Dissertations / Theses: 'CLT'

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Namroud, Larsana, and Ellen Hansson. "Projektering av KL-träbjälklag i bostäder med hänsyn till spännvidd och ljudkrav." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Jönköping University, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-50168.

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Wood construction has increased in the recent years for apartment buildings consisting of four to five floors. Compared to other building materials, wood has great environmental benefits. For a building in a larger scale constructed in wood, cross-laminated timber, also known as CLT is an option. The technology for CLT originated in Sweden during the 1990s and since then the development has increased. CLT has excellent stiffness and strength properties. The design of a floor in CLT is important for how the building and the environment are perceived indoors. The wooden floor is about five times lighter than concrete, which means that measures are required to meet the sound requirements set by Boverkets building regulations in Sweden. This will affect the span. The aim of the project is to present a knowledge overview of CLT and for floor in CLT up to 9 meters in span, to compete with concrete floor in steel and prefabricated concrete frames. The study includes a quantitative methodology using three different data collection methods. These are literature study, document analysis and calculations. The literature study and the document analysis are based on scientific-and research articles, together with manuals. The calculations are carried out in Stora Enso's calculation program Calculatis by Stora Enso. The program follows Eurocode's design principles. The result of the study shows that a CLT-board with laminated beams gives greater span than just a CLT-board does. The calculation means that the plate must meet the deflection requirement L / 300. Research shows that construction with CLT is increasing and there is great potential to obtain a cost-effective reduction of the carbon footprint and at the same time improve the utilization of natural resources by replacing non-renewable building materials such as concrete and steel with CLT. In order to achieve the sound requirements that are established, the CLT floor must be dimensioned thicker and measures such as additional insulation. By looking at the results, the conclusion is drawn that CLT-floor may grow further to compete with concrete floor in the future. Currently the material is considered useful and environmental for smaller constructions for such as smaller houses, due to the sound insulation problem. For larger constructions with the similar problem can timber-concrete composite be an alternative. CLT-floor reinforced with glulam beams may be considered as a choice for larger and bigger constructions because the span widths increase, and the construction can withstand maximum deflection. The study is limited to mainly considering CLT but also a small amount of concrete and glulam. Vibrations and environmental risks such as moisture, sunlight and fire, are not considered. The calculations the work uses are based on Eurocode 5, dimensioning of wooden structures. Other types of design principles have been excluded.

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Livas, Charalampos. "Building extension through additional CLT storeys." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-82227.

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In the last decade, the use of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels as load bearing elements have become a usual solution for buildings and structures with an upward trend internationally. This is because CLT has brilliant physical and mechanical properties and it is also an eco-friendly and renewable material. In addition, the prefabricated nature of the CLT panels in a controlled environment increases the overall building speed, reduces dramatically the erection time, and makes it an even more competitive structural material compared to more traditional ones like concrete and steel. Up until now, timber as a building material has mainly been used for roofs and pergolas in Greece. Concrete and steel have traditionally been the dominant building materials over the years. Timber is not such competitive mainly because there is not enough knowledge of abouttimber buildings. The fact that Greece is not a sawn timber producer affects this trend. Nowadays, the simple and cheap import of sawn timber, as well as the sensitiveness about the environment, are strong factors for introducing timber buildings to Greece. There is already a great demand for timber buildings, and an increase in the requests is expected.CLT panels are used in a wide spectrum of structural applications. They are used as structural components for houses, offices, multi-story buildings, schools, industrial halls, sports halls, and special structures [4]. Another innovative application of CLT is the renovation through vertical expansion with additional floors to existing buildings. This new and promising trend is becoming more and more frequent, especially in developing cities where there is a need for new houses in limited space. The low density of CLT and so the low overall weight of the additional structure, makes the CLT components a robust building solution for vertical renovation since there is usually no need for reinforcement of the foundations of the current building [15]. The aim of this study is to provide the author with the opportunity to deepen his knowledge regarding the special characteristics of CLT as a building material as well as to understand its mechanical properties and the theories which describe them. In addition, this study constitutes the first attempt at modeling and designing a timber structure made with CLT panels. Therefore, the knowledge gained about the special features in CLT modeling is a fundamental task. Finally, since the design of the CLT structure is based on the European design rules for buildings, the engagement with the appropriate Eurocodes, i.e. Eurocode 0, 1 & 5, is another critical task in this study. The structure under consideration is a two-story CLT structure which is a vertical expansion of a current composite (concrete-steel) building. The first additional floor will be used as an office area and the second one as a typical family house. Both additional floors are made of CLT elements and, where is necessary, glulam beams and columns are considered as reinforcement of the CLT panels and as supports, respectively. The design method includes finite element analysis (FEA) which is performed by the commercial structural softwareDLUBAL – RFEM [8]. In this study, the latter software is chosen for the design and the analysis of the structure since it is specialized software for timber structures made of CLT elements.

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Harmachova, Karolina. "Vibration performance of hybrid steel-CLT floors." Thesis, KTH, Byggnadsmaterial, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192475.

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In the light of today’s effort to achieve sustainable future of the planet, timber as building material makes a comeback on the construction market. Since the requirements on the buildings and the internal comfort increase, there is a need for finding new solutions and products; one of them is cross-laminated timber (CLT), which has the potential to be used for high-rise buildings due to its mechanical properties. The aim of this work was to study the vibration performance of CLT floors as it is often the governing factor in design of CLT structures unlike for other common building materials. The orthotropic mechanical properties of CLT were determined by the shear analogy method and verified with a finite element (FE) model of a simply supported beam compared to hand calculations of shear forces, bending moments and deflections. The properties based on Timoshenko’s approach were evaluated as less precise regarding the deflection. The non-composite structural behaviour of a steel-CLT hybrid floor structure was predicted for FE dynamic analysis based on a comparison between modelling exercise and hand calculations. Two different methods, the Concrete Society (SC) and Steel Construction Institution (SCI) methods, both seemed to be applicable for determination of the response factor first since the mechanical properties are not used as input in the calculations. These two methods differ in certain aspects, and based on FE analysis of simply supported slab even the resulting response factor for the CLT differs significantly. Moreover, the hand calculation results were similar to those of the FE analysis for the CS method, but in less agreement for the SCI method. Nevertheless, it is not recommended to reject the latter method based on this study and further studies should be performed on real structures with response factor known from on-site measurements. A part of the first floor of Canary Wharf College was modelled and analysed, and previous measurements of the frequency and response factors enabled a validation of some assumptions. The SCI approach showed to be inadequate for this type of structure and therefore only the CS method was applied further. Analysis of the floor structures supported by walls demonstrated similar results from both the measurements and the dynamic analysis. However, if the floor slab was supported by beams, the response factor was significantly overestimated although on the conservative side. This difference suggests that the modelling of such conditions are not satisfactory. The CS method appears to assess correctly the magnitude of the response factor for CLT floors supported by walls but overestimates it in case of beam supports. The first finding shall be confirmed through analysis of other structures and a more extensive research should focus on the latter one to determine more exact behaviour of the model under different conditions.

