Journal articles on the topic 'Clumps of trees'
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1
Omari, Kwadwo, and David A. MacLean. "Do biomass removal and structure-enhancing treatments influence deadwood characteristics following commercial thinning in spruce plantations in New Brunswick, Canada?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 10 (October 2015): 1407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0381.
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Effects of commercial thinning on downed coarse woody debris (CWD) and standing dead trees (snags) were examined in six intensively managed 22- to 30-year-old white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) plantations in northern New Brunswick, Canada. Four alternative treatments were applied: (i) an unthinned control and three commercial thinning 40% basal area removals, with (ii) slash and tops remaining on the site (status quo), (iii) most of the branches and tops extracted from the site (biomass removal), and (iv) clumps of unthinned trees left, with one-half of the trees in each clump girdled to create snags (enhanced structure). Three years after thinning, CWD volume increased by 14%–27% in the status quo and enhanced structure treatments, by 6% in the biomass removal treatment, and by 0.1% in the unthinned treatment. Mean snag volume changed little, i.e., less than 1 m3·ha−1 among treatments, and stumps of thinned trees were 4.6–4.9 m3·ha−1. The girdled trees added 0.7 m3·ha−1 of snags, and 1.3 m3·ha−1 is expected to be added from girdling the remaining live trees in the unthinned clumps in 2016. The girdled trees and future to-be-girdled trees added up to 50% of the new deadwood in the enhanced structure treatments, but thinning treatments did not significantly affect total deadwood. The results indicate that commercial thinning produced fine debris but had little effect on overall deadwood amount. Girdling trees during commercial thinning, at the intensity used in this study, is unlikely to produce sufficient snags. Leaving islands and clumps during harvest before plantation establishment would be a more effective way of adding structure.
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Bogdanowicz, Monika, Anna Śliwińska-Wyrzychowska, Anna Świercz, and Marcin Kiedrzyński. "The dynamics of stiff clubmoss Lycopodium annotinum L. patches in clumps of trees left on the clear-cutting in pine forest Leucobryo-Pinetum." Folia Forestalia Polonica 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ffp-2015-0002.
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Abstract Clumps of trees left on the clear-cuttings have an important role in protecting populations of endangered plant species against destruction during silviculture activities. The aim of this study is to describe the changes in the area of the Lycopodium annotinum patches. The area of L. annotinum patch in clump of trees, have been significantly reduced during 5 years after clear-cut. In the first year of the observations, the studied population occupied an area of 69.8 m2 whereas in 2012, it was only 37.5 m2. Most of the shoots were withered away on the south side of the clump. The probable reason was too strong insolation. Shoots that survived were located in the north part of the clump – shielded by young trees and shrubs layer. At this time, the control patch of L. annotinum located inside the forest increased its area. Before the clear-cuttings, the annual growth of vertical shoots of clubmoss was higher in the patch located in future tree clump. After the clear-cutting, growth of shoots in this patch was shorter than in patch located all the time inside the forests. The most effective growth was observed in the third studied patch located in the clear-cutting border. The explanation for this phenomenon could be the higher humidity of habitat on this site. Clumps of trees left after the clear-cutting contribute to the protection of endangered populations, but do not eliminate the significant microhabitat changes. The clubmoss patches located in moist habitats are more likely to survive even if they are partially exposed to the sunlight.
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Tappeiner II, John C., John Zasada, David Huffman, and Bruce D. Maxwell. "Effects of Cutting Time, Stump Height, Parent Tree Characteristics, and Harvest Variables on Development of Bigleaf Maple Sprout Clumps." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 11, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/11.4.120.
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Abstract In order to determine the effects of stump height, year of cutting, parent-tree size, logging damage, and deer browsing on bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) sprout clump development, maple trees were cut to two stump heights at three different times. Stump height had the greatest impact on sprout clump size. Two years after clearcutting, the sprout clump volume for short stumps was significantly less than that for tall stumps. The sprout clump volume, area, and number of sprouts were significantly less for trees cut 1 and 2 yr before harvest than for trees cut at harvest. Sprout clump size was positively correlated with parent tree stem diameter and stump volume, and negatively correlated with the percentage of bark removed during logging. Browsing had no significant impact on average clump size. Uncut trees produced sprout clumps at their base and epicormic branches along the length of their stems; thus their crown volume averaged four to five times that of cut trees. Cutting maple in clearcuts to low stumps may reduce maple competition with Douglas-fir regeneration and still maintain maple in the next stand. West. J. Appl. For. 11(4):120-124.
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Souch, C. A., and C. Souch. "The Effect of Trees on Summertime Below Canopy Urban Climates: A Case Study Bloomington, Indiana." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 19, no. 5 (September 1, 1993): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1993.049.
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The objective of this study is to quantify the effects of trees in a Midwest urban area on air temperature and humidity to determine if the effects are significantly different for: different species of trees, trees of the same species in different environments, and whether the effects can be explained by physical characteristics of the individual trees. Replicate trees in each of five categories were studied: sugar maple, pin oak and walnut individuals overgrass, sugar maple individuals along streets over concrete, and sugar maple clumps over grass. All the trees show a consistent effect: temperatures are reduced and humidities are elevated under the canopies. The greatest cooling effect (0.7 -1.3°C) occurs in the early afternoon. The difference between species is insignificant, but street trees are significantly less effective in reducing temperature than either individual trees or clumps planted over grass. The clumps had no greater effect than the individual trees. The amount of cooling observed in this study was considerably less than that documented in many previous studies. No consistent linear relationships were determined between physical characteristics of the trees, such as leaf area index, and temperature reductions or humidity increases.
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Van Der Kamp, Bart J. "The spatial distribution of Armillaria root disease in an uneven-aged, spatially clumped Douglas-fir stand." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): 1008–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-109.
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The location, species, and infection status of all trees and stumps in nine 40 by 40 m plots located in a single large Armillaria root disease (caused by Armillariaostoyae (Romagnesi) Herink) infested area in the Interior Douglas-fir Zone in British Columbia were recorded. The area was logged to a diameter limit in 1963 and then left undisturbed. Spatial analysis using variance over mean ratios of number of trees per grid square for a series of grid sizes showed that stumps were randomly distributed, trees were strongly clumped, and infected trees occurred in small clumps that were themselves randomly distributed. Analysis of intertree distances showed that clumps of infected trees ranged from 1 to 29 trees (average 3.2 trees). Incidence of infection did not decline with distance from old stumps. Infection incidence in spatial domains surrounding each stump ranged from 0 to 100%. Nevertheless, variation in incidence among stump domains could not be attributed to variation in inoculum potential at the time of logging. It is concluded that in the experimental area, 30 years after the last major disturbance by partial cutting, Armillaria occurs in small domains, largely on the root systems of trees regenerated since logging. In these circumstances, bridge tree removal spacing, which removes all trees from a band around each infected tree, may isolate most of the viable Armillaria inoculum colonies from the remainder of the stand.
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Jones, Robert H., and Dudley J. Raynal. "Root sprouting in American beech: production, survival, and the effect of parent tree vigor." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-090.
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Root sprout age-class distributions around American beech trees were measured to characterize production of sprouts under closed canopies. Annual mortality of root sprouts was estimated by static and cohort life table analyses. Sprouts around parent trees with and without beech bark disease were compared to test for effects of lowered parent vigor on sprout production and vigor. Age-class distributions were highly variable, indicating episodic production of sprouts. Trends in the data suggested that (i) for individual parent beech trees, the number of sprouts per age-class decreased exponentially as sprout age increased; and (ii) parent trees with larger diameters had more sprouts, more sprout age-classes, but greater variability in age-class distribution. Life table analyses indicated uniform per capita mortality rates for clumps of sprouts but decreasing mortality with age for individual sprouts within clumps. Low parent vigor, due in part to beech bark disease, was weakly correlated with reduced sprout production, but diseased trees maintained populations of older sprouts that differed little from sprouts associated with nondiseased trees.
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Smithley, D. R., and T. W. Davis. "Birch Leafminer Control, Michigan, 1992." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.347.
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Abstract Clumps of regrowth birch trees at a 20-year-old abandoned tree farm in Carmel Township, Eaton Co., MI were treated for birch leafminer control. The trees were in clumps of 2-5 stems (1-4 inches) in diameter and were 12-20 ft high. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. All treatments were applied on 18 May with a single nozzle hand-held C02 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. The chemicals were mixed with 3.5 gal of water. Each tree was sprayed with Va gal of finished spray. The application was made at 50 psi through an 8008 nozzle. A second application of the Margosan treatments was made on 26 May. Test trees were evaluated on 30 Jun by observing 30 terminals per tree and recording the number of terminals with mined leaves.
