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Journal articles on the topic "CMCG"
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Khalaf, Luaay, Wen-Po Chuang, L. M. Aguirre-Rojas, Peter Klein, and C. Michael Smith. "Differences in Aceria tosichella population responses to wheat resistance genes and wheat virus transmission." Arthropod-Plant Interactions 13, no. 6 (September 26, 2019): 807–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-019-09717-9.
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Abstract Severe winter wheat yield losses due to infestations of wheat curl mite, Aceria tosichella Keifer, and mite-transmitted viruses occur in wheat production areas of the United States and Canada. Mite infestation alone causes stunted, chlorotic plants in susceptible wheat varieties, and mites transmit Wheat Streak Mosaic (WSMV), High Plains Wheat Mosaic (HPWMoV), and Triticum Mosaic Virus (TriMV). Wheat curl mites were collected from 25 sites in Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Texas, North Dakota, and South Dakota in 2014 and 2015. At each site, mite virulence was determined to wheat plants harboring the Cmc2-, Cmc3-, or Cmc4 mite resistance gene; or Cmc4 plus the Wsm2 WSMV resistance gene. Mites collected from 92%, 36%, and 24% of sites were virulent to susceptible Jagger wheat plants (no Cmc), Cmc2, and Cmc3, respectively. The mega-population consisting of all 25 mite sub-populations was avirulent to 80% of plants containing Cmc4 + Wsm2 or Cmc4. WSMV, HPWMoV, or TriMV was present in mites at 76%, 16%, and 8% of the 25 sites, respectively. Our results will enable breeders to increase the efficiency of wheat production by releasing wheat varieties containing wheat curl mite resistance genes that reduce wheat yield losses.
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Magalhães, Guilherme A., Clara M. W. Santos, Durcilene A. Silva, Jeanny S. Maciel, Judith P. A. Feitosa, Haroldo C. B. Paula, and Regina C. M. de Paula. "Microspheres of chitosan/carboxymethyl cashew gum (CH/CMCG): Effect of chitosan molar mass and CMCG degree of substitution on the swelling and BSA release." Carbohydrate Polymers 77, no. 2 (June 2009): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.12.037.
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Prence, E. M., K. O. Garrett, and R. H. Glew. "A kinetic study of the effects of galactocerebroside 3-sulphate on human spleen glucocerebrosidase. Evidence for two activator-binding sites." Biochemical Journal 237, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2370655.
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Extraction of control human spleen glucocerebrosidase with sodium cholate and butan-l-ol reversibly inactivates the enzyme in terms of its ability to hydrolyse the water-soluble substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (MUGlc). The acidic brain lipid galactocerebroside 3-sulphate (sulphatide) reconstitutes beta-glucosidase activity in a strongly concentration-dependent manner. In this study we show that sulphatide exhibits three critical micellar concentrations (CMCs): CMC1, 3.72 microM; CMC2, 22.6 microM; CMC3, 60.7 microM. We designate the aggregates formed at these CMCs as primary, secondary and tertiary micelles respectively. From the results of kinetic studies performed at various sulphatide concentrations (0.012-248 microM), we found that sulphatide monomers (less than 3 microM) decreased the Km (for MUGlc) of control glucocerebrosidase from 11 to 4.6 mM, and lowered the Vmax. 2-fold. However, secondary and tertiary micelles were required for expression of high control glucocerebrosidase activities. Glucocerebrosidase prepared from the spleen of a patient with non-neuronopathic type 1 Gaucher's disease exhibited a very low Km (2.8 mM) even in the absence of exogenous lipid, and sulphatide monomers had no effect on the mutant enzyme's Km or Vmax. However, secondary or tertiary micelles markedly increased the Vmax. of the type 1 glucocerebrosidase to 60% of the corresponding control enzyme value. In contrast, for the glucocerebrosidase of the neuronopathic type 2 case, although sulphatide decreased the Km from 9.2 to 1.7 mM, the Vmax. never reached more than 5% that of the control enzyme, even at high concentrations of sulphatide. In addition, we found that secondary and tertiary sulphatide micelles enhanced the rate of inactivation of all three glucocerebrosidase preparations by chymotrypsin. Collectively, these results indicate the presence of two sulphatide-binding sites on glucocerebrosidase: one that enhances substrate binding, and another that enhances catalysis.
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Rachtanapun, Pornchai, Sukum Eitssayeam, and Kamonpan Pengpat. "Study of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Papaya Peels as Binder in Ceramics." Advanced Materials Research 93-94 (January 2010): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.93-94.17.
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Effects of carboxymethyl cellulose from papaya peel (CMCp) on the properties of ceramics were investigated. Cellulose was extracted from papaya peels by NaOH and then it was modified by chloro acetic acid to obtain carboxymethyl cellulose. The prepared CMCp was applied as a binder in ceramic slip in order to increase its viscosity. Sodium silicate was also added into the slip for providing a dispersion of slip and protecting the sedimentation of clay particles. Various concentrations of CMCp and commercial CMC (CMCc) (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25% w/w of dry weight of clays) were added into the slip. Effect of CMC on viscosity of the slip and the ceramic density were studied. The relationship between the ceramic properties such as, shrinkage, porosity, casting rate and bending strength (both green strength and fired strength), and CMC concentration was also observed. As increasing both CMCp and CMCc, viscosity increased while density decreased. The prepared ceramics (green ware and fired ware) added with CMCp were found to have higher strength and lower in %shrinkage than that of adding with CMCc. The thickness of the ceramic wall adding CMCc increased with increasing CMCc concentration, and time in contrast to that of CMCp as the thickness decreased with increasing CMCp concentration. However, the ceramics with addition of CMCp possessed higher strength than that of the commercial one.
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Maciel, Carina Elisabeth, Jacira Helena do Valle Pereira Assis, and Miriam Ferreira de Abreu da Silva. "Acesso e permanência na educação superior: estratégias de ingresso mobilizadas no ‘Colégio Militar de Campo Grande’." Acta Scientiarum. Education 40, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 37648. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascieduc.v40i1.37648.
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A trajetória de estudantes, em especial no que tange a acesso e permanência na educação superior, está intrinsecamente relacionada ao processo de escolarização, isto é, é determinada pela estruturação e ampliação do capital escolar na educação básica. Neste texto são discutidas as estratégias mobilizadas por uma escola pública de prestígio – como o Colégio Militar de Campo Grande –, que contribuem para o ingresso na educação superior. Busca-se compreender como os agentes e a instituição - colégio, famílias e estudantes - desenham um projeto que culmina em aprovações em cursos de nível superior no País e na região. As fontes utilizadas são relatórios oficiais do Sistema Colégio Militar do Brasil e o periódico do CMCG, dentre outros, - analisados com base em estudos bourdieusianos. Os resultados sinalizam que o Colégio Militar reúne elementos de ordem pedagógica e simbólica que geram ações e sentimentos de pertença em seus estudantes, que, uma vez mobilizados, produzem resultados positivos de acesso à educação superior.
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Hao, Hong Ying, Shao Yi Lv, and Zi Qiang Shao. "The Effect of Micro-Structure of CMC on Stability of Milk Beverage." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 1941–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.1941.
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In this paper, two types of carboxymethyl cellulose samples (CMCe and CMCm), which served as stabilizer to improve the taste and the shelf life of milk beverage, were prepared at different bath ratio and reaction media system. The influencing factors of samples’ discrepancy structure with the ways of preparation were invested. After this, its application basic properties of the samples were searched in milk beverage. The macromolecule structure and morphologies and application performances were analyzed by NMR and SEM. The effect of molecular structures and their acid salt tolerance property of two CMC on milk beverage such as sedimentation ratio and stability of milk micelle were also investigated. The results showed that the distribution of the CH2COO- group on anhydroglucose unit (AGU) of CMCe obtained at low bath ratio in ethanol was C2> C6> C3, whereas C6＞C2＞C3 which showed the highest substitution in C6 position, was observed in CMCm prepared in mixed isopropanol and ethanol at high bath ratio. In comparison with CMCe at same viscosity, the CMCm showed higher ratio of acidity to viscosity (AVR), higher temperature resistance, lower precipitation ratio (AVR) and better stability. As shown in SEM image of treated milk powder made from milk beverager, the structure of milk protein with CMCm formed continuous network and homogeneous morphology. However the structure of milk protein with CMCe showed tendency of aggregation.
