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Vespa, Anna, Maria Velia Giulietti, Paolo Fabbietti, Mirko Di Rosa, Pisana Gattafoni, Riccardo Sarzani, Giorgio Arnaldi, et al. "Structural Analysis of Social Behavior: Using Cluster Analysis to Examine Intrapsychic Personality Traits Associated With Depression in Women With Breast Cancer." Cancer Control 29 (January 2022): 107327482211033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10732748221103327.
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Background This study aimed to investigate personality traits associated with depression in breast cancer women (BCW). Methods Sample: 236 BCW recently diagnosed (early stages). Tests: SASB-Structural-Analysis of Social-Behavior; IPAT-CDQ-Depression . Statistical analysis: cluster K-Means analysis to explore SASB personality-traits considering the 8 SASB clusters (Cl); CDQ scores dichotomized by 50th percentile cutoff (high/low); Pearson’s chi square test to compare CDQ levels and SASB traits. Results Cluster analysis results supported two distinguishable SASB personality traits (for all SASB Cl-Scales P < .001) classified as “Love and Autonomy” (62.2%) and “Control and Hate” (37.8%). Patients with Love/Autonomy traits are spontaneous, accept their deepest feelings and desire to be close to other people (Cl1, Cl2, Cl3, Cl4). They show a medium value of self-control and a low tendency to self-abusive and self-critical behaviors (Cl5, Cl6). They pay attention to themselves and to their needs at emotional and physical levels also if may be occasionally engaged in self-destructive behaviors (Cl7, Cl8). Women with Control/Hate traits are not spontaneous and do not always express emotions (C1, Cl2, Cl3, Cl4) and flexibility in their relationship with others (Cl5, Cl6). In stressful situations, they may ignore the option of choices for self-growth and neglect their needs and those of others (Cl7, Cl8). BCWs with Control/Hate traits scored higher in depression ( P <.001) than those with the Love/Autonomy profile. Conclusions Healthcare professionals should be aware of these personality traits and their association with depression to identify the psychologically most vulnerable BCW and improve the care they provide them. The psychotherapeutic intervention should be planned to face on the personality problems.
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Kamenev, I. V., V. V. Karpov, and L. N. Kondratieva. "Stability of CLT cylindrical panels." Вестник гражданских инженеров 19, no. 6 (2022): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2022-19-6-30-38.
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The article considers the stability of multilayer cylindrical panels. The shells under consideration are rectangular in plan, made of cross-laminated timber (CLT) and have a hinged and fixed support. As a mathematical model for studying SSS, the total potential energy of deformation functional is applied, taking into account transverse shifts (Timoshenko-Reisner model). The study of the stability of three constructions of different geometry has been carried out. Based on the obtained data of a computational experiment, an analysis was made of the influence of the number and orientation of shell layers on the stability of the structure. Recommendations on the orientation of layers for smooth surface panels are given.
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Abdurrahman, Irfan Naufal, Heru Juhdi Gultom, and Erma Desmaliana. "Kajian Eksperimental Sifat Mekanik Panel Cross Laminated Timber Kayu Sengon dan Kayu Jabon (Hal. 78-87)." RekaRacana: Jurnal Teknil Sipil 4, no. 4 (November 29, 2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/rekaracana.v4i4.78.
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ABSTRAKPanel Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) merupakan rekayasa kayu dengan penyusunan kayu dengan arah bersilangan 90 Material kayu yang digunakan yaitu kayu Sengon dan kayu Jabon. Pembuatan panel CLT menggunakan perekat Polyvinyl Acetate, Cross-linker, dan Lateks Karet Alam dengan perbandingan 1:1 untuk base dan 15% untuk katalisator. Tujuan dari penelitian ini, untuk mengetahui kinerja panel CLT kayu Sengon dan kayu Jabon terhadap beban tekan dan geser. Pembuatan panel CLT dilakukan dengan menggunakan kempa dingin dan dimensi panel CLT yang digunakan yaitu 950mm 950mm 120mm. Hasil pengujian eksperimental pada benda uji small clear, didapatkan bahwa kayu jabon dan kayu sengon masuk kedalam kelas kuat V. Kapasitas tekan panel CLT kayu Sengon lebih kuat dibandingkan CLT Jabon yaitu 12,196 MPa dengan defleksi 10,51 mm dan kapasitas tekan panel CLT Kayu Jabon 9,572 MPa dengan defleksi 2,67. Pada pengujian kuat geser Panel CLT kayu Sengon menghasilkan nilai kuat geser lebih baik dari pada CLT kayu Jabon sebesar 0,09 MPa, dan kuat geser CLT kayu Jabon 0,089 MPa. Kata kunci: cross laminated timber, perekat, kuat tekan, kuat geser, defleksi. ABSTRACTCross Laminated Timber (CLT) Panel Is wood engineering with wood’s arrangement cross direction 90°. Wood materials used Sengon and Jabon. Making CLT panels using Polyvinyl Acetate, Cross-linker, and Natural Rubber Latex adhesives with a ratio of 1:1 for base and 15% for catalyst. The purpose of this research is to know the performance of Sengon and Jabon wood CLT panels against press and shear load. CLT panel is made by used cold press processed and the CLT panel dimensions used is 950mm 950mm 120mm. The results of small clear test object, found that Jabon wood and sengon wood were included in the strong V class.The compressive capacity of Sengon wood CLT panel is stronger than Jabon CLT which is 12.196 MPa with 10.51 mm deflection and the compressive capacity of Jabon CLT panel is 9.572 MPa with a deflection of 2.67. The shear strength testing of Sengon wood CLT Panel produces better shear strength than Jabon wood. Shear strength Sengon’s CLT is 0.089 MPa and Jabon’s CLT is 0.128 MPa.Keywords: cross laminated timber, glue, compression strength, shear strength, deflection.
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Lakusic, Stjepan. "Design approach for cost-effective hybrid CLT floors." Journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers 74, no. 04 (May 2022): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14256/jce.3271.2021.
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There is a growing research and production interest for the application of lower-cost hybrid cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels composed of timber layers of dissimilar quality. Therefore, an approach for the design of cost-effective hybrid CLT panels in bending, based on the existing analytical and novel finite element procedures, is presented in the paper. The gamma-method, the extended gamma method, and the composite theory are applied in the analysis of square panels, while the finite element model based on the Reddy’s full layerwise theory is used for the complex-shape panels in bending. An extensive benchmark technical and economic study is performed for 25 CLT panels, considering various spans, lamination schemes, geometries, and boundary conditions. Cost savings made by using a lower timber class in central zones of CLT panels are highlighted and quantified. This concept shows an economic potential that should be considered during the design and production of CLT panels in structural engineering applications, such as lightweight floor structures.
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Robbins, Adriana, Ying Jia, and Eliezer Louzada*. "Gene Expression Analysis a Cold Responsive Gene from Poncirus trifoliata during Acclimation and Deacclimation." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 862C—862. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.862c.
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In Texas, the freezes of 1951 and 1962 together killed 125,000 acres of citrus trees and the freeze of 1983 killed 40,000 acres. The low temperature is one of the most important abiotic stresses to be understood and manipulated molecularly. Cold hardiness is found in the deciduous citrus relative, trifoliate orange, which can withstand temperatures as low as -26 °C when it is cold acclimated. Exposure of the cold hardy trifoliate orange plants to temperature from 28 °C to -5 °C enabled us to isolate and characterize one novel citrus low temperature gene (clt) with two transcripts, called clt-a and clt-b from leaves and twigs. Clt-a was produced when plants were subjected to low temperatures (starting at 10 °C), while cltb was constitutively expressed. Both clt-a and clt-b have the same open reading frame of 165 nucleotides and encodes a small protein of 54 amino acid. However, clt-a has an additional 98 bp nucleotides at the 3'-untranslated region (UTR), which is absent in clt-b. Expression analysis using relative quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that clt-a is expressed exclusively at low temperatures, while clt-b is expressed constitutively (expression verified from 2 °C to -5 °C). In the process of deacclimation from -1 °C to 28 °C, the clt-a transcript degraded dramatically after 2 °C and was completely absent at 28 °C, while the clt-b transcript remain stable. When the acclimated plant was taken from -1 °C to room temperature, the clt-a gene degraded within 2 hours. Moreover, when acclimated plant was continuously exposed at -1 °C for 20 days, both transcripts clt-a and clt-b remained stable. Involvement of alternative splicing in transcript stability will be discussed.
