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1
Chiu, Hsiu-Ju, Joanna C. Grant, Carol L. Farr, Lukasz Jaroszewski, Mark W. Knuth, Mitchell D. Miller, Marc-André Elsliger, et al. "Structural analysis of arabinose-5-phosphate isomerase fromBacteroides fragilisand functional implications." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 70, no. 10 (September 27, 2014): 2640–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1399004714017052.
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The crystal structure of arabinose-5-phosphate isomerase (API) fromBacteroides fragilis(bfAPI) was determined at 1.7 Å resolution and was found to be a tetramer of a single-domain sugar isomerase (SIS) with an endogenous ligand, CMP-Kdo (cytidine 5′-monophosphate-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate), bound at the active site. API catalyzes the reversible isomerization of D-ribulose 5-phosphate to D-arabinose 5-phosphate in the first step of the Kdo biosynthetic pathway. Interestingly, the bound CMP-Kdo is neither the substrate nor the product of the reaction catalyzed by API, but corresponds to the end product in the Kdo biosynthetic pathway and presumably acts as a feedback inhibitor for bfAPI. The active site of each monomer is located in a surface cleft at the tetramer interface between three monomers and consists of His79 and His186 from two different adjacent monomers and a Ser/Thr-rich region, all of which are highly conserved across APIs. Structure and sequence analyses indicate that His79 and His186 may play important catalytic roles in the isomerization reaction. CMP-Kdo mimetics could therefore serve as potent and specific inhibitors of API and provide broad protection against many different bacterial infections.
2
Winurseto, Wahyu S. "PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI CORRUGATED-MORTAR BUSA PUSJATAN (CMP) PADA FLY OVER DERMOLENG." KURVATEK 3, no. 2 (December 12, 2018): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33579/krvtk.v3i2.1104.
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Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat melalui Direktorat Jenderal Bina Marga pada tahun 2017 membangun beberapa jembatan layang untuk mengatasi kemacetan, salah satunya adalah Fly Over Dermoleng yang terletak di Provinsi Jawa Tengah ditargetkan dapat difungsikan pada Lebaran 2017 dengan masa konstruksi yang hanya sekitar empat bulan. Pembangunan Fly Over Dermoleng menggunakan teknologi Corrugated-Mortar Busa Pusjatan (CMP) yang dikembangkan oleh Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Jalan dan Jembatan (Pusjatan) Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan (Balitbang) Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat, teknologi andalan sebagai salah satu solusi untuk mengatasi kemacetan di perkotaan. Penggunaan teknologi tersebut dapat berhasil mengefisiensikan masa konstruksi jembatan layang menjadi hanya sekitar empat bulan serta mampu menghemat biaya pembangunan hingga 70 persen dibandingkan teknologi konstruksi jembatan layang konvensional. Teknologi CMP merupakan pengembangan teknologi Corrugated Steel Arch, yang mempunyai banyak kelebihan dibandingkan apabila fly over menggunakan konstruksi konvensional. Kelebihan teknologi CMP antara lain lebih efisien 60-70% serta 50% lebih cepat dalam masa konstruksi dibandingkan konstruksi konvensional, sehingga istilah fly over CMP dapat juga diartikan sebagai “Fly Over Cepat Murah Pusjatan”. Tingkat efisiensi tinggi yang diperoleh merupakan hasil kontribusi penggunaan mortar busa untuk timbunan pendekat jembatan, yang merupakan ciri unik dari teknologi CMP. Potensi penggunaan CMP, dengan perkembangan teknologi yang ada, tidak hanya dapat dipergunakan untuk perlintasan kereta api saja, namun sangat cocok untuk persimpangan jalan yang membutuhkan bentang yang panjang. Kata kunci: Corrugated-Mortar Busa Pusjatan (CMP), fly over, teknologi konstruksi
3
Purwanto, Djoko, and Arhamsyah Arhamsyah. "PENINGKATAN DAYA TAHAN RAMBAT API KAYU LAPIS DENGAN CARA PELABURAN NATRIUM SILIKAT PADA VENIR." Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2009): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24111/jrihh.v1i2.888.
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Guna memperbesar daya tahan rambat api pada kayu lapis, dilakukan pelaburan venir muka (face) dan belakang (back) menggunakan natrium silikat pada konsentrasi 30%, 40% dan 50% sebanyak 2 dan 4 kali ulangan. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa pelaburan menggunakan natrium silikat dalam konsentrasi 50% sebanyak 4 kali ulangan menghasilkan nilai daya tahan rambat api yang terbaik atau rata-rata 68,08% dengan nilai retensi 0,13 gr/cm3, sedangkan kadar air dan keteguhan rekatnya adalah 10,60% dan 9,74 kg/cm2. Hasil ini memenuhi persyaratan Standar Nasional Indonesia 01-05.2/1999. Perlakuan tanpa pelaburan (blanko) menghasilkan nilai daya tahan rambat api rata-rata 28,95%, kadar air 10,83% dan keteguhan rekat 13,78 kg/cm2.
4
Mededovic, Samra, and Lynn R. Fraser. "Angiotensin II stimulates cAMP production and protein tyrosine phosphorylation in mouse spermatozoa." Reproduction 127, no. 5 (May 2004): 601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00062.
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Angiotensin II (AII), found in seminal plasma, has been shown to stimulate capacitation in uncapacitated mammalian spermatozoa. The present study investigated the location of AII receptors on spermatozoa and AII’s mechanism of action. AT1 type receptors for AII are present on the acrosomal cap region and along the whole of the flagellum of both mouse and human spermatozoa. Because combinations of low concentrations of AII and either calcitonin or fertilization-promoting peptide (FPP), both known to regulate the adenylyl cyclase (AC)/cAMP signal transduction pathway, elicited a significant response, this study investigated the hypothesis that these peptides act on the same pathway. AII was shown to significantly stimulate cAMP production in both uncapacitated and capacitated mouse spermatozoa and this was associated with increases in protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Using an anti-phosphotyrosine antibody to visualize the location of tyrosine phosphoproteins within individual cells, AII significantly stimulated phosphorylation within 20 min in both the head, especially in the acrosomal cap region, and the flagellum, especially in the principal piece, of uncapacitated mouse spermatozoa; combined AII + FPP was stimulatory within 5 min. In addition, Western blotting revealed that AII stimulation increased phosphorylation in a number of tyrosine phosphoproteins in both uncapacitated and capacitated mouse spermatozoa, with some being altered only in the latter category of cells. These results support the hypothesis that AII stimulates AC/cAMP in mammalian spermatozoa.
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Efendi, Achmad Dwi. "ANALISA PENGARUH VARIASI TEKANAN DAN JENIS BAHAN BAKAR TERHADAP SUDUT SPRAY DAN PEMBAKARAN BAHAN BAKAR YANG DISEMPROTKAN INJEKTOR HONDA BEAT." Mechonversio: Mechanical Engineering Journal 2, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51804/mmej.v2i1.822.
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Pada motor bakar dengan sistem injeksi sistem bahan bakarnya menggunakan injektor untuk menspray bahan bakar. Pada penelitian ini penulis akan menganalisa pengaruh tekanan dan jenis bahan bakar terhadap sudut spray dan pembakaran bahan bakar yang disemprotkan menggunakan injektor honda beat, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sudut spray, panajang api dan panjang flashback pembakaran. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah meneliti sudut spray,panjang api dan flash back pembakaran bahan bakar pertamax dan pertalite dengan tekanan 3 kg/cm2, 4 kg/cm2, dan 5 kg/cm2, pada injektor 6 lubang dengan diameter 0.15 mm milik honda beat tahun 2013 Dari pengujian yang dilakukan dapat diketahui bahwa tekanan dan jenis bahan bakar berpengaruh pada sudut spray, panjang api dan flashback api dengan hasil penelitian dimana data yang diperoleh dsri pengujian menunjukkan bahwa nilai sudut spray, panjang api dan panjang flashback pertalite lebih besar dari pada pertamax
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Lasala, Celina, Helena F. Schteingart, Nassim Arouche, Patricia Bedecarrás, Romina P. Grinspon, Jean-Yves Picard, Nathalie Josso, Nathalie di Clemente, and Rodolfo A. Rey. "SOX9 and SF1 are involved in cyclic AMP-mediated upregulation of anti-Müllerian gene expression in the testicular prepubertal Sertoli cell line SMAT1." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 301, no. 3 (September 2011): E539—E547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00187.2011.