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Tang, Hang-Jun, Yang-Rong Xu, Xiao-Hui Wang, Feng-Lan Zhao, and Qing-Guo Meng. "The crystal structure of 5-bromo-2-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyridine, C7H6BrN5." Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures 235, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ncrs-2019-0442.
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AbstractC7H6BrN5, orthorhombic, Acam (no. 64; unconventional setting of Cmce formerly known as Cmca), a = 12.3735(8) Å, b = 20.8690(11) Å, c = 6.8385(6) Å, V = 1765.9(2) Å3, Z = 8, Rgt(F) = 0.0471, wRref(F2) = 0.1152, T = 293(2) K.
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Ngoie, Wighens I., Pamela J. Welz, Daniel Ikhu-Omoregbe, and Oluwaseun O. Oyekola. "Heterogeneous Nanomagnetic Catalyst from Cupriferous Mineral Processing Gangue for the Production of Biodiesel." Catalysts 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9121047.
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The commercialisation of biodiesel as an alternative energy source is challenged by high production costs. The cost of feedstock, catalyst and separation of the dissolved catalyst (homogeneous catalyst) from the product are the major contributors to the total manufacturing cost of biodiesel. This study investigated the potential of a heterogeneous catalyst produced from mineral processing waste for biodiesel production. Tailings from the concentration of cupriferous minerals served as the starting material for synthesis of the catalyst. The nanomagnetic catalysts were prepared using co-precipitation (CMCO) and sol-gel (CMSG) methods, combined with zero-valent iron nanoparticles (ZVINPs) to form a hydride catalyst (CMSG/ZVINPs). Catalyst properties were assessed using SEM, TEM, BET and EDX. The catalyst activity was enhanced by a large number of basic sites that were afforded by the presence of calcite and magnesite. Good surface areas and particle sizes of 58.9 m2/g and 15.4 nm, and 52.6 m2/g and 16.9 nm were observed for the catalysts that were prepared using the CMSG and CMCO methods, respectively. 173 emu/g mass magnetisation was obtained for CMSG/ZVINPs, which was sufficient for the catalyst to be regenerated and reused for biodiesel production by exploiting the magnetic properties. The maximum yield obtained with this catalyst was 88% and an average of 27% decrease in biodiesel yield was observed after four reaction cycles. The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel produced complied with the ASTM standard specification. The results showed that mineral processing tailings are a viable starting material for catalyst preparation in biodiesel production.
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Teshigawara, K., S. Takahashi, T. Boswell, Q. Li, S. Tanaka, and S. Takeuchi. "Identification of avian alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the eye: temporal and spatial regulation of expression in the developing chicken." Journal of Endocrinology 168, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 527–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1680527.
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The presence and possible physiological roles of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) in the peripheral tissues of birds have not been established. By a combination of RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization, we have examined alpha-MSH expression in the eye of the chicken during development. In the 1-day-old chick, alpha-MSH was expressed in the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, and also at a lower level in the cone cells. The melanocortin receptor subtypes, CMC1, CMC4 and CMC5, were expressed in the layers of the choroid and the neural retina, but not in the RPE cells. It is probable that the RPE cells secrete alpha-MSH to exert paracrine effects on the choroid and neural retina. During embryonic development, alpha-MSH immunoreactivity in the RPE cells was initially detected at embryonic day 10, and increased in intensity as development proceeded. No cone cells were stained with anti-alpha-MSH antiserum in any of the embryonic stages tested. The immunoreactivities for two prohormone convertases, PC1 and PC2, were co-localized to the RPE cells with a pattern of staining similar to that of alpha-MSH. Despite containing alpha-MSH immunoreactivity, the RPE cells in 1-day-old chicks expressed no immunoreactivity for the endoproteases. Furthermore, in a 3-day-old chick, pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA was detectable by in situ hybridization only in the photoreceptor layer and not in the RPE cells. These results suggest that the RPE cells and the cone cells are intraocular sources of alpha-MSH in the embryonic and postnatal life of the chicken respectively. Embryonic expression of alpha-MSH in the RPE cells implies a possible role for the peptide in ocular development.
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Enguita, Francisco J., Juan Jose R. Coque, Paloma Liras, and Juan F. Martin. "The Nine Genes of the Nocardia lactamdurans Cephamycin Cluster Are Transcribed into Large mRNAs from Three Promoters, Two of Them Located in a Bidirectional Promoter Region." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 20 (October 15, 1998): 5489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.20.5489-5494.1998.
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ABSTRACT The nine biosynthesis genes of the Nocardia lactamdurans cephamycin cluster are expressed as three different mRNAs initiating at promoters latp, cefDp, andpcbABp, as shown by low-resolution S1 nuclease protection assays and Northern blotting analysis. Bidirectional expression occurred from divergent promoters (latp andcefDp) located in a 629-bp intergenic region that contains three heptameric direct repeats similar to those recognized by members of the SARP (Streptomyces antibiotic regulatory proteins) family. The lat gene is transcribed in a single monocistronic transcript initiating at latp. A second unusually long polycistronic mRNA (more than 16 kb) corresponding to six biosynthesis genes (pcbAB, pcbC,cmcI, cmcJ, cefF, andcmcH) started at pcbABp. A third polycistronic mRNA corresponding to the cefD and cefE genes started at cefDp.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "CMCG"
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Davidson, Rick, and n/a. "An examination into the ability of cooperative multiplayer computer games as a means to facilitate group cohesion." University of Canberra. Human & Biomedical Sciences, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060704.122645.
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From an organisational perspective, the potential benefits of enhancing workplace cohesion
are many, amongst which an increase in employee performance would be the most tangible
and possibly the most desirable. The primary aim of the present research was to explore
the capacity to increase levels of cohesion, and therefore facilitate team building, through
the use of cooperative multiplayer computer gaming (CMCG). Study 1, involving 26 male
and 23 female university students, required participants to play two, twenty minute, games
of the commercially available computer game QUAKE(tm) as teams of 3 or of 4, against an
equal number of computer generated artificial intelligence opposition. The interpersonal
attraction and task focus facets of Cohesion, as well as Stress and Mood State, were
measured using self-report questionnaires at both the pre- and post-test stages of the
experiment. Results supported the prediction that exposing individuals to a computer game
of a cooperative and interdependent nature would increase self-rated levels of cohesion, on
both the interpersonal attraction and task focus sub-scales. Study 2 aimed to expand upon
the findings of study 1, increasing the generalisability of the study 1 findings by surveying
existing teams engaging in CMCG via the Internet. Those surveyed were individuals who
currently played the Team Fortress module of QUAKE�, and who belonged to a Team
Fortress Clan - the CMCG equivalent of a social sporting team. Individuals playing
QUAKE(tm) via the Internet were found to be as cohesed with their team members as were
the laboratory participants after the CMCG intervention. Further, important group dynamic
factors evident in Team Fortress Clans, such as success being linked with higher levels of
cohesion, were consistent with literary considerations regarding conventional, non-CMCG
teams. Additional research exploration is required regarding the utility of CMCG,
however, the present research indicates that such an exploration is warranted and should
produce positive and practical results.
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Horn, Darryl M. "Characterization of Two CX9C Containing Mitochondrial Proteins Necessary for Cytochrome c Oxidase Assembly." Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/375.
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Copper is an essential cofactor of two mitochondrial enzymes: cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and the mitochondrial localized fraction of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Sod1p). Copper incorporation into these enzymes is facilitated by a growing number of metallochaperone proteins. Here we describe two novel copper chaperones of COX, Cmc1 and Cmc2. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, both Cmc1 and Cmc2 localize to the mitochondrial inner membrane facing the intermembrane space. Cmc1 and Cmc2 are essential for full expression of COX and cellular respiration, contain a twin Cx9C domain, and are conserved from yeast to humans. Additionally, the presence or absence of these proteins not only determines full assembly of functional COX but also affects metallation of Sod1 suggesting these proteins might play a role on co-modulation of copper transfer to COX and Sod1. CMC1 overexpression does not rescue the respiratory defect of cmc2 mutants or vise versa. However, Cmc2 physically interacts with Cmc1 and the absence of Cmc2 induces a 5-fold increase in Cmc1 accumulation in the mitochondrial membranes. We conclude that Cmc1 and Cmc2 have cooperative but non-overlapping functions in cytochrome c oxidase biogenesis.