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Tian, Zhaopeng, Yingchun Gong, Junhua Xu, Mingyue Li, Zhaohui Wang, and Haiqing Ren. "Predicting the Average Compression Strength of CLT by Using the Average Density or Compressive Strength of Lamina." Forests 13, no. 4 (April 9, 2022): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13040591.
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The compressive strength in the major direction of cross-laminated timber CLT is the key to supporting the building load when CLT is used as load-bearing walls in high-rise wood structures. This study mainly aims to present a model for predicting the average compressive strength of CLT and promoting the utilization of CLT made out of planted larch. The densities and compressive strengths of lamina specimens and CLT samples with widths of 89 and 178 mm were evaluated, and their relationship was analyzed to build a prediction model by using Monte Carlo simulation. The results reveal that the average density of the lamina and CLT were about equal, whereas the average compressive strength of the CLT was just about 72% of that of the lamina. Width exerted no significant effect on the average compressive strength of the CLT, but homogenization caused the wider CLT to have a smaller variation than that of the lamina. The average compressive strength of the lamina could be calculated by using the average density of lamina multiply by 103.10, and the average compressive strength of the CLT could be calculated according to the compression strength of lamina in major and minor direction, therefore, a new prediction model is determined to predict the average compression strength of CLT by using the average density of lamina or CLT, the average compression strength of CLT made in this study is about 74.23 times of the average density of the lamina. The results presented in this study can be used to predict the average compressive strength of CLT by using the average density of lamina and provide a fundamental basis for supporting the utilization of CLT as load-bearing walls.
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Wang, Xinmeng, Yilin Que, Yunhui Hu, Guichao Jiang, and Zeli Que. "Effect of different thickness of the layers of cross-laminated timber made from Chinese fir on the mechanical performance." BioResources 13, no. 3 (July 31, 2018): 7002–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.3.7002-7016.
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Under the premise of an unchanging total thickness in cross-laminated timber (CLT) made from Chinese fir, research into the effect of different CLT laminate thicknesses on the mechanical performance (bending and shear performance) was performed using the existing CLT static analysis theory to calculate and compare the bending performance of CLT specimens. The results showed that at constant total thickness the bending performance increased, the shear performance worsened, and the destruction mode of the CLT structure became simpler with an increase in the CLT laminate thickness. Increasing the odd to even layer thickness ratio effectively improved the bending and shear performance of the CLT specimens for a certain percentage range.
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Iwase, Tetsuya, Takanobu Sasaki, Shogo Araki, Tomohumi Huzita, and Chihiro Kayo. "Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Small-Scale Bridge Repair Using Cross-Laminated Timber Floor Slabs." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 22, 2020): 3424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083424.
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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) has gained popularity worldwide in recent years, and its use in buildings and civil engineering structures has attracted attention in Japan. In this study, the life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) balance and costs associated with CLT floor slabs were evaluated with respect to small-scale bridge repair as the first instance of the use of CLT in civil engineering projects in Japan. Additionally, waterproofing treatment was applied to CLT slabs, and the potential GHG and cost reduction of CLT in comparison with reinforced concrete (RC) slabs were examined. GHG emissions were the smallest for non-waterproofed CLT slabs and the greatest for RC slabs. When replacing RC slabs with CLT slabs without waterproofing, fossil-derived GHG emissions can be reduced by 73 kg-CO2eq/m2 per slab, and fossil/wood-derived GHG emissions can be reduced by 67 kg-CO2eq/m2; however, the use of disposed CLT as fuel is essential. Moreover, a reduction in GHG emissions can be expected if RC slabs are replaced with CLT slabs that are waterproofed only once every 20 years. Further, the cost associated with RC slabs is 20% of that attributable to CLT slabs. Hence, measures need to be taken to reduce the cost of CLT and waterproofing materials.
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Hafouta, Yeor, and Yuri Kifer. "Nonconventional polynomial CLT." Stochastics 89, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 550–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17442508.2016.1267181.
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Clegg, Judy, and Maggie Vance. "CLT Special Edition." Child Language Teaching and Therapy 24, no. 3 (October 2008): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265659008098458.
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Wei, Peixing, Brad Jianhe Wang, Hao Li, Libin Wang, Yingchun Gong, and Suyong Huang. "Performance evaluation of a novel cross-laminated timber made from flattened bamboo and wood lumber." BioResources 16, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 5187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.5187-5202.
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A novel flattened bamboo-wood composite cross-laminated timber (CCLT) made from flattened bamboo and hemlock lumber was developed, and its mechanical performance was investigated and quantified in this work. The results demonstrated that the CCLT columns and control hemlock CLT counterparts had nearly equal axial compression strength, but the CCLT yielded a higher compression modulus of elasticity (MOE). Additionally, the CCLT compression behaviors were not significantly affected by the height. Compared with hemlock CLT, the CCLT exhibited a slightly higher flatwise bending MOE and strength in the major strength direction. Furthermore, the MOE and strength of the CCLT under edgewise bending were 17.3% less and 16.2% greater than those under flatwise bending, respectively. The load-carrying capacity of the CCLT was mainly governed by the interfacial failure between the bamboo and wood, in which no rolling shear failure was observed. Those features are unique for the new CCLT for engineered applications.
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Suyanto, Ika Rahmawati. "Perilaku Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Sebagai Material Utama Bangunan Tingkat Menengah Tahan Gempa di Indonesia." Rekayasa Sipil 14, no. 3 (October 25, 2020): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2020.014.03.6.
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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is made up of multilayered timber stacked perpendicularly, which improved the dimensional stability and allowing CLT to has high bearing capacity in its two direction. Despite all the advantages, CLT has not yet gain much attention in Indonesian, especially the utilization in mid-rise building construction. In order to have a better understanding about CLT as main structural element, the behaviour of mid-rise building made of CLT was assessed by running a 3D model of 5-story building by combining building code in Indonesia with CLT parameter from previous researcher as well as recommended adjustment from previous researchers. The research shows that CLT building statisy the allowable parameter for mid-rise building in Indonesia.
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MARKÓ, Gábor, László BEJÓ, and Péter TAKÁTS. "The applicability of I-214 hybrid poplar as Cross-Laminated Timber raw material." Wood Science = Faipar 63, no. 2 (October 30, 2015): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14602/woodsci.2015.2.42.