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In Sertoli cells, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) expression is upregulated by FSH via cyclic AMP (cAMP), although no classical cAMP response elements exist in the AMH promoter. The response to cAMP involves NF-κB and AP2; however, targeted mutagenesis of their binding sites in the AMH promoter do not completely abolish the response. In this work we assessed whether SOX9, SF1, GATA4, and AP1 might represent alternative pathways involved in cAMP-mediated AMH upregulation, using real-time RT-PCR (qPCR), targeted mutagenesis, luciferase assays, and immunocytochemistry in the Sertoli cell line SMAT1. We also explored the signaling cascades potentially involved. In qPCR experiments, Amh, Sox9, Sf1, and Gata4 mRNA levels increased after SMAT1 cells were incubated with cAMP. Blocking PKA abolished the effect of cAMP on Sox9, Sf1, and Gata4 expression, inhibiting PI3K/PKB impaired the effect on Sf1 and Gata4, and reducing MEK1/2 and p38 MAPK activities curtailed Gata4 increase. SOX9 and SF1 translocated to the nucleus after incubation with cAMP. Mutations of the SOX9 or SF1 sites, but not of GAT4 or AP1 sites, precluded the response of a 3,063-bp AMH promoter to cAMP. In conclusion, in the Sertoli cell line SMAT1 cAMP upregulates SOX9, SF1, and GATA4 expression and induces SOX9 and SF1 nuclear translocation mainly through PKA, although other kinases may also participate. SOX9 and SF1 binding to the AMH promoter is essential to increase the activity of the AMH promoter in response to cAMP.
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Thoreson, W. B., and R. F. Miller. "Actions of (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD) in retinal ON bipolar cells indicate that it is an agonist at L-AP4 receptors." Journal of General Physiology 103, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 1019–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.103.6.1019.
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Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) include receptors sensitive to L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-AP4) and 1S,3R-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD). To determine whether 1S,3R-ACPD is an agonist at retinal L-AP4 receptors, whole cell voltage clamp recordings were obtained from mudpuppy ON bipolar cells in a superfused retinal slice and L-AP4 and 1S,3R-ACPD were bath applied. Both compounds evoked similar outward currents which reversed near 0 mV and were accompanied by an increased input resistance. Responses to both agonists washed out in parallel suggesting they act through the same second messenger pathway(s). Inhibitors of cGMP-PDE activity suppressed responses to both L-AP4 and 1SR,3RS-ACPD, suggesting that both compounds activate cGMP-PDE. Responses to 1S,3R-ACPD were occluded by prior activation of L-AP4 receptors, but not blocked by the non-AP4, mGluR antagonists, L-aminophosphonopropionic acid (L-AP3) or 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine (4C3H-PG). These results indicate that 1S,3R-ACPD is an agonist at L-AP4 receptors. 1S,3S-ACPD and 4C3H-PG evoked outward currents similar to L-AP4 suggesting they may also be L-AP4 receptor agonists. Using the b-wave of the ERG as an assay for ON bipolar cell responses, concentration/response curves were obtained for ACPD enantiomers. The rank-order potency of ACPD enantiomers at L-AP4 receptors in ON bipolar cells is similar to their rank-order potency at non-AP4, mGluRs in brain which suggests that the receptors possess similar binding sites and may be members of a common receptor family.
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Das, Padmalaya, Toshihiko Ezashi, Rangan Gupta, and R. Michael Roberts. "Combinatorial Roles of Protein Kinase A, Ets2, and 3′,5′-Cyclic-Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element-Binding Protein-Binding Protein/p300 in the Transcriptional Control of Interferon-τ Expression in a Trophoblast Cell Line." Molecular Endocrinology 22, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2007-0300.
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Abstract In ruminants, conceptus interferon-τ (IFNT) production is necessary for maintenance of pregnancy. We examined the role of protein kinase A (PKA) in regulating IFNT expression through the activation of Ets2 in JAr choriocarcinoma cells. Although overexpression of the catalytic subunit of PKA or the addition of 8-bromo-cAMP had little ability to up-regulate boIFNT1 reporter constructs on their own, coexpression with Ets2 led to a large increase in gene expression. Progressive truncation of reporter constructs indicated that the site of PKA/Ets2 responsiveness lay in a region of the promoter between −126 and −67, which lacks a cAMP response element but contains the functional Ets2-binding site and an activator protein 1 (AP1) site. Specific mutation of the former reduced the PKA/Ets2 effects by more than 98%, whereas mutation of an AP1-binding site adjacent to the Ets2 site or pharmacological inhibition of MAPK kinase 2 led to a doubling of the combined Ets2/PKA effects, suggesting there is antagonism between the Ras/MAPK pathway and the PKA signal transduction pathway. Although Ets2 is not a substrate for PKA, lowering the effective concentrations of the coactivators, cAMP response element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP)/p300, known PKA targets, reduced the ability of PKA to synergize with Ets2, suggesting that PKA effects on IFNT regulation might be mediated through CBP/p300 coactivation, particularly as CBP and Ets2 occupy the proximal promoter region of IFNT in bovine trophoblast CT-1 cells. The up-regulation of IFNT in the elongating bovine conceptus is likely due to the combinatorial effects of PKA, Ets2, and CBP/p300 and triggered via growth factors released from maternal endometrium.
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Sabitah, A'yan, Moh Sulhan, Ricky Indriyanto, and Akhmad Syarief. "PENGARUH SUPLAI UDARA TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK BENTUK DAN TEMPERATUR NYALA API DARI UAP PREMIUM." INFO-TEKNIK 21, no. 1 (August 15, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/infotek.v21i1.8960.
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The scarcity of LPG gas that often occurs in Indonesia often makes Indonesian citizens
uneasy. This scarcity led many researchers to conduct research that could reduce the
dependence of Indonesian citizens with LPG gas. In this study, researchers conducted
tests related to the use of premium steam as fuel. This test is carried out by varying the
air supply, where this supply has been determined at 2 km/cm2
, 3 km/cm2
and 4
km/cm2
, in addition to the air supply this test also performs fire temperature
measurements using thermocouples and data logers, where the location of the
thermocouple has been located at points 1 cm, 3cm and 5 cm from the mouth of the
nozzle. Based on the test results, the shape of the flame from variations in the air supply
obtained the best and stable results were in the 3 km/cm2
air supply, while the other for
the 2 km/cm2
air supply was found to be unstable fire and for which the 4 km/cm2
fire
air supply looked large and unstable. Whereas for the highest temperature of the three
placement points the thermocouple is located at the top point with a distance of 5 cm
from the mouth of the fire with an average temperature of around 900oC and the lowest
temperature is at 1 cm from the nozzle mouth, where the temperature is at 400oC to
550oC, in addition The temperature stability is in the air supply of 3 km/cm2
10
Klisurića, Olivera R., Srđan J. Rakića, Miroslav J. Cvetinov, Maja M. Stojanović, Andrea R. Nikolić, Suzana S. Jovanović Santa, Ana R. Marković, and Ljiljana N. Solomun. "X-ray diffraction characterization of different polymorphyc forms of clopidogrel bisulphate in substance and pharmaceutical dosage form." Journal of Research in Physics 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jrp-2013-0006.
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Abstract The present study deals with the application of X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analysis as a technique for identification of the forms of clopidogrel bisulphate (CLP) present in both the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and tablets, specifically addressing the question of whether API converts to another form after 12 months of storage. The investigation of the possibility of phase transitions occurring over a temperature range spanning from room temperature to the melting point, both in tablets and pure CLP, were also performed. Tablet samples were observed for the changes in their structure using polarizing optical microscopy, which was also used to determine the melting points of tablet samples. The results gained during this work confirm that XRPD is applicable for API and tablets testing. This is particularly important if we take into account that the method can be used during stability studies, i.e. in order to test the quality of tablets during the validity period.
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Liu, Joe, Brendan Cook, and Shaun Roux. "The challenges in commercialisation of Probiotic API manufacturing." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 2 (2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20021.
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The concept of probiotics is well known and has developed into a high value commodity in recent times. Despite the ever-expanding number of probiotic products on our pharmacy, health food and supermarket shelves, the probiotic culture active ingredient has always been imported until now. In 2019, Probiotics Australia Pty Ltd opened Australia’s first and only Therapeutic Goods Administration/current Good Manufacturing Practice (TGA/cGMP) certified facility dedicated to the manufacture of probiotic active ingredients. This article outlines the significant export demand for Australian-made health products and the lengths to which Probiotics Australia have gone to create a facility to meet needs of the probiotics research, commercialisation and consumer market today and into the future.
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Arif, Putri Tasnim Mohd. "Reading Sexuality: The “Ijtihad” Approach in “Bukak Api”." International Journal of the Humanities: Annual Review 9, no. 9 (2012): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9508/cgp/v09i09/43321.
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Sherif, El-Sayed M., Magdy M. El Rayes, and Hany S. Abdo. "WC-Co and WC-Co-Cr Coatings for the Protection of API Pipeline Steel from Corrosion in 4% NaCl Solution." Coatings 10, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030275.
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Two inorganic coatings, namely 88%WC-12%Co (PSC1) and 86%WC-10%Co-4%Cr (PSC2), were deposited on the surface of an API-2H pipeline steel using high velocity oxy-fuel deposition. The corrosion of the uncoated and coated API-2H steel after their immersion in a solution of 4.0% NaCl for 1 h, 24 h, and 48 h has been studied. Various electrochemical measurements such cyclic potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and potentiostatic current versus time were employed. The surface morphology and analysis were carried out via the use of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray examinations. All experiments have revealed that the deposited coatings decreased the cathodic current, anodic current, corrosion current density (jCorr), absolute current versus time, and the corrosion rate (RCorr) compared to the uncoated API-2H steel. The value of jCorr decreased from 47 µA/cm2 for uncoated steel to 38 µA/cm2 for the PSC1-coated steel and 29 µA/cm2 for the PSC2-coated steel. Moreover, prolonging the time of exposure decreases the jCorr and RCorr values. The jCorr values obtained after 48 h recorded 32, 26, and 20 µA/cm2 for the uncoated, PSC1, and PSC2 samples, respectively. Moreover, applying these coatings also led to increasing the corrosion resistance (RP) after all the exposure periods of time. In addition, the PSC2 coating was found to be more protective against corrosion for the surface of the steel than the PSC1 coating.