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Eriksson, Richard, and Maria Karlsson. "Effect of birch in CLT elements : An investigation of how introducing birch effects the strength properties of CLT elements." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280361.

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In this thesis, material properties for a CLT element have been examined with regard to the structure of theelement and its content of different types of wood. The focus has been on how Birch affects the properties,since its properties in shear are much better compared to the commonly used pine and spruce.Calculations have been made in python script within the Rhino 6 software and its Grasshopper plugin.Grasshopper basically works with coding but with a visual interface that is very user friendly. This programhas been used because of its parametric structure which makes changes in the structure very simple andthe whole model changes with the changes in parameters.The basis for the survey has been the following parameters:• Number of layers within the KL element• Widths of lamellae• Thicknesses of lamellae• Material properties of Birch, Pine and Spruce• Quotas between Birch, Pine and SpruceThe results show that the shear stiffness of the CLT-element increases with the amount of birch. The value ofthe G-moduli, however, does not only depend on the amount but the positioning as well. The shear stiffnessis the greatest when the birch is placed closest to the middle of the element.The conclusion made is that further investigation of the practical and economical aspects are required to makean informed decision about whether the use of birch or increased board width is the most efficient method ofimproving the shear stiffness of CLT.

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Pai, Sai Ganesh Sarvotham. "Force transfer around openings in CLT shear walls." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/51632.

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During an earthquake, shear walls can experience damage around corners of doors and windows due to development of stress concentration. Reinforcements provided to minimize this damage are designed for forces that develop at these corners known as transfer forces. In this thesis, the focus is on understanding the forces that develop around opening corners in cross laminated timber (CLT) shear walls and reinforcement requirements for the same. In the literature, four different analytical models are commonly considered to determine the transfer force for design of wood-frame shear walls. These models have been reviewed in this thesis. The Diekmann model is found to be the most suitable analytical model to determine the transfer force around a window-type opening. Numerical models are developed in ANSYS to analyse the forces around opening corners in CLT shear walls. CLT shear walls with cut-out openings are analysed using a three-dimensional brick element model and a frame model. These models highlight the increase in shear and torsion around opening corners due to stress concentration. The coupled-panel construction practice for CLT shear walls with openings is analysed using a continuum model calibrated to experimental data. The analysis shows the increase in strength and stiffness of walls, when tie-rods are used as reinforcement. Analysis results also indicate that the tie-rods should be designed to behave linearly for optimum performance of the wall. Finally, a linear regression model is developed to determine the stiffness of a simply-supported CLT shear wall with a window-type opening. This model provides insight into the effect of various geometrical and material parameters on the stiffness of the wall. The process of model development has been explained, which can be improved further to include the behaviour of anchors.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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Mancha, André Luiz Pereira. "Wage differential between statutory and CLT public employees." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24643.

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Since 1998 in the Public Administration there are statutory workers ('estatutários') and others hired by the CLT labor regime ('celetistas'). Thisfact occurs due the Constitutional Amendment number 19 , formulated that year, which has changed the article 39 of Brazilian Constitution. It allowed public entities to hire employees under CLT legislation. This situation lasted until 2007 when the Supreme Court of Brazil suspended such modification and so the original understanding of the Constitution was reestablished. This work intends to evaluate the wage differential between statutory and CLT employees by means of an econometric approach. Using a fixed effectsregression we have analyzed the impact of the labor regime upon public workers wages and using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition we quantified how much of such differential is due the labor regime and how much is due to the individual characteristics (education, tenure and others). There are evidences that CLT workers have in average wages R$ 310.00 lower than statutory. Controlling by occupation we also see a negative prize to CLT worker to all groups except by the High Skilled Workers that have a salary R$ 95.98 higher than the Statutory. Low Skilled Workers show the smallest differential (R$ 12.20) followed by Teachers and Researchers (R$ 85.27) and Technicians (R$ 97.11). The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition shows that the largest part is not explained by endowments differences. The spending with wages and benefits to public employees is one of the main debates in the current scenario of fiscal adjustment facing the relevant increase of Public Debt in the last years. The Brazilian society has a perception that the Government has an excessive amount of workers and furthermore these onesreceive higher wages without a reasonable explanation when compared to similar occupations in private companies. At the end of 2017 the Brazilian Government presented an action plan to reduce the spending with wages and benefits of public employees. Among the proposals there were a decrease in the initial salary of public service and an increase in the public pension plan contribution.
Desde o ano de 1998 coexistem na Administração Direta, Autarquias e Fundações Públicas, funcionários públicos estatutários e 'celetistas'. Esta situação decorre da Emenda 19, a qual alterou o artigo 39 da Constituição e permitiu que estas entidades contratassem funcionários pela CLT. Essa situação perdurou até o ano de 2007, quando o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF)suspendeu liminarmente (ADI 2135) a nova redação e dessa forma restaurou a situação original, válida atualmente. Este trabalho se propõe a medir a diferença no salário entre servidores públicos estatutários e celetistas por meio de uma abordagem econométrica. Utilizando uma regressão de efeitos fixos foi analisado o impacto do regime de trabalho sobre o salário dos servidores e por meio da decomposição de Oaxaca-Blinder estimou-se quanto desta diferença decorre do regime de trabalho e quanto se deve às características dos indivíduos de cada grupo (escolaridade, experiência e outros). Há indícios de que os celetistas recebem um salário R$ 310.00 menor do que seus pares estatutários. Controlando os efeitos de cada profissão há um diferencial negativo para todas os celetistas exceto para os profissionais de alta qualificação os quais possuem um salário R$ 95.98 maior do que os estatutários. Com relação aos outros grupos, os profissionais de baixa qualificação apresentam o menor diferencial de salários (R$ 12.20) seguido por professores e pesquisadores (R$ 85.27) e técnicos (R$ 97.11). Na decomposição do diferencial a maior parte não decorre de diferenças nas características dos indivíduos de cada grupo. O impacto dos salários e benefícios de funcionários públicos sobre as contas públicas é um dos principais pontos debatidos dentre as propostas que englobam o plano de ajuste fiscal do Governo Brasileiro. A percepção atual da sociedade é que além do governo contar com um contingente significativo de servidores públicos, estes recebem maiores salários quando comparados a trabalhadores em atividades semelhantes na iniciativa privada. Nesse contexto o governo federal apresentou no final de 2017 uma série de medidas para adequação dos gastos com folha de pagamento de servidores públicos, dentre elas a redução do salário inicial e elevação da contribuição previdenciária destes trabalhadores.