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Machado, Gilmara de Oliveira. "Preparação e caracterização de CMC e CMC graftizada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-11092001-160555/.
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Polpa celulósica, para obtenção de carboximetilcelulose (CMC), foi obtida a partir do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar através de separação do material em fração fibrosa e medula, sua pré-hidrólise, posterior polpação soda/antraquinona e etanol/água. A polpa soda/antraquinona da fração fibra foi submetida ao processo de branqueamento para obter um material rico em celulose de alta pureza. A polpa branqueada da fração fibra foi utilizada na preparação da CMC na forma de sal de sódio e lítio. Para reações de enxertia foram utilizadas amostras de CMC preparadas no laboratório e comerciais usando isocianatos comerciais e sintetizados. Tanto a CMC como a CMC enxertada foram caracterizadas através de análises térmicas (DSC, TGA), espectroscopia no infravermelho (IV), ressonância magnética nuclear de carbono 13 (RMN 13C) e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e Espectroscopia Dispersiva de Raios-X (EDX). A análise detalhada dos espectros de IV e RMN 13C indica a formação de ligações uretanas em diferentes números de onda e deslocamentos químicos dependendo da CMC e isocianato utilizado. Também observa-se uma pequena mudança na linha de base da curva de DSC indicando uma possível transição vítrea da CMC que diminui após a enxertia da CMC com isocianato. Micrografias de MEV mostraram mudanças estruturais com as reações e a análise através de (EDX) um aumento no teor de carbono e diminuição no de oxigênio com as graftizações. Medidas de condutividade demonstraram que a NaCMC graftizada com isocianato de poli(óxido de propileno) apresenta condutividade de 10-5 S/cm a 100oC, comparável com outros eletrólitos sólidos poliméricosThe cellulosic pulp obtained from sugar cane bagasse was used to synthesize carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), the substrate for the grafting reactions with mono and di-isocyanathes. The sugar cane bagasse was separated into fiber and non-fiber fractions that then were submitted to the pre-hydrolyses and pulping reactions (sodium hydroxide/anthraquinone and ethanol/water). After that the sodium hydroxide/anthraquinone pulp of the fiber fraction was bleached to obtain a high purity cellulosic material. This cellulose was used to obtain the sodium and lithium salts of CMC (NaCMC and LiCMC respectively). Then these samples were used for grafting reactions with commercial octadecylisocyanate and hexamethylene-diisocyanate and synthesized monoisocyanate of poly(propylene oxide). All the samples were characterized through thermal analyses (DSC/TGA), infra-red spectroscopy (IR), solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermal analysis indicate a possible glass transition of CMC at about 65oC that decreases for to about 29oC after the grafting reaction with isocyanate. The micrographs show structural changes occurred during the several reactions confirmed by thermal analysis. The detailed analysis of IR and NMR 13C spectra of grafted samples indicated the formation of urethane bonds. Conductivity measurements of NaCMC grafted with the poly(propylene oxide) isocyanate gave the value of 10-5 S/cm at 100oC that is comparable with other polymeric solid electrolytes.
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Peixoto, Marco Fabricio Dias. "Identificação e expressão do receptor MAS no coração em diferentes condições fisiológicas e patológicas." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/CMCH-7FZJKK.
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Cardiac remodelling occurs through cellular alterations in different physiological and pathological conditions which are still poorly understood. The reninangiotensin system is known to have an important role in this process. The recent identification of the Mas receptor as the principal receptor for Ang-(1-7) has attracted much attention because the Ang-(1-7) / Mas receptor axis is the principal cardioprotective and counterregulatory pathway that opposes the Ang II / receptor AT1 pathway. In recent years many studies have shown cardioprotective effects ofAng-(1-7) through Mas receptor but few studies investigated altered expression of heart Mas receptor under different pathophysiological conditions. The aim of the present work was to identify the possible alterations of Mas receptor expression in the heart of animals in three different physiological and pathological conditions: aging, physiological, and pathological hypertrophy. The experimental groups to study the effect of ageing on Mas expression were: neonatal, 21 days, 3 months,12months and 18 months. To study physiological and pathological hypertrophy, 3 month old Wistar rats were submitted to either physical training or chronic treatment with isoproterenol, and compared to untreated controls. Results demonstrated higher Mas expression in hearts of older rats, unaltered expression in hearts of trained rats with physiological cardiac hypertrophy and lower expression in rats with pathological hypertrophy after chronic treatment with isoproterenol. These results suggest an important role for Mas receptor in differentprocesses of cardiac remodelling.O conjunto de alterações celulares que caracterizam o remodelamento cardíaco que ocorre em diferentes condições fisiológicas e patológicas ainda são pouco compreendidas. Entretanto, é sabido que o sistema Renina-Angiotensina temimportante papel neste processo. A recente identificação do receptor Mas como o principal receptor da Ang-(1-7) tem chamado a atenção dos pesquisadores pois o eixo Ang-(1-7) / receptor Mas é a principal via cardioprotetora e contrarregulatória ao eixo Ang II / receptor AT1. Nos últimos anos, vários estudos têm relatado osefeitos cardioprotetores da Ang-(1-7) via receptor Mas, entretanto, poucos estudos tem sido realizados para investigar as alterações da expressão do receptor Mas no coração em diferentes condições pato-fisiológicas. O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo identificar as possíveis alterações naexpressão do receptor Mas no coração de animais em diferentes condições fisiológicas e patológicas. O comportamento da expressão do receptor Mas no coração foi estudado em três modelos representativos do processo de envelhecimento, hipertrofia cardíaca fisiológica e hipertrofia cardíaca patológica.Para verificar o comportamento da expressão do receptor Mas no coração durante o processo de envelhecimento foram utilizados ratos Wistar neonatos, de 21 dias, 3 meses, 12 meses e 18 meses. Para analisar a expressão do receptor Mas no processo de hipertrofia cardíaca fisiológica e patológica foram utilizados ratosWistar de 3 meses, submetidos ao treinamento físico aeróbio e tratamento crônico com isoproterenol. Os resultados mostraram que a expressão do receptor Mas no coração aumenta com o envelhecimento, não altera na hipertrofia cardíaca fisiológica promovida pelo treinamento físico e diminui na hipertrofia cardíacapatológica desenvolvida com o tratamento crônico com isoproterenol. Estes resultados sugerem uma importante participação do receptor Mas em diferentes processos de remodelamento cardíaco pato-fisiológico.
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Abeles, Eva das Gracas. "Efeito do estradiol sobre o acúmulo lipídico em ratas." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/CMCH-7G7GDP.