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Formosa, R., A. Xuereb-Anastasi, and J. Vassallo. "Aip regulates cAMP signalling and GH secretion in GH3 cells." Endocrine-Related Cancer 20, no. 4 (May 23, 2013): 495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erc-13-0043.
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Mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) gene have been linked to predisposition to pituitary adenomas. However, the mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. AIP interacts with a number of interesting proteins, including members of the cAMP signalling pathway that has been shown to be consistently altered in pituitary tumours. The functional role of Aip was investigated using both over-expression and knock down of Aip in GH3 cells. cAMP signalling and its downstream effectors, including GH secretion, were then investigated. cAMP signalling was analysed using cAMP assays, cAMP-response element-promoter luciferase reporter assays, real-time PCR and finally secreted GH quantification. Over-expression of wild-type (WT)-Aip reduced forskolin-induced cAMP signalling at the total cAMP level, luciferase reporter activity and target gene expression, when compared with empty vector and the non-functional R304X mutant. Additionally, GH secretion was reduced in WT-Aip over-expressing GH3 cells treated with forskolin. Knock down of endogenous Aip resulted in increased cAMP signalling but a decrease in GH secretion was also noted. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity using general and selective inhibitors did not completely ablate the effect of Aip on forskolin-augmented cAMP signalling. A mechanism by which Aip acts as a tumour suppressor, by maintaining a low cAMP signalling and concentration, is suggested. Mutations of Aip render the protein incapable of such activity. This effect appears not to be mediated by the AIP–PDE interaction, suggesting the involvement of other interacting partners in mediating this outcome.
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Hozawa, S., E. J. Holtzman, and D. A. Ausiello. "cAMP motifs regulating transcription in the aquaporin 2 gene." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 270, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): C1695—C1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1996.270.6.c1695.
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Genomic clones including the 5' flanking regions of the AQP2 (aquaporin 2) gene were isolated, and the promoter region was examined by transiently transfecting a promoter-luciferase reporter fusion gene into renal cultured epithelial cells. An orientation specific promoter for the AQP2 gene was found within the proximal 3 kb of 5'-flanking region. Minimal basal promoter activity of the AQP2 gene was found within 198 bp upstream from the transcription start site by deletion analysis. Sequencing the transcriptionally active region revealed a typical TATA box, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) responsive element (CRE) and three putative CCAAT boxes in the proximal 1.2-kb region. Significantly, a GATA motif, AP1, AP2, and SP1 transcriptional factor consensus sites were also found in this region. Exposure to cAMP-enhancing agents (1 nM vasopressin or 20 mM forskolin and 250 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine) showed that these agents increased luciferase activity in a parallel fashion, suggesting that vasopressin-induced AQP2 gene transcription is mediated through increases in intracellular cAMP in at least one renal cell type, the LLC-PK1 cells. The mechanism of cAMP responsiveness of AQP2 gene transcription was further studied using a series of deletion mutants in renal epithelial cells and other cell types. The cAMP regulatory motifs were shown to exist in a 50-bp sequence between -340 and -290 (containing CRE) and a 65-bp sequence (containing an AP2 site) between -150 and the ATG start site in LLC-PK1 cells. In rat inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells, the cAMP regulatory motifs also exist in a 50-bp sequence between -340 and -290 (containing CRE) and in a 10-bp sequence between -160 and -150 (containing an SP1 site). These separate regions may cooperate to confer full cAMP inducibility to the AQP2 gene in a cell-specific manner
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Lykouras, Michail, Stefani Fertaki, Malvina Orkoula, and Christos Kontoyannis. "Sample Preparation of Posaconazole Oral Suspensions for Identification of the Crystal Form of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 19, 2020): 6032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25246032.
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Determination of the polymorphic form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a suspension could be really challenging because of the water phase and the low concentration of the API in this formulation. Posaconazole is an antifungal drug available also as an oral suspension. The aim of this study was to develop a sample-preparation method for polymorphic identification of the dispersed API by increasing the concentration of the API but with no compromise of polymorph stability. For this purpose, filtration, drying and centrifugation were tested for separating the API from the suspending medium. Centrifugation was selected because it succeeded in separating Posaconazole API with no polymorph transformation during the process. During this study, it was found that Posaconazole in oral suspensions is Form-S. However, when slower scanning rates were used for acquiring an XRPD pattern with better signal/noise ratio, Posaconazole was converted to Form I due to water loss. In order to protect the sample from conversion, different approaches were tested to secure an airtight sample including a commercially available XRPD sample holder with a dome-like transparent cap, standard polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) sample holders covered with Mylar film, transparent pressure-sensitive tape and a transparent food membrane. Only usage of the transparent food membrane was found to protect the API from conversion for a period of at least two weeks and resulted in a Posaconazole Form-S XRPD pattern with no artificial peaks.
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Nieto Dominguez, Alejandro, Stephen Furmanek, and Julio Ramirez. "2195. Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S747—S748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1875.
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Abstract Background Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a respiratory disease that is responsible for an estimated 3.5 million worldwide deaths annually. In the last few years, it has been hypothesized that CAP is implicated in the development of diseases in other systems such as renal and cardiovascular. Until this moment, multiple studies evaluating incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with CAP exist, but data are still unclear. Our objective was to summarize several studies available regarding incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) in patients with CAP and to compare such value with the incidence of AMI in the general population. Methods We conducted a systematic review of articles published between January 1980 and January 2019 in the PubMed and PubMed Central databases. Studies describing the incidence of AMI in patients with CAP were included. We extracted their diagnostic criteria for CAP and AMI, and their AMI follow-up periods. In addition to this, we calculated cumulative incidence of AMI in patients with CAP and compared such value with the general population. Results 1841 studies were identified (Figure 1), of which 10 studies were included in our review (Figure 2). From a forest plot-random effects model, the cumulative incidence of AMI among patients hospitalized due to CAP was 2,440 per 100,000 (95% CI: 1,780; 3,320) (Figure 3). Using the age-adjusted incidence of 649 cases of CAP per 100,000 adults described by Ramirez et al., we estimated that 16 per 100,000 adults will have an AMI associated with CAP (95% CI: 12;22) per year in the US Moreover, Yeh et al. found that the incidence of AMI in the general population was 208 per 100,000 people, comparing this value, to the values obtained in our meta-analysis of 2,440 acute myocardial infarctions by 100, 000 people, we can infer that adult patients hospitalized due to CAP have an 11.7-fold increase from the general population for risk of MI. Conclusion A higher risk of AMI was observed among adults hospitalized with CAP compared with the general population. Results must be carefully analyzed given the heterogeneity of the studies. At a clinical level, this increase in AMI incidence in patients with CAP should be taken into account in order to give the best therapeutic management to such patients. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Wen, Shi Bao, Guo Wei Li, and Qi Ye Wu. "Preparation of Conductive PANI/Modified CIP Composites via In Situ Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.295.
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A conductive PANI/CIP composite with core/shell structure was prepared by in-situ polymerization of Aniline(Ani). In order to reduce the acid corrosion on carbonyl iron powders(CIP) in polymerization of Ani, the surface of CIP was modified by (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) before the polymerization. The influences of modification on Ani polymerization, the morphology changes of core/shell structure and conductivity of PANI/CIP composites were characterised and discussed. The results show that after CIP modified by APTES, the reaction process of Ani polymerization is more stable; the PANI particles on the surface of CIP are smaller, and more uniform and more compact; The coating effect of PANI on the surface of CIP is significantly improved; The composite conductivity changes slightly with the modification.
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Sunga, Paul S., and Simon W. Rabkin. "Angiotensin II induced alteration of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate generation in the hypertrophic myocardium of Dahl salt-sensitive rat on a high-salt diet." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 72, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 602–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y94-086.