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DiTomaso, Joseph M., Guy B. Kyser, and Edward A. Fredrickson. "Control of Black Oak and Tanoak in the Sierra Cascade Range." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 19, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/19.4.268.
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Abstract Broadcast, directed, and stem injection herbicide techniques were applied to 3- to 8-year-old black oak (Quercus kelloggii) and 3-year-old tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) clumps (directed applications only). Broadcast applications of imazapyr at all rates to black oak and directed applications of imazapyr to tanoak performed better with the addition of an adjuvant compared to treatments without the adjuvant. However, even with an adjuvant, broadcast treatments of imazapyr at or below 560 g acid equivalent (ae/ha) only suppressed black oak growth and did not provide long-term control. Directed applications of imazapyr gave excellent control of both black oak (0.43–2.17% ae plus Sylgard) and tanoak (0.14–1.13% ae plus Hasten) clumps. Imazapyr was more effective than basal bark treatments with triclopyr (8.9% ae), and tank-mixing imazapyr with glyphosate did not improve the level of control. Stem injection treatment of black oak trees or clumps with imazapyr was very effective with nearly all rates and hack intervals, but late summer or fall applications gave greater suppression of basal re-sprouts compared to spring and early summer treatments. These results demonstrate that imazapyr is a very effective and versatile tool for the control of black oak and tanoak clumps and black oak trees. West. J. Appl. For. 19(4):268–276.
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Fujinuma, Junichi, Matthew D. Potts, Abd Rahman Kassim, Rhett D. Harrison, Abd Razak O., and Takashi S. Kohyama. "Modular, hollow culms of rain-forest bamboos explain their persistence across a wide range of light environments." Journal of Tropical Ecology 34, no. 1 (January 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467418000032.
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Abstract:Tropical bamboos persist in a wide range of light conditions and quickly respond to changes in light availability. However, the mechanisms underpinning this ability remain unknown. In order to test the hypothesis that the modular and hollow culm architecture of bamboos explains their performance in a wide range of light environments, we determined the allometric relationships of two dominant bamboo species of the upper hill dipterocarp forests of Malaysia, Gigantochloa ligulata (n = 29) and Schizostachyum grande (n = 25), via destructive sampling. We also monitored biomass turnover of bamboos and woody trees in 24 permanent plots (1.92 ha in total) over a one-year period. Compared with woody trees, bamboo culms attained 1.5 times the height and their clumps supported four times as much total leaf area at the same above-ground biomass. In addition, at a given height, bamboo clumps had six times larger crown projection area than trees while having a similar amount of total leaf area per unit of crown projection area. Finally, bamboos’ biomass turnover rate was three times higher than trees, and G. ligulata increased its specific rate of biomass increase after canopy disturbance, while trees decreased. We conclude that the unique architecture of bamboos allows them to persist under closed forest canopy light conditions and to respond to gap formation via high biomass turnover rate.
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Smitley, D. R., and T. W. Davis. "Birch Leaf Miner Control, Michigan, 1990." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 16, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/16.1.267a.
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Abstract Plots consisting of clumps of birch trees were established at a 40-yr-old abandoned tree farm at Section 4, Carmel Township in Eaton Co. The trees were in clumps of 2-5 stems (1-3 inches) in diam and were 12-20 ft high. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. NTN 33893 2.5 G was applied on 27 Apr. For each 1 inch of trunk diam at breast height, a Yi inch hole was drilled into the ground around the teee. NTN 33893 5 G was poured into the holes at a depth of 14 inches below the surface. The Metasystox-R treatment was injected into the soil on 27 Apr with a converted Ross root feeder at 50 psi. The chemical for each tree was mixed in 300 ml and injected at 6 locations around the tree. The NTN 0.005 C and Orthene 75 S were applied on 6 May with a single nozzle hand-held COa sprayer. The application was made at 50 psi through an 8003 nozzle. Test trees were evaluated on 5 Jun by observing 30 terminals/tree and recording the number of mines.
11
Saung, Thein, Tual Cin Khai, Nobuya Mizoue, Tetsuji Ota, and Tsuyoshi Kajisa. "Condition of Illegally Logged Stands Following High Frequency Legal Logging in Bago Yoma, Myanmar." Forests 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020115.
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The restoration of degraded forests is the focus of global attention. Effective restoration requires information on the condition of degraded forests. This study aimed to understand the conditions of illegally logged stands that had also experienced inappropriately short rotations between legal logging cycles in natural production forests in Myanmar. Four rectangular plots (each 0.64 ha) were established in 2013. The plots included illegally logged stumps in three compartments where the latest legal logging was conducted in 2011 after very short rotations between legal logging cycles (up to five harvests between 1995 and 2011, compared with a recommended 30-year logging cycle). Using data from the field measurements in 2013 on the legal and illegal stumps and living trees, we reconstructed stand structure just before and after legal logging in 2011. Before the legal logging in 2011, there were variations in stand structure and the composition of commercial species among four plots. Illegal logging (14–31 trees ha−1) was much higher than legal logging (0–11 trees ha−1). Illegal logging targeted six to nine species that were suitable for high-quality charcoal from various sized trees, while legal logging targeted one or two timber species with a diameter at breast height (DBH) larger than 58 cm. The number of remaining trees in 2013 ranged from 33 to 181 trees ha−1. There was a negative relationship with the number of bamboo clumps, which varied from 6 to 145 clumps ha−1. Bamboo-dominated stands with a low remaining stock of commercial trees may need active restoration such as bamboo cutting and replanting of commercial species. Bamboo cutting could generate income for the local community.
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Arnold, GW, RA Maller, and R. Litchfield. "Comparison of Bird Populations in Remnants of Wandoo Woodland and in Adjacent Farmland." Wildlife Research 14, no. 3 (1987): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9870331.
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Data were obtained during 2 yr at Baker's Hill, Western Australia, in farmland with no trees, scattered trees or clumps of trees and 3 types of open woodland. There were differences in the number of bird species found in each habitat, ranging from 25 in woodland habitats to 11 in open farmland. In autumn, there were more aerial feeders in open farmland and farmland with few trees than in farmland with many trees and woodland, but fewer in spring. There were more ground-feeding seed-eaters in farmland with trees than elsewhere, except in autumn. There were large seasonal reciprocal changes in the numbers of thornbills in farmland with many trees and woodland, indicating movement between habitats. Within the woodland habitats there were only small seasonal changes, but there were large differences in numbers of some groups between the 3 habitats.
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Luskin, Matthew Scott, Daniel J. Johnson, Kalan Ickes, Tze Leong Yao, and Stuart J. Davies. "Wildlife disturbances as a source of conspecific negative density-dependent mortality in tropical trees." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1946 (March 3, 2021): 20210001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0001.
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Large vertebrates are rarely considered important drivers of conspecific negative density-dependent mortality (CNDD) in plants because they are generalist consumers. However, disturbances like trampling and nesting also cause plant mortality, and their impact on plant diversity depends on the spatial overlap between wildlife habitat preferences and plant species composition. We studied the impact of native wildlife on a hyperdiverse tree community in Malaysia. Pigs ( Sus scrofa ) are abnormally abundant at the site due to food subsidies in nearby farmland and they construct birthing nests using hundreds of tree saplings. We tagged 34 950 tree saplings in a 25 ha plot during an initial census and assessed the source mortality by recovering tree tags from pig nests ( n = 1672 pig-induced deaths). At the stand scale, pigs nested in flat dry habitats, and at the local neighbourhood scale, they nested within clumps of saplings, both of which are intuitive for safe and efficient nest building. At the stand scale, flat dry habitats contained higher sapling densities and higher proportions of common species, so pig nesting increased the weighted average species evenness across habitats. At the neighbourhood scale, pig-induced sapling mortality was associated with higher heterospecific and especially conspecific sapling densities. Tree species have clumped distributions due to dispersal limitation and habitat filtering, so pig disturbances in sapling clumps indirectly caused CNDD. As a result, Pielou species evenness in 400 m 2 quadrats increased 105% more in areas with pig-induced deaths than areas without disturbances. Wildlife induced CNDD and this supported tree species evenness, but they also drove a 62% decline in sapling densities from 1996 to 2010, which is unsustainable. We suspect pig nesting is an important feature shaping tree composition throughout the region.
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LeFevre, Miles E., Derek J. Churchill, Andrew J. Larson, Sean M. A. Jeronimo, Jamie Bass, Jerry F. Franklin, and Van R. Kane. "Evaluating Restoration Treatment Effectiveness through a Comparison of Residual Composition, Structure, and Spatial Pattern with Historical Reference Sites." Forest Science 66, no. 5 (June 16, 2020): 578–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxaa014.
