementation of a high-level trigger for the STAR experiment." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/17500.
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We have designed and implemented various components of the STAR Level 3 trigger, including a Sector Level 3, a Global Level 3 and a Sector Broker. In addition, we have implemented and studied a small prototype of the STAR tracking farm, using Intel dual Pentiums connected via an ethernet ring.
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Taylor, Ryan Paul. "Masking problematic channels in the liquid argon calorimeter for the high-level trigger of ATLAS." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/1428.
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Read-out channels in the liquid argon (LAr) calorimeter of the ATLAS detector
are susceptible to various kinds of faults, which can impair the selection of events
made by the trigger system. General-purpose software tools have been developed for
dealing with problematic calorimeter channels. In order to give High-Level Trigger
(HLT) algorithms robustness against detector problems, these tools have been applied
in the HLT calorimeter data preparation code to mask problematic channels in the
LAr calorimeter. Timing measurements and optimizations have been conducted to
assess and minimize the impact of these operations on the execution speed of HLT
algorithms. The efficacy of the bad-channel masking has been demonstrated using
cosmic-ray data.
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Albrecht, Johannes [Verfasser]. "Fast track reconstruction for the high level trigger of the LHCb experiment / presented by Johannes Albrecht." 2009. http://d-nb.info/995788901/34.
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Chiu, Justin. "The performance of the ATLAS missing transverse momentum high-level trigger in 2015 pp collisions at 13 TeV." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/7535.
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The performance of the ATLAS missing transverse momentum (ETmiss) high-level trigger during 2015 operation is presented. In 2015, the Large Hadron Collider operated at a higher centre-of-mass energy and shorter bunch spacing (sqrt(s) = 13 TeV and 25 ns, respectively) than in previous operation. In future operation, the Large Hadron Collider will operate at even higher instantaneous luminosity (O(10^34 cm^−2 s^−1)) and produce a higher average number of interactions per bunch crossing, Graduate
0798,
jchiu@uvic.ca