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The objective of this study was to explore the action of angiotensin II (AII) on cardiac contractility and cyclic AMP (cAMP) generation by forskolin and isoproterenol in the hypertrophic myocardium of the salt-sensitive Dahl rat. Inbred Dahl S and Dahl R rats that had been on a diet supplemented with 6% NaCl were studied. The functional effects of the interaction of AII and forskolin on cardiac contractility were assessed in the isolated heart preparation. The effect on the cAMP signal transduction pathway was assessed in cardiomyocytes isolated from hearts of Dahl S and R rats. Dahl S rats developed cardiac hypertrophy on a high-salt diet, whereas Dahl R rats did not. Forskolin increased cardiac contractility, which was differently affected by AII, depending on whether the heart was from hypertrophied Dahl S rat or from the control Dahl R rat. All accentuated forskolin-induced increases in cardiac contractility in hypertrophic hearts but diminished forskolin-induced increases in contractility in the nonhypertrophied hearts. This response was reflected in the cAMP response to forskolin, in that AII decreased forskolin-induced increases in cAMP in the nonhypertrophic heart. AII had the reverse effect in cardiomyocytes from hypertrophied hearts, as AII increased forskolin-induced cAMP production. This was shown to be due to an AII receptor mediated effect, as it was antagonized by the AII receptor antagonist saralasin. The same effects of AII were found on isoproterenol-induced increases in cAMP. Similar results occurred in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), suggesting that the effect was on cAMP production rather than cAMP degradation. This was attributed to an inhibitory G protein (Gi) mechanism, as the muscarinic agonist carbachol, which acts through Gi, produced the same effects as AII Furthermore, the effects of AII were abolished by pertussis toxin, which inactivates Gi. These data indicate a reversal of control by AII in the hypertrophic Dahl S heart in response to forskolin, which activates adenylyl cyclase directly on the catalytic subunit, converting the substrate, ATP, to cAMP, independent of the guanine nucleotide activated protein, and in response to isoproterenol, which activates adenylyl cyclase through G protein mechanisms. AII accentuated the forskolin-induced increase in cardiac contractility and cAMP generation in the hypertrophied ventricle but decreased both contractility and cAMP generation in nonhypertrophied hearts, suggesting that the process of cardiac hypertrophy in salt-sensitive Dahl rat may compensate for the reduction in intracellular cAMP by altering its regulatory control by AII.Key words: cardiac hypertrophy, angiotensin, forskolin, isoproterenol, adenylyl cyclase, Dahl rat.
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Johnson, Martin D., Christopher L. Burcham, Scott A. May, Joel R. Calvin, Jennifer McClary Groh, Steven S. Myers, Luke P. Webster, et al. "API Continuous Cooling and Antisolvent Crystallization for Kinetic Impurity Rejection in cGMP Manufacturing." Organic Process Research & Development 25, no. 6 (May 16, 2021): 1284–351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00345.
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Klinker, Kenneth, Kartikeya Cherabuddi, Mark Redell, Matthew Balogh, Jill Massey, and Michael Dudley. "1181. Use of the Combination Antibiogram in the Era of MDR Gram-Negative Pathogens." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.1014.
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Abstract Background Combinations of two or more antimicrobial agents are frequently used in empiric therapy regimens to ensure at least one agent demonstrates activity against suspected pathogens. A combination antibiogram can assess the increase in empiric coverage of a particular combination vs. either of the agents alone (i.e., percent gain). These data could assist in developing empiric regimens that may be particularly useful in settings with problematic multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Methods An Excel-based model to construct combination antibiograms was developed to assist clinicians in evaluating institutional susceptibility data. The University of Florida Health Shands Hospital microbiology laboratory supplied susceptibility data for ceftriaxone (CFX), cefepime (CEF), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and amikacin (AMI) to assess % gain achieved with combinations for E. coli all blood isolates (n = 206) and blood isolates with an ESBL phenotype (n = 35). The same laboratory provided susceptibility data for CEF, piperacillin–tazobactam (PTZ), AMI and CIP for P. aeruginosa (all, n = 250; carbapenem-resistant (CARB-R), n = 30). Results Percent gains achieved by adding AMI or CIP to CFX and CEF to capture at least one agent exhibiting in vitro susceptibility against all blood E. coli were calculated: CFX-AMI, 16%; CFTX-CIP, 3%; CEF-AMI, 10%; CEF-CIP, 1%. The percentage gain specific to E. coli blood isolates with an ESBL phenotype ranged from 9% to 86%. The combination with the greatest percent loss against blood E. coli isolates, comparing all blood isolates to those with an ESBL phenotype, was CFX-CIP (∆-66%). Percentage gain achieved against all isolates of Pa by adding AMI or CIP to PTZ and CEF were CEF-AMI, 8%; CEF-CIP, 5%; PTZ-AMI, 15%; PTZ-CIP, 9%; percent gain of the same combinations against P. aeruginosa CARB-R isolates were 23%, 10%, 47%, and 30%, respectively. Adding AMI to either β-lactam: PTZ % S increased from 47% to 77% (+CIP) and to 94% (+AMI); CEF % S increased from 60% S to 70% (+CIP) and to 83% (+AMI). Conclusion Combination antibiogram models can assist clinicians in identifying regimens which may provide improved targeting of MDR phenotypes through calculation of percent gain. Disclosures K. Klinker, Melinta Therapeutics: Consultant, Speaker honorarium. Nabriva Therapeutics: Scientific Advisor, Consulting fee. M. Redell, Melinta Therapeutics, Inc.: Employee and Shareholder, Salary. M. Balogh, Melinta Therapeutics, Inc.: Employee and Shareholder, Salary. J. Massey, Melinta Therapeutics, Inc.: Employee and Shareholder, Salary. M. Dudley, The Medicines Company: Employee, Salary.
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Ajiningrum, P. S. "Kadar Total Pigmen Klorofil Tanaman Avicennia marina Pada Tingkat Perkembangan Daun yang Berbeda." STIGMA: Jurnal Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Unipa 11, no. 02 (January 3, 2019): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/stigma.vol11.no02.a1734.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar klorofil a, kadar klorofil b, kadar klorofil total, rata-rata luas daun api-api (Avicennia marina) dan hubungan keduanya pada tingkat perkembangan daun yang berbeda. Kandungan klorofil diukur dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada λ 649 dan 665 nm. Kadar klorofil total dihitung dengan rumus Wintermans dan De Mots. Untuk menghitung luas daun digunakan metode gravimetri. Data hasil penelitian yang meliputi perhitungan kadar klorofil total dan luas daun dianalisis untuk mengetahui korelasi antar keduanya menggunakan korelasi bivariat pada taraf signifikan 5% dengan aplikasi spss. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa kandungan klorofil a, klorofil b dan klorofil total daun api-api berbeda pada tiga daerah perkembangan yang berbeda, yaitu ujung, tengah dan pangkal daun. Rata-rata klorofil total terendah terdapat pada ujung daun yaitu sebesar 5,4 mg/L, sedangkan jumlah yang tertinggi terdapat di bagian pangkal daun yaitu 12,4 mg/L. Rata-rata jumlah luas daun terendah terdapat pada ujung daun yaitu sebesar 25 cm2, sedangkan rata-rata jumlah luas daun tertinggi terdapat pada bagian pangkal yaitu sebesar 112 cm2. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan rata-rata luas daun bertambah seiring dengan tingkat perkembangan daunnya. Berdasarkan hasil output yang dihasilkan dari analisis bivariat, hubungan korelasi antara kadar klorofil total dan luas daun ditunjukkan dengan nilai koefisien korelasi 0,948, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat korelasi yang positif antara luas daun dan kadar klorofil total yang artinya jika luas daun bertambah di setiap tingkat perkembangan daunnya, maka kandungan klorofil totalnya juga akan semakin meningkat.
Kata Kunci: Avicennia marina, klorofil a, kadar klorofil b, klorofil total, luas daun
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Chen, Xiaozhen, Yinglin Wang, Xiang Xie, Hongfei Chen, Qiqi Zhu, Zhidong Ge, Hua Wei, Jingshong Deng, Zhengyuan Xia, and Qingquan Lian. "Heme Oxygenase-1 Reduces Sepsis-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Acute Lung Injury." Mediators of Inflammation 2018 (June 14, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9413876.
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Background. Sepsis leads to severe acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) that is associated with enhanced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an ER-anchored protein, exerts antioxidant and protective functions under ALI. However, the role of HO-1 activation in the development of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress during sepsis remains unknown. Methods. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model was created to induce septic ALI. Lung tissue ER stress was measured 18 hours after CLP. The effects of HO-1 on ER stress during septic ALI were investigated in vivo using HO-1 agonist hemin and antagonist ZnPP. Results. Compared with the sham group, ER stress in septic lung increased significantly 18 hours after CLP, which was significantly reduced by pretreatment with the ER inhibitor 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA). The lung injury score and the lung wet to dry (W/D) ratio in lungs were significantly reduced in septic rats after ER stress inhibition. Similarly, lung ER stress-related genes’ (PERK, eIF2-α, ATF4, and CHOP) levels were attenuated after ER stress inhibition. Furthermore, HO-1 activation by hemin reduced p-PERK, p-eIF2-α, ATF4, and CHOP protein expression and oxidative stress and lung cell apoptosis. Additionally, HO-1 antagonist could aggregate the ER stress-related ALI. Conclusions. ER stress was activated during CLP-induced ALI, which may represent a mechanism by which CLP induces ALI. HO-1 activation could inhibit CLP-induced lung ER stress and attenuate CLP-induced ALI.
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Marzuillo, Pierluigi, Vincenza Pezzella, Stefano Guarino, Anna Di Sessa, Maria Baldascino, Cesare Polito, Emanuele Miraglia del Giudice, and Felice Nunziata. "Acute kidney injury in children hospitalized for community acquired pneumonia." Pediatric Nephrology 36, no. 9 (March 20, 2021): 2883–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-021-05022-x.