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Abstract Forest-restoration efforts are increasing in the western United States in response to realized and expected changes in climate and disturbance regimes. Managers are challenged to find practical and defensible targets to shift forest composition, structure, and spatial pattern to a more resistant and resilient state. The Northeast Washington Forest Vision 2020 project on the Colville National Forest presented an opportunity to map and use previously uncaptured mesic stand-level historical reference conditions to a large restoration project. We reconstructed historical forest conditions in 12 plots across a range of plant-association groups and mapped five restoration treatment units after implementation. We evaluated treatment effectiveness both in terms of meeting the prescriptions’ stated objectives and by similarity to observed reference conditions using metrics of density, species composition, clump-size patterns, and open-space patterns. We found that dry plant associations were historically dominated by distributed clumps of large shade-intolerant trees, whereas cold mesic plant associations were structured as a gap-matrix spatial pattern. Treatments were effective at meeting prescribed density and species-composition targets, but generally resulted in stands that were overly uniform or clumped compared to historical reference conditions.
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Spooner, Peter G., and Jake Shoard. "Using historic maps and citizen science to investigate the abundance and condition of survey reference ‘blaze' trees." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 5 (2016): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16054.
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Large old trees often possess important biodiversity and heritage values. This study investigated the occurrence and condition of survey reference trees in a typical rural landscape in New South Wales. A community survey (citizen science) method, in conjunction with a systematic examination of historic maps, was conducted to locate reference trees for subsequent field survey of their biophysical attributes and statistical analyses. In a combined study area ~5000 km2, we found 81 old reference trees, where an estimated 1.3–2.6% of the original number remains. Tree blazes ranged from 14 to 140 years in age, where most were 120–130 years old, and predominately of the Eucalyptus species. Blaze age was strongly correlated with the thickness of bark overgrowth. Types of reference trees identified included several PM (permanent marker) trees, a cemetery marker, a trig station and 15 benchmark (BM) trees. Eleven BM trees located were related to 1928–1932 irrigation surveys and were previously undocumented. Many reference trees were found in minor road reserves or in conjunction with clumps of other large trees. Being a form of living heritage, our results show that survey trees are succumbing to the ravages of time.
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Ngotta Biyon, Jacques Bruno, Arriane Barbara Iyodi, Yves Donald Wafo Tchoue, JosephMarie Ondoua, and Victor Désiré Taffouo. "Parasitisme des Loranthaceae sur Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae) dans l’arrondissement de Tombel (Sud-Ouest Cameroun)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 16, no. 3 (August 28, 2022): 1113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v16i3.17.
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Au Cameroun, les Loranthaceae ont été signalées dans quelques bassins de production du cacao. Cette étude a été menée dans le but de caractériser le parasitisme des cacaoyers de la localité de Tombel, au Sud-Ouest Cameroun. Les observations des Loranthaceae ont porté sur les arbres âgés de 8 à 10 ans, et sur une superficie de 7500 m². Sur chaque pied de cacaoyer, les données suivantes ont été collectées et notés : la circonférence à 1,30 m du sol , la hauteur, le nombre de branches, les espèces de Loranthaceae présentes, et le nombre de touffes des parasites. Au total, quatre espèces de Loranthaceae ont été recensées sur les cacaoyers, Helixanthera mannii étant la plus fréquente. Le taux de parasitisme des plantations était de 35,33% et la densité parasitaire moyenne était de 3±2 touffes/arbre. Les arbres parasités ont montré des circonférences et des hauteurs significativement plus élevées que les arbres sains. Le coefficient de rang de Spearman a montré une corrélation positive et significative entre la hauteur de l’arbre et le nombre de touffes des Loranthaceae. Il s’avère donc nécessaire de mettre en place un programme de contrôle des Loranthaceae dans les plantations afin de réduire les pertes de production, mais également de mener une étude approfondie sur la biologie et l’écologie d’ Helixanthera mannii qui, dans le futur, pourrait s’avérer être une menace pour les cacaoyers.
In Cameroon, Loranthaceae have been reported in some cocoa production basins. This study was conducted to characterise the parasitism of cocoa trees in the locality of Tombel, South-West Cameroon. Observations of Loranthaceae were made on trees 8 to 10 years old, and on an area of 7500 m². On each cocoa tree, the following data were collected and recorded: circumference at 1.30 m from the ground, height, number of branches, Loranthaceae species present, and number of pest clumps. In total, four species of Loranthaceae were recorded on cocoa trees, Helixanthera mannii being the most frequent. The parasitism rate of the plantations was 35.33% and the average parasite density was 3±2 clumps/tree. Parasitised trees showed significantly higher girths and heights than healthy trees. Spearman's rank coefficient showed a significant positive correlation between tree height and the number of Loranthaceae clumps. It is therefore necessary to set up a control programme for Loranthaceae in plantations in order to reduce production losses, but also to carry out an in-depth study on the biology and ecology of Helixanthera mannii, which could prove to be a threat to cocoa trees in the future.
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Negrón, José F. "Within-Stand Distribution of Tree Mortality Caused by Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins." Insects 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11020112.
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The mountain pine beetle (MPB) (Dendroctonus ponderosae) is a bark beetle that attacks and kills ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), among other pine species throughout the western conifer forests of the United States and Canada, particularly in dense stands comprising large trees. There is information on the stand conditions that the insect prefers. However, there is a paucity of information on how small-scale variation in stand conditions influences the distribution of tree mortality within a stand. I examined the small-scale distribution of ponderosa pine basal area pre- and post a mountain pine beetle infestation, and used geostatistical modeling to relate the spatial distribution of the host to subsequent MPB-caused tree mortality. Results indicated increased mortality in the denser parts of the stand. Previous land management has changed historically open low-elevation ponderosa pine stands with aggregated tree distribution into dense stands that are susceptible to mountain pine beetles and intense fires. Current restoration efforts are aimed at reducing tree density and leaving clumps of trees, which are more similar to historical conditions. The residual clumps, however, may be susceptible to mountain pine beetle populations. Land managers will want to be cognizant of how mountain pine beetles will respond to restoration treatments, so as to prevent and mitigate tree mortality that could negate restoration efforts.
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Fraser, Erin C., Victor J. Lieffers, and Simon M. Landhäusser. "Age, stand density, and tree size as factors in root and basal grafting of lodgepole pine." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 983–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-048.
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This study investigated stand factors associated with the rate of root graft formation in lodgepole pine stands. Forty plot areas, each containing 10 trees, were excavated in pure, even-aged pine stands in western Alberta. Exposed root systems were examined for grafts and various stand measurements were recorded at each plot. Results indicate that the number of grafts per square metre is controlled by plot tree density and tree diameter. Also, the percentage of grafted trees increased with both increasing tree age and decreasing distance between trees. Grafts also appear to form relatively early in stand development; the majority of grafts in the present study had formed by the time roots were 20 years old and 50 mm in diameter. These results suggest that grafting is a common occurrence in lodgepole pine stands where trees are <109 cm apart, which translates to a density of approximately 8500 stems/ha (based on even tree distribution). However, even clumps within relatively low density stands are likely to be grafted from a relatively early stage of development.Key words: Pinus contorta, graft formation, stand dynamics.
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Nipunage, D., and D. Kulkarni. "Floristic diversity and status of natural regeneration from sacred groves, Ambegaon Taluka of Pune district, Maharashtra state, India." Indian Journal of Forestry 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2011-b9w7b1.
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The present paper deals with floristic composition and status of natural regeneration of 34 sacred groves belonging to 20 villages from Ambegaon taluka of Pune district, Maharashtra State. Area of sacred groves varies from 0.01 ha to 6.07 ha and thick clumps of wild Bamboo are observed. Natural regeneration of tree species like Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeel, Terminalia chebula Retz. and climber of Clematis gourina Roxb. were recorded. 200 old trees of Tectona grandis L. in Sagdara sacred grove is a unique feature of monotypic sacred grove.
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POULSEN, JOHN R., CONNIE J. CLARK, and THOMAS B. SMITH. "Seed dispersal by a diurnal primate community in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon." Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, no. 6 (November 2001): 787–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467401001602.
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Multiple species of primate disperse seeds and differentially contribute to the seed rain in tropical forests. The goal of this study was to examine seed dispersal by a primate community of five monkey and two ape species in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon. The density of primates in the reserve was calculated to be 77 individuals km-2. Analysis of 5789 faecal clumps demonstrated that 40% of monkey and 74% of ape faecal clumps possessed whole seeds. Six of the seven focal species acted as seed dispersers; faecal clumps passed by the black-and-white colobus (Colobus guereza) did not contain any whole seeds during the study. Seed passage trials on four captive monkey species showed monkeys to have an average seed passage time of 22 hours and defecation rate of five times per day. From the above results, the primate community was estimated to defecate 1129 seeds km-2 d-1. Seeds passed by the primate community came from 125 species of trees, lianas and shrubs, equivalent to at least 34% of the known tree flora. Rarefaction curves indicated that additional collection effort would identify more seed species passed by primates. Germination studies demonstrated that primate-passed seeds are viable. The number of seeds and plant species dispersed suggests that the primate community plays an important role in the maintenance of forest structure.