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It is well established that ovarian hormones modulate the metabolism of adipose cells and present a protective effect against cardiovascular disease. This study evaluated the estradiols effects on adipose tissue metabolism of normotensive, Wistar-Kyoto (WK) and spontaneously-hypertensive rats (SHR). Twenty one days after ovariectomy (OVX) the rats received vehicle (0,1 mL oil/100 g bw) or estradiol (5g/0,1 mL/100 g bw). Following estradiol administration, a significant decrease of systolic arterial pressure in the SHR was observed. Our results show in both goups, that adipocytes isolated from estradiol treated animals were smaller than that isolated from the vehicle treated rats, and increase in the cell number was observed only in WK rats. The number of adipocytes from SHR was higher than WK, independently of treatment. Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity increased after OVX in both groups, although in the SHR the values were 50% - 300% smaller than that observed in WK rats. Estradiol administration decreased the enzyme activity, independently of the group or treatment. The presence of insulin (2,5 ng/mL) in the incubation media, stimulated glucose uptake by periuterine and mesenteric adipocytes from WK and SHR groups. However, the effect was more evident in the estradiol treated rats. The replacement with estradiol significantly increased basal lipolysis in periuterine adipocytes from both groups. In relation to mesenteric adipocytes, the treatment with estradiol significantly increased basal lipolysis only in WK rats. The dose-response relationship for insulin inhibition of lipolysis demonstrated that mesenteric adipocytes from SHR treated with estradiol are considerably more sensitive to insulin inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis than those from WK animals. The lipolytic activity in the SHR was higher than that of WK independent of the treatment, suggesting an increased sensitivity to isoproterenol in relation to the WK rats. It was observed that in the periuterine tissue of WK treated with estradiol, a significant increase occurred in the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR), not observed in the mesenteric tissue. In the SHR it was observed a lower expression of PPAR in relation to the WK and differences of expression of this gene due to the treatment was not observed in periuterine tissue. However, in the mesenteric tissue, the levels of PPAR mRNA were higher than that of other sites and the treatment with estradiol significantly increased the expression levels of this gene. The treatment with estradiol significantly increased the expression of PPAR in the liver, of both groups. In the SHR the treatment with estradiol increased, in a significant way, the levels of PPAR also in the heart. The results presented in the present work suggest that the estradiol deficiency can increases the cardiovascular risk, through the increase in blood pressure, as shown in SHR. The reduction of sensitivity to insulin after OVX unchained problems such as the inability of the insulin to suppress lipolysis after stimulus by catecholamines. The reduction of sensitivity for insulin was also harmful to the glucose uptake after OVX. It was evidenced that, the administration of estradiol, through the increase of PPAR and PPAR expression increased the sensitivity for insulin. Visceral adipocytes are lipolyticaly more active than other depots, and the increase in glucose uptake, important for glycerol-3-phosphate production, may contribute to decrease fatty acids secretion by increasing esterification and consequently decreasing the flux of fatty acids to liver.È bem estabelecido que os hormônios ovarianos modulam o metabolismo das células adiposas e possuem um efeito protetor contra doenças cardiovasculares. No presente estudo avaliamos o papel do estradiol sobre o metabolismo do tecido adiposo de ratas Wistar-Kyoto normotensas (WK) e espontaneamente hipertensas (SHR). As ratas foram ovariectomizadas e 21 dias após, receberam injeções do veículo (0,1 mL de óleo/100 g de peso corporal) ou com estradiol (5g/0,1 mL/100 g de peso corporal). Foi verificado que a administração de estradiol após a ovariectomia (OVX) reduziu significativamente a pressão arterial sistólica, apenas do grupo SHR. A administração de estradiol reduziu, nos dois grupos de animais, o diâmetro celular dos adipócitos mesentéricos e periuterinos, e aumentou o número de células apenas nos tecidos das fêmeas WK. O número de células do grupo SHR foi sempre superior ao dos WK, independentemente do tratamento. A atividade da enzima lipase lipoprotéica do tecido adiposo aumentou nas ratas ovariectomizadas dos dois grupos, embora a os valores obtidos para as SHR fossem cerca de 50 300% inferiores aos obtidos para as WK. A administração de estradiol reduziu a atividade da enzima, independentemente do grupo ou tratamento. A presença de insulina (2,5 ng/mL) no meio de incubação, estimulou a captação de glicose pelos adipócitos periuterinos e mesentéricos dos dois gupos de animais. Entretanto, o efeito foi mais acentuado nas ratas que receberam estradiol. O tratamento com estradiol aumentou a lipólise basal dos adipócitos periuterinos nos dois grupos, WK e SHR. Quanto aos adipócitos mesentéricos, o tratamento com estradiol aumentou a lipólise basal apenas do grupo WK. A curva dose-resposta para o efeito antilipolítico da insulina mostrou que os adipócitos mesentéricos das SHR tratadas com estradiol foram mais sensíveis à inibição da lipólise estimulada pelo isoproterenol. A atividade lipolítica dos adipócitos isolados das SHR foi superior ao das WK independentemente do tratamento, sugerindo uma sensibilidade aumentada ao isoproterenol, em relação ao WK. Observou-se que apenas no tecido periuterino de ratas WK tratadas com estradiol, ocorreu um aumento significativo nos níveis de expressão do gene do receptor de ativação peroxissomal (PPAR) do tipo . Nas SHR, observou-se um nível menor de expressão do gene do PPAR em relação às WK e não foram observadas diferenças de expressão deste gene nos tecidos periuterino em resposta ao tratamento. Entretanto, no tecido adiposo mesentérico, os níveis do mRNA do PPAR foram maiores que os de outros tecidos e o tratamento com estradiol aumentou de maneira significativa os níveis de expressão deste gene. Quanto ao PPAR, verificou-se que o tratamento com estradiol aumentou significativamente os níveis de expressão deste fator de transcrição no fígado dos dois grupos de animais. A expressão deste gene aumento no coração das SHR tratadas com estradiol. Os resultados apresentados no presente trabalho sugerem que a falta de estradiol pode aumentar o risco cardiovascular, através de um aumento da pressão arterial, conforme evidenciado nas ratas SHR. A redução da sensibilidade à insulina após OVX reduziu a capacidade da insulina em suprimir a lipólise após estímulo com isoproterenol, bem como redução da captação de glicose pelos adipócitos. Por outro lado, o aumento da sensibilidade insulínica evidenciado pela administração de estradiol, pode ser conseqüente ao aumento da expressão do PPAR e indiretamente do PPAR (através de seu efeito redutor da adiposidade). Os adipócitos viscerais são considerados lipolíticamente mais ativos que outros depósitos lipídicos, de modo que o aumento da captação de glicose, importante para o fornecimento de glicerol-3-fosfato, pode contribuir para reduzir a liberação de ácidos graxos através de um aumento da esterificação e desta forma, reduzir o afluxo de ácidos graxos ao fígado.
6
Nadu, Ana Paula. "Avaliação da Cardioproteção em Ratos que Superexpressam uma Proteína de Fusão Produtora de Angiotensina-(1-7) [TGR(A1-7)3292]." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/CMCH-7FYNBB.
Full textAbstract:
Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7) is now considered to be a biologically active member of the renin-angiotensin system. The functions of Ang-(1-7) are often opposite to those attributed to the main effector component of the renin-angiotensin system, Ang II. Recently it has been suggested that Ang-(1-7) has cardioprotective properties. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Ang-(1-7) on cardiac hypertrophy. Heart hypertrophy was induced in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) and TG rats [TGR(A-7)3292] by daily injection of isoproterenol (2 mg/Kg i.p, 7 days). Control groups received daily injection of vehicle (0.9 % NaCl 0.1 ml/100g i.p, 7 days). At the end of the 7-day period, the rats were killed by decaptation and the heart and blood were immediately collected. The atria and right ventricle were dissected. Wet weights of the left ventricles were recorded and normalized for body weight. The left ventricles were used for morphometric analyzes and quantification of collagen I, III and fibronectin proteins by immunofluorescence using confocal microscopy. Angiotensins were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in plasma and left ventricles. In addition, atrial natriuretic peptide was also determined by RIA in the plasma. The isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy was attenuated in TG rats. The expression of collagen I, III and fibronectin proteins in the extracellular matrix were also attenuated in isoproterenol-treated TG rats left ventricles. Expression of left ventricle angiotensinogen, ACE2, collagen I, III, Mas and AT1 receptors mRNA levels were assessed by semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The cardiac Ang II level was significantly decreased in the TG rats. In contrast, the plasma Ang II levels were significantly increased in TG animals .Angiotensiogen mRNA in the left ventricle was significantly decreased in TG rats while ACE2 mRNA was significantly increased in TG rats. No significant changes were observed for Mas receptor mRNA levels and AT1 receptor mRNA levels in the left ventricles of TG rats. A significant increase of plasma ANP concentration was observed in TG rats. Isoproterenol did not change the biochemical alterations observed in the TG rats before the treatment . These results reinforce the hypothesis that Ang-(1-7) plays an important site-specific role within renin-angiotensin system and others peptidic systems.A Ang-(1-7) é descrita como um fragmento biologicamente ativo do sistema renina-angiotensina, tendo diversas de suas ações contrárias aquelas descritas para Ang II. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado que a Ang-(1-7) apresenta efeitos antiproliferativos e cardiproterores. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o papel da Ang-(1-7) na hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo. Nesse estudo foram utilizados ratos machos Sprague-Dawley(SD) e ratos machos que superexpressam Ang-(1-7) [TGR(A1-7)3292]. Os ratos foram tratados com injeções diárias de isoproterenol (2mg/Kg/dia, i.p.) durante 7 dias. Após o período de tratamento, os ratos foram sacrificados e foram coletados o VE e o plasma para posteriores análises. Os VE foram utilizados para análise morfométrica e imunofluorescência, dosagens de Ang II e Ang-(1-7), e expressão de mRNA para angiotensinogênio, ECA2, receptores Mas e AT1, colágenos I e III. O plasma foi utilizado para dosagens de Ang II e ANP. Os ratos TG apresentaram menor hipertrofia do VE, acompanhada por menor formação de matriz intersticial em resposta ao ISO. A concentração cardíaca de Ang II estava diminuída no VE dos ratos TG. Em contraste, as concentrações plasmáticas de Ang II estavam aumentadas. Os ratos TG apresentaram diminuição da expressão do mRNA para angiotensinogênio e aumento da expressão do mRNA para ECA2 no VE. Os ratos TG não apresentaram alterações na expressão do mRNA para os receptores Mas e AT1. Os níveis de ANP estavam aumentados no plasma dos ratos TG. Em resposta ao ISO, as características bioquímicas observadas foram mantidas inalteradas nos ratos TG. Os dados sugerem que a Ang-(1-7) induz importantes alterações bioquímicas no coração e no plasma dos ratos TG, reforçando a hipótese de que ela pode modular o SRA e outros sistemas peptídicos, favorecendo a proteção de órgãos alvos do sistema cardiovascular.