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Abstract Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) enhances the risk of later chronic kidney disease. Significant prevalence of AKI is reported in adults with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). We investigated prevalence of and prognostic factors for AKI in children hospitalized for CAP. Methods We retrospectively collected clinical and biochemical data of 186 children (48.4% male; mean age 2.6±2.4 years) hospitalized for X-ray-confirmed CAP. AKI was defined according to Kidney Disease/Improving Global Outcomes creatinine criteria. We considered as basal serum creatinine the value estimated with Hoste (age) equation assuming basal eGFR were median age-based eGFR normative values for children ≤ 2 years of age and eGFR= 120 mL/min/1.73m2 for children > 2 years. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to explore associations with AKI. Results AKI was found in 38/186 (20.4%) patients. No patient required hemodialysis nor reached AKI stage 3, 5 (2.7%) reached AKI stage 2, and 33 (17.7%) AKI stage 1. Mean length of stay was 6.0±1.7, 6.9±2.3, and 12.2±1.5 days, for patients without AKI, stage 1 AKI, and stage 2 AKI (p < 0.001), respectively. Duration of symptoms before hospitalization (OR 1.2; 95%CI 1.09–1.43; p = 0.001), severe pneumonia (OR 11.9; 95%CI 4.3–33.3; p < 0.001), and serum C-reactive protein levels (OR 1.1; 95%CI 1.04–1.23; p = 0.004) were independent AKI predictors. Conclusions About 1/5 of children hospitalized for CAP present a generally mild AKI with a longer stay for those with more severe AKI. Attention should be paid to kidney health of children with CAP especially in presence of higher duration of symptoms before hospitalization, severe pneumonia and higher serum CRP levels. Graphical Abstract
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da Silva, Fernando R., Dario Trujillo, Oderlei Bernardi, Jose Carlos Verle Rodrigues, Woodward D. Bailey, Todd M. Gilligan, and Daniel Carrillo. "Comparative Toxicity of Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Selected Insecticides." Insects 11, no. 7 (July 10, 2020): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11070431.
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Until recently, the Old World bollworm (OWB) Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were geographically isolated. Both species are major pests of agricultural commodities that are known to develop insecticide resistance, and they now coexist in areas where H. armigera invaded the Americas. This is the first study to compare the susceptibility of the two species to conventional insecticides. The susceptibility of third instar H. armigera and H. zea larvae to indoxacarb, methomyl, spinetoram, and spinosad was determined using a diet-overlay bioassay in a quarantine laboratory in Puerto Rico. Mortality was assessed at 48 h after exposure for up to eight concentrations per insecticide. Spinetoram exhibited the highest acute toxicity against H. armigera, with a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.11 µg a.i./cm2, followed by indoxacarb and spinosad (0.17 µg a.i./cm2 for both) and methomyl (0.32 µg a.i./cm2). Spinetoram was also the most toxic to H. zea (LC50 of 0.08 µg a.i./cm2), followed by spinosad (0.17 µg a.i./cm2) and methomyl (0.18 µg a.i./cm2). Indoxacarb was the least toxic to H. zea, with an LC50 of 0.21 µg a.i./cm2. These findings could serve as a comparative reference for monitoring the susceptibility of H. armigera and H. zea to indoxacarb, methomyl, spinetoram, and spinosad in Puerto Rico, and may facilitate the detection of field-selected resistance for these two species and their potential hybrids in areas recently invaded by H. armigera.
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Mededovic, Samra, and Lynn R. Fraser. "Mechanisms of action of angiotensin II on mammalian sperm function." Reproduction 129, no. 2 (February 2005): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00457.
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Angiotensin II (AII) stimulates capacitation and fertilizing ability in mammalian spermatozoa, with the binding of AII to its receptors resulting in stimulation of cAMP production in both uncapacitated and capacitated cells. This study investigated possible mechanisms whereby AII affects cAMP availability. The first question was whether extracellular Ca2+is required for responses in mouse spermatozoa and, using chlortetracycline fluorescence analysis, it was clear that cells responded to AII only when the medium contained CaCl2, with both 90 μM and 1.80 mM supporting a significant acceleration of capacitation. Consistent with those results, AII significantly stimulated cAMP production in both CaCl2-containing media tested, the response being greater in that containing 1.80 mM. Several different agents that might affect the signalling pathway stimulated by AII were then evaluated in uncapacitated suspensions. Chlortetracycline analysis revealed that pertussis toxin abolished responses to AII, suggesting the involvement of an inhibitory Gα subunit; dideoxyadenosine, a specific membrane-associated adenylyl cyclase (mAC) P-site inhibitor, also blocked responses, suggesting involvement of an mAC. cAMP determinations con-firmed that both reagents also abolished AII’s stimulation of cAMP. In contrast, nifedipine, a Ca2+channel blocker, did not inhibit AII’s effects on spermatozoa. Finally, in capacitated suspensions, both pertussis toxin and dideoxyadenosine were again shown to block AII’s stimulation of cAMP. These results suggest that responses to AII involve an inhibitory G protein and an mAC, but it is likely that AII–receptor coupling does not stimulate directly mAC but rather does so in an indirect manner, perhaps by altering the intracellular Ca2+concentration.
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Aliberti, Stefano, Julio Ramirez, Roberto Cosentini, Vincenzo Valenti, Antonio Voza, Paolo Rossi, Daiana Stolz, et al. "Acute myocardial infarction versus other cardiovascular events in community-acquired pneumonia." ERJ Open Research 1, no. 1 (May 2015): 00020–2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00020-2015.
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The aim of the present study was to define the prevalence, characteristics, risk factors and impact on clinical outcomes of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) versus other cardiovascular events (CVEs) in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).This was an international, multicentre, observational, prospective study of CAP patients hospitalised in eight hospitals in Italy and Switzerland. Three groups were identified: those without CVEs, those with AMI and those with other CVEs.Among 905 patients, 21 (2.3%) patients experienced at least one AMI, while 107 (11.7%) patients experienced at least one other CVE. Patients with CAP and either AMI or other CVEs showed a higher severity of the disease than patients with CAP alone. Female sex, liver disease and the presence of severe sepsis were independent predictors for the occurrence of AMI, while female sex, age >65 years, neurological disease and the presence of pleural effusion predicted other CVEs. In-hospital mortality was significantly higher among those who experienced AMI in comparison to those experiencing other CVEs (43% versus 21%, p=0.039). The presence of AMI showed an adjusted odds ratio for in-hospital mortality of 3.57 (p=0.012) and for other CVEs of 2.63 (p=0.002).These findings on AMI versus other CVEs as complications of CAP may be important when planning interventional studies on cardioprotective medications.
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Wolf, G., P. D. Killen, and E. G. Neilson. "Intracellular signaling of transcription and secretion of type IV collagen after angiotensin II-induced cellular hypertrophy in cultured proximal tubular cells." Cell Regulation 2, no. 3 (March 1991): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.2.3.219.
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Physiologic concentrations of angiotensin II (AII) can induce cellular hypertrophy in murine proximal tubular epithelium (MCT cells). This response is characterized by an increase in cell size, new protein synthesis, and by the secretion of new basement membrane type IV collagen in the absence of cellular proliferation. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the second messengers of these AII-induced cellular events with special reference to the increase in type IV collagen secretion. In initial experiments we observed that pretreatment of MCT cells with agents that increase concentrations of intracellular cAMP, like forskolin, dibutyryl cAMP, and isobutyl-methyl-xanthine abolish AII-induced amino acid incorporation, but have no effect on control cells or on their proliferation. In addition, 10(-8) M AII significantly decreased the concentration of intracellular cAMP. Phorbolesters were without significant effect on the hypertrophy or proliferation of AII-stimulated MCT cells or their rested controls. The transfection of MCT cells with reporter genes containing regulatory elements for type IV collagen revealed that the stimulatory effects of AII on collagen type IV depend, at least to some extent, on an increase in gene transcription. Agents increasing intracellular cAMP concentrations inhibited the AII-induced increase in transcription and secretion of collagen type IV, but had no effect on MCT cells grown in media without AII. Our findings provide evidence that AII-induced changes in tubular epithelium leading to the secretion of type IV collagen are mediated by a decrease in intracellular cAMP.
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Naito, Yoshitaka, Takayuki Tsuji, Soichiro Nagata, Naoko Tsuji, Tomoyuki Fujikura, Naro Ohashi, Akihiko Kato, Hiroaki Miyajima, and Hideo Yasuda. "IL-17A activated by Toll-like receptor 9 contributes to the development of septic acute kidney injury." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 318, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): F238—F247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00313.2019.