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Fabianek, François, Marie Anouk Simard, Etienne B. Racine, and André Desrochers. "Selection of roosting habitat by male Myotis bats in a boreal forest." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 7 (July 2015): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2014-0294.
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Male little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus (Le Conte, 1831)) and northern long-eared bats (Myotis septentrionalis (Trouessart, 1897)) often roost under exfoliating bark, within trunks, and within cavities of trees during summer. Current lack of knowledge about the roosting ecology of these species in boreal forest limits our understanding of how they may be affected by logging. The main objective was to identify tree and forest stand features that were selected by bats for roosting within a balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) – paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall) forest of Quebec, Canada. Over 3 years, we captured and fitted radio transmitters to 22 individual bats to locate their roost trees for 7–14 days following release. We measured tree and forest stand features in the field and using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology. Roost trees were compared with random trees using generalized linear mixed models. Male Myotis bats selected larger and taller snags, within stands containing a higher proportion of canopy gaps and a larger number of snags compared with random trees. Vegetation clumps of 0.1 ha containing a minimum of 10 snags with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm should be maintained to preserve roosting habitat that is used by male Myotis bats in balsam fir – paper birch forests.
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Larew, H. G., and J. J. Knodel. "Effect of Neem (Azad/Rachtaindica A. Juss.) Seed Extract on Birch Leafminer, New York, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.349.
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Abstract A 200 x 50m nursery planting of paper birches in Dansville, NY was used for experiments. Trees were 6 years old, 3-4m tall, and were planted in clumps of 3 spaced lm apart in 5 rows that ran the length of the planting. On the east and west ends of the planting, 30 trees were randomly assigned to a spray date and treatment (5 trees/treatment/spray date). Five branches (0.5m long) at breast height were sprayed on each tree. Sprays were applied with 1 1 hand-held sprayers. The upper foliar surface was sprayed to drip. Trees were sprayed with 1% neem seed extract, Metasystox-R, or water on 3 May (oviposition) and on 10 May (early instar). On 22 May all treated branches were harvested. All foliage from each branch was removed, weighed and placed on the surface of a 2.5cm layer of damp Promix-BM ™ in a plastic tray indoors (18-23°C). On 31 May, all foliage was discarded and each tray was placed in a sealed plastic bag. Adults emerged in late Jun and were counted.
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Gourov, Andrei. "Hylobius species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Siberia and the distribution patterns of adults feeding in Scots pine stands." Entomologica Fennica 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.84045.
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Seven Hylobius species are known from Siberia, while the occurrence of three of them is doubtful. Information available about the supplementary feeding of adult weevils is reviewed. It is likely that H. abietis and H. albosparsus are the only species of economic significance in this territory. In the northern forest-steppe zone, adult weevils usually prefer to feed separately on isolated or border young trees under the canopy of light Scots pine stands, but avoid the undercanopy regeneration in the dense stands. In the southern taiga zone, adults are abundant on cutover areas where they feed in clumps of young regeneration. In fresh clearcuts, up to 100% of juvenile trees may be damaged by the feeding of weevils, whereas the damage intensity declines sharply with the distance to the clearcut. An edge effect in the distribution of adult weevils needs verification and, probably, is time-dependent. Inside the stands, the crowns of mature trees may constitute an additional food niche for adults if the usual sources and preferred environmental conditions are not available.
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Jaakkola, Lotta Maaria, Timo Päiviö Helle, Jussi Soppela, Markku Tapio Kuitunen, and Mikko Juhani Yrjönen. "Effects of forest characteristics on the abundance of alectorioid lichens in northern Finland." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 2955–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-178.
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Quantitative knowledge of the abundance of epiphytic alectorioid lichens (Bryoria spp., Alectoria spp., and Usnea spp.) is important when evaluating the carrying capacity of the winter pastures of semidomesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus (L., 1758)) and woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou (Gmelin, 1788)). This study, including a total of 234 sample plots, presents data on the biomass of alectorioid lichens in mature forests for the most common forest site types in the national parks of Oulanka, Pallas-Ounastunturi, and Lemmenjoki in northern Finland and relates them to forest stand characteristics. The biomass of alectorioid lichens on trees was estimated using the clump method in which the existing clumps of lichen thalli on branches are compared with clumps of lichens of known dry mass. Estimated biomasses were corrected by equations describing the ratio of estimated to measured biomass. We found the highest mean lichen biomasses (120 kg·ha–1) in subdry, Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) dominated sites above the timberline of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Below that timberline, the highest lichen biomasses were found in fresh (productive) sites dominated by Norway spruce. There the site-specific differences were mainly associated with tree species composition. Though in many previous studies forest age has been an important indicator of total lichen biomass, in our study areas lichen abundance was most commonly correlated with total volume of forest stands. The correlation of biomass with forest volume suggests that substrate availability was the most important limiting factor for alectorioid lichens in our study area. However, it is premature to say whether that is a common feature in northern forests over larger geographic areas.
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Christian, Linda E., and Allen M. Brackley. "Helicopter Logging Productivity on Harvesting Operations in Southeast Alaska, Using Ecologically Based Silvicultural Prescriptions." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.2.142.
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Abstract This study examines production rates and costs for felling and helicopter yarding on eight units harvested in accordance with ecologically based silvicultural prescriptions in southeast Alaska. The prescriptions included harvesting to create gaps, harvesting to leave trees in clumps, individual tree selection, and combinations of these treatments. In combination, the treatments represented five levels of basal area (BA) retention. The levels of retention had irregular spatial arrangements caused by gaps and clumps that ranged from 0% retention (clearcut) to 75% of BA retained. Turn time (TT), as adjusted to a standardized distance, and turn weight were used as the basis for estimating productivity. There were statistically significant differences in adjusted TT, depending on the treatment. Areas with higher levels of removal tended to have lower adjusted TTs. With the exception of one unit with a short yarding distance, average turn weights increased as levels of retention decreased. Weighted average cost per thousand board feet (mbf) harvested was $322. The cost per mbf for cutting and yarding together ranged from $305 to $353.
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Huang, Zhixian, Xiao Huang, Jiangchuan Fan, Markus Eichhorn, Feng An, Bangqian Chen, Lin Cao, Zhengli Zhu, and Ting Yun. "Retrieval of Aerodynamic Parameters in Rubber Tree Forests Based on the Computer Simulation Technique and Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 8 (April 22, 2020): 1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12081318.
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Rubber trees along the southeast coast of China always suffer severe damage from hurricanes. Quantitative assessments of the capacity for wind resistance of various rubber tree clones are currently lacking. We focus on a vulnerability assessment of rubber trees of different clones under wind disturbance impacts by employing multidisciplinary approaches incorporating scanned points, aerodynamics, machine learning and computer graphics. Point cloud data from two typical rubber trees belonging to different clones (PR107 and CATAS 7-20-59) were collected using terrestrial laser scanning, and a connection chain of tree skeletons was constructed using a clustering algorithm of machine learning. The concept of foliage clumps based on the trunk and first-order branches was first proposed to optimize rubber tree plot 3D modelling for simulating the wind field and assessing the wind-related parameters. The results from the obtained phenotypic traits show that the variable leaf area index and included angle between the branches and trunk result in variations in the topological structure and gap fraction of tree crowns, respectively, which are the major influencing factors relevant to the rubber tree’s capacity to resist hurricane strikes. The aerodynamics analysis showed that the maximum dynamic pressure, wind velocity and turbulent intensity of the wind-related parameters in rubber tree plots of clone PR107 (300 Pa, 30 m/s and 15%) are larger than that in rubber tree plots of clone CATAS-7-20-59 (120 Pa, 18 m/s and 5%), which results in a higher probability of local strong cyclone occurrence and a higher vulnerability to hurricane damage.
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Imbert, Daniel, Patrick Labbé, and Alain Rousteau. "Hurricane damage and forest structure in Guadeloupe, French West Indies." Journal of Tropical Ecology 12, no. 5 (September 1996): 663–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740000986x.