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<p class="p1">A többrétegű keresztirányú ragasztott tömörfa szerkezeti panel (CLT) a könnyűszerkezetes építés viszonylag új alapanyaga, mely hazánkban még nem elterjedt. Elterjedését segítené, ha ezt az építőelemet hazai alapanyagokból is gyártani lehetne. Kutatásunk célja a CLT elemek hazai nemesnyár alapanyagból való gyárthatóságának vizsgálata volt. Ennek érdekében egy háromrétegű panel gyártására és hajlítóvizsgálatára került sor, olasz nyár alapanyagból, poliuretán ragasztóanyaggal. A vizsgálati eredmények azt mutatják, hogy az olasz nyár CLT szilárdsági tulajdonságai megfelelőek az alacsonyabb szilárdsági kategóriájú fenyő faanyagnak, azonban a rugalmassági modulusz értékei elmaradnak a kívánalmaktól. A nyár alapanyag alkalmas lehet CLT gyártásra, de csak a lamellák előzetes roncsolásmentes minősítésével, és a jobb anyagok kiválogatásával, vagy másodlagos nyersanyagként a fenyő faanyag mellett.</p>
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Aisyah, Siti, Yusuf Sudo Hadi, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis, Muhammad Iqbal Maulana, Rita Kartika Sari, and Wahyu Hidayat. "Influence of Puspa Wood and Coconut Trunk Combination on the Characteristics of Cross-Laminated Timber Bonded with Polyurethane Adhesive." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 11, no. 1 (January 25, 2023): 136–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl.v11i1.647.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristic of cross-laminated timber (CLT) made from puspa (Schima wallichii) wood, coconut (Cocos nucifera) trunk, and their combination using a polyurethane (PU) adhesive. The manufacturing of CLT begins with the characterization of the adhesive and wood materials used in this study. The CLT panels are made with dimensions of 100 cm × 30 cm × 3.6 cm. The laminate was organized into three layers with the face/core/back, namely puspa wood (PPP), coconut trunk (CCC), and their combination (PCP and CPC), perpendicular to each other using polyurethane adhesive with a glue spread of 160 g.m-2. The physical and mechanical properties of the CLT were assessed according to the JAS 3079 (2019) standard. The results showed that the polyurethane adhesive used in this study could cure optimally at a temperature of 30°C for 200 minutes. Puspa wood and coconut trunk had different physical and chemical properties but had similar wettability to polyurethane adhesives. The physical and mechanical characteristics of coconut CLT were better than puspa CLT. Based on the overall test results, the puspa hybrid CLT is better than the single wood species of the CLT. In contrast to coconut hybrid CLT, the single CLT of CCC was better than its hybrid CLT. Keywords: Coconut trunk, cross-laminated timber, layer combination, polyurethane adhesive, puspa wood
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Triwibowo, Dimas, Prabu Satria Sejati, Mohamad Gopar, Sudarmanto Sudarmanto, Fazhar Akbar, Deni Purnomo, Sukma Surya Kusumah, Yusup Amin, and Wahyu Dwianto. "Karakteristik Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) dari Kayu Jati Platinum Hasil Penjarangan dan Limbah Batang Kelapa Sawit (Characteristic of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) from Thinned Platinum Teak and Oil Palm Stem Waste)." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 8, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl38340-350.
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The aim of this study was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of Cross laminated timber (CLT) made from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis. Jacq) stem waste combined with thinned platinum teak (Tectona grandis ) wood. CLT was made into two types, namely CLT type A (teak-palm-teak) and CLT type B (teak-teak-teak). The CLT was 150 cm in length and 20 cm in width, with variation of the thickness of 3,0 cm, 4,5 cm, and 6,0 cm, and the glue spread of 300 g/m². The results showed that CLT type B has better physical and mechanical properties than CLT type A. Generally, CLT made of lamina with a thickness of 4,5 cm showed the best performance of physical and mechanical properties. Platinum teak and palm oil stem waste have the potential to be used as a source of CLT raw materials because of the moisture content, flexural modulus (MOE), and fracture modulus (MOR) that meet the JAS 1152 standard.Keywords: Cross laminated timber, platinum teak, oil palm stem, physical properties, mechanical properties
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Rittenhouse, A. R., C. Parker, C. Brugnara, K. G. Morgan, and S. L. Alper. "Inhibition of maxi-K currents in ferret portal vein smooth muscle cells by the antifungal clotrimazole." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 273, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): C45—C56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.1.c45.
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The antifungal agent clotrimazole (CLT) is a potent small-molecule inhibitor of Ca-activated K (KCa) currents of intermediate conductance in murine erythroleukemia cells. This study demonstrates that CLT also inhibits large-conductance KCa currents (maxi-K currents) in acutely dissociated vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells of ferret portal vein. The magnitude of block of a component of the whole cell K current by CLT was sensitive to test potential. CLT inhibited unitary maxi-K currents in outside-out patches, apparently by decreasing the mean open time. A metabolite of CLT lacking an imidazole ring also inhibited K currents. In contrast, the antifungal drug ketoconazole increased these same currents. Thus the inhibitory action of CLT appears to be due to a direct interaction with the channel protein rather than to imidazole block of cytochrome P-450 activity. Consistent with inhibition of maxi-K currents by CLT, superfusion of strips of portal vein VSM with CLT enhanced isometric tension and spontaneous rate of contraction, suggesting that CLT modulation of maxi-K currents may alter vasomotor functioning.
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Liew, Kang Chiang, and Ezzia Stecy Maining. "Mechanical and Physical Properties of Cross-Laminated Timber Made from Batai using Different Glue Spread Amounts." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2129, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2129/1/012087.
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Abstract This study aimed to determine the mechanical and physical properties of the Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) glued with different amounts of glue. Cost of glue is the outmost importance where it will help in reducing the CLT manufacturing cost. Four different amounts of glue spread were used where the glue that used was phenol-resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF);150, 200, 250 and 300g/m2. The testing of the CLT was conducted by following BS EN 408:2010, BS EN 16351:2015, ASTM D 2718 method B, ASTM D 143-94 and Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) 1152:2007. The analysis of physical tests that have been carried out are density, moisture content, shrinkage and swelling of the CLT’s thickness. Meanwhile, the mechanical tests were compression parallel and perpendicular to the grain, three-point bending test (flatwise and edgewise of CLT) and shear test. The highest density was shown by the CLT that using 300 g/m2 which the value was 316.41 kg/m3. Whereas the highest moisture content was shown by CLT that used 250 g/m2 with 15.49% in value. The highest thickness shrinkage percentage was 2.50%, CLT with 200g/m2 while the highest thickness swelling percentage was 5.60% which the CLT used 150 g/m2. For the flatwise bending test, it shows that the CLT that used 300 g/m2 has the highest MOE and MOR value which were 510.63N/mm2 and 8.39 N/mm2. The MOE and MOR value for edgewise bending also shows that CLT that used 300 g/m2 was the best with 1528.70 N/mm2and 13.48 N/mm2. In compression perpendicular to grain test, the CLT with 150 g/m2 shows the highest value of MOE which was 5.89 N/mm2 while CLT that used 200 g/m2 has the highest value of compressive strength with 9.10N/mm2. However, for compression parallel to grain test, the CLT that used 300 g/m2 shows the best performance with 1002.78 N/mm2 and 13.75 N/mm2 of MOE and compressive strength value. Lastly, for the shear test, the highest shear strength value was 0.39 N/mm2 which belongs to CLT that used 150 g/m2. Thus, CLT that used 300 g/m2 of glue spread amount is the best CLT which, the more the amount of glue, the better the performance of the CLT.
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Talens, Simone, Joyce J. M. C. Malfliet, Goran Rudež, Henri M. H. Spronk, Nicole A. H. Janssen, Piet Meijer, Cornelis Kluft, Moniek P. M. de Maat, and Dingeman C. Rijken. "Biological variation in tPA-induced plasma clot lysis time." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 108, no. 10 (2012): 640–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th12-02-0124.
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SummaryHypofibrinolysis is a risk factor for venous and arterial thrombosis, and can be assessed by using a turbidimetric tPA-induced clot lysis time (CLT) assay. Biological variation in clot lysis time may affect the interpretation and usefulness of CLT as a risk factor for thrombosis. Sufficient information about assay variation and biological variation in CLT is not yet available. Thus, this study aimed to determine the analytical, within-subject and between-subject variation in CLT. We collected blood samples from 40 healthy individuals throughout a period of one year (average 11.8 visits) and determined the CLT of each plasma sample in duplicate. The mean (± SD) CLT was 83.8 (± 11.1) minutes. The coefficients of variation for total variation, analytical variation, within-subject variation and between-subject variation were 13.4%, 2.6%, 8.2% and 10.2%, respectively. One measurement can estimate the CLT that does not deviate more than 20% from its true value. The contribution of analytical variation to the within-subject variation was 5.0%, the index of individuality was 0.84 and the reference change value was 23.8%. The CLT was longer in the morning compared to the afternoon and was slightly longer in older individuals (> 40 years) compared to younger (≤40 years) individuals. There was no seasonal variation in CLT and no association with air pollution. CLT correlated weakly with fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, prothrombin time and thrombin generation. This study provides insight into the biological variation of CLT, which can be used in future studies testing CLT as a potential risk factor for thrombosis.