7
Bloise, Enrrico. "Expressão e localização de A/Bativina, seus receptores ActRIB e ActRIIA, de -inibinae de folistatina na glândula mamária bovina gestacional." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/CMCH-7FSQSS.
Full textAbstract:
Gestational Expression of â Activin, ActRIB and ActRIIA Receptors, -Inhibin and Follistatin in Bovine Mammary Gland.Activins belong to the transforming growth factor superfamily and bind selectively to ActRIB and ActRIIA receptors. Their effects are antagonized by inhibins (INH) and follistatins (FS). Since activins have been related to mammary ductal elongation and lobular-alveolar differentiation in mice, we evaluated gene and protein expression of Activin-A/B subunits, ActRIB and ActRIIA receptors, FS and -INH in the mammary gland of nulliparous and pregnant heifers. Mammary glands were obtained from beef heifers slaughtered in nulliparous (NP; n=9), pregnant in the 1st (60-120 days - mammogenesis; n=9) and in the 2nd stages of gestation (150-210 days lactogenesis; n=9). Mammary tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Real Time PCR. We found a higher intensity of ductal and lobular immunostaining for A, ActRIB and ActRIIA in the mammogenesis group when compared to NP and lactogenesis groups, however the stromal cells displayed less immunostaining for A and ActRIB during lactogenesis (p<0.05, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and Dunns test). Activin B subunit, FS and -INH proteins were localized in ductal, lobular and stromal cells with similar intensity during all the stages. The mRNA transcripts of Activin-A/B subunits, FS and ActRIIA were expressed equally in the mammary tissue of non-pregnant and pregnant heifers. However -INH mRNA expression was up regulated during gestation and ActRIB mRNA was up regulated only during lactogenesis. In conclusion, this study firstly shows that A/B activin, ActRIB, ActRIIA, -INH and FS are expressed in stromal, ductal and lobular structures in the bovine mammary gland during non-gestational and gestational mammary gland development and differentiation.Ativinas são fatores fatores de crescimento pertencentes a superfamília de fatores de crescimento â (TGF-â) e agem através dos receptores ActRIB e ActRIIA e seus efeitos são antagonizados pelas inibinas e folistatinas. As ativinas estão relacionadas ao crescimento ductal mamário e à diferenciação lóbulo-alveolar de camundongos. Por esse motivo, o presente trabalho avaliou a expressão gênica e protéica de âA/âB, ActRIB e ActRIIA, inibina e folistatina na glândula mamária de novilhas gestantes e não gestantes. As glândulas mamárias foram obtidas a partir de novilhas da raça nelore não gestantes (NG, n=9) e gestantes na 1o fase (GP, n=9) e 2o fase (GS n=9) do desenvolvimento mamário gestacional. O tecido mamário foi analisado por imunohistoquímica e PCR em tempo real. Os anticorpos primários utilizados foram os policlonais de coelho anti- âA (1:400), anti-ActRIB (1:200), anti-ActRIIA (1:200) e anti-FS (1:200) e os policlonais de cabra anti-B (1:200) e anti- (1:200), seguidos pela técnica de coloração por streptavidina-peroxidase. A imunocoloração ductal e lóbulo-alveolar de âA, ActRIB e ActRIIA, foi mais intensa no grupo GP que nos grupos NG e GS (p<0.05, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis e teste de Dunn). A subunidade âB ativina, a FS e a INB foram localizadas nas células epiteliais alveolares e ductais com intensidade de imunocoloração similar em todas as fases. A região estromal foi imunopositiva para todas as proteínas nas 3 fases estudadas. Os mRNAS das subunidades âA/âB, FS e ActRIIA foram similarmente expressos nas 3 fases estudadas. Contudo, o mRNA da cadeia -INH foi mais expresso durante a fase gestacional e o receptor ActRIB foi mais expresso somente durante a lactogenesis. Concluindo, este estudo demonstra pela primeira vez que as subunidades âA e âB da ativina, os receptores ActRIB e ActRIIA, á-inibina e FS são expressos nas estruturas estromais ductais e lobulares durante o desenvolvimento e diferenciação da glândula mamária bovina.
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Barbosa, Millen Cristina Moreira. "Caracterização fisio-farmacológica de dispositivos de liberação controlada para o estudo do sistema renina angiotensina." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/CMCH-7FQGY6.
Full textAbstract:
In this work, we evaluate the viability of using biodegradable polymers for the
development of controlled release systems for Losartan. Two kinds of formulations in
PLGA (Poly-lactide- glycolide acid) base for Losartan were tested in anesthetized Wistar
rats instrumented to arterial pressure register and intravenous administration of peptides.
Of those doses tested during the initial acute experiments, the 3,0 mg/kg Losartan dose
presented better efficiency in blocking the pressure response caused by 20 ng of Ang II.
After that, we tested the capacity of Ang II pressure effect blocking by the formulations
PLGA/Losartan and CI/PLGA, 2, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after its subcutaneous
administration. An accented Ang II pressure effect blockade was obtained in both the
animals treated with PLGA/Losartan and CI/PLGA, when compared to its respective
controls during the 48 treatment hours. However, in the animals treated with Losartan
only, we observed a significant 24 hours Ang II pressure effect blockade, when
compared with the PLGA control and a 36 hours Ang II pressure effect blockade when
compared with the PLGA and -CD controls. After these periods, the pressure responses
in the Losartan group begin to return to control conditions, as the responses obtained in
the groups PLGA/Losartan and CI/Losartan remained acutely reduced. When comparing
the Losartan and the PLGA/Losartan treated animals, we noticed that there were no
significant differences between them during the 48 hours of treatment. The same was
observed when comparing the Losartan and the CI/PLGA groups. The cardiac frequency
data obtained for each experimental group are in agreement with what was observed for
the mean arterial pressure during the 48 hours of treatment. The findings of the acute
experiments indicate that the Losartan encapsulation in PLGA and its inclusion in -CD,
nearly doubled the duration of its action time, from 24 hours to 48 hours. In chronic
experiments we tested the Ang II pressure effect blockade at the end of 8 and 21 days of
treatment with both suspension and controlled release device pellets formulations.