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ABSTRACTA comparative study of the damage caused by Hurricane Hugo on the three main types of forest in the lesser Antilles was carried out in the mangrove forest, the semi-evergreen forest and the rainforests of Guadeloupe. Hurricane impact on these forests showed at first that high canopy trees generally prevented understorey trees from heavy direct damage (shield effect). In the species-poor, structurally homogeneous stands, in the mangrove forest, species' susceptibility was the major determinant in both intensity and type of damage. Damage was heavy in places and showed a certain spatial uniformity. In the rainforest, the high structural complexity of the vegetation generally induced a great variability in the spatial distribution of damage even at a small scale. Due to the presence of tall trees, indirect damage was locally very heavy. Clumps of large trees formed resistant structures which diminished lethal damage below the main canopy (cluster effect). In such a highly structured, species-rich forest, species' susceptibility was concealed at the local scale by the prevailing influence of vertical structure. Because of its relatively rich flora but low stature, the semi-deciduous forest exhibited intermediate patterns of damage. It was concluded that floristic composition and forest structure help to explain, and to predict, hurricane damage to forest cover.
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van der Ree, Rodney, Andrew F. Bennett, and Todd R. Soderquist. "Nest-tree selection by the threatened brush-tailed phascogale (Phascogale tapoatafa) (Marsupialia:Dasyuridae) in a highly fragmented agricultural landscape." Wildlife Research 33, no. 2 (2006): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05007.
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The conservation of roosting and nesting resources is of critical concern for many hollow-dependent species around the world. We investigated the nest-tree requirements of the threatened brush-tailed phascogale (Phascogale tapoatafa) in a highly cleared agricultural landscape in south-eastern Australia. We documented the physical characteristics of selected nest trees and describe the spatial and temporal patterns of nest-tree use as revealed by radio-tracking. Nine phascogales (seven females, two males) were radio-tracked between March and July 1999 in an area where most woodland habitat is confined to linear strips along roads and streams or small patches and scattered trees in cleared farmland. Female phascogales were monitored for 13–35 days over periods of 5–15 weeks and two males were monitored for 2 and 9 days respectively. A total of 185 nest-tree fixes was collected and all nests occupied by phascogales were in standing trees. Eighty-three nest trees were identified, ranging in diameter at breast height (dbh) from 25 to 171 cm, with a mean dbh for the trees used by each individual phascogale of >80 cm. Phascogales did not discriminate between canopy tree species in selecting nest trees, but showed highly significant selection for trees in the largest size class. All individuals used multiple nest trees, with the seven females occupying an average of 11.4 nest trees from a mean of 25 diurnal locations. The number of nest trees continued to increase throughout the study, suggesting that more would be identified during a longer or more intensive study. Occupied nest trees were located throughout each individual’s home range, highlighting the importance of a continuous spatial distribution of suitable nest trees across the landscape. Nest trees were also located in adjacent farmland up to 225 m from roadside vegetation, demonstrating the value that scattered clumps and even single trees in farmland can have for wildlife conservation.
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Wilson, Dawn, and William Cooper. "Beyond optimal escape theory: microhabitats as well as predation risk affect escape and refuge use by the phrynosomatid lizard Sceloporus virgatus." Behaviour 144, no. 10 (2007): 1235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907781890940.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractEscape studies often focus on one variable, but tactics and refuge use vary with microhabitats, exposure, distance to refuge, and temperature. We studied these effects and effects of microhabitats and risk factors (distance from refuge, temperature) on flight initiation distance (FID, distance between predator and prey when escape begins) and distance fled (DF) in the lizard Sceloporus virgatus. FID increased as distance to refuge increased and temperature decreased. DF increased as FID increased, supporting the hypothesis that individual differences in boldness are consistent among encounter phases. Refuges were rock crevices, trees, logs, and grass clumps. Interhabitat differences in FID and DF matched those in distance to refuge. FID was longer for lizards on rocks and ground than trees due to proximity to and use of refuge. Lizards on trees rarely changed microhabitats, moving to the far side and unpredictably up or down. Lizards on slopes fled long distances up slopes. Most lizards on rocks entered crevices or switched microhabitats. Lizards on ground usually changed microhabitats. Optimal escape theory accurately predicted effects of risk on FID, but initial microhabitats and final microhabitats and refuges affected tactics, FID and DF. DF was affected by risk, being longer when lizards remained visible.
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Cowan, PE. "Denning Habits of Common Brushtail Possums, Trichosurus Vulpecula, in New Zealand Lowland Forest." Wildlife Research 16, no. 1 (1989): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890063.
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Fifty-five T. vulpecula were radio-tracked to 182 den sites on 1987 occasions in the podocarp and mixed hardwood forest of the Orongorongo Valley, near Wellington. Most dens (92%) were above ground in trees, particularly in large trees with many clumps of perching epiphytes; the remainder were under fallen logs or trees or in dense tangles of gorse. Melicytus ramiflorus was the most commonly used living tree species. Others used commonly were Knightia excelsa, Elaeocarpus dentatus, Laurelia novaezealandiae [L. novae-zelandiae] and Podocarpus totara. Use was not dictated solely by availability. Trees without perching epiphytes were hardly ever used. Each possum used 11-15 den trees/yr, most only occasionally; the 3 most commonly used den trees accounted for 60-75% of observations. Males used more dens than females, and the sexes differed in their frequencies of the use of the various tree species, though not in the species used. Possums changed dens frequently, on average 2 nights in 3. Den sharing was uncommon, but many dens, including those on the ground, were used sequentially by several (up to 9) different possums. Dens on the ground were used mostly in autumn and winter, by possums in poor condition or after prolonged heavy rain. The implications of den site choice and use by possums are discussed, particularly in relation to den sites as a limiting resource, and the role of dens in the transmission of bovine tuberculosis. There was about a 50% chance that a den would be occupied by different possums within the probable survival period of deposited tuberculosis bacilli.
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Motz, John E., and Alan V. Morgan. "Late-glacial climate and ecology of a kettle section at Brampton, Ontario, Canada, as determined from fossil Coleoptera." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34, no. 7 (July 1, 1997): 926–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e17-077.
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A 5 m sequence of organic-rich sediments (ca. 13 000 years BP to ca. 4500 BP) from a drained glacial kettle pond near Brampton, Ontario, has yielded a rich and varied assemblage of coleopteran fossils. This paper discusses the beetles recovered from the basal 1 m of the section (ca. 13 000 to 12 500 BP), which represent the earliest phase of deposition in the kettle, prior to the final melt-out of underlying ice. The species are typical of northern boreal or tree-line habitats today. They illustrate that during this time the landscape was predominantly open ground, with herb and shrub vegetation. Individual trees or isolated clumps of conifers were nearby, as suggested by the presence of scolytids (bark beetles). The mean July temperature was in the range from 12.5 to 15 °C, indicating that the lack of trees is a lag effect in colonization, perhaps due to unsuitable substrate conditions rather than to an unfavourable climate.
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Nichols, J. Doland, Victor K. Agyeman, Francis Balfour Agurgo, Michael R. Wagner, and Joseph R. Cobbinah. "Patterns of seedling survival in the tropical African tree Milicia excelsa." Journal of Tropical Ecology 15, no. 4 (July 1999): 451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467499000942.
Full textAbstract:
The spatial patterns of canopy tree and seedling life stages in the African Tropical Tree Milicia excelsa were examined to test the Janzen–Connell hypothesis (escape hypothesis). The Janzen–Connell hypothesis states that the mortality of seeds and seedlings is highest near the adult tree and declines with distance away from the adult tree of the same species. This hypothesis argues that this effect is partially responsible for maintaining the high tree species diversity of tropical forests. Solar radiation and fruit dispersal were investigated as possible explanations of observed patterns in seedling distribution. Milicia excelsa trees ≥30 cm DBH were found to be randomly dispersed and occurred at a density of ≤1 ha. Milicia excelsa seedlings were located in small clumps between parent trees and up to 150 m from parents at a mean density of 65 seedlings ha−1. Fruits were in abundance (>9000 on the ground) beneath female trees. Light levels at locations of natural seedlings ranged from 2–29% of full irradiance. Planted seedlings did not suffer greater mortality closer to adult conspecifics, and survived at light levels between 2–37% of full irradiance. Phytolyma spp., gall-forming psyllids which cause high mortality in Milicia seedlings in large openings and plantations, were not observed on any natural or planted seedlings, although galls were present in the crowns of dominant trees.
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Serio-Silva, Juan Carlos, and Victor Rico-Gray. "Interacting effects of forest fragmentation and howler monkey foraging on germination and disperal of fig seeds." Oryx 36, no. 3 (July 2002): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605302000480.