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Rara, Angela Dominique Sarmiento. "Rolling Shear Strength and Modulus for Various Southeastern US Wood Species using the Two-Plate Shear Test." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104017.

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Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product made by laminating dimensional or structural composite lumber in alternating orthogonal layers. Compared to Canada and Europe, CLT is a novel product to the US. With the additions included in the 2021 International Building Code (IBC), CLT material properties, especially rolling shear, would need to be explored. The increasing demand for softwood lumber, along with the increase of demand of CLT panel production, could place a burden and surpass the domestic softwood supply. Rolling shear is a phenomenon that occurs when the wood fibers in the cross-layers roll over each other because of the shearing forces acting upon a CLT panel when it is loaded out-of-plane. This study used the two-plate shear test from ASTM D2718 to measure the rolling shear properties of various southeastern US wood species: southern pine, yellow-poplar, and soft maple. A secondary study was conducted, using the same two-plate shear test, to measure the rolling shear properties of re-manufactured southern pine for CLT cross-layer application. The soft maple had the greatest average rolling shear strength at 5.93 N/mm2 and southern pine had the lowest average rolling shear strength at 2.51 N/mm2. Using a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), the rolling shear strength values from soft maple were significantly greater than yellow-poplar, which was significantly greater than the southern pine. For the rolling shear modulus, the southern pine and soft maple were of equal statistically significant difference, and both were greater statistically significant different compared to the yellow-poplar. The most common failure found from testing was rolling shear.
Master of Science
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood panel product, similar to plywood, constructed with solid-sawn or structural composite lumber in alternating perpendicular layers. The additions included in the incoming 2021 International Building Code (IBC) has placed an importance in expanding the research related to the mechanical and material properties of CLT. Also, with the increasing demand for softwood lumber and CLT panel production, the demand for the domestic softwood lumber could place a burden and surpass the domestic softwood supply. Rolling shear is a failure type that occurs when the wood fibers in the cross-layers roll over each other because of the shearing forces acting upon a CLT panel. This study used the two-plate shear test to measure the rolling shear properties of various southeastern US wood species: southern pine, yellow-poplar, and soft maple. A secondary study was conducted, using the same two-plate shear test, to measure the rolling shear properties of re-manufactured southern pine for CLT cross-layer application. The soft maple had the greatest average rolling shear strength at 5.93 N/mm2 and southern pine had the lowest average rolling shear strength at 2.51 N/mm2. Using a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), the rolling shear strength values from soft maple were significantly greater than yellow-poplar, which was significantly greater than the southern pine. For the rolling shear modulus, the southern pine and soft maple were of equal statistically significant difference, and both were greater statistically significant different compared to the yellow-poplar. The most common failure found from testing was rolling shear.

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Rasheed, Mollah Mohammed Haroon Ar. "Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in Bangladesh: Effectiveness and Enhancements." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Teacher Education, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9450.

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This investigation reports on a study that explores the views of students, teachers and parents about the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach in learning English as a second language in Bangladesh. This study focuses on the improvement of English language outcomes in Bangladesh. Though compulsory for fifteen years of schooling, public examination results indicate that students perform poorly in English. This research is conducted at the secondary schools in Bangladesh where English is compulsory because of its global nature as the second or foreign language. Mainstream students learning English using the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach are facing many challenges. The study employs a mixed methods approach which includes qualitative interviews, semi-structured focus group interviews and observations; and quantitative data involved achievement tests to find gaps between oral and written attainment, in order to determine the effectiveness of CLT developing language skills to communicate in and outside the classrooms. ESL learners in Bangladesh have been using CLT for nearly two decades, but the attainments are not satisfactory particularly in oral language (listening and speaking) compared to written language (reading and writing). Four schools (two high and two low achievement) were selected from two divisional cities according to the public examination results. Five students, all English subject teachers and five parents from each school were invited randomly to participate. Findings indicated a confirmation of the gap between oral and written language achievements and highlighted that CLT is not working effectively to develop communicative competence to the learners. The participants identified several factors causing this. Among these were large class sizes (number of students), an extensive curriculum, insufficient class time (duration), an inappropriate examination system, excessive teacher workload, lack of parent awareness of CLT, and negative relationships between home and school. All of these factors impact on the effectiveness of CLT in Bangladesh. All participants agreed that CLT as an approach is better than other approaches used in Bangladesh to develop English language learning, but the varied interpretation and implementation (practice) makes it less effective. Therefore, they suggested some issues for local and national level policy makers that could enhance the CLT practice in Bangladesh.

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Kjellgren, Linda, and Susanna Thurin. "Korslimmat Trä : En guide för byggande med CLT-stomme." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191452.

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Hasuni, Hesen Kathum, Khamis Adib Sekran Al-douri, and Mohammed Hussein Hamodi. "Compression Strength Perpendicular to Grain in Cross-laminated Timber (CLT)." Thesis, Växjö University, Växjö University, Växjö University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-5349.

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The compressive strength perpendicular to grain of cross laminated timber (CLT) was studied experimentally. The problem was also theoretically analyzed and a finite element model was created and solved using a commercial finite element software package. The experiments were carried out with three layer CLT specimens of dimensions 200x200x120 mm and 300x300x120 mm. In some of the experiments a contact free deformation measurement system was used to analyze the strain field during loading. Different ways to apply the load were used: over the whole surface of the specimens and by a 50 mm wide steel bar. The position of the steel bar in relation to the specimen edge and its orientation relative the surface grain direction was varied. It was found that the compression strength of the cross laminated timber depended on the way in which the load was applied. The compression strength perpendicular to grain was found vary from 2.9 N/mm² for specimens loaded by a line load at the edge of the specimen and parallel to the surface grain direction to 5.8 N/mm² for specimens loaded by a line load at the specimen centre and perpendicular to the surface fiber direction.