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Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), which is activated by endogenously released mtDNA during sepsis, contributes to the development of polymicrobial septic acute kidney injury (AKI). However, downstream factors of TLR9 to AKI remain unknown. We hypothesized that IL-17A activated by TLR9 may play a critical role in septic AKI development. To determine the effects of TLR9 on IL-17A production in septic AKI, we used a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model in Tlr9 knockout ( Tlr9KO) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates. We also investigated the pathway from TLR9 activation in dendritic cells (DCs) to IL-17A production by γδT cells in vitro. To elucidate the effects of IL-17A on septic AKI, Il-17a knockout ( Il-17aKO) mice and WT littermates were subjected to CLP. We further investigated the relationship between the TLR9-IL-17A axis and septic AKI by intravenously administering recombinant IL-17A or vehicle into Tlr9KO mice and assessing kidney function. IL-17A levels in both plasma and the peritoneal cavity and mRNA levels of IL-23 in the spleen were significantly higher in WT mice after CLP than in Tlr9KO mice. Bone marrow-derived DCs activated by TLR9 induced IL-23 and consequently promoted IL-17A production in γδT cells in vitro. Knockout of Il-17a improved survival, functional and morphological aspects of AKI, and splenic apoptosis after CLP. Exogenous IL-17A administration aggravated CLP-induced AKI attenuated by knockout of Tlr9. TLR9 in DCs mediated IL-17A production in γδT cells during sepsis and contributed to the development of septic AKI.
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XIA, XIAO-BO, and STEPHEN L. MILLS. "Gap junctional regulatory mechanisms in the AII amacrine cell of the rabbit retina." Visual Neuroscience 21, no. 5 (September 2004): 791–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523804215127.
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Gap junctions are commonplace in retina, often between cells of the same morphological type, but sometimes linking different cell types. The strength of coupling between cells derives from the properties of the connexins, but also is regulated by the intracellular environment of each cell. We measured the relative coupling of two different gap junctions made by AII amacrine cells of the rabbit retina. Permeability to the tracer Neurobiotin was measured at different concentrations of the neuromodulators dopamine, nitric oxide, or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) analogs. Diffusion coefficients were calculated separately for the gap junctions between pairs of AII amacrine cells and for those connecting AII amacrine cells with ON cone bipolar cells. Increased dopamine caused diffusion rates to decline more rapidly across the AII–AII gap junctions than across the AII–bipolar cell gap junctions. The rate of decline at these sites was well fit by a model proposing that dopamine modulates two independent gates in AII–AII channels, but only a single gate on the AII side of the AII–bipolar channel. However, a membrane-permeant cAMP agonist modulated both types of channel equally. Therefore, the major regulator of channel closure in this network is the local cAMP concentration within each cell, as regulated by dopamine, rather than different cAMP sensitivity of their respective gates. In contrast, nitric oxide preferentially reduced AII–bipolar cell permeabilities. Coupling from AII amacrine cells to the different bipolar cell subtypes was differentially affected by dopamine, indicating that light adaptation actingviadopamine release alters network coupling properties in multiple ways.
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Mahendra, Doni, Arlenny Arlenny, and Usaha Situmeang. "Evaluasi Setting Rele Proteksi Untuk Mengurangi Busur Api Pada Switchgear Di Bekasap Area PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia." JURNAL TEKNIK 12, no. 2 (November 20, 2018): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/teknik.v12i2.1769.
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Sistem proteksi tenaga listrik harus mampu bekerja sesuai dengan tujuan serta fungsi yang ditentukan terhadap jenis gangguan yang terjadi. Salah satu gangguan yang terjadi adalah arus hubung singkat (short circuit) yang diikuti pelepasan energi panas dalam bentuk busur (arc flash) yang dapat merusak peralatan.
Besar energi busur api yang dihasilkan tergantung dari waktu kerja sistem pengaman akibat gangguan arus hubung singkat. Semakin cepat rele pengaman bekerja, maka semakin kecil pula busur api yang dihasilkan dan begitu pula sebaliknya.
Evaluasi setting rele proteksi di switchgear adalah mengubah setting time dial pada OCR primary dan OCR secondary. Untuk OCR primary nilai setting time dial sebelum nya 2,6 s menjadi 1,08 s sedangkan untuk OCR secondary dengan time dial 2,4 s menjadi 1,02 s.
Perubahan setting pada OCR ini dihasilkan waktu kerja rele proteksi yang lebih cepat yaitu sebesar 0.208 s. Dengan waktu kerja proteksi yang semakin cepat, nilai energi panas yang di hasilkan juga lebih kecil. Energi insiden yang di hasilkan adalah 2,59 cal/cm2 menjadi 1.48 cal/cm2.
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KILIÇKAYA, Derya. "Konak Romanındaki Börk ve Kılıç Etrafında Ahiliğin İzleri." Türk Kültürü ve HACI BEKTAŞ VELİ Araştırma Dergisi 97 (March 3, 2021): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34189/hbv.97.009.
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Piccuirro, Sarah R., Anthony M. Casapao, Alyssa M. Claudio, Carmen Isache, and Christopher A. Jankowski. "Comparison of acute kidney injury in patients prescribed vancomycin in combination with piperacillin–tazobactam or cefepime for diabetic foot infections." Journal of Investigative Medicine 69, no. 4 (January 25, 2021): 893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jim-2020-001594.
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Concomitant therapy with vancomycin (VAN) and piperacillin–tazobactam (PTZ) has been associated with acute kidney injury (AKI). Diabetic patients may be more susceptible to AKI due to various factors. In an observational, retrospective, cohort study of adults treated for diabetic foot infections (DFIs), rates of AKI were compared between groups receiving VAN+PTZ versus VAN+cefepime (CFP). Among 356 patients screened for inclusion, 210 were analyzed. Forty-nine of 140 patients (35%) in the VAN+PTZ group and 5 of 70 patients (7%) in the VAN+CFP group developed AKI according to the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria (OR 7.00 (95% CI 2.64 to 18.53), p<0.001). After adjusting for baseline differences, VAN+PTZ was an independent predictor of AKI (OR 6.21 (95% CI 2.30 to 16.72), p<0.001). Time to AKI was 102.1 hours (IQR 47–152.7) in the VAN+PTZ group versus 78.3 hours (IQR 39.8–100.6) in the VAN+CFP group (p>0.999). Median length of stay was significantly higher in the VAN+PTZ group at 11.9 days (IQR 7.9–17.8) versus 7.8 days (IQR 4.9–12.1) in the VAN+CFP group (p<0.001). VAN+PTZ was also associated with higher total hospital charges at US$99,742.83 (IQR US$69,342.50–US$165,549.59) compared with US$74,260.25 (IQR US$48,446.88–US$107,396.99) in the VAN+CFP arm (p<0.001). In conclusion, VAN+CFP should be the preferred empiric regimen in patients with severe DFI.
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Li, Ying, Noureddin Nourbakhsh, Hai Pham, Rick Tham, Jonathan E. Zuckerman, and Prabhleen Singh. "Evolution of altered tubular metabolism and mitochondrial function in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 319, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): F229—F244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00390.2019.
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Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (s-AKI) has a staggering impact in patients and lacks any treatment. Incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of s-AKI is a major barrier to the development of effective therapies. We address the gaps in knowledge regarding renal oxygenation, tubular metabolism, and mitochondrial function in the pathogenesis of s-AKI using the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model in mice. At 24 h after CLP, renal oxygen delivery was reduced; however, fractional oxygen extraction was unchanged, suggesting inefficient renal oxygen utilization despite decreased glomerular filtration rate and filtered load. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we examined temporal changes in mitochondrial function and metabolism at 4 and 24 h after CLP. At 4 h after CLP, markers of mitochondrial content and biogenesis were increased in CLP kidneys, but mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates were suppressed in proximal tubules. Interestingly, at 24 h, proximal tubular mitochondria displayed high respiratory capacity, but with decreased mitochondrial content, biogenesis, fusion, and ATP levels in CLP kidneys, suggesting decreased ATP synthesis efficiency. We further investigated metabolic reprogramming after CLP and observed reduced expression of fatty acid oxidation enzymes but increased expression of glycolytic enzymes at 24 h. However, assessment of functional glycolysis revealed lower glycolytic capacity, glycolytic reserve, and compensatory glycolysis in CLP proximal tubules, which may explain their susceptibility to injury. In conclusion, we demonstrated significant alterations in renal oxygenation, tubular mitochondrial function, and metabolic reprogramming in s-AKI, which may play an important role in the progression of injury and recovery from AKI in sepsis.
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Raiborn, Cecily, and Marc Massoud. "Emissions Allowances: Accounting and Public Policy Issues." Accounting and the Public Interest 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/api.2010.10.1.105.
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ABSTRACT: This paper briefly describes cap and trade programs. Emission allowances in such programs can be used, sold, or retired by recipient companies. Such allowances provide value for the recipient organization and necessitate the determination of proper accounting for their receipt. The accounting suggested by IFRIC 3 is discussed and suggestions are made as to alternative methods to account for emission allowances. However, to truly provide companies with financial incentive to reduce emissions and to retire, rather than sell, their emission allowances, public policy needs to be changed to provide a tax incentive equivalent to the fair market value of retired allowances to compliant companies.
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Tabrizian, Kaveh, Fatemeh Amelinia, Maryam Belaran, Soheil Pourheidar, Hadi Mirzaei, and Sahar Fanoudi. "Tadalafil Reversed H-89 – and Scopolamine – Induced Spatial Learning Impairments in Male Rats." Drug Research 71, no. 05 (January 15, 2021): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1345-7832.