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We studied changes in germination rates and dispersal distance of seeds of Ficus perforata and F. lundelli dispersed by howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata mexicana), in a small (40 ha) ‘disturbed’ and a larger (>600 ha) ‘preserved’ tropical rainforest in southern Veracruz, Mexico. The interaction between A. p. mexicana and Ficus (Urostigma) spp. is beneficial for the interacting species and has important implications for their conservation. Howler monkeys gain from the ingestion of an important food source, germination rates of Ficus seeds are improved by passage through the monkeys' digestive tract, and the seeds are more likely to be deposited in a site suitable for germination and development. Seed dispersal distances are relatively larger in the preserved site, with both the size of the forest area and the spatial pattern of Ficus affecting the dispersal process. In a large forest fragment with ‘regularly’ distributed Ficus individuals the howler monkeys move away from the seed source, increasing the probability that the seeds are desposited on a tree other than Ficus, which is important for the germination and future development of a hemiepiphytic species. In a small forest fragment with trees distributed in clumps howlers repeatedly use the same individual trees, and faeces containing seeds may be dropped on unsuitable trees more often. These are key issues when addressing conservation policies for fragmented forests.
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Larson, Andrew J., Kyle C. Stover, and Christopher R. Keyes. "Effects of restoration thinning on spatial heterogeneity in mixed-conifer forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 8 (August 2012): 1505–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-100.
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Spatial pattern is an essential attribute of forest ecosystems and influences many ecological processes and functions. We hypothesized that restoration thinning conducted in fire-excluded ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Lawson & C. Lawson) – western larch ( Larix occidentalis Nutt.) – mixed-conifer forest would restore spatial patterns characteristic of active fire regime old-growth. We evaluated effects of thinning on spatial patterns and also compared post-treatment patterns with reconstructions of pre-suppression patterns at nearby old-growth reference sites that developed in the historical mixed-severity fire regime. Restoration thinning reduced spatial aggregation and resulted in globally random tree patterns comprised of local tree clumps, openings, and widely spaced single trees, similar to reference conditions. Post-treatment spatial patterns in the replicate treatment units spanned the range of variability bounded by the reference sites. Our analyses indicate that, under certain circumstances, restoration of spatial heterogeneity in unlogged, fire-excluded forests can be achieved by retaining live legacy pre-suppression trees during thinning treatments. However, success is not assured. Restoration of spatial heterogeneity in forests where few live pre-suppression trees remain due to past mortality or harvest, a common condition of candidate restoration sites, presents a greater silvicultural challenge. Thus, we recommend that, as a general rule, managers deliberately address spatial pattern when crafting forest restoration treatment objectives and prescriptions.
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Smith, Mark Stafford, and Nick Reid. "Population dynamics of an arid zone mistletoe (Amyema preissii, Loranthaceae) and its host Acacia victoriae (Mimosaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 48, no. 1 (2000): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97076.
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The principal host of the mistletoe, Amyema preissii, near Alice Springs is the short-lived, fast-growing tree, Acacia victoriae. In order to describe the dynamics of their interaction, the fate, size and phenology of mistletoes were monitored in natural host stands, infection experiments were conducted to determine establishment success and growth rates of seedlings, hosts were repeatedly disinfected in a 14.6-ha paddock surrounded by infected source trees, and mistletoe reinvasion of disinfected trees was monitored. In the unmanipulated population of A. victoriae, 46–54% of trees (> 2 m in height) were infected (5.8–6.7 mistletoes per infected tree). Establishment percentage of mistletoe seeds deployed on host branches varied between 11–24% after 12–23 months, and most naturally-dispersed seedlings established on branches ≤ 20 mm in diameter. Estimates of natural mistletoe dispersal to uninfected trees varied between 2 and 12 seeds per infected tree over periods of 8–23 months. Examination of young mistletoes showed that 24% of 122 clumps consisted of more than one mistletoe, with 27 occurrences of double infection and two occurrences of triple infection at the same point on the host branch. Mistletoes grew rapidly: in one sown cohort, plants achieved canopy diameters of 152–170 cm within 18–23 months, and half were flowering 15 months after germination. In unmanipulated populations, the largest mistletoes had a maximum canopy diameter of 250 cm and a maximum host branch diameter proximal to the haustorium of 100 mm, but modal sizes of these measures were 80–120 cm and < 10 mm, respectively. Turnover in the host population in the disinfection paddock was rapid: 60% of trees died between 1990 and 1995, mortality being balanced by recruitment. In unmanipulated stands of host trees, larger trees were more likely to be infected and supported larger numbers of mistletoes per tree than small trees. Once mistletoes had been removed from trees in the disinfection paddock, larger trees were still disproportionately infected by reinvading mistletoes and trees that had been infected previously were more likely to be reinfected. In order to fully describe the spatial and temporal dynamics of this host–mistletoe combination, further studies are needed of mistletoe persistence and mortality through time and annual seed production as a function of mistletoe size.
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Slingsby, Jasper A., and Peter W. O. Slingsby. "Monitoring the critically endangered Clanwilliam cedar with freely available Google Earth imagery." PeerJ 7 (July 3, 2019): e7005. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7005.
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Monitoring of species and populations is essential for biodiversity observation and reporting at local, national and global scales, but can be an exceedingly difficult task for many, if not most, species. We tested the viability of using Google Earth™ imagery to manually map and monitor all individuals of the critically endangered Clanwilliam cedar, Widdringtonia wallichii Endl. ex Carrière, across its global native distribution; the remote and rugged Cederberg mountains. Comparison with sampling from field surveys reveals this to be a highly efficient and effective method for mapping healthy adult tree localities, but it fails to detect small or unhealthy individuals with green canopies <4 m2, or discern the number of individuals in clumps. This approach is clearly viable as a monitoring tool for this species and, with the rapid progress being made in machine learning approaches and satellite technology, will only become easier and more feasible for a greater number of species in the near future. Sadly, our field surveys revealed that the number of trees that have recently died (dead leaves still present) outnumbered live trees by a ratio of 2:1.
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Debus, S. J. S., and H. A. Ford. "Responses of Eastern Yellow Robins Eopsaltria australis to translocation into vegetation remnants in a fragmented landscape." Pacific Conservation Biology 18, no. 3 (2012): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc130194.
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Many species of Australian robins (Petroicidae) are declining in wooded landscapes across southern Australia, perhaps because they are unable or unwilling to disperse across the matrix between remnants, or because they experience high mortality while doing so. Eastern Yellow Robins Eopsaltria australis have declined in parts of southeastern Australia, and have gone extinct in some woodland remnants. We translocated adult Yellow Robins to remnants from which they had disappeared, and followed their survival and behaviour. Nine Yellow Robins were translocated to a 100 ha remnant in 2001 (seven birds) and 2002 (two birds). One bird disappeared immediately and a second after 2 weeks, but the rest stayed for at least 2 months, with two birds surviving to at least 4 and 5 years. One reintroduced pair bred each year from 2001 to 2005, producing six fledglings. Two colour-banded Yellow Robins also arrived unaided from another remnant 7 km away. Fifteen Yellow Robins were translocated to nine small remnants (<60 ha) in 2005– 06. Seven birds disappeared within 3 days of their release, apparently killed by predators. The remainder survived for up to 7 weeks, but none was found breeding. Translocated Robins moved up to 3 km from their release sites through natural or planted corridors, and up to 1 km through a matrix of scattered trees. Small remnants, which surviving Robins ultimately vacated, had fewer shrubs than sites where they bred. The results suggest that Eastern Yellow Robins can disperse through a landscape with corridors or scattered trees. However, they may suffer predation and reject sites that are too small or of poor habitat quality. Management to retain Eastern Yellow Robins in a fragmented landscape should enlarge remnants, protect scattered trees, plant or regenerate strategic clumps of trees and shrubs in gaps between remnants, and allow shrubs to regenerate within remnants.
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Bolboacă, Lucian Eugen, Viorel Pocora, and Emanuel Ștefan Baltag. "The Breeding of Scops Owl (Otus Scops) in Iaşi County (Eastern Romania). A Habitat Selectivity Study." Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” 56, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/travmu-2013-0016.
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Abstract Scops Owl (Otus scops) is a small sized owl that is a summer visitor and a breeding species in Romania. It underwent a moderate decline in Europe in the last decades, probably due to habitat loss. In Romania, it is a poorly studied species of birds. Breeding data were uncertain for Iași County. During 2010 and 2012, we identified a number of 26 Scops Owl territories. In each territory, we mapped the habitats on an area that followed a radius of 200 m from the observed bird. Thus, we identified a number of 15 habitats. From all 15 habitats mapped, the open pastures with isolated clumps of trees and bushes were best represented (15.53%) of the total habitat types of the study area. Also, in Iași County we observed a sinantropism of Scops Owl, due to the fact that 10 out of 26 territories (38.5%) are situated in anthropic habitat.
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Chowdhary, Chhote Lal, and I. C. Dutta. "Growth Performances and Growing Stock of Rattan in the Community Managed Forests of Nepal." Journal of Advanced Academic Research 7, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaar.v7i1.35469.