Tryckhållfastheten vinkelrät fiberriktningen i korslimmade massivträskivor (CLT) bestämdes experimentellt. Även teoretiska studier genomfördes med hjälp av ett kommersiellt finita elementprogram. Provningarna genomfördes på treskiktsskivor med måtten 200x200x120 mm samt 300x300x120 mm. I vissa av försöken användes dessutom ett mätsystem för beröringsfri deformationsmätning för att bestämma töjningsfälten. Olika sätt att belasta provbitarna undersöktes: genom att belasta hela provytan eller genom att belasta provet med en 50 mm bred stålstav. Stålstavens läge i förhållande till provbitens kant och dess orientering i förhållande till ytskiktets fiberriktning varierades. De experimentella resultaten visade att hållfastheten beror på hur provbitarna belastas. Tryckhållfastheten varierade mellan 2.9 N/mm² för fallet med en linjelast vid provbitens kant och orienterad parallellt med ytskiktets fiberriktning och 5.8 N/mm² för fallet med en linjelast mitt på provbiten och orienterad vinkelrät mot ytskiktets fiberriktning.

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Leroux, Madeline. "Performance et optimisation énergétique d'un édifice à bureaux en CLT." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29012/29012.pdf.

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Mestar, Mohammed. "Kinematic Behaviour of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Shearwalls with Openings." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40929.

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An integrated experimental and numerical research program investigating the elastic and inelastic performance as well as the kinematic behaviour of shearwalls with openings is presented in this study. The influence of the geometrical dimensions of the wall configurations and the mechanical properties and configurations of hold-downs on both elastic and inelastic behaviours including the possible kinematic modes of the shearwalls are investigated. The research also proposes the concept of equivalent-frame-model applicable for shearwalls where openings are cut-out from CLT panels. Are also presented, five racking tests performed on full scale CLT walls in order to validate the numerical models as well as the equivalent frame model. From review of the available literature emerges that for CLT shearwalls with openings, studies are not at the same level of abundance in research compared to walls without openings, due to the simple reason that SSW is generally a widespread technique. Thus, the kinematic behaviour and the coupling effect are inexistent and presented here. The investigations of the wall’s behaviour in the elastic and inelastic ranges demonstrate the important effect of the lintel and wall segment slenderness as well as the hold-down stiffness effect on the mechanical behaviour and the global kinematic behaviour as well. It is found that the kinematic modes can change when the walls are stressed beyond their elasticity limit. The failure mode and the global ductility are highly dependent on the hold-down configurations particularly for walls with door openings. The degree of coupling decrease with increased hold-down stiffness and the wall segment width. With regards to the equivalent frame model, a reasonable fit is found between the proposed EFM and a detailed 2D area element model when the global elastic stiffness and tensile load in the hold-down were compared. The model is successfully validated through five full-scale tests on CLT shearwalls with door or window opening as well as two published studies on walls with door openings. The EFM is capable of predicting the behaviour in the wall with reasonable accuracy, especially for walls whose behaviour was dominated by the hold-down behaviour.

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Svensson, Meulmann Sebastian, and Egzon Latifi. "Modelling and testing of CLT panels for evaluation of stiffness." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104766.

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The use of timber in building structures is steadily increasing. cross laminated timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product made of an uneven number of layers of lamellas glued at an angle of 90 degrees to each other. This gives CLT high stiffness and strength to bending in all directions, and capability of taking load both in-plane and out-of-plane. Due to the large size of CLT elements, they allow for quick assembly of strong structures. Due to both economic and environmental reasons it is important for producers of CLT to optimize the use of the wood material by using the timber with higher stiffness and strength where it is most needed. This thesis is about evaluating the bending and shear stiffness of CLT elements, when used as plates, depending on the quality of wood used in the different layers. Four-point bending tests are carried out on elements of different compositions and a parametrized finite element model is created. Thus, the model is validated on the basis of experimental tests to evaluate the influence of different quality of different layers. The measured dynamic MoE proved to have good potential to be used as the longitudinal bending stiffness in an FE-model, with a deviation from the experimental tests of less than 1%. There is a strong correlation between the bending stiffness and bending strength of the plates. The effective rolling shear modulus in pine was calculated to be around 170 MPa for pine of dimension 40 x 195 mm2 . Grading the boards into two different classes used for different layers proved to increase the MoE of the plates by 11-17% for 3- and 5-layer CLT.

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Maddox, John Nicholas. "Tall Timber." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96187.

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From the inception of high rise construction concrete and steel have been the foundation both literally and figuratively of the construction process. As we, a society, become more aware and conscious of the environmental impacts of our built environment we must ask ourselves, are our current construction practices the best or are there ways that we can not only become more environmentally cognizant, but also more efficient in our construction of buildings. This project is an investigation of how a joint can help to improve the construction process and manifest itself into creating the tectonic nature of a project by using timber in high rise construction.
MARCH

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Vagnini, Francesco. "Vibro-acoustic characterization of CLT plates: analytical model and experimental measurement." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/15095/.

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Negli ultimi anni, la tecnica costruttiva a pannelli CLT ha riscosso un notevole successo, grazie a costi contenuti, velocità di messa in opera ed alta efficienza energetica con spessori moderati. Proprio per la grande resistenza meccanica i pannelli CLT vengono usati con spessori non eccessivi e quindi relativamente poca massa, per cui risulta critico l’isolamento acustico. Il lavoro di tesi pertanto riguarda lo studio e l’applicazione di metodi numerici e sperimentali per la valutazione del comportamento acustico di pannelli da costruzione in CLT. Si introduce un parametro fondamentale per la descrizione del campo acustico: l'efficienza di radiazione. Questo parametro descrive il rapporto che sussiste fra il suono irradiato e la velocità di vibrazione della lastra, coniugando cioè l’aspetto acustico e quello meccanico. Per la valutazione del parametro non esiste ancora una procedura standardizzata. Si è fatto quindi riferimento a diverse procedure tratte dalla letteratura scientifica in modo da poter comparare i risultati ottenuti. Sono stati applicati il Discrete Calculation Method (DCM) e la proposta di protocollo sperimentale del CSTB. È stata inoltre studiata la curva di dispersione della lastra. La determinazione sperimentale di tale curva risulta importante per poter dare un’ulteriore validazione ai risultati ottenuti con le misure di efficienza di radiazione ed in tal modo completare lo studio del comportamento vibro-acustico di lastre in CLT. I risultati ottenuti con i diversi metodi mostrano una buona compatibilità sia per il calcolo dell'efficienza di radiazione che per la valutazione della curva di dispersione.