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Ghulam Qasim Arif. "Communicative Language Teaching: A Good Initiative to Teach English Language in The Context of Quetta Balochistan." Al-Burz 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54781/abz.v10i1.61.
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This research paper shows the evolution in language teaching approach and multiple perspectives of communicative language teaching (CLT). Researcher has tried to elaborate the different aspects of CLT. How CLT affects classroom environment. Through qualitative research method, researcher tried to explore the data about the different factors of CLT affecting the language learning process. Researcher tried to analyze different principals of CLT to understand all the perspectives relating language learning process.
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Penfield, Patrick, Rene’ Germain, William B. Smith, and Stephen V. Stehman. "ASSESSING THE ADOPTION OF CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER BY ARCHITECTS AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS WITHIN THE UNITED STATES." Journal of Green Building 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 127–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.17.1.127.
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ABSTRACT Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product for the construction industry offering multiple structural, environmental and supply chain benefits. CLT can be used for an entire building, as both the lateral and vertical load resisting system, or for select elements such as the roof, floors or walls. CLT products were developed in the early 1990’s and have been widely adopted throughout Europe, and more recently, in Canada. However, use of CLT products is still relatively rare in the US. We present the results of a nationwide phone survey in the US conducted with architects and structural engineers to gauge their awareness, rate of adoption and assimilation of CLT products. Although adoption of CLT amongst architects and structural engineers is still at a nascent level within the construction sector, awareness is high, with 100% of our sample respondents cognizant of CLT. Architects and structural engineers perceive relative advantages of using CLT as well as compatibility with traditional construction. However, the adoption process is impeded by issues associated with complexity, trialability and observability. Key barriers to adoption of CLT as perceived by these two stakeholders are lack of experience from construction stakeholders, lack of training and tools for construction management stakeholders, lack of client requests and CLT inventory.
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Penfield, Patrick, Rene’ Germain, William B. Smith, and Stephen V. Stehman. "ASSESSING THE ADOPTION OF CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER BY ARCHITECTS AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS WITHIN THE UNITED STATES." Journal of Green Building 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 127–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.17.1.127.
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ABSTRACT Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product for the construction industry offering multiple structural, environmental and supply chain benefits. CLT can be used for an entire building, as both the lateral and vertical load resisting system, or for select elements such as the roof, floors or walls. CLT products were developed in the early 1990’s and have been widely adopted throughout Europe, and more recently, in Canada. However, use of CLT products is still relatively rare in the US. We present the results of a nationwide phone survey in the US conducted with architects and structural engineers to gauge their awareness, rate of adoption and assimilation of CLT products. Although adoption of CLT amongst architects and structural engineers is still at a nascent level within the construction sector, awareness is high, with 100% of our sample respondents cognizant of CLT. Architects and structural engineers perceive relative advantages of using CLT as well as compatibility with traditional construction. However, the adoption process is impeded by issues associated with complexity, trialability and observability. Key barriers to adoption of CLT as perceived by these two stakeholders are lack of experience from construction stakeholders, lack of training and tools for construction management stakeholders, lack of client requests and CLT inventory.
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Kłosińska, Teresa. "American tulipwood (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) as an innovative material in CLT technology." Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 115 (September 26, 2021): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.3186.
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American tulipwood (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) as an innovative material in CLT technology. CLT (cross laminated timber, X-Lam) is one type of engineered wood products. The first idea of CLT was presented in the seventies of the last century. It is manufactured with timber boards placed side by side commonly with 3, 5 and 7 layers glued at 90 degrees to adjacent layer. The CLT production technology was developed for softwood. The main species in CLT production is Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and less often White fir (Abies alba Mill.). Hardwood is also used more and more for production of CLT, most often, the wood of Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.), Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), poplars (Populus spp.), Locust tree (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). This paper describes the suitability of cheap tulipwood (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) as a raw material for the production of CLT. Examples of the use of this type of panels in construction are also presented. The tulipwood has similar physical characteristics to softwood, for which CLT production technologies were previously developed. This makes it possible to use the technology previously for softwood CLT was developed. In addition, the tulipwood is characterized by aesthetic visual quality (wood surface similar to marble). Thanks to this, CLT boards to make exposed surfaces can be used.
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Tianli, Zhou, Nor Shahila Mansor, Lay Hoon Ang, and Sharon Sharmini. "Practicing Communicative Language Teaching Approach of English Grammar Teaching: Teachers’ Perspectives in China Colleges." International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies 10, no. 3 (September 9, 2021): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.23.2021.103.247.259.
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The communicative language teaching (CLT) approach has been extensively used in English teaching in recent decades. Many scholars have investigated CLT and English teaching from various perspectives, but few have examined teachers’ attitudes towards the CLT approach and its usage in English grammar teaching. This study aimed to investigate the rationale, the teaching effects and suggestions of English teachers in using CLT in English grammar teaching in China colleges. A qualitative research method was adopted and data was collected through an open-response questionnaire from 13 English teachers of 6 universities in China. The analysis of the data collected revealed that most of the China English teachers used CLT. Their rationale for using it are summarized in this study. The results show that CLT positively affects China college students’ English grammar learning despite some limitations, especially in cultivating their communicative competence, motivating their study interests, and modifying the classroom atmosphere, which also helps build students’ confidence. Moreover, most of the participants recommended using CLT to conduct English grammar teaching, and eight suggestions were presented to help English teachers conduct the CLT approach to grammar teaching. This study could prove a good reference for teachers who would like to teach English grammar under the CLT approach and enhance their understanding of CLT.
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Kim, Keon-Ho. "Influence of layer arrangement on bonding and bending performances of cross-laminated timber using two different species." BioResources 15, no. 3 (May 21, 2020): 5328–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.5328-5341.
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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a wood panel product that can be arranged in different ways. The advantage of utilizing CLT is the ability to use lamination even with low density materials or those that have defects, like knots. This study evaluated the bonding and bending performances of CLT utilizing domestic species in a shear wall or floor via a face bonding test of layers and a three-point bending test. The tests were carried out with three-layered CLT made up of Japanese larch and/or Korean red pine in various configurations. The layer arrangement for lamination was divided according to the species and grade of the wood. The out-of-plane and in-plane bending tests were conducted on the CLT according to the applicable direction in a wooden structure. The results of the bonding test showed that the block shear strength and delamination of all types of CLT met the BS EN 16351 (2015) standard requirements. The results of the bending test based on two wood species showed that the bending strength of the larch CLT was higher than that of the pine CLT in single species combinations. For mixed species combinations, the bending properties of CLT using larch as the major layer was higher than those using pine as the major layer. This demonstrated that the major layer had more influence on the bending properties of CLT and that Korean red pine was more suited for the minor layer of CLT.
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Rahman, Abd. "EMERGING FACTORS OF COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING (CLT) AND ITS APPLICATION IN INDONESIAN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE (EFL) CLASSROOMS." Langkawi: Journal of The Association for Arabic and English 3, no. 2 (January 14, 2018): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.31332/lkw.v3i2.587.
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Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has been adopted in many countries and has influenced the foreign and second language learning and teaching. This article aims to explore the emerging factors of CLT and how CLT is practiced in Indonesian EFL classroom. This study finds that there are three main phases of the development of CLT. Started from the works of Hymes (1967, 1972), Canale and Swain (1980) and Bachman (1990). Moreover, recent theories in second language acquisition and globalization are two main factors which lead to the widespread of CLT. Finally, in the EFL context the application of CLT has faced many challenges. Socio-cultures, grammar and reading-based exam, and teachers’ low English proficiency make the application of CLT in Indonesian EFL classroom has not reached its objectives yet.
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Chen, Cindy, Francesca Pierobon, and Indroneil Ganguly. "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Produced in Western Washington: The Role of Logistics and Wood Species Mix." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (February 28, 2019): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051278.
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The use of cross-laminated timber (CLT), as an environmentally sustainable building material, has generated significant interest among the wood products industry, architects and policy makers in Washington State. However, the environmental impacts of CLT panels can vary significantly depending on material logistics and wood species mix. This study developed a regionally specific cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of CLT produced in western Washington. Specifically, this study focused on transportation logistics, mill location, and relevant wood species mixes to provide a comparative analysis for CLT produced in the region. For this study, five sawmills (potential lamstock suppliers) in western Washington were selected along with two hypothetical CLT mills. The results show that the location of lumber suppliers, in reference to the CLT manufacturing facilities, and the wood species mix are important factors in determining the total environmental impacts of the CLT production. Additionally, changing wood species used for lumber from a heavier species such as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) to a lighter species such as Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) could generate significant reduction in the global warming potential (GWP) of CLT. Given the size and location of the CLT manufacturing facilities, the mills can achieve up to 14% reduction in the overall GWP of the CLT panels by sourcing the lumber locally and using lighter wood species.
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Abedin, Md Minhajul. "The present mode of teaching in the ELT classes at the Higher Secondary level in Bangladesh: Is it the practice of CLT or disguised GTM?" Stamford Journal of English 7 (April 6, 2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sje.v7i0.14459.
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This study focuses on the current application of the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach at the higher secondary level in Bangladesh. Several attempts have been taken to prove the justification of the inclusion of the CLT approach in the curriculum in our country. Though the CLT approach was not imposed suddenly on our curriculum, the implementation of CLT in the present context in Bangladesh is still questionable. In this study, concentration has been given to the disguised impact of the Grammar Translation Method (GTM) on the practice of the CLT approach in Bangladesh. It has also been an attempt to find whether we can term the current mode of CLT as modified CLT. This small scale research has been conducted at the Higher Secondary level to locate the presence of GTM in place of the CLT approach. The study has been done through questionnaire survey and interview. The result of the findings has been analyzed and some suggestions have been given on the basis of the result. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sje.v7i0.14459 Stamford Journal of English; Volume 7; Page 1-15
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Lin, Jui-Yen, Chieh-Ting Yang, and Yaw-Shyan Tsay. "A Study on the Sound Insulation Performance of Cross-laminated Timber." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 25, 2021): 4144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154144.
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Cross-laminated Timber (CLT) has become an emerging board material of wood construction that is strong enough to sustain a high-rise building. However, many wooden congregate housing units overseas that utilize CLT have poor sound environments because the low mass of such wood influences sound insulation performance. In this research, we explored the effect of different CLT walls on sound insulation performance and integrated applicable sound insulation simulation tools to simplify the process of designing a CLT wall structure. This research aimed at a double wall and CLT combined with a gypsum board as the research object. The sound insulation performance test was carried out in a laboratory, while the sound insulation performance of the structure was predicted through simulation tools and prediction models and then compared with the measured values to verify the applicability of the simulation tool. The CLT with a double wall and CLT with gypsum board (CLT + GB) achieved Rw of 50 dB. The numerical simulation had better prediction performance than INSUL at the double wall, while the double wall with cavity structure was close to the measured result via mass law calculation. The INSUL-predicted CLT with a gypsum board at 500 Hz~3150 Hz was close to the measured value.
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Momin, M., K. Butte, and A. D’Souza. "SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF NIGELLA OIL AND CLOTRIMAZOLE AS ETHOSOMAL GEL FOR IMPROVED TREATMENT OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS." INDIAN DRUGS 56, no. 04 (April 28, 2019): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.56.04.11716.
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The aim of this research work was to develop an ethosomal gel containing nigella oil encapsulated with clotrimazole (CLT) for improved antifungal activity. The ethosomes were prepared using soya lecithin (SpC) and Nigella oil (NO) as lipids by thin film hydration and they exhibited a particle size of 136±69 nm with an entrapment efficiency of 65.44±1.08 %. CLT ethosomal gel exhibited controlled release of CLT with a steady flux of 7.20mcg/cm2/h across cellophane membrane. The ethosomal gel was stable for 180 days with no significant change in physiochemical parameters. In vitro antifungal activity demonstrated a synergistic action of CLT and NO against the fungal strains compared to plain CLT and NO. This signifies that the combination of NO and CLT in an ethosomal gel has tremendous potential to serve as a synergistic topical anti-fungal preparation than simple ethosomal formulation of CLT.
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Dong, Yu, Xue Cui, Xunzhi Yin, Yang Chen, and Haibo Guo. "Assessment of Energy Saving Potential by Replacing Conventional Materials by Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)—A Case Study of Office Buildings in China." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (February 27, 2019): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9050858.
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This research evaluates the operational heating and cooling energy consumption of cross-laminated timber (CLT) office buildings in China. The evaluations involve a comparison of the energy consumption of a reference RC structure and CLT system office buildings. Computational simulation results are based on IES-VE 2019 and show that the estimated heating energy saving ratio of CLT buildings in Harbin, Beijing, Shanghai, and Kunming to the reference structure are 11.97%, 22.11%, 30.94%, and 23.30% respectively. However, the CLT buildings consume more energy for cooling in the summer. The results of the research show significantly higher heating energy reductions for CLT buildings in the Cold Region and Severe Cold Regions of China. Thus, the application of the CLT system is better suited to northern China than southern China. The results of the research can be used in further assessment of the use of CLT systems in different climatic regions in China.
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Jansem, Anchalee. "Teaching Practices and Knowledge Base of English as a Foreign Language Teachers’ Communicative Language Teaching Implementation." International Education Studies 12, no. 7 (June 29, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v12n7p58.
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This small scale study aimed at identifying (1) the characteristics of teaching practices in CLT classrooms, (2) teachers’ opinions underlying such practices, (3) their positions while adopting CLT, and (4) a knowledge base used as a framework of CLT implementation. Eight Thai teachers who regarded themselves as CLT proponents voluntarily took part in this study. Data collected via classroom observations and post-teaching semi-structured interviews indicated that CLT involved four common features including promoting ‘small talk’ in the target language, beginning the lesson with the combination of lead-in and presentation strategies, positively reacting to students’ linguistic errors, and emphasizing semi-communicative activities. The participants’ opinions underlying CLT implementation centered on playing multiple roles including lesson designers, class managers, and English users with certain levels of English proficiency. Content, pedagogical content, and subject matter knowledge served as their major elements of the knowledge base for teaching when conducting CLT lessons.
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Shan, Bowen, Jian Liu, Yaqiu Liu, Huanhuan Wang, and Ailing Wang. "How Is Construction Land Transition Related to Rural Transformation? Evidence from a Plain County in China Based on the Grey Correlation Model." Land 11, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050641.
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Under the background of urban-rural integration, the frequent flow of urban and rural elements has promoted the close connection between rural transformation (RT) and construction land transition (CLT). How is CLT related to RT? By taking the plain area Linqing County in China as the study area, basing the study on the RT and CLT coupling framework of relevance theory, building an RT and CLT evaluation index system, using the multi-factor evaluation method for the evaluation of RT and CLT from 2010 to 2018, and using the grey correlation model to measure the RT and CLT coupling relationship, the results showed that the level of RT was from 0.04 to 97.42, and the level of CLT was from 14.89 to 82.47, showing the trends of gradual increase and fluctuating increase, respectively. Taking 2013 and 2016 as the time point, RT could be divided into the initial stage, growth stage I, and growth stage II, corresponding to the initial stage, high growth stage, and stable development stage of CLT. The coupling degree between the two was in the range of 0.6–0.8 and was in the stage of a medium to high coupling degree. The correlation degree between the subsystem of RT and CLT was over 0.65. In the subsystem of CLT, the correlation degrees between quantitative structure transition and RT and efficiency transition and RT were both lower than 0.65, which were relatively low. Controlling the scale of construction land and taking efficiency transition are the effective methods to guide the deep exploration of potential and are the inevitable way to strengthen the relationship between CLT and RT and promote urban-rural integration development.
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Shan, Bowen, Jian Liu, Yaqiu Liu, Huanhuan Wang, and Ailing Wang. "How Is Construction Land Transition Related to Rural Transformation? Evidence from a Plain County in China Based on the Grey Correlation Model." Land 11, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050641.
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Under the background of urban-rural integration, the frequent flow of urban and rural elements has promoted the close connection between rural transformation (RT) and construction land transition (CLT). How is CLT related to RT? By taking the plain area Linqing County in China as the study area, basing the study on the RT and CLT coupling framework of relevance theory, building an RT and CLT evaluation index system, using the multi-factor evaluation method for the evaluation of RT and CLT from 2010 to 2018, and using the grey correlation model to measure the RT and CLT coupling relationship, the results showed that the level of RT was from 0.04 to 97.42, and the level of CLT was from 14.89 to 82.47, showing the trends of gradual increase and fluctuating increase, respectively. Taking 2013 and 2016 as the time point, RT could be divided into the initial stage, growth stage I, and growth stage II, corresponding to the initial stage, high growth stage, and stable development stage of CLT. The coupling degree between the two was in the range of 0.6–0.8 and was in the stage of a medium to high coupling degree. The correlation degree between the subsystem of RT and CLT was over 0.65. In the subsystem of CLT, the correlation degrees between quantitative structure transition and RT and efficiency transition and RT were both lower than 0.65, which were relatively low. Controlling the scale of construction land and taking efficiency transition are the effective methods to guide the deep exploration of potential and are the inevitable way to strengthen the relationship between CLT and RT and promote urban-rural integration development.
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Hu, Wenliang, Wei Hou, Zhao Zhu, and Xuhui Huang. "Three-Dimensional Numerical Calculation Model for Static Behavior Simulation of Cross-Laminated Timber Plates under Thermal Environment." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (January 12, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1538928.
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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is well known as an interesting technical and economical product for modern wood structures. The use of CLT for modern construction industry has become increasingly popular in particular for residential timber buildings. Analyzing the CLT behavior in high thermal environment has attracted scholars’ attention. Thermal environment greatly influences the CLT properties and load bearing capacity of CLT, and the investigation can form the basis for predicting the structural response of such CLT-based structures. In the present work, the finite element method (FEM) is employed to analyze the thermal influence on the deformation of CLT. Furthermore, several factors were taken into consideration, including board layer number, hole conformation, and hole position, respectively. In order to determine the influence, several numerical models for different calculation were established. The calculation process was validated by comparing with published data. The performance is quantified by demonstrating the temperature distribution and structural deformation.
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Pang, Sung-Jun, Kug-Bo Shim, and Keon-Ho Kim. "Effects of knot area ratio on the bending properties of cross-laminated timber made from Korean pine." Wood Science and Technology 55, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 489–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00226-020-01255-5.
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AbstractThe effect of knot clusters on the bending properties of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) cross-laminated timber (CLT) was analyzed to increase the utilization of low-quality lumber. The laminae used to manufacture the CLT were classified into five groups, four major layer groups, and one minor layer group, by mechanical grade and knot area ratio (KAR) of the lamina. Out-of-plane bending tests were conducted on CLT made from each layer group. The modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the manufactured CLT was closely correlated with the MOE of each individual major axis lamina. In the case of the modulus of rupture (MOR) of the CLT, the KAR of the laminae used in the major axis layer was more significantly affected than the MOE. The main finding is that the lower fifth percentile MOR value of the CLT specimens with large knots (KAR > 0.5) was higher than the acceptable reference value of E3 grade CLT (ANSI/APA PRG 320) made from a similar lamina grade. Therefore, the use of low-quality lumber to manufacture CLT can be expanded under the condition of limitation of the greater KAR.
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Martínez-Martínez, Juan Enrique, Mar Alonso-Martínez, Felipe Pedro Álvarez Rabanal, and Juan José del Coz Díaz. "Finite Element Analysis of Composite Laminated Timber (CLT)." Proceedings 2, no. 23 (November 6, 2018): 1454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2231454.
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In the research for sustainable construction, cross-laminated timber (CLT) has gained popularity and become a widely used engineered timber product. However, there are few numerical studies of the structural behaviour of CLT. Among other issues, the orthotropic properties of CLT complicate finite element analysis (FEA). This paper presents a finite element model (FEM) to predict the structural behaviour of CLT beams subjected to sustained flexural loading. This numerical model includes a material model based on the orthotropic material properties of different timber species. Furthermore, the orientation and the properties of each layer are considered. Most of the previous studies simulate CLT beams as a homogeneous material. However, in this work the CLT beam is modelled as a composite material made up of five layers with different orientations and properties. Bonded contacts are used to define the interaction between layers. In addition, nonlinearities, such as large displacement, are used to simulate the behaviour of CLT beams. The model provides the load-displacement relationship and stress concentration. Tsai-Wu failure criteria is used in the simulation to predict the failure modes of the CLT beams studied.
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Liang, Yingwei, Assaad Taoum, Nathan Kotlarewski, Andrew Chan, and Damien Holloway. "Behavior of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels Made from Fibre-Managed Eucalyptus nitens under Short-Term Serviceability Loads." Buildings 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010245.
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In this study, the preliminary serviceability performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels constructed from fibre-managed Eucalyptus nitens (E. nitens) was investigated via bending and vibration tests. Linear four-point bending tests were performed to determine the stiffness and deflection of all CLT panels under serviceability loads. The dynamic response of CLT panels was tested using a basketball and an accelerometer. The fundamental natural frequencies of all tested panels were above the minimum frequency limit (8 Hz) when extrapolated to spans of up to 4.4 m. The configurations of E. nitens CLT panels were based on different modulus of elasticity (MOE) values for each board. Using higher MOE timber boards as the top and bottom layers can significantly increase the serviceability performance of both bending and vibration tests. The same experiments were carried out on two CLT panels made of strength class C24 Spruce-Pine-Fir to compare the serviceability performance of E. nitens CLT. The results demonstrated that E. nitens is a reliable resource for CLT manufacturing, and exhibits better serviceability performance compared to Spruce CLT. This provides more sustainable options for a species traditionally destined for pulp.
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Kržan, Meta, and Boris Azinović. "Cyclic response of insulated steel angle brackets used for cross-laminated timber connections." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 79, no. 3 (January 10, 2021): 691–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01643-5.
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AbstractIn cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings, in order to reduce the disturbing transmission of sound over the flanking parts, special insulation layers are used between the CLT walls and slabs, together with insulated angle-bracket connections. However, the influence of such CLT connections and insulation layers on the seismic resistance of CLT structures has not yet been studied. In this paper, experimental investigation on CLT panels installed on insulation bedding and fastened to the CLT floor using an innovative, insulated, steel angle bracket, are presented. The novelty of the investigated angle-bracket connection is, in addition to the sound insulation, its resistance to both shear as well as uplift forces as it is intended to be used instead of traditional angle brackets and hold-down connections to simplify the construction. Therefore, monotonic and cyclic tests on the CLT wall-to-floor connections were performed in shear and tensile/compressive load direction. Specimens with and without insulation under the angle bracket and between the CLT panels were studied and compared. Tests of insulated specimens have proved that the insulation has a marginal influence on the load-bearing capacity; however, it significantly influences the stiffness characteristics. In general, the experiments have shown that the connection could also be used for seismic resistant CLT structures, although some minor improvements should be made.
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Yang, Ting-Lun, Chien-Ming Hsieh, Ling-Jei Meng, Tsuimin Tsai, and Chin-Tin Chen. "Oleic Acid-Based Self Micro-Emulsifying Delivery System for Enhancing Antifungal Activities of Clotrimazole." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 3 (February 22, 2022): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14030478.
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Due to the increasing rate of drug resistance in Candida spp., higher doses of antifungal agents are being used resulting in toxicity. Drug delivery systems have been shown to provide an effective approach to enhance the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of antifungal agents. Oleic acid was revealed to effectively inhibit biofilm formation, hence reducing the virulence of Candida albicans. In this study, oleic acid-based self micro-emulsifying delivery systems (OA-SMEDDS) were developed for delivering clotrimazole (CLT). Based on the pseudo-ternary phase diagram and loading capacity test, the optimal ratio of OA-SMEDDS with CLT was selected. CLT-loaded OA-SMEDDS not only bears a higher drug loading capacity but also maintains good storage stability. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) of CLT-loaded OA-SMEDDS (0.01 μg/mL) in Candida albicans was significantly lower than that of CLT dissolved in DMSO (0.04 μg/mL). Moreover, we showed CLT-loaded OA-SMEDDS could effectively prevent biofilm formation and destroy the intact biofilm structure of Candida albicans. Furthermore, a CLT-loaded OA-SMEDDS gel was developed and evaluated for its antifungal properties. Disk diffusion assay indicated that both CLT-loaded OA-SMEDDS and CLT-loaded OA-SMEDDS gels were more effective than commercially available products in inhibiting the wild-type and drug-resistant species of Candida.
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Wu, Guofang, Liangliang Huo, Yinlan Shen, and Haiqing Ren. "The Effect of the Bearing Width on the Buckling Capacity of Partially Loaded CLT Member." Buildings 12, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010084.
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The calculation method for buckling capacity of cross-laminated timber (CLT) under axial load with one-way members has been investigated and incorporated into design codes worldwide. However, the load may only be applied to a part of the CLT members. In this case, the available calculation method for buckling capacity is not applicable. To solve this problem, a 3D numerical model was developed to study the buckling behavior of axially loaded CLT members. After being validated by comparison with experimental results, the model was used to investigate the buckling capacity of axially loaded CLT members with different aspect ratios and bearing length ratios. The CLT members all consisted of three layers. The thickness of the CLT members was 105 mm, the width ranged from 300 mm to 2100 mm, and the height ranged from 1400 mm to 3500 mm. It was found that the unloaded part of CLT served as constraints to the loaded part. The longer the unloaded part, the stronger the constraint was. The buckling capacity increased with the increase in bearing length ratios. An equivalent width method (EWM) was proposed; i.e., the partially loaded CLT member was replaced by a fully loaded member with an equivalent width, which can be determined by the proposed formulas. It was found that the proposed calculation method is reliable and simple to apply. This study supplies the missing calculation method for the buckling behavior of partially loaded CLT members and helps to promote the engineering application of CLT members.
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Nsengiyumva, Dominique Savio, Celestino Oriikiriza, and Sarah Kalyango. "Cross-Linguistic Transfer and Language Proficiency in the Multilingual Education System of Burundi: What has the Existing Literature so far Discovered?" IJELTAL (Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics) 5, no. 2 (May 19, 2021): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.21093/ijeltal.v5i2.770.
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This paper discussed Cross-Linguistic Transfer (CLT) and Language Proficiency in multilingual education in general and highlighted samples of CLT in Burundi as the existing literature reveals. As there exist CLT on all linguistic levels, this discussion has provided examples of phonological (including phonetics), lexical and semantic, and syntactic transfer. It has been realized that there exist a limited number of publications related to CLT among languages studied in the multilingual education system of Burundi. Yet analyses of CLT would supply interesting samples of linguistic features that are likely to be transferred. This would be useful for both language curriculum designers and language policymakers in deciding which language features to supply in language curriculum materials. Furthermore, teachers would find ways of helping learners to improve their language proficiency based on samples of CLT analysis.
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Silveira, Paula Lorenzon, and Noemi De Biase. "S200 – Ventricular Folds in Laryngeal Dystonia Treated with Botox." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 2_suppl (August 2008): P142—P143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.375.
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Objectives Analyze the behavior of Vestibular Folds(VF) in Adductor Laryngeal Dystonia(ALD) after and before the treatment with unilateral botulinum toxin injection(BTX) during different laryngeal tasks, comparing treated side(IPSI) and opposite side (CLT). Methods 23 patients with adductor laryngeal dystonia were studied retrospectively. Categorical data were obtained about ventricular fold medial compression from qualitative judgment of the flexible laryngoscopic dynamic examination. It was realized after and before BTX comparing the compression grade of VF in IPSI with CLT. The VF medial compression was graduated in 4 points scale. The tasks were sustained phonation of /e/ and /i/, during inspiration, soft breathing, whispering, emissions with voiceless sounds and voiceful sounds, sniff and whistling. McNemar and Wilcoxon tests were used to statistical analysis. Results Statistical significance was noted on improvement of medial compression of CLT and on reduction of medialization of IPSI as follow: soft breathing (IPSI: p=0,031* CLT: p=0,039*), sustained /e/ (IPSI: p<0,001* CLT: p=0,001*), sustained /i/ (IPSI: p=0,012* CLT: p<0,001*), phonation with voiceful souds (IPSI: p<0,001*) and voiceless souds (IPSI: p<0,001*). The whispering (IPSI: p=0,001* CLT: p=0,057) and the whistling (CLT: p=0,125) was significantly improved on IPSI, without significance at CLT. Phonation during inspiration and sniff didn't show significance. Conclusions Significant variation occur on VF behavior in ALD after BTX, with reduction of VF medialization in the IPSI in comparison with increased medialization of VF in the CLT, mainly at phonatory tasks and rest. This variation hasn't the same behavior at atypical and non-phonatory tasks.
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Huzita, Tomohumi, Takanobu Sasaki, Shogo Araki, and Chihiro Kayo. "Life Cycle Regional Economic Impacts of Bridge Repair Using Cross-Laminated Timber Floor Slabs: A Case Study in Akita Prefecture, Japan." Buildings 12, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020158.
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Recently, cross-laminated timber (CLT) has attracted attention as a civil engineering material in Japan. In particular, the use of CLT floor slabs for bridge repair is expected to have regional economic impacts throughout their life cycle, but their economic impacts have not been evaluated. In this study, the life cycle regional economic impacts of using non-waterproofed CLT, waterproofed CLT, and reinforced concrete (RC) floor slabs for bridge repair in Akita Prefecture, Japan, were compared. Using past-to-present input–output tables, we quantitatively evaluated the economic impacts over the life cycle of floor slabs by estimating the future input–output tables for construction, maintenance, and disposal. The results showed that the construction and maintenance costs (final demand increase) of CLT floor slabs are higher than those of RC slabs, but the regional economic impact is larger. In addition, the non-waterproofed CLT must be renewed every time it is maintained. Therefore, the demand for CLT production in the prefecture will increase, and the economic impact will be larger than that of the other two floor slabs. This demand for CLT production will not only redound to the benefit of the forestry and wood industry but also the revitalization of regional economies.
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Alamri, Wafaa Abdullah. "Communicative Language Teaching: Possible Alternative Approaches to CLT and Teaching Contexts." English Language Teaching 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v11n10p132.
Full textAbstract:
There are various approaches of language teaching, in which communicative language teaching is the dominant approach worldwide. CLT approach allows language learners to express themselves and their views through collaborative activities undertaken during classes. This descriptive study has discussed CLT, offering both advantages and limitations. The CLT approach has led to major changes in such ways, in which language is taught and learnt. CLT aims to make “commnicative competence” the goal of language teaching and to develop procedures for teaching the four language skills, including listening, speaking, reading, and writing. It is well known that CLT approach allows language learners to express themselves and their views through collaborative activities, undertaken during classes. CLT, which is applied in schools, universities, colleges, and language institutes in most countries worldwide, stimulates learners’ interests in learning by infusing the learning environment with new types of activities and materials that are both interactive and authentic. CLT is becoming a major language and its being used worldwide. The learners of the language are more focused towards learning the concepts. The emphasize is not towards understanding the language structures and lexical collocations. The main aim of the CLT is to make individuals competent in communication.
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Lestari, Ratri Yuli. "CLT (Cross Laminated Timber): Produksi, Karakteristik dan Perkembangannya (CLT (Cross Laminated Timber): Production, Characteristics and Development)." Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan 9, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24111/jrihh.v9i1.3126.
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Cross laminated timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product as a laminated board that was arranged in cross order and applied as floor, roof, and wall. This product is an innovation in overcoming the scarce of wood material especially in large diameter and high quality as a building material. The review discusses the history of CLT, the characteristics, and its developments. CLT was first developed in Europe especially in Austria and Germany and then spread around the world. CLT has superiority in term of characteristics such as renewable, recyclable, easy to design and form, good insulation, energy efficient, fire resistance, good seismic characteristics, and also acts as a carbon sink that relieves the stress of global greenhouse gasses effect. CLT also has the strength that comparable to concrete and steel, and suitable for high rise building structure purposes. CLT is a prefabricated product and has advantages such as time saving, labor efficient, minimal post construction waste, and less disturbance to the environment during construction. CLT was developed outside Europe and reached North America, New Zealand and Indonesia. The barrier in adopting CLT are the lack of information of the products. One of the solution is to increase the awareness and the product knowledge.Keywords : architecture, building constructions, cross laminated timber, engineered wood
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SMIRNOV, P. N., K. A. USTIMENKO, A. D. LOMAKIN, and K. A. AKSENOV. "RESISTANCE OF CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER TO ATMOSPHERIC ACTIONS." Bulletin of Science and Research Center of Construction 35, no. 4 (January 23, 2023): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37538/2224-9494-2022-4(35)-104-116.
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Introduction. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) has started to win a market in Russia. Humidity plays an important role in ensuring the operational reliability of buildings based on timber structures. The lack of comprehensive studies on the influence of varying temperature and humidity actions, including atmospheric ones, hinders the development of CLT.Aim. In this work, the influence of atmospheric actions on various types of CLT building structures was determined in order to amend the requirements in SP 64.13330.2017 for the design and protection of CLT structures.Materials and methods. Samples of CLT wall panels and floor slabs manufactured as per the current regulatory documents were used as an object of research. Field tests were developed in order to determine the influence of atmospheric actions on the strength and elastic characteristics of CLT panels.Results. Atmospheric actions have an adverse effect on the strength and elastic characteristics of CLT panels. The decrease in the strength and elastic characteristics varies for the samples of floor slabs and wall panels.Conclusion. It is proposed that several recommendations given based on the experimental results on the resistance CLT to atmospheric actions are to be included in SP 64.13330.2017 for the design, manufacture, and construction of buildings using CLT structures.
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Berg, Sven, Jonas Turesson, Mats Ekevad, and Anders Björnfot. "In-plane shear modulus of cross-laminated timber by diagonal compression test." BioResources 14, no. 3 (May 29, 2019): 5559–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.5559-5572.
Full textAbstract:
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an engineered wood material that is used in the construction industry, e.g., for floors, walls, and beams. In cases where CLT-elements are used as shear walls, the in-plane-stiffness is an important property. For non-edge glued CLT, in-plane shear stiffness is lower than for edge-glued CLT. To evaluate the non-edge glued CLT panel’s in-plane shear modulus, the diagonal compression test and finite element (FE) simulation was used. FE-models with both isotropic and orthotropic material models were used to calculate the shear stiffness. The FE models using pure shear loads were used as a reference to determine the correct value of the shear modulus. To verify the FE simulations, diagonal compression tests were conducted on 30 CLT samples. A calibration formula was derived using the least square method for calculation of shear modulus. The formula gave accurate results. The results showed that FE simulations can reproduce the same shear stiffness as tests of non-edge glued 3-layer and 5-layer CLT panels.
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Song, Bao e. "The Research on Effectiveness of Communicative Language Teaching in China." Asian Culture and History 11, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ach.v11n1p1.
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Since China initiated Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) practice, it has enjoyed increasing popularity amongst educational practitioners as well as professional researchers. This paper undertakes an in-depth and all-around analysis of pedagogical practices of English class so as to ascertain the feasibility and effectiveness of CLT in China. Although China’s educational system is centrally-controlled, the top-down intervening policy of CLT fails to improve students’ interactive competence. Due to the contextual constraints including excessive class size, limited class hours, Confucian heritage culture, teacher equalizations as well as norm-referenced assessment, current situation of English Language Teaching (ELT) nevertheless is far from aligning with the tenet of CLT. This paper reveals that direct transfer of western–originated CLT practice is infeasible and ineffectual without considering the specific contextual factors in China and doomed to be a failure. Based on this argument, a combination of traditional pedagogy and CLT with an eclectic and dichotomous perspective is proposed and recommended to put into practice in the hope of adapting CLT paradigm to the particular Chinese contexts.
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Li, Junfei, and Xinyue Peng. "Chinese EFL Teachers’ Cognition of CLT in Elementary Schools." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 13, no. 4 (July 1, 2022): 849–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1304.18.
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This study investigates Chinese elementary school teachers’ cognition of CLT (communicative language teaching). Prepared interviews were conducted with eight Chinese teachers who teach English in different elementary schools in China, with the interviews being translated and transcribed in English. Through repeated reading of the transcripts, the participants’ thinking about the main features of CLT was analysed from a linguistic perspective to determine their attitudes towards and knowledge of CLT, their view of language acquisition, and their practice in real life. The results indicate that EFL teachers hold positive attitudes towards CLT in elementary school teaching in general; their divergences from the principles of CLT are caused by their previous experience, their knowledge of CLT and considerations that affect teaching practice in classrooms. The study provides a lens for future teachers’ training adaption and exposes the limitations of the current teaching curriculum in China.
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Sikora, Marta, Paweł Skrzydlewski, Joanna Perła-Kaján, and Hieronim Jakubowski. "Homocysteine thiolactone contributes to the prognostic value of fibrin clot structure/function in coronary artery disease." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 27, 2022): e0275956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275956.
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Fibrin clot structure/function contributes to cardiovascular disease. We examined sulfur-containing metabolites as determinants of fibrin clot lysis time (CLT) and maximum absorbance (Absmax) in relation to outcomes in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Effects of B-vitamin/folate therapy on CLT and Absmax were studied. Plasma samples were collected from 1,952 CAD patients randomized in a 2 x 2 factorial design to (i) folic acid, vitamins B12, B6; (ii) folic acid, vitamin B12; (iii) vitamin B6; (iv) placebo for 3.8 years in the Western Norway B-Vitamin Intervention Trial. Clot lysis time (CLT) and maximum absorbance (Absmax) were determined using a validated turbidimetric assay. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and mortality were assessed during a 7-year follow-up. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multiple regression. Survival free of events was studied using Kaplan Mayer plots. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Baseline urinary homocysteine (uHcy)-thiolactone and plasma cysteine (Cys) were significantly associated with CLT while plasma total Hcy was significantly associated with Absmax, independently of fibrinogen, triglycerides, vitamin E, glomerular filtration rate, body mass index, age, sex plasma creatinine, CRP, HDL-C, ApoA1, and previous diseases. B-vitamins/folate did not affect CLT and Absmax. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed associations of increased baseline CLT and Absmax with worse outcomes. In Cox regression analysis, baseline CLT and Absmax (>cutoff) predicted AMI (CLT: HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.10–2.28; P = 0.013. Absmax: HR 3.22, CI 1.19–8.69; P = 0.021) and mortality (CLT: HR 2.54, 95% CI 1.40–4.63; P = 0.002. Absmax: 2.39, 95% CI 1.17–4.92; P = 0.017). After adjustments for other prognostic biomarkers these associations remained significant. Cys and uHcy-thiolactone, but not tHcy, were significant predictors of AMI in Cox regression models that included CLT. Conclusions uHcy-thiolactone and plasma Cys are novel determinants of CLT, an important predictor of adverse CAD outcomes. CLT and Absmax were not affected by B-vitamin/folate therapy, which could account for the lack of efficacy of such therapy in CAD. Trial registration: URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov. Identifier: NCT00354081.