Full textAbstract:
Calamus tenuis Roxb, the economically potential rattan species, has been increasing in the community managed forests. Quantitative and qualitative information was collected in 2016 and 2017. The research was carried out in 20 Community Forest User Groups of Kailali and Bardiya district. Growing stock was measured using stratified random sampling in the community forests, followed by socio-economic information through semi-structured questionnaire to 526 respondentsincluding focus group discussions with executive member of community forest user groups. The study found that average growth of Calamus tenuis in the community forests was 0.85 cms per year, the maximum growth attained up to 2.5 meter per year if they get associated trees to climb on. It’ is a clumpy palm, producing 3-7 rhizomes in one year and reaches up to 25 rhizomes in 3-4 years period. There are 15 to 25percent immature culms in a clump with estimate the number of clumps per hectare in managed rattan forest are 200 to 500. Growing stock is estimated from 38,860 to 39,560 per hectare in the community forest comprising about 57 percent large size, 19 percent medium size and 24percent regeneration. The mean length was measured 5.80 meter and mean diameter 9.29 mm. Weight difference of rattan with and without leaf sheath is 25 percent, reduction in oven dry weight is 75.9 percent, and air dry weight is 32 percent. More than 20 CFUGs have produced natural rattan in the community forests of Kailali and Bardiya districts. By the number of CFUGs, Bardiya district has more than 19 CFUGs and Kailali district has one CFUG managing natural rattan. Total estimated production of rattan in both districts is over 250 metric ton. Harvesting is restricted due to limitation of provision of Initial Environment Examination (IEE). According to these conditions, CFUGs should have get approval the detail IEE. None of the CFUGS have prepared the IEE. In such a condition, CFUGs can only harvest less than five quintal (5000 kg) rattan as per approved FOP. The study concludes that despite site quality remains constant, the associated tree species to climb them are encouraging factor. Detail growing stock needs to be incorporated in the rattan management plan / forest operational plan to mainstream in the process.
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Vetchinnikova, L. V., and A. F. Titov. "Update on the Boundaries of the Curly Birch Range." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 6 (December 10, 2020): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2020-6-9-21.
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The article reports on the application of the best known principles for mapping natural populations of curly (Karelian) birch Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Mercklin) Hämet-Ahti – one of the most appealing representatives of the forest tree flora. Relying on the synthesis and analysis of the published data amassed over nearly 100 years and the data from own full-scale studies done in the past few decades almost throughout the area where curly birch has grown naturally, it is concluded that its range outlined in the middle of the 20th century and since then hardly revised is outdated. The key factors and reasons necessitating its revision are specified. Herewith it is suggested that the range is delineated using the population approach, and the key element will be the critical population size below which the population is no longer viable in the long term. This approach implies that the boundaries of the taxon range depend on the boundaries of local populations (rather than the locations of individual trees or small clumps of trees), the size of which should not be lower than the critical value, which is supposed to be around 100–500 trees for curly birch. A schematic map of the curly birch range delineated using this approach is provided. We specially address the problem of determining the minimum population size to secure genetic diversity maintenance. The advantages of the population approach to delineating the distribution range of curly birch with regard to its biological features are highlighted. The authors argue that it enables a more accurate delineation of the range; shows the natural evolutionary history of the taxon (although it is not yet officially recognized as a species) and its range; can be relatively easily updated (e.g. depending on the scope of reintroduction); should be taken into account when working on the strategy of conservation and other actions designed to maintain and regenerate this unique representative of the forest tree flora.
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Campbell, Jocelyn, and Darwyn S. Coxson. "Canopy microclimate and arboreal lichen loading in subalpine spruce-fir forest." Canadian Journal of Botany 79, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 537–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-025.
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Hair lichen communities in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) forests of the northern Cariboo Mountains (British Columbia) show distinct vertical zonation. Alectoria sarmentosa reaches peak abundance in the lower canopy (over 35 kg/ha) whereas Bryoria spp. lichens reach peak abundance in the upper canopy (over 250 kg/ha). These distribution patterns are accentuated by stand structure with trees growing in clumps retaining significantly higher lichen loading on a per branch basis compared to solitary trees. The vertical zonation of lichen communities is accompanied by distinct trends in canopy microclimate. Snowmelt events account for the largest proportion of observed thallus hydration in both Alectoria and Bryoria. Although canopy microclimate is surprisingly isothermal during rainfall events, the attenuation of thallus hydration after wetting is typically greater for lower canopy exposures. An important exception to this pattern is seen under midwinter conditions, when solar insolation is insufficient to sustain prolonged lower canopy snowmelt. Our data support the hypothesis that ventilation in upper canopy exposures is a contributing factor in the vertical zonation of Alectoria and Bryoria communities. Upper canopy Bryoria rely more heavily on snowmelt events to sustain thallus hydration, whereas lower canopy Alectoria utilize summer rainfall events to a greater extent. We hypothesize that physiological mechanisms, through which these patterns of canopy microclimate influence lichen zonation, may include an intolerance to prolonged wetting by Bryoria and higher resaturation respiration costs in Alectoria, which would limit it to more mesic canopy exposures. We believe that the observed distribution of canopy lichens ultimately reflects the long-term interaction of both physiological and successional processes (lichen colonization and dispersal) within the canopy.Key words: canopy, epiphytes, lichens, microclimate.
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Szafert, Damian, Bartłomiej Miziński, and Tomasz Niedzielski. "Szorstkość pokrycia terenu jako źródło błędu metody SfM zastosowanej do rekonstrukcji zasięgu pokrywy śnieżnej = Terrain roughness as a source of error with the SfM method applied to the reconstruction of snow cover extent." Przegląd Geograficzny 92, no. 3 (2020): 377–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/przg.2020.3.4.
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A comparison between errors associated with snow-cover reconstruction performed by processing aerial imagery acquired by a visible-light camera mounted on board unmanned aerial vehicles, one the one hand; and average terrain roughness, on the other, revealed a dependent relationship between these variables. A stronger correlation is noted for two of the studied test areas (Polana Izerska and Krobica, both located in SW Poland), as opposed to the remaining site (Drożyna, SW Poland). In particular, correlations are noticeable where the analysis is performed in moving windows. It is typical for terrain where depth of snow cover is reconstructed with severe errors to reveal a high degree of roughness caused by single trees, clumps of trees or buildings. Ambiguous results are obtained for the Drożyna research field. While the character of the dependent relationship there seems consistent with results for the remaining sites, the strength is low. The lower values for the correlation coefficient were driven by observations for which errors were found to be high while values for the Topographic Ruggedness Index were at the same time low. This effect can be explained by reference to the specific nature of the area reconstructed, which is much transformed by human activity. It proves difficult to reconstruct the depth of snow cover on roads properly, as these are either partially cleared or snow or characterised by its loss in the course of melting. Low thickness of snow cover is thus found to be a constrained when it comes to the generation of accurate reconstructions of the depth of snow cover. This is in fact a finding in agreement with what has been reported by other authors.
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Chambers, Carol L., William C. McComb, John C. Tappeiner II, Loren D. Kellogg, Rebecca L. Johnson, and G. Spycher. "CFIRP: What we learned in the first ten years." Forestry Chronicle 75, no. 3 (June 1, 1999): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75431-3.
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In response to public dissatisfaction with forest management methods, we initiated the College of Forestry Integrated Research Project (CFIRP) to test alternative silvicultural systems in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands in western Oregon. We compared costs and biological and human responses among a control and three replicated silvicultural alternatives to clearcutting that retained structural features found in old Douglas-fir forests. Treatments were applied within 8- to 15-ha stands and attempted to mimic crown fires (modified clearcut), windthrow (green tree retention), and small-scale impacts such as root rot diseases (small patch group selection). We also compared costs in three unreplicated treatments (large patch group selection, wedge cut, and strip cut). Each treatment included differences in the pattern of retained dead trees (snags), as either scattered individuals or as clumps. Good communication among researchers and managers, a long-term commitment to the project, and careful documentation of research sites and data are important to the success of long-term silvicultural research projects. To date, over 30 publications have resulted from the project. Key words: alternative silviculture, data management, Douglas-fir, green tree retention, harvesting costs, human dimensions, Oregon, Pseudotsuga menziesii, recreation, wildlife
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Hall, R. J., and A. H. Aldred. "Forest regeneration appraisal with large-scale aerial photographs." Forestry Chronicle 68, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc68142-1.
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The operational feasibility of using large-scale aerial photographs to quantify coniferous forest stocking and regeneration density, was assessed over 6 cutovers with a 1,700 ha total area. The project involved two stages: one to pre-stratify cutover stocking levels using 1:10,000 general-coverage, colour photos; and the second to sample intensively, stocking and density using 1:500 large-scale photos. The accuracy, cost and practical problems in using large-scale sampling photos for regeneration assessment were determined. Accuracy assessment included detectability of young trees, species interpretation, and reliability of stocking and density measurements. Stocking estimates were on average, only five percent lower than field survey results but could be calibrated using regression techniques. Large differences between field survey and photo estimates of density in stems/ha suggested such counts should not be made from large-scale photos. Density count differences were attributable to seedlings occurring in dense patches or clumps where field counts were also difficult. If survey objectives and methods are carefully planned, large-scale photos can be a suitable tool for assessing and monitoring the stocking and survival rates of coniferous forest regeneration. Key words: Forest regeneration appraisal, silviculture, inventory, sampling, large-scale photography.
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Sahel, Y., Y. Dellahi, and D. Chahhou. "Mapping the Site of Biological and Ecological Interest of Rganat-Bouchkal (Tsili) Argan forest (Moroccan Central Plateau) using remote sensing." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1090, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1090/1/012001.
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Abstract This work aims at developing a precise map of the distribution of Argan tree within Rganat-Bouchkal (Tsili) site which is considered as Sites of Biological and Ecological Interest (SBEI) with high biogeographic value. The methodological approach is based on the use of PLEIADES satellite image with a very high spatial resolution of 0.5m. A supervised classification was performed to develop an original map of the distribution of the Argan tree and the other accompanying species. The numerical method was also adopted to highlight the different factors influencing the distribution and the stat of the Rganat-Bouchkal (Tsili) SBEI stand. The results of this classification made it possible to map more than 770 feet of Argan trees located mainly on the slopes oriented South and South-East, on steepest slopes. The numerical method shows that the exposure factor and the edaphic factor explain mainly the distribution of SBEI species. Small stand either in the form of clumps or isolated feet, the Argan tree of Rganat-Bouchkal (Tsili) appears in a very degraded state, translating a massive exploitation of the tree cover and shrubby by the local population (example: abusive cutting and overgrazing).
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Tsuneda, A., M. L. Davey, I. Tsuneda, and R. S. Currah. "Two new dothideomycetous endoconidial genera from declining larch." Botany 88, no. 5 (May 2010): 471–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b10-015.
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Two endoconidial, black meristematic fungi, Celosporium larixicolum gen. et sp. nov. (Dothideales) and Hispidoconidioma alpina gen. et sp. nov. (Capnodiales) are described from black subicula on twigs of declining larch ( Larix lyallii Parl) trees in Alberta, Canada. Conidioma morphology and phylogenetic analysis of LSU and ITS regions indicate that these taxa are both distinct from each other and from previously described endoconidial genera. Conidiomata of C. larixicolum consist of black cellular clumps (aggregated conidiogenous cells) that are either naked or enveloped by scant to dense mycelium that sometimes organizes into a cupulate peridium. Endoconidia are 1–3 celled, hyaline when released but become pigmented as they age, and very variable in size and shape, e.g., globose, pear-shaped, osteoid, or discoid with an irregular flange. In H. alpina, colonies are three-layered, consisting of a central pseudoparenchymatous layer sandwiched between an upper and a basal hyphal layers, and conidiogenesis occurs in sporadic areas of the central layer. Endoconidia are unicellular, hyaline, and subglobose to ellipsoid. The strong phylogenetic affinities between these newly described taxa and slow-growing, melanized fungi isolated from rocks suggest individual black meristematic fungus lineages may have broad habitat ranges.
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Plitman Mayo, Romina, Yassen Abbas, D. Stephen Charnock-Jones, Graham J. Burton, and Gil Marom. "Three-dimensional morphological analysis of placental terminal villi." Interface Focus 9, no. 5 (August 16, 2019): 20190037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0037.
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Transport of nutrients and waste between the maternal and fetal circulations during pregnancy takes place at the final branches of the placental villous trees. Therefore, and unsurprisingly, pregnancy complications have been related to the maldevelopment of terminal villi. However, a deep analysis of placental villous morphology has been limited by tissue processing and imaging techniques. In this proof-of-principle study, placental lobules were fixed by perfusion and small clumps of villi were stained, sectioned optically and reconstructed. Morphological and network analyses were suggested and demonstrated on samples of normal placentas. The results show that most parameters are almost constant within a placenta but that there exists an inter-individual variation. Network analysis suggests that the feto-placental capillary network has several paths within an individual villus, serving as an efficient transport system. Three-dimensional reconstruction from confocal laser scanning microscopy images is a potent technique able to quantify placental architecture and capture the significant irregularities in vessel diameter and membrane thickness. This approach has the potential to become a powerful tool to further our understanding of the differences in placental structure which may underlie pregnancy complications.
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Harrington, Timothy B., and John C. Tappeiner. "Long-term effects of tanoak competition on Douglas-fir stand development." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 4 (April 2009): 765–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-004.
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In 1- to 2-year-old Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) plantations near Cave Junction and Glendale, Oregon, sprout clumps of tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.) and other hardwoods were removed with herbicides in April 1983 to leave relative covers of 0%, 25%, 50%, or 100% of the nontreated cover, which averaged 15%. In 1996 (Cave Junction) and 1998 (Glendale), precommercial thinning (PCT) of Douglas-fir and cutting of nonconifer woody species were operationally applied across the four densities of tanoak. In 2005, Douglas-fir in 0% relative cover of tanoak averaged 5–8 cm larger at breast height and 3–6 m taller, and had two to four times the net stand volume of those growing in 100% relative cover. From 1999 to 2005, Douglas-fir stand growth accelerated more rapidly in tanoak relative covers of 0% and 25% than in covers of 50% and 100%. Differential development of Douglas-fir and hardwoods in relative covers of 0%, 25%, and 100%, followed by selection of crop trees via PCT, resulted in three distinct stand structures: pure stands of Douglas-fir with a single canopy layer 12–16 m tall, mixed stands with overstory Douglas-fir (12 m) and midstory hardwoods (7 m), and mixed stands with a single canopy layer (8–9 m).
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Asbeck, Thomas, Christian Messier, and Jürgen Bauhus. "Retention of tree-related microhabitats is more dependent on selection of habitat trees than their spatial distribution." European Journal of Forest Research 139, no. 6 (July 7, 2020): 1015–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-020-01303-6.
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Abstract Habitat trees, which provide roosting, foraging and nesting for multiple taxa, are retained in managed forests to support biodiversity conservation. To what extent their spatial distribution influences provisioning of habitats has rarely been addressed. In this study, we investigated whether abundance and richness of tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) differ between habitat trees in clumped and dispersed distributions and whether the abundance of fifteen groups of TreMs is related to tree distribution patterns. To identify habitat trees, we quantified TreMs in temperate mountain forests of Germany. We determined clumping (the Clark–Evans index), size of the convex hull, diameter at breast height, as well as altitude, slope and aspect of sites for their possible influence on TreMs. We additionally determined the difference in TreM abundance and richness among four options of selecting five habitat trees per ha from 15 candidates: (a) the most clumped trees, (b) five randomly selected and dispersed trees, (c) the single tree with highest abundance or richness of TreMs and its four closest neighbors and (d) a “reference selection” of five trees with known highest abundance or richness of TreMs irrespective of their distribution. The degree of clumping and the size of the convex hull influenced neither the abundance nor richness of TreMs. The reference selection, option (d), contained more than twice the number of TreMs compared to the most clumped, (a), or random distributions, (b), of five habitat trees, while option (c) assumed an intermediate position. If the goal of habitat tree retention is to maximize stand-level abundance and richness of TreMs, then it is clearly more important to select habitat trees irrespective of their spatial pattern.
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Khan, M. N. I., S. Sharma, U. Berger, N. Koedam, F. Dahdouh-Guebas, and A. Hagihara. "How do tree competition and stand dynamics lead to spatial patterns in monospecific mangroves?" Biogeosciences 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2013): 2803–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2803-2013.
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Abstract. Information on mangrove stand development is rare because long-term monitoring data is often lacking. Such information is important in order to plan management measures effectively. Novel approaches based on existing datasets are required to bridge this gap of knowledge. This study uses a unique combination of field data analyses with simulation experiments in order to demonstrate how information on mangrove dynamics can be extracted if data are sparse. The paper provides a baseline characterization of stand development in a monospecific pioneer mangrove stand of Kandelia obovata. Point pattern analyses revealed that in the young stage, self-thinning has started but has not yet lead to a regularity of spatial tree distribution in the entire stand, and trees located in smaller clumps hinder each other in growth but do not lead to a significant size class differentiation. However, after ca. 2 decades the self-thinning and the size class differentiation start to become more visible. A mutual inhibition of growth was observed within 2 m circular distance (r) in the young stage and within 3 m distance after two decades of stand development as confirmed by the negative values of mark correlation function. As a stand grows older the spatial pattern of individuals become more regular from a clustered pattern. In order to understand and predict the future stand development, simulation experiments were carried out by means of the individual-based model KiWi.