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Carta, Nicola. "Sviluppo e ottimizzazione di connessioni tipo Holdown innovative per strutture in CLT." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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Il presente lavoro di tesi propone un nuovo tipo di collegamento hold-down per strutture CLT. A seguito di un’introduzione riguardante il materiale utilizzato e le possibili tipologie costruttive, si presentano i princìpi che stanno alla base del comportamento sismico di strutture costituite da pannelli CLT. Focalizzando l’attenzione sui collegamenti di tipo hold-down e confrontandosi con elementi attualmente in uso in tali strutture, viene proposto un nuovo collegamento fortemente dissipativo che presenterà la capacità di resistere a minimi spostamenti relativi in direzione orizzontale. Attraverso il calcolo e la modellazione agli elementi finiti si ottengono risultati che confermano le ipotesi e gli obiettivi di partenza, i quali vengono discussi criticamente evidenziando i vantaggi introdotti con l’hold-down oggetto di studio. Si riportano infine le tavole rappresentanti l’elemento.

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Mazumder, Sanjoy Kumar. "Bangladeshi Secondary Teacher Educators’ Experiences and Understandings of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Educational Studies and Human Development, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6638.

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This study explores Bangladeshi secondary teacher educators‟ experiences and understandings of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) at secondary level in Bangladesh. It also aims to find out what the opportunities and challenges are for teacher educators who are preparing secondary English teachers to implement CLT in Bangladesh. The study adopts a qualitative case study methodology. Participants in the project are three teacher educators of English from three different government teacher training colleges situated in three different districts in Bangladesh. The teacher educators‟ who were part of the study support an ongoing emphasis on communication in English teaching. They understand CLT in ways that reflect the literature and theory of CLT. However, they also acknowledge challenges in the ways CLT is implemented, in particular a disconnection between secondary teacher education and realities of practice in secondary schools, the relevance of textbooks used, and relationships between teacher educators and trainee teachers and between teachers and students. The study concludes with recommendations for practice and pedagogy in secondary teacher education in Bangladesh to address these challenges.

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Stutesman, Jonathan Harley. "Identifying the Economic Barriers to CLT Cost Estimation Among Building Construction Professionals." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96712.

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Cross-laminated timbers (CLTs) are strong and lightweight structural building materials. CLTs are made from renewable wood resources and have significant economic potential as a new value-added product for the United States. However, market penetration has been obstructed by product affordability and lack of availability for use. Previous studies and projects have surveyed opinions of designers and contractors about the adoption of CLTs. No previous study was found that surveyed cost estimators, who serve the essential function of creating economic comparisons of alternative materials in commercial construction. CLTs are not included in these current cost estimation tools and software packages which may be limiting the potential use of CLT in construction. The purpose of this study was to discover if cost estimation is being used to make structural decisions potentially affecting the marketability of CLT use in construction and building design because of the ability to estimate CLTs adequately. Through the use of a survey, the re-designing of a building, and discussions with subject matter experts, this study examined the knowledge level of cross-laminated timbers of under-surveyed building construction professions and the relationship between cost estimation and structural material choices. Their responses are demonstrating the need for better cost estimation tools for cross-laminated timbers such as inclusion in the Construction Specifications Institute's classification systems in order for CLTs to become a more competitive product. The study concluded that cost estimation is important for CLT market development, because it is being used extensively in the construction industry.
Master of Science
Cross-laminated timbers (CLTs) are strong and lightweight structural building materials that also serve as a method of sequestering carbon rather than emitting carbon like more traditional construction materials. CLT construction is straightforward and quick to assemble, requiring minimal time and labor. CLTs are made from abundant and renewable wood resources and have significant economic potential as a job creator and as a new value-added product for the United States. However, market penetration has been obstructed by product affordability and lack of availability for use. Previous studies and projects have surveyed opinions of designers and contractors about CLT use. However, no previous study has been found that examined the opinions of cost estimators, who serve an essential function in providing economic comparisons of different construction systems for designers and building owners to select in the commercial construction area. CLTs are currently not included in these cost estimates, and this lack of information may be limiting the potential of this construction system. The purpose of this study was to discover if cost estimation is being used to make structural decisions potentially affecting the marketability of CLT use in construction and building design because of the ability to estimate CLTs adequately. Through the use of a survey and discussions with subject matter experts, this study examined the knowledge level of crosslaminated timbers of under-surveyed building construction professions and the relationship between cost estimation and structural material choices. They are demonstrating the need for better cost estimation tools for cross-laminated timbers such as inclusion in the Construction Specifications Institute’s classification systems in order for CLTs to become a more competitive product. Cost estimation is performed early in the design process before the structural material has been chosen. However, making cost estimates of CLT materials early in the design process is not a practical solution at this point due to the lack of cost data available. As an alternative solution, this project developed a design tool that is meant to accelerate the design process and allow companies to approach suppliers for quotes, which require mostly complete designs. While this is not a complete solution, if designs are made faster and more effortless, they should also be a more affordable investment for clients. 5 | Page Building construction professionals perceived CLT construction as too expensive, unavailable to the consumer, or unwanted by the client. It was found that the lack of data, due primarily to the material being new to the US construction industry, was a significant barrier to CLT cost estimation. The custom design of many previous CLT projects, due to the lack of CLT construction in the current building codes, limits the collection of standard CLT construction data. There is also an issue with the discrete sizes of CLT panels limiting their competitiveness. These barriers were identified in this study, and further research is needed to develop complete solutions.

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Mehlig, Jakob, and Elisabeth Wade. "Making the connection : Are post-tensioned CLT walls an economically sound option?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Byggteknik och byggd miljö, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446615.