However, these experiments do not provide significant results concerning the Ang II
pressure effect blockade. In in vitro experiments performed with our preparations, the
observed burst effect (release of 100% of drug in one hour of experiment) indicates that
the totality of the Losartan was released in the approximated time of 1 hour, provoking
the increase of just 1 hour in its liberation. This resulted in an increment of 24 hours in
the antagonist effect duration. We found that the PLGA based Losartan controlled
release system represents a gain of 24 hours in the duration of the antagonist effect of the
drug and its metabolite, however, not to apply to chronic blockade. This occurs because
even little alterations in the Losartan conversion ratio in EXP3174 can result in
important changes in the level and duration of the Ang II blockade. Our data suggest that
the use of polymers with lower burst effect for Losartan may allow the development of
controlled release device of Losartan of long durationNesse estudo avaliamos a viabilidade da utilização de polímeros biodegradáveis para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de liberação controlada para o Losartan. Dois tipos de formulações na base PLGA (poli ácido lático glicólico) para o Losartan foram testados. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar não anestesiados instrumentados para registro da pressão arterial e administração intravenosa de peptídeos. A capacidade de bloqueio do efeito pressor da Ang II foi testada 2, 6, 12, 24, 36 e 48 horas após a administração subcutânea das formulações PLGA/Losartan e CI/PLGA (composto de inclusão formado pelo Losartan incluído na ciclodextrina e encapsulado pelo polímero). Um bloqueio acentuado do efeito pressor da Ang II foi obtido tanto nos animais tratados com PLGA/Losartan quanto nos tratados com CI/PLGA comparados aos seus respectivos controles durante 48 horas. Nos animais tratados apenas com Losartan observamos um bloqueio significativo do efeito pressor por 24 horas, quando comparado com o controle PLGA e por 36 horas, quando comparado com os controles PLGA e -CD. Após esses períodos as respostas pressoras no grupo Losartan começaram a retornar às condições controle enquanto as respostas obtidas nos grupos PLGA/Losartan e CI/Losartan continuaram acentuadamente reduzidas. Os dados da freqüência cardíaca obtidos para cada grupo experimental estão de acordo com o que foi observado para a pressão arterial média durante as 48 horas de tratamento ao qual foram submetidos. Os resultados encontrados nos experimentos agudos indicam que o encapsulamento do Losartan pelo PLGA e sua inclusão em -CD praticamente dobrou a duração do tempo de ação desse fármaco, que passou de 24 para 48 horas. Em experimentos crônicos testamos o bloqueio do efeito pressor da Ang II ao final de 8 e 21 dias de tratamento, utilizando formulações sob a forma de suspensão e pastilha. Contudo, tais experimentos não forneceram resultados significativos quanto ao bloqueio do efeito pressor da Ang II. Em experimentos de liberação in vitro com nossas preparações, o burst effect, ou seja, a liberação de 100% do fármaco em 1 hora de experimento observado indicou que a totalidade do Losartan foi liberada no tempo aproximado de 1 hora provocando o incremento de apenas 1 hora na sua liberação. Isso resultou em um aumento de cerca de 24 horas na duração do efeito antagonista. Assim, o sistema de liberação controlada de Losartan na base PLGA representa um ganho de 24 horas na duração da ação do efeito antagonista do fármaco e de seu metabólito, não se aplicando, no entanto, para bloqueio crônico. Esses dados sugerem que pequenas alterações na taxa de conversão de Losartan em seu metabólito ativo EXP3174 podem resultar em importantes mudanças no nível e na duração do bloqueio de Ang II. Nossos dados sugerem que a utilização de polímeros com menor taxa de burst effect para o Losartan podem propiciar o desenvolvimento de dispositivos de liberação controlada do Losartan de longa duração.
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Ferreira, Caroline Marcantonio. "Papel e mecanismos da hiperreatividade brônquica na infecção causada por Strongyloides venezuelensis em ratos." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/CMCH-7FVGMK.
Full textAbstract:
Alterations in lung function and pulmonary symptoms have been described in patients infected with helminthes with a lung cycle. We have previously shown that infection with the nematode Strongyloides venezuelensis induced a significant increase in airway hyperreactivity in infected rats. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that bronchodilation during the lung phase of parasite migration would favor completion of the life cycle and infection indices. For this purpose, Strongyloides venezuelensis infected rats were treated with salbutamol during the first 48 h after the nematode infection. At the dose used (0.25 mg/mL for 10 min every 4 h), treatment with salbutamol preventedchanges in lung function during the parasite migration. This was accompanied by a significant increase in parasite burden, as assessed in the lung and the small intestine. We also investigated the mechanisms of airway hyperresponsiveness and observed that IL-13 does not have effect on this lung alteration. On the other hand, sensory C fibers have an important role in the airway hyperresponsiveness independent of lung inflammationAlterações funcionais pulmonares e sintomas pulmonares têm sido descrito em pacientes infectados por helmintos com ciclo pulmonar. Previamente foi demonstrado que a infecção com nematódeo Strongyloides venezuelensis induz um significante aumento na hiperreatividade brônquica em ratos infectados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi testar a hipótese que a broncodilatação durante a fase de migração da larva pelo pulmão favorece o ciclo parasitário e o numerode vermes que alcança o intestino. Para este propósito, ratos infectados com S. venezuelensis foram tratados com salbutamol durante as primeiras 48 horas após a infecção. A dose de salbutamol utilizada (0.25 mg/mL por 10 min a cada 4 horas) preveniu mudanças na função pulmonar durante a migração parasitária. Isto foi acompanhado por um aumento de parasitos nos pulmões e intestino. Em seguida investigamos os mecanismos da hiperreatividade brônquica e observamos que IL-13 não é essencial para essa alteraçãofuncional pulmonar, mas é importante para produção de ovos no intestino. Por outro lado, as fibras nervosas sensoriais sensíveis a capsaicina mostram relevante papel na hiperreatividade brônquica independente da inflamação pulmonar.
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Silva, Marcia Cristina Franca Ferreira. "Efeitos da ativina A, inibina A e folistatina Sobre células endometriais em um modelo de adesão e invasão peritoneal in vitro." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/CMCH-7G5NNP.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether activin A has an effect in the attachment and invasion of endometrial cells in a modeled peritoneum in vitro.
Methods: Cultured endometrial stromal and epithelial cells were treated with activin A (concentration range 6.25 to 50 ng/ml) and with activin A 25 ng/ml alone or associated to inhibin A or follistatin. Cells were labeled fluorescent green and added to a monolayer of confluent LP-9 mesothelial cells in a Matrigel® invasion assay. The expression of cell adhesion proteins N-cadherin and E-cadherin was evaluated by Real Time PCR.
Results: Activin A (25 ng/ml) promoted an increase in invasion of the endometrial cells through the modeled peritoneum (211 ± 36 percent of control levels, p<0.05), and this effect was partially reversed by its natural antagonists inhibin A and follistatin. Activin A had no effect in the attachment of the endometrial cells to the mesothelial cells or in the in vitro proliferation of endometrial cells. In addition, activin A induced a decreased mRNA expression of E-cadherin in cultured endometrial epithelial cells ( p<0.05).
Conclusion: Activin A increases invasion of endometrial epithelial cells and endometrial stromal cells into modeled human peritoneum, and this effect may be at least in part related to down-regulation of E-cadherin expression in endometrial epithelial cells. These findings suggest that activin A is able to facilitate the process by which endometrial cells invade the peritoneum to form endometriotic implants.Objetivo: Este estudo visa investigar se ativina A tem efeito na adesão e invasão de células endometriais em um modelo de peritônio in vitro. Métodos: Células endometriais estromais e epiteliais em cultura foram tratadas com ativina A (concentrações de 6.25 a 50 ng/ml) e com ativina A 25 ng/ml isolada em associação com inibina A ou folistatina. As células foram marcadas com fluorescência verde e colocadas sobre uma monocamada de células mesoteliais LP-9 num ensaio de invasão em Matrigel®. A expressão de moléculas de adesão, caderinas E e N, foi avaliada por Real Time PCR. Resultados: Ativina A (25 ng/ml) promoveu um aumento na invasão de células endometriais através do modelo de peritôneo (211 ± 36 percento do controle, p<0.05), e este efeito foi parcialmente revertido por seus antagonistas naturais inibina A e folistatina. Ativina A não teve nenhum efeito na adesão das células endometriais às células mesoteliais ou na proliferação in vitro das células endometriais. Além disto, ativina A promoveu a diminuição da expressão do mRNA da caderina E em células epiteliais em cultura (p<0.05). Conclusão: Ativina A aumenta invasão de células endometriais epiteliais e estromais através do modelo de peritôneo humano, e este efeito pode ser, ao menos em parte, relacionado à down-regulation da expressão de caderina E nas células endometriais epiteliais. Estes achados sugerem que ativina A é capaz de facilitar o processo pelo qual células endometriais invadem o peritôneo para formar os implantes endometrióticos.
Books on the topic "CMCG"
1
Library of Congress. Constituent Services. Consultative Management Planning Group. Constituent Services, CMPG final report and recommendations. [Washington, D.C: Library of Congress, 1994.
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2
Harasim, Linda M. CMC: New designs for learning. [Toronto]: Educational Evaluation Centre, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 1989.
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3
Harasim, Linda M. Educational CMC, a comprehensive bibliography. [Toronto]: Educational Evaluation Centre, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 1989.
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4
McGrath, Rae. Cluster bombs: The military effectiveness and impact on civilians of cluster munitions. Edited by Lloyd Richard and UK Working Group on Landmines. London: UK Working Group on Landmines (now Landmine Action), 2000.
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5
Society, Church Mission, and Indian Evangelical Mission (Bangalore, India), eds. Emerging mission: CMC/IEM report, Bangalore. Delhi: Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 2005.
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6
Angola. Comissão do Mercado de Capitais. Estratégia de actuação da CMC: 2012/2017. Luanda, Angola: Comissão do Mercado de Capitais, 2013.
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7
Geigert, John. The Challenge of CMC Regulatory Compliance for Biopharmaceuticals. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004.
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8
Geigert, J. The challenge of CMC regulatory compliance for biopharmaceuticals. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, 2003.
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9
Office, National Audit. The Radiocommunications Agencys̓ joint venture with CMG: Report. London: Stationery Office, 2000.
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10
Geigert, J. The challenge of CMC regulatory compliance for biopharmaceuticals. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "CMCG"
1
Gooch, Jan W. "CMC." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 148. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_2471.
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2
Lamy, Marie-Noëlle, and Regine Hampel. "Assessment of CMCL." In Online Communication in Language Learning and Teaching, 88–101. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230592681_8.
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3
van Nugteren, Koos. "Addendum: CMC1-artrose." In Kunstgewrichten: bovenste extremiteit, 73–80. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-1631-1_11.
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4
Batelaan, J. G., C. G. Ginkel, and F. Balk. "Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)." In Detergents, 329–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-47108-0_11.
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5
Swaminathan, B., J. D. Kiser, A. S. Almansour, K. Sevener, and S. Daly. "Damage Accumulation in CMCs." In Mechanics of Composite, Hybrid and Multifunctional Materials, Volume 5, 291–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95510-0_36.
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Khaliq, Jibran. "Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)." In Advances in Machining of Composite Materials, 285–309. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71438-3_11.
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Geigert, John. "Biopharmaceutical CMC Outsourcing." In The Challenge of CMC Regulatory Compliance for Biopharmaceuticals, 311–19. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9131-7_11.
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Gooch, Jan W. "Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 119. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_1961.
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Agatonovic, Petar. "CMC Component Joining." In Mechanical Behaviour of Materials at High Temperature, 703–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1714-9_39.
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Mühlratzer, August, and Martin Leuchs. "Applications of Non-Oxide CMCs." In High Temperature Ceramic Matrix Composites, 288–98. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527605622.ch46.
Full textConference papers on the topic "CMCG"
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van Roode, Mark, Jeff Price, Josh Kimmel, Naren Miriyala, Don Leroux, Anthony Fahme, and Kenneth Smith. "Ceramic Matrix Composite Combustor Liners: A Summary of Field Evaluations." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68420.
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Solar Turbines Incorporated (Solar) under U.S. government sponsored programs has been evaluating ceramic matrix composite (CMC) combustor liners in test rigs and Solar Centaur® 50S engines since 1992. The objective was to evaluate and improve the performance and durability of CMCs as high temperature materials for advanced low emissions combustors. Field testing of CMC combustor liners started in May 1997 and by the end of 2004, over 67,000 operating hours have been accumulated on SiC/SiC and oxide/oxide CMC liners. NOx and CO emissions measured were < 15 ppmv and < 10 ppmv, respectively. Long test durations of 15,144 hrs and 13,937 hrs have been logged for SiC/SiC liners with protective environmental barrier coatings (EBCs). An oxide/oxide CMC liner with a Friable Graded Insulation (FGI) coating has been tested for 12,582 hrs. It was observed that EBCs significantly improve SiC/SiC CMC liner life. The basic three-layer EBC consists of consecutive layers of Si, mullite, and barium strontium aluminum silicate (BSAS). The durability of the baseline EBC can be improved by mixing in BSAS with mullite in the intermediate coating layer. The efficacy of replacing BSAS with SAS has not been demonstrated yet. Heavy degradation was observed for two-layer Si/BSAS and Si/SAS EBCs, indicating that the elimination of the intermediate layer is detrimental to EBC durability. Equivalent performance was observed when the Hi-Nicalon fiber reinforcement was replaced with Tyranno ZM or ZMI fiber. Melt infiltrated (MI) SiC/SiC CMCs have improved durability compared to SiC/SiC CMCs fabricated by Chemical Vapor Infiltration (CVI) of the matrix, in the absence of an EBC. However, the presence of an EBC results in roughly equivalent service life for MI and CVI CMCs. Early results indicate that oxide/oxide CMCs with protective FGI show relatively minor degradation under Centaur 50S engine operating conditions. The results of and lessons learned from CMC combustor liner engine field testing, conducted through 2004, have been summarized.
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Lane, Jay E., Jay A. Morrison, Bonnie Marini, and Christian X. Campbell. "Hybrid Oxide-Based CMCs for Combustion Turbines: How Hybrid Oxide CMC Mitigates the Design Hurdles Typically Seen for Oxide CMC." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27532.
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Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), in particular oxide-based systems, are of interest for use in combustion turbines. While uncoated oxide CMCs have significant hurdles to implementation in gas turbines, the Siemens hybrid oxide CMC system is able to overcome these challenges. These hybrid oxide CMCs provide distinct advantages over the current non-oxide based systems. The benefits of hybrid oxide-based systems for advanced gas turbines will be discussed. Material system developments will be discussed including those completed by a Siemens Power Generation led team in a recent NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) sponsored program to prove the concept of advanced hybrid oxide-oxide CMCs for gas turbine engines. The program fabricated a full scale outer combustor liner that was installed in a Solar Centaur 50S engine at a commercial end user site. In November 2006, this hybrid oxide CMC outer combustor liner met the target life goal of 25,000 hrs with 25,404 hrs of field test experience. The final hurdle for design of hybrid oxide CMC components is the ability to accurately analytically predict behavior. Methods and approaches to address this challenge are discussed as well.
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Wilkins, Peter H., Stephen P. Lynch, Karen A. Thole, San Quach, and Tyler Vincent. "Experimental Heat Transfer and Boundary Layer Measurements on a Ceramic Matrix Composite Surface." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15053.
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Abstract Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are quickly becoming more prevalent in the design of gas turbines due to their advantageous weight and thermal properties. While there are many advantages, the CMC surface morphology differs from that of conventional cast airfoil components. Despite a great deal of research focused on the material properties of CMCs, little public work has been done to investigate the impact that the CMC surface morphology has on the boundary layer development and resulting heat transfer. In this study, a scaled-up CMC weave pattern was developed and tested in a low speed wind tunnel to evaluate both heat transfer and boundary layer characteristics. Results from these experiments indicate that the CMC weave pattern results in augmented heat transfer and flow field properties that significantly vary locally when compared to a smooth surface.
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Presby, M. J., C. Gong, S. Kane, N. Kedir, A. Stanley, D. C. Faucett, and S. R. Choi. "Erosion in an MI SiC/SiC Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC)." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90837.
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Abstract Erosion phenomenon of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), attributed to their unique architectural configurations, is markedly different from conventional monolithic ceramic counterparts. Prior to further integration of CMCs into hot-section components of aeroengines subject to erosive environments, their erosion behavior needs to be characterized, analyzed, and formulated. The erosion behavior of a 2-D woven melt-infiltrated (MI) SiC/SiC CMC was assessed in this work as a function of variables such as particle velocity and size. The erosion damage was characterized using appropriate analytical tools such as optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A phenomenological erosion model was developed for SiC/SiC CMC material systems with respect to kinetic energy of impacting particles in conjunction with nominal density, matrix hardness and elastic modulus of the SiC/SiC CMCs. The model was in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.
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Obuchi, Kenro, Fumiaki Watanabe, Hiroshi Kuroki, Hiroyuki Yagi, and Kazuyoshi Arai. "Impact Test for the Leading Edge of CMC Vane Based on Actual Aircraft Engine Field Data." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-76116.
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Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) have lower density and a higher service temperature limit than nickel based alloys which have been used for turbine components of aircraft engines. These properties of CMCs have the potential to reduce the weight of turbine components and improve turbine thermal efficiency with a higher turbine inlet temperature (TIT). One of the technical issues of the CMC turbine vane is a relatively lower impact resistance than nickel based alloy turbine vanes. There are various previous works about impact resistance of CMCs, but there is little work that assumed actual engine conditions. The objective of this work was to verify the resistance of SiC/SiC CMC turbine vane to the impact phenomena that occur in the actual aircraft engine. The field damage survey was conducted on actual metal turbine vanes of commercial engines overhauled in IHI. The survey made it clear that the typical damage was less-than-0.127-mm-dent at the leading edge. In addition, the dropped weight impact test using the actual turbine airfoil which is made from a nickel based alloy was conducted at ambient temperature. The amount of energy required to make the dent of a certain size that was observed in actual metal turbine vanes was estimated. Then, the dropped weight impact test using the CMC test piece with a leading edge shape was conducted at the impact energy estimated by the metal turbine airfoil. The results showed that the failure mode of the CMC test piece was local damage with dents of a certain size and not a catastrophic failure mode. From this work, the damage to be assumed on CMC vane in actual aircraft engines was identified. As a future task, the effect of the damage to the fatigue capability of CMC turbine vanes needs to be investigated.
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Jenkins, Michael G., Paul E. Labossie`re, and Jonathan A. Salem. "Cumulative Damage Mechanics: Characterization, Modeling, and Interpretation of Progressive Failure in Ceramics and Composites." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-54013.
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Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) have evolved to exhibit inherent damage tolerance through nonlinear energy absorption mechanisms while retaining the desirable attributes of their monolithic structural ceramic counterparts. Mathematical (analytic and numeric) models together with experimental measurements of this damage absorption have aided in understanding the thermomechanical behavior of CMCs. This understanding has led to improved test methods, better predictive modeling of material behavior, appropriate processing methods, and finally novel design methodologies for implementing CMCs. In this paper, background on CMC damage is presented, damage measurement and damage models are discussed and finally probabilistic aspects of constituent materials that can be used to illustrate the cumulative damage behavior of CMCs are described.
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Nagaraja, Abhilash M., and Suhasini Gururaja. "Effective Property Estimation of CMC Minicomposites Considering Porosity." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87337.
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Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are a promising subclass of composite materials suitable for high temperature applications. CMCs exhibit multiple damage mechanisms such as matrix cracking, interphase debonding, fiber sliding, fiber pullout, delaminations etc. Additionally, process induced defects such as matrix porosity exists at multiple length scales and has a considerable influence on the mechanical and failure behavior of CMCs. In the current work, the effect of intra-tow porosity, which exist at the micro-scale, on the mechanical behavior of CMCs has been investigated by numerical homogenization. Micro-scale response of 3 phase CMCs with intra tow pores has been obtained by finite element analysis based homogenization. Pores have been modeled as non-intersecting ellipsoids in a square unit cell representative of matrix material. The effective mechanical properties of porous matrix at the micro scale has been obtained from numerical homogenization, which are in good agreement with Mori-Tanaka mean field theory. The obtained matrix elastic properties have then been included in a three phase unit cell consisting of fiber, interphase and matrix representative of CMC microstructure. The effect of porosity volume fraction and aspect ratio on the effective elastic properties of the composite have been reported. Homogenization approach to model statistical distribution of pore size obtained from X-ray computed tomography of CMC minicomposite has been proposed.
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Gonczy, Stephen T. "A CMC Handbook With a Focus on Design, Testing and Data: MIL Handbook 17 Vol 5." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68472.
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The Department of Defense Handbook — Ceramic Matrix Composites (MIL-HDBK 17, Volume 5) is a comprehensive volume of technical information about the design, testing, and application of ceramic matrix composite (CMC) materials. The handbook provides design and analysis guidelines for CMC utilization and life prediction; best practices on CMC testing; instruction on the collection of statistically meaningful data; and authoritative performance data on current and emerging CMC systems. The target audience for the handbook are the OEM designers who are considering CMCs for cutting-edge high temperature applications in turbines, combustors, heat exchangers, and environmental control. The CMC Handbook provides a framework for rapid, comprehensive, and effective technical communication between the CMC designer and the CMC producer. The handbook has been written through the collaboration of a wide cross section of engineers and scientists from the CMC user and producer communities.
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Engel, Todd. "High-Temperature Interlaminar Tension Test Method Development for Ceramic Matrix Composites." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94095.
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Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) materials are an attractive design option for various high-temperature structural applications. In particular, the use of CMC materials as a replacement for state-of-the-art nickel-based superalloys in hot gas path turbomachinery components offers the potential for significant increases in turbine system efficiencies, due largely to reductions in cooling requirements afforded by the increased temperature capabilities inherent to the ceramic material. However, two-dimensional fabric-laminated CMCs typically exhibit low tensile strengths in the thru-thickness (interlaminar) direction, and interply delamination is a concern for some targeted applications. Currently, standardized test methods only address the characterization of interlaminar tensile strengths at ambient temperatures; this is problematic given that nearly all CMCs are slated for service in high-temperature operating environments. This work addresses the development of a new test technique for the high-temperature measurement of interlaminar tensile properties in CMCs, allowing for the characterization of material properties under conditions more analogous to anticipated service environments in order to yield more robust component designs.
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Siegmund, Thomas, and Ashwin Hattiangadi. "A Study of Bridged Delaminations in High Temperature Laminates Under Heat Flux Loading." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43231.
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High temperature ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are material considered in many applications where high heat fluxes constitute a significant contribution to loading. The laminates can fulfill their function as thermal protection layers only if they stay intact, i.e. without internal delaminations or spalling, such that the heat flux remains undisturbed by such events. Crack bridging is an important effect in CMCs, and its implication to CMC laminates under thermal loading is investigated.
Reports on the topic "CMCG"
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Allison, Thomas C. Collaboratory for Multiscale Chemical Science (CMCS). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1086778.
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Neumeister, Michael W., Shaun D. Mendenhall, and Michael R. Ruebhausen. Thumb CMC Joint Arthroplasty. Touch Surgery Simulations, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18556/touchsurgery/2017.s0116.
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Neumeister, Michael W. Thumb CMC Joint Arthroplasty. Touch Surgery Simulations, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18556/touchsurgery/2018.s0116.
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Schaad, J., and M. Myers. Certificate Management over CMS (CMC). RFC Editor, June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc5272.
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Mark Fitzsimmons, Gerard Pelletier, and Dave Grimmett. CMC Bench Scale Material Test Plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/908235.
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Schaad, J. Certificate Management over CMS (CMC) Updates. RFC Editor, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc6402.
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Schaad, J., and M. Myers. Certificate Management over CMS (CMC): Transport Protocols. RFC Editor, June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc5273.
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Schaad, J., and M. Myers. Certificate Management Messages over CMS (CMC): Compliance Requirements. RFC Editor, June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc5274.
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Hart, Darren M., and Bion J. Merchant. Evaluation of three refurbished Guralp CMG-3TB seismometers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1177055.
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Merchant, Bion, and George Slad. Next Generation Qualification: Guralp CMG-3V Seismometer Evaluation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1760392.
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