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AbstractAccumulated evidence shows that the cAMP and cGMP signaling pathway plays an important role in memory function and neuronal plasticity. Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) is a hopeful therapeutic target in AD (Alzheimer disease), and PDE5 inhibition may be a good therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD. In the present study, the four-day bilateral intra-hippocampal infusion of H-89 as a protein kinase AII inhibitor (10 µM/side) and intra-peritoneal injections of tadalafil (20 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg) alone and also on combination on spatial learning in Morris water maze (MWM) were investigated. DMSO and saline were used as controls for H-89 and other mentioned drugs, respectively. Rats were trained for 4 days; each day included one block of four trials. Post- training probe trial tests were performed on day 5. Administration of H-89 and scopolamine led to a significant impairment in spatial learning compared to their related controls. But, combination of tadalafil/H-89 or tadalafil/scopolamine reversed H-89 or scopolamine- induced spatial learning deficits in MWM. Taken together, these results showed the probable regulatory effects of cGMP on cholinergic and cAMP/PKA signaling pathways in co-administrations of these mentioned drugs on spatial learning in MWM.
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Ando, Fumiaki. "Activation of AQP2 water channels by protein kinase A: therapeutic strategies for congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus." Clinical and Experimental Nephrology 25, no. 10 (July 5, 2021): 1051–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10157-021-02108-6.
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Abstract Background Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is primarily caused by loss-of-function mutations in the vasopressin type 2 receptor (V2R). Renal unresponsiveness to the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin impairs aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channel activity and water reabsorption from urine, resulting in polyuria. Currently available symptomatic treatments inadequately reduce patients’ excessive amounts of urine excretion, threatening their quality of life. In the past 25 years, vasopressin/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) has been believed to be the most important signaling pathway for AQP2 activation. Although cAMP production without vasopressin is the reasonable therapeutic strategy for congenital NDI caused by V2R mutations, the efficacy of candidate drugs on AQP2 activation is far less than that of vasopressin. Results Intracellular distribution and activity of PKA are largely controlled by its scaffold proteins, A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). Dissociating the binding of AKAPs and PKA significantly increased PKA activity in the renal collecting ducts and activated AQP2 phosphorylation and trafficking. Remarkably, the AKAPs–PKA disruptor FMP-API-1 increased transcellular water permeability in isolated renal collecting ducts to the same extent as vasopressin. Moreover, derivatives of FMP-API-1 possessed much more high potency. FMP-API-1/27 is the first low-molecular-weight compound to be discovered that can phosphorylate AQP2 more effectively than preexisting drug candidates. Conclusion AKAP-PKA disruptors are a promising therapeutic target for congenital NDI. In this article, we shall discuss the pathophysiological roles of PKA and novel strategies to activate PKA in renal collecting ducts.
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Chi, Yen-Ting, Pei-Chun Chu, Hao-Yu Chao, Wei-Chen Shieh, and Chuck C. Chen. "Design of CGMP Production of18F- and68Ga-Radiopharmaceuticals." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/680195.
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Objective.Radiopharmaceutical production process must adhere to current good manufacturing process (CGMP) compliance to ensure the quality of precursor, prodrug (active pharmaceutical ingredient, API), and the final drug product that meet acceptance criteria. We aimed to develop an automated system for production of CGMP grade of PET radiopharmaceuticals.Methods.The hardware and software of the automated synthesizer that fit in the hot cell under cGMP requirement were developed. Examples of production yield and purity for68Ga-DOTATATE and18F-FDG at CGMP facility were optimized. Analytical assays and acceptance criteria for cGMP grade of68Ga-DOTATATE and18F-FDG were established.Results.CGMP facility for the production of PET radiopharmaceuticals has been established. Radio-TLC and HPLC analyses of68Ga-DOTATATE and18F-FDG showed that the radiochemical purity was 92% and 96%, respectively. The products were sterile and pyrogenic-free.Conclusion.CGMP compliance of radiopharmaceuticals has been reviewed.68Ga-DOTATATE and18F-FDG were synthesized with high radiochemical yield under CGMP process.
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Baek, Hee Sun, Youngok Lee, Hea Min Jang, Joonyong Cho, Myung Chul Hyun, Yeo Hyang Kim, Su-Kyeong Hwang, and Min Hyun Cho. "Variation in clinical usefulness of biomarkers of acute kidney injury in young children undergoing cardiac surgery." Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics 63, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.00913.
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Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most significant postoperative complications of pediatric cardiac surgery. Because serum creatinine has limitations as a diagnostic marker of AKI, new biomarkers including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and interleukin-18 (IL-18) are being evaluated to overcome these limitations and detect AKI at an early stage after cardiac surgery.Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the clinical usefulness of these biomarkers in young children.Methods: Thirty patients with congenital heart diseases who underwent cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were selected, and their urine and blood samples were collected at baseline and 6, 24, and 48 hours after surgery. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels as well as NGAL, KIM-1, and IL-18 levels in urine samples were measured, and clinical parameters were evaluated.Results: Of the 30 patients, 12 developed AKI within 48 hours after cardiac surgery. In the AKI group, 8 of 12 (66.6%) met AKI criteria after 24 hours, and urine KIM-1/creatinine (Cr) level (with adjustment of urine creatinine) peaked at 24 hours with significant difference from baseline level. Additionally, urine KIM-1/Cr level in the AKI group was significantly higher than in the non-AKI group at 6 hours. However, urine NGAL/Cr and IL-18/Cr levels showed no specific trend with time for 48 hours after cardiac surgery.Conclusion: It is suggested that urine KIM-1/Cr concentration could be considered a good biomarker for early AKI prediction after open cardiac surgery using CPB in young children with congenital heart diseases.
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Mullin, Daniel K. "CAP in Children, Electrocardiogram in AMI, GHB Intoxication." Emergency Medicine News 29, no. 8 (August 2007): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.eem.0000295897.80530.76.
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Li, Hong, Si-Yu Li, Yang Liu, Yong-Ping Li, Yifu Cai, Mingzhe Li, Gong-Bo Zhao, et al. "Probing primordial gravitational waves: Ali CMB Polarization Telescope." National Science Review 6, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwy019.
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Abstract In this paper, we will give a general introduction to the Ali CMB Polarization Telescope (AliCPT) project, which is a Sino–US joint project led by the Institute of High Energy Physics and involves many different institutes in China. It is the first ground-based Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarization experiment in China and an integral part of China's Gravitational-wave Program. The main scientific goal of the AliCPT project is to probe the primordial gravitational waves (PGWs) originating from the very early Universe. The AliCPT project includes two stages. The first stage, referred to as AliCPT-1, is to build a telescope in the Ali region of Tibet at an altitude of 5250 meters. Once completed, it will be the highest ground-based CMB observatory in the world and will open a new window for probing PGWs in the northern hemisphere. The AliCPT-1 telescope is designed to have about 7000 transition-edge sensor detectors at 95 GHz and 150 GHz. The second stage is to have a more sensitive telescope (AliCPT-2) with more than 20 000 detectors. Our simulations show that AliCPT will improve the current constraint on the tensor-to-scalar ratio r by one order of magnitude with three years' observation. Besides the PGWs, AliCPT will also enable a precise measurement of the CMB rotation angle and provide a precise test of the CPT symmetry. We show that three years' observation will improve the current limit by two orders of magnitude.
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Wells, Paula. "Sugar Camp in Transition." Appalachian Heritage 26, no. 3 (1998): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aph.1998.0004.
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Kadlecova, Zuzana, Stephanie J. Spielman, Dinah Loerke, Aparna Mohanakrishnan, Dana Kim Reed, and Sandra L. Schmid. "Regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by hierarchical allosteric activation of AP2." Journal of Cell Biology 216, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201608071.
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The critical initiation phase of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) determines where and when endocytosis occurs. Heterotetrameric adaptor protein 2 (AP2) complexes, which initiate clathrin-coated pit (CCP) assembly, are activated by conformational changes in response to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and cargo binding at multiple sites. However, the functional hierarchy of interactions and how these conformational changes relate to distinct steps in CCP formation in living cells remains unknown. We used quantitative live-cell analyses to measure discrete early stages of CME and show how sequential, allosterically regulated conformational changes activate AP2 to drive both nucleation and subsequent stabilization of nascent CCPs. Our data establish that cargoes containing Yxxφ motif, but not dileucine motif, play a critical role in the earliest stages of AP2 activation and CCP nucleation. Interestingly, these cargo and PIP2 interactions are not conserved in yeast. Thus, we speculate that AP2 has evolved as a key regulatory node to coordinate CCP formation and cargo sorting and ensure high spatial and temporal regulation of CME.
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Schreiber, Rudy, Romain Hollands, and Arjan Blokland. "A Mechanistic Rationale for PDE-4 Inhibitors to Treat Residual Cognitive Deficits in Acquired Brain Injury." Current Neuropharmacology 18, no. 3 (February 14, 2020): 188–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159x17666191010103044.
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Patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) suffer from cognitive deficits that interfere significantly with their daily lives. These deficits are long-lasting and no treatment options are available. A better understanding of the mechanistic basis for these cognitive deficits is needed to develop novel treatments. Intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels are decreased in ABI. Herein, we focus on augmentation of cAMP by PDE4 inhibitors and the potentially synergistic mechanisms in traumatic brain injury. A major acute pathophysiological event in ABI is the breakdown of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Intracellular cAMP pathways are involved in the subsequent emergence of edema, inflammation and hyperexcitability. We propose that PDE4 inhibitors such as roflumilast can improve cognition by modulation of the activity in the cAMPPhosphokinase A-Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (RAC1) inflammation pathway. In addition, PDE4 inhibitors can also directly enhance network plasticity and attenuate degenerative processes and cognitive dysfunction by increasing activity of the canonical cAMP/phosphokinase- A/cAMP Responsive Element Binding protein (cAMP/PKA/CREB) plasticity pathway. Doublecourtin and microtubule-associated protein 2 are generated following activation of the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway and are decreased or even absent after injury. Both proteins are involved in neuronal plasticity and may consist of viable markers to track these processes. It is concluded that PDE4 inhibitors may consist of a novel class of drugs for the treatment of residual symptoms in ABI attenuating the pathophysiological consequences of a BBB breakdown by their anti-inflammatory actions via the cAMP/PKA/RAC1 pathway and by increasing synaptic plasticity via the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway. Roflumilast improves cognition in young and elderly humans and would be an excellent candidate for a proof of concept study in ABI patients.
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EKICI, ERDAL. "On ACI -sets, BCI -sets, β ∗ I -open sets and decompositions of continuity in ideal topological spaces." Creative Mathematics and Informatics 20, no. 1 (2011): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37193/cmi.2011.01.10.
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In this paper, ACI -sets, BCI -sets and β ∗ I -open sets are introduced and studied in ideal topological spaces. Also, properties of ACI -sets, BCI -sets and β ∗ I -open sets are provided in ideal topological spaces. Furthermore, decompositions of continuity are provided via ACI -sets and BCI -sets in ideal topological spaces.
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TORRECILLAS, Guadalupe, María L. DÍEZ-MARQUÉS, Carmen GARCÍA-ESCRIBANO, Ricardo J. BOSCH, Diego RODRÍGUEZ-PUYOL, and Manuel RODRÍGUEZ-PUYOL. "Mechanisms of cGMP-dependent mesangial-cell relaxation: a role for myosin light-chain phosphatase activation." Biochemical Journal 346, no. 1 (February 8, 2000): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3460217.
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Although the cGMP-dependent relaxation of contractile cells seems to depend on the ability of the cyclic nucleotide to interfere with intracellular calcium, this does not appear to be the only mechanism involved. The present experiments were designed to analyse alternative mechanisms, trying to test the hypothesis that cGMP could relax rat mesangial cells by activating myosin light-chain phosphatase (MLC-PP), with the subsequent dephosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC). The effect of a cGMP analogue, dibutyryl cGMP (dbcGMP), on angiotensin II-(AII) and PMA-induced MLC phosphorylation (MLCP) was tested, in the presence of calyculin A (CA), an inhibitor of MLC-PP. MLCP was measured, after cell labelling with 32P, by immunoprecipitation. dbcGMP prevented the increased MLCP induced by AII or PMA, and this inhibition was blocked by CA. dbcGMP also increased the MLC dephosphorylation observed in cells incubated with AII and in which MLC kinase and protein kinase C activities were blocked. The AII-elicited increased intracellular calcium concentration was only partially inhibited by dbcGMP. These results suggest that the cGMP-induced mesangial-cell relaxation could be due, at least partially, to the stimulation of MLC-PP.
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Ruiz, M. A. Doñu, N. López Perrusquia, J. A. Ortega Herrera, G. Urriolagoitia Calderón, V. J. Cortés Suárez, and S. Rodríguez Gonzales. "Effect of Hydrogen on the Mechanical Behavior of API X70 Ageing." Defect and Diffusion Forum 353 (May 2014): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.353.159.
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The present work reports on the effect of hydrogen on the mechanical behavior of API 5L X70 ageing. Bending test specimens underwent solution treatment in an electric induction furnace at 1100°C for 30 min under argon atmosphere and water quenching and then ageing process for five temperatures in the range between 204 to 650°C for 30 min of time exposition and water quenching, respectively. The microstructural characterization was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and matrix samples ageing showed microstructures, acicular ferritic, polygonal ferrite, bainitic-ferrite, degenerate perlite and retained austenite and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) evidencing the presence of carbonitrures type Nb, Ti, V (N, C). Hydrogen was introduced in a sample of bending test, through cathodic charging, applying a current density of 50 mA/cm2. Three point bend test was carry out on specimen on API X70 with and without hydrogen and the result showed a reduction of ductility and 65% of index of embrittlement (IH). Also, samples undergoing ageing with hydrogen showed an increase in bending stress compared to a sample undergoing ageing without hydrogen, and the parameter (IH) decreased in the range of 21 to 29% due to the formation of traps. The fracture surface of bend tested samples were examined using a SEM.
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Trokhymchuk and Pizio. "OPTIMIZED CLUSTER THEORY FOR THE STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF MOLTEN IONIC SYSTEMS. MOLTEN PHASES OF AgI, Ag_{2}Se AND Ag_{2}S." Condensed Matter Physics, no. 2 (1993): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5488/cmp.2.110.
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Anadón, A. M., E. Rodríguez, M. T. Gárate, C. Cuéllar, F. Romarís, T. Chivato, M. Rodero, H. González-Díaz, and F. M. Ubeira. "Diagnosing Human Anisakiasis: Recombinant Ani s 1 and Ani s 7 Allergens versus the UniCAP 100 Fluorescence Enzyme Immunoassay." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 4 (January 27, 2010): 496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00443-09.
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ABSTRACT Commercially available serological methods for serodiagnosis of human anisakiasis either are poorly specific or do not include some of the most relevant Anisakis allergens. The use of selected recombinant allergens may improve serodiagnosis. To compare the diagnostic and clinical values of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods based on Ani s 1 and Ani s 7 recombinant allergens and of the UniCAP 100 fluorescence enzyme immunoassay (CAP FEIA) system, we tested sera from 495 allergic and 25 non-food-related allergic patients. The decay in specific IgE antibodies in serum was also investigated in 15 positive patients over a period of 6 to 38 months. Considering sera that tested positive by either Ani s 1 or Ani s 7 ELISA, the CAP FEIA classified 25% of sera as falsely positive, mainly in the group of patients with the lowest levels of anti-Anisakis IgE antibodies, and 1.28% of positive sera as falsely negative. Considering allergens individually, the overall sensitivities of Ani s 7 ELISA and Ani s 1 ELISA were 94% and 61%, respectively. The results also showed that anti-Anisakis IgE antibodies can be detected in serum for longer with Ani s 1 ELISA than with Ani s 7 ELISA and CAP FEIA (P < 0.01). Our findings suggest that ELISA methods with Ani s 7 and Ani s 1 allergens as targets of IgE antibodies are currently the best option for serodiagnosis of human anisakiasis, combining specificity and sensitivity. The different persistence of anti-Ani s 1 and anti-Ani s 7 antibodies in serum may help clinicians to distinguish between recent and old Anisakis infections.
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Chang, Ming-Chu, Yu-Ting Chang, Yu-Wen Tien, Po-Chin Liang, I.-Shiow Jan, Shu-Chen Wei, and Jau-Min Wong. "T-Cell Regulatory Gene CTLA-4 Polymorphism/Haplotype Association with Autoimmune Pancreatitis." Clinical Chemistry 53, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 1700–1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2007.085951.
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Abstract Background: Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a distinct disease entity of chronic pancreatitis. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is a key negative regulator of the T-cell immune response, and its gene is highly polymorphic. Many positive associations between cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4 (CTLA4) single-nucleotide polymorphisms and various autoimmune diseases have been identified. We investigated possible genetic associations of CTLA4 in a Chinese population with AIP. Methods: We performed genotyping for CTLA4 (49 A/G, −318 C/T, and CT60 A/G) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α promoter (−857 C/T, −863 C/A, and −1031 C/T) by use of PCR sequence-specific primers and direct sequencing, respectively, in 46 patients with AIP, 78 patients with chronic calcifying pancreatitis (CCP), and 200 healthy individuals. Results: We found a significant increase in CTLA4 49A carriers in patients with AIP compared with healthy individuals (78.3% vs 48%; P <0.0001). The frequency of CTLA4 49A was also significantly higher in patients with AIP compared with CCP (78.3% vs 37.1%; P <0.0001). CTLA4 49A conferred a higher risk of AIP [with CCP, odds ratio (OR) 7.20; P <0.0001]. The −318C/+49A/CT60G haplotype was associated with a higher susceptibility to AIP (OR 8.53; P = 0.001). The TNF-α promoter −863A was associated with extrapancreatic involvement in patients with AIP. Conclusion: CTLA-4 49A polymorphism and −318C/+49A/CT60G haplotype are associated with AIP in a Chinese population.