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This thesis aims to compare the cost of post-tensioned connection systems with conventional connections for the transferal of uplift forces in CLT stabilising walls. The desire for taller timber buildings has increased over time, in part due to environmental aspects but also to meet demands from an urbanizing population. For taller buildings, the horizontal load from wind increases. Due to timbers low self-weight, the uplifting force caused by the horizontal loading will be relatively large. Post-tensioning within timber structures is a non-conventional method for the transferal of uplifting forces that has been applied in only a few projects. The cost of the post-tensioning method is therefore unclear to the general engineer and has for that reason been investigated within this thesis. To gain information about the different aspects that might be affected by the connection method, interviews were held with different professionals who had worked with the post- tension method in timber structures. A cost comparison was performed for four different connection methods for stabilising walls, where the methods were three versions of the post-tension method and one with the more common angle brackets and hold-downs. The thesis was completed with a cost comparison within a case study, where the financial differences between the different connection methods for stabilising walls in a building were investigated. The case study building was based on a project currently being designed in Uppsala. Several different versions of the building were created, where the number of stories and stabilising walls of the building were changed. The connection costs for the different versions were compared to find the most cost-effective solution. The results from the stabilising wall analysis showed that the conventional connection method, was the cheaper option for stabilising walls of 4-storeys. While the post-tension method had a cheaper material cost for stabilising walls of 8-storeys and above. As the building height increased the post-tension systems became more priceworthy. The largest cost difference found between the conventional and the post-tension systems was for the 20-storey tall wall subjected to an uplift of 100 kN, where the conventional system was 76,5% more expensive than the most economical post-tensioning system. A four- storey interval was used for the analysis of the building heights. The results from the case study cost comparison followed in the same line as the results from the stabilising wall cost comparison. Both indicated that the post-tension systems became more economical compared to the angle brackets for increased building heights.
Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka kostnaden för olika infästningsmetoder för stabiliserande väggar i träkonstruktioner. Fokus ligger på efterspänningsmetoden, som innebär att det monteras stänger i väggarna genom flera våningar som sedan spänns åt. Examensarbetet begränsas i att titta på byggnader uppförda i KL-trä. Det övergripande syftet med arbetet är att avgöra om efterspänningssystem är ett ekonomiskt lönsamt alternativ kontra konventionella infästningsmetoder, för att stabilisera KL-träväggar. KL-trä står för kors-limmat trä och används idag för bärande konstruktioner inom träbyggnader och består av flera lager träskivor som har limmats ihop. Varje lager har vridits med 90 grader i förhållande till det föregående, för att främja komponentens styrka och fuktmotstånd. För att samla information om de olika aspekter som påverkas av valet av infästningsmetod hölls intervjuer med personer som använt sig av efterspänningsmetod i träkonstruktioner. Utöver detta genomfördes även en kostnadsjämförelse mellan olika infästningsalternativ för olika stabiliserande väggar. De alternativ som jämfördes var efterspänningsmetoden och de mer konventionella vinkeljärnen. Resultaten från kostnadsjämförelsen visade att vinkeljärnen var det mest ekonomiska valet för byggnader i 4-våningar, medan materialkostnaden för efterspänningsmetoden var lägre för byggnader med 8-våningar och uppåt. Den största prisskillnaden mellan de två metoderna var för en vägg i en byggnad med 20 våningar och 100 kN i upplyftande krafter, där kostnaden av det konventionella systemet var 76,5% dyrare än det billigaste av de efterspända systemen. Analysen av byggnadshöjderna gjordes i intervaller om fyra våningar. Detta examensarbete avslutades med en fallstudie där de olika aspekterna som påverkar kostnaden av anslutningsmetod, som byggnadshöjd och planlösning, jämfördes. Resultaten från fallstudien följde i samma fotspår, då efterspänningsmetoden blev allt mer kostnadseffektiv med ökat våningsantal.

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Ahrén, Elin. "Abstrakt eller konkret verklighet? : Om hur psykologisk distans inverkar på perception." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Psykologiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-87100.

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Förståelsen för andra människor som krävs för lyckade interaktioner, förklaras i attributionsteorierna "Theory of Mind" och "Simulation Theory. Ett vanligt men ouppklarat fenomen är det fundamentala attributionsfelet, där beteende felaktigt attribueras till inre generella egenskaper. Fenomenet reflekterar en abstrakt mental konstruktion i enlighet med Construal Level Theorys antagande om hur psykologisk distans inverkar på perception. I en modifierad Attitude Attribution Paradigm modell undersöks om spatial distans påverkar det fundamentala attributionsfelet och om skillnader föreligger mellan kvinnor och män. Kort/lång spatial distans primades genom en kontroversiell text, via information om dess kompositionsplats, som fungerade som underlag för bedömning av skribentens åsikt. En variansanalys visade ingen signifikant effekt av spatial distans, inte heller någon skillnad mellan kvinnor och män. Resultaten kan ha påverkats av den modifierade undersökningsmodellen, vilken kan ha medlat en implicit antydan om en uttryckt åsikt.

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Posri, Wilatsana. "Improving the predictability of consumer preferences from central location test (CLT) in tea." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365906.

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Sheptovitsky, Levi. "La tablature de luth de Cracovie (CLT) : étude du manuscrit et édition critique." Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA040029.

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La tablature pour luth de Cracovie (CLT), datant de c. 1553 jusqu'au début du XVIIème siècle, est la collection la plus complète et la plus ancienne de musique de luth de la période de la Renaissance polonaise. Le répertoire du CLT, 57 pièces représentantun siècle de musique, est constitué de mises en tablature, de compositions vocales, de danses, de fantaisies et de préludes. Le CLT est la principale source de ces pièces polonaises uniques. Le but fondamental de cette thèse est l'étude de ce manuscrit rare et insuffisamment étudié. Toutes les pièces du CLT ont été analysées , cataloguées et retranscrites dans une transcription interprétative. Presque tous les genres faisant partie de ce manuscrit sont identifiés; les modèles vocaux, les auteurs, les titres et les sources imprimées de certaines pièces ont été établis. Le CLT représente une source intéressante et variée sur la culture de la musique de luth de la Renaissance et reflète parfaitement les changement survenus dans la musique européenne instrumentale entre deux époques : la Renaissance et le Baroque. Le CLT démontre l'existence de contacts culturels entre la Pologne et d'autres centres musicaux européens, enrichit notre connaissance sur les techniques de composition, les procédures d'ornementation et les arrangements reflète les tendances générales dans la musique instrumentale soliste polonaise à cette période et, avec les célèbres tablatures pour clavier de Jan de Lublin et de Cracovie, représenta l'une des sources les plus importantes de la musique instrumentale polonaise de la Renaissance. Cette recherche répond aux nombreuses attentes sur la connaissance de la musique de luth polonaise de la Renaissance avant l'apparition de célèbres luthistes polonais à la fin du XVIème siècle et au début du XVIIème et permettra de faire avancer les recherches de ce manuscrit rare
The Cracow Lute Tablature (CTL) dated c. 1553-early 17th century, is the earliest and most comprehensive collection of Polish Renaissance lute music. The repertoire of CLT, 57 pieces representing a century's worth of music, consists of intabulations of vocal compositions, dances, fantasias and preludes. CLT is the principal source of the unique Polish pieces. The fundamental goal of this dissertation is the study of this rare and unsufficiently examined manuscript. All pieces of CTL have benne analyzed, catalogued and transcribed in the interpretative transcription wich is reconstruction of the raw musical material found in the tablature which renders the real sound of the polyphonic structure, as sounded on the lute in accordance with a modern concept of meter. Almost all genres are identified, the vocal models, the autorship, titles and printed sources of some of the pieces have been established. CTL was compiled during the most productive period in the history of the Renaissance lute music and reflects changes in the European instrumental music between two epochs the Renaissance and Baroque. CTL proves Polish cultural contacts with other musical centers in Europe, enriches our knowledge of compositional techniques, procedures of ornamentation and arrangement, reflects the general tendencies in Polish solo instrumental music of this period and side by side with the famous Jan of Lublin and the Cracow keyboard tablatures, it is one of the most important sources of Polish Renaissance instrumental music. In many details CTL is a varied, problematical source representing a rich and interresting level of Renaissance musical culture. The present study considerably fill the gap in our knowledge on Polish lute music before appearance of the famous Polish lutenists at the beginning of the 17th century and advance the state of searche into this manuscript

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Martin, Ulysse. "Spécificités physiques et enjeux de la performance énergétique du CLT en milieu nordique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30955.

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Le bois a été l’un des premiers matériaux utilisés par l’homme et possède encore aujourd’hui beaucoup de potentiel dans la construction. En effet, de nombreux matériaux d’ingénierie ont été développés à partir du bois, comme les panneaux de bois lamellé-croisé (CLT). Ces matériaux permettent d’être compétitifs avec le béton ou l’acier en termes de performance, de coût et d’empreinte environnementale. L’extraction des ressources, la fabrication de matériaux de construction et la construction elle-même (transport et machinerie) sont énergivores et à l’origine d’importants dégagements de gaz à effet de serre. Le bois est une ressource renouvelable qui a l’avantage de fixer du carbone lors de sa croissance et de le conserver une fois en service. Durant sa vie utile, un bâtiment va aussi consommer de l’énergie pour le chauffage / la climatisation et l’éclairage. C’est pourquoi la recherche de l’efficacité énergétique est nécessaire. Le CLT est un matériau d’ingénierie qui a le potentiel de démocratiser les bâtiments de moyenne hauteur en bois. En cela le CLT est avantageux pour la performance énergétique, puisque les panneaux font un effet barrière à l’air, à la vapeur et à la chaleur. Dans le système constructif en CLT, les jonctions avec les autres panneaux et les percements sont les principaux chemins de fuites pour l’air. Les infiltrations/exfiltrations vont être responsables d’importantes pertes thermiques. De plus, les exfiltrations peuvent induire une humidité excessive en présence de chaleur dans le mur, provoquant la croissance de moisissure et de pourriture du bois. La résistance des matériaux et la santé des occupants peuvent être compromises à moyen et long terme. Le but de ce projet est d’évaluer l’impact des tolérances d’assemblages, en présence d’une fuite d’air, sur la performance énergétique et la durabilité du mur afin de vérifier si les tolérances d’assemblages représentent un risque à prendre en considération ou non. Des thermographies d’une jonction en angle de murs en CLT prises lors d’une dépressurisation du bâtiment ont permis d’identifier une fissure. Un travail de modélisation de la fissure en fonction des températures observables a ensuite permis de dimensionner la fissure (0,72 mm traversant l’isolation) en considérant une tolérance d’assemblage pour le CLT de 2 mm. Cette fissure « modèle » a ensuite été transposée dans le cas d’un mur plat, afin que ne soit pas considéré le pont thermique lié à l’angle. Une analyse de l’impact sur la performance énergétique de tolérances d’assemblages variables a été réalisée par simulation informatique, pour une infiltration et une exfiltration. La simulation a également permis d’analyser l’impact sur la durabilité, en termes de développements fongiques et de risque de condensation, d’une exfiltration sur notre fissure « modèle ». La simulation a montré que l’impact d’une infiltration sur la performance énergétique est 1,62 fois plus grand que pour une exfiltration, qui est elle-même 1,37 fois plus énergivore qu’un mur sans fissure. L’influence de la largeur de la tolérance d’assemblage est minorée par la dimension de la fissure dans le reste du mur. La simulation des échanges hygriques dans la fissure a montré que la croissance de moisissure est à craindre en surface, lorsque l’humidité relative de l’air est de 40 % et plus. La zone touchée est principalement l’isolation, mais s’étend jusqu’au CLT à mesure que l’humidité relative de l’air exfiltré augmente. L’humidité de l’air condense à proximité de la sortie de l’exfiltration, ce qui peut mener à une accumulation de givre sous le revêtement extérieur. Le résultat de ces simulations permet de mettre l’accent sur l’importance de la continuité du pare-air et de la mise en place de mesures pour éviter qu’une tolérance d’assemblage soit un chemin libre pour l’air. L’utilisation de joints adhésifs souples pouvant épouser la découpe irrégulière du CLT et amortir les variations dimensionnelles permettrait de réduire les risques liés aux fuites d’air.
Wood is one of the first material mankind used to work with and is still full of potential for building sector. Many engineering materials have been developed from wood, such as the cross-laminated timber (CLT). Wooden engineering materials are as performant as steel and concrete but are also cost effective and have a lower environmental footprint. Resources extraction for the manufacture of building materials and the building phase itself require a lot of energy, and generate or release important amount of greenhouse gaz. Wood is a sustainable resource that has the benefit of being able to capture carbon during its growing phase and to preserve it. In service, buildings will have heating and cooling loads, depending of their energy efficiency, high energy efficiency is required to lower the overall energy footprint of buildings. CLT has the potential to be a greener substitute to reinforced concrete in the mid-rise building. CLT helps to reach energy efficiency because wood panels act as a barrier for air, vapor and heat. In CLT building system, junctions between panels and with other elements (ducts, wiring, etc) are the main leakage paths through the envelope. Infiltrations and exfiltrations are responsible for important heat losses. Exfiltrations can also lead to excessive moisture accumulation in the walls, resulting in mold and rot growth. Structural integrity and air quality can be jeopardized on the average/long term. The aim of this project was to assess the impact of gaps between CLT panels, in case of air leakages, on the energy efficiency and durability of the wall. A real case of infiltration in a corner of a CLT building was used to size an air leakage area in the insulation (0.72 mm through the insulation considering a 1 m high wall), intended an assembly tolerance or gap of 2 mm. The gap was then extrapolated to a flat wall, to exclude the thermal bridge effect of the corner. An energy efficiency assessment was done using simulations for both cases of infiltration and exfiltration, with variable assembly gap. Simulation also permits to assess the impact on durability, on mold growth risks, of the exfiltration for variable exfiltrated air relative humidity. Results show that infiltration has a greater impact (1.62 times) than exfiltration, which is itself 1.37 times more energy-consuming than a perfect wall. The impact of the assembly gap variations in the CLT is restricted by a maximum flow rate dicted by the air leakage path in the insulation. Simulation of moisture transfer shows that mold growth is to fear on the gap surface through the wall, when the exfiltrated air relative humidity exceeds 40 %. The first mold development should primarily affects the insulation, but extends to the CLT as the relative humidity of the exfiltrated air increases. Condensation occurs in the insulation near the outlet of the exfiltration, leading to an accumulation of ice behind the external cladding. Results of simulations show how important it is to keep the air barrier continuous, and to avoid that assembly gaps in the CLT act as shortcut for eventual air leaks. The use of flexible adhesive joints, which can match the irregular cut of the CLT and dampen the dimensional variations would reduce the risks of air leakage.

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Huber, Johannes Albert Josef. "Modelling Alternative Load Paths in Platform-Framed CLT Buildings : A Finite Element Approach." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Träteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-73258.

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Timber has become more popular as a construction material during recent years. Engineered wood products, such as glued laminated timber and cross-laminated timber, have enabled the construction of multi-storey buildings. Tall buildings with many occupants need to resist a disproportional collapse in case of unexpected exposures, e.g. accidents or terrorism. Structural robustness can improve the collapse resistance of a building. The literature about robustness is comprehensive concerning concrete and steel buildings, but it is rather limited regarding timber. A robust building can mobilise alternative load paths in the structure after the removal of bearing building components. Alternative load paths rely primarily on the connections between components. For timber buildings, few investigations exist to evaluate the alternative load paths after a removal. Analyses usually do not take into account non-linear effects which could influence the capacity of alternative load paths, such as damage of single fasteners, friction, timber crushing and brittle failure. In particular, the alternative load paths in platform-framed cross-laminated timber buildings are not well understood. The goals of this thesis are to i) review the concept of robustness in general and determine the state of the art concerning timber buildings in particular, ii) develop a method to analyse the alternative load paths in a platform-framed CLT building taking into account relevant non-linearities, iii) use the method to elicit the alternative load paths in a building after a wall removal, and iv) study the effects of probabilistic variations of model parameters. The thesis first introduces tall timber buildings and then presents a summary of structural robustness in a collapse resistance framework. The summary includes established analysis methods and specific considerations for timber, whereof a detailed review is provided in Paper I. Paper III additionally provides results of a survey on contemporary practices of professionals around the world concerning robustness. In the subsequent chapter, the studied 8-storey case building made of platform-framed cross-laminated timber is described including the modelling abstractions. Additionally, the setup of a validation experiment for the modelling approach is described. The following chapter introduces the modelling approach for an alternative load path analysis after a wall removal. The approach is based on the finite element method using the commercial software Abaqus. The deterministic part of the approach includes a non-linear static pushdown analysis of single storeys in a bay and elicits the alternative load paths and their capacity. Finite connector elements in the model substitute single fasteners including their elastic, plastic, damage and rupture behaviour. The 3D models of the walls and floors account for timber crushing, brittle failure and contact friction. A simplified non-linear dynamic model of the entire bay uses the pushdown results as inputs and evaluates the collapse progression among storeys after a sudden element removal. The probabilistic part of the approach models the uncertainty of the input parameters of the dynamic model by varying the parameter values in a Monte Carlo simulation, to evaluate the probability of a collapse. Paper II applies the approach for a simple pushdown of a single storey and Paper IV applies the pushdown and the dynamic analysis to elicit the alternative load paths after a single wall removal. The thesis shows furthermore the results of a double wall removal in the example building and the results of the Monte Carlo analysis for the single and double wall removal. For the assumed removals, the developed approach could identify the alternative load paths, determine their capacities and estimate the probability of a collapse under probabilistic variations. The approach might be used to classify various removal scenarios in platform-framed multi-storey cross-laminated timber buildings specifically and predetermine design solutions which could provide a desired level of robustness. The approach might be generalised for multi-storey timber buildings of various construction types.

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Sorce, Elizabeth. "The Role of Community Land Trusts in Preserving and Creating Commercial Assets: A Dual Cae Study of Rondo CLT in St. Paul, Minnesota and Crescent City CLT in New Orleans, Louisiana." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1501.

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As the community land trust (CLT) movement in the United States approaches its 50th anniversary, CLT members, practitioners and researchers are exploring and pushing the boundaries of the model. CLTs offer an alternative model of land use tenure that permanently removes properties from the speculative market for the ongoing common good of the community. Most frequently associated with the provision of affordable housing in strong real estate markets, several CLTs across the country are now expanding into the commercial realm. This thesis compares the incipient commercial development efforts underway in St. Paul, Minnesota and New Orleans, Louisiana in order to better understand the potential role of CLTs in helping communities preserve and create commercial assets under a wide range of market forces.

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Eriksson, Isabell, and Axel Ekström. "Möjligheter att brandskydda korslimmat massivträ." Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147567.

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I den här kandidatuppsatsen har vi undersökt om korslimmat massivträs brandegenskaper kan förbättrats med rätt sorts lim och med användandet av skyddsskivor. Det senaste årtiondet har byggbranschen blivit mer miljömedvetna och viljan att bygga miljö- och klimatsmart har ökat, detta har medfört ett ökat användande av olika typer av trämaterial. Korslimmat massivträ har utvecklats som ett resultat av detta. Eftersom det är ett nytt byggnadsmaterial finns det mycket forskning kvar att göra, vilket intresserade oss. För att få svar på våra frågor har vi gjort en litteraturstudie för att inhämta kunskap och resultat från tidigare rapporter och artiklar som finns i ämnet. Det vi har kunnat se är att så länge som de individuella lagrena i det korslimmade massivträet inte lossnar ifrån varandra har det i princip samma brandegenskaper som homogent massivträ. Men så fort som det lossnar ifrån varandra stiger förkolningstakten och brandegenskaperna försämras. Det går att förhindra och begränsa dessa försämringar med rätt val av lim och skyddsskivor. Detta är fördjupningsdelen i ett arbete som också innefattar projektering och dimensionering av ett småhus.

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Lee, Arnold Ildoo. "Adaptive Living in the City." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71661.

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Although living in the city can provide many benefits, it also provides many issues as well. Housing costs are constantly increasing, both physical and mental spaces are sacrificed, and our innate connection to nature is severed. These produce profoundly damaging effects on the human psyche and cause people to migrate from the urban to the suburban and rural areas. The solution is to design more efficient urban buildings that can actively adapt to its inhabitants' programmatic needs and utilizes wood, specifically cross-laminated timber, as its main material to reconnect with nature.
Master of Architecture

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Heslyk, Oskar. "Visual Assembly." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298507.

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The project investigates an aesthetic of assembly. It established a visual expression though exploring the relationship between disassembly and assembly in the context of laminated timbers. These explorations are manifested in a learning institution in relationship to an existing CLT factor in Långshyttan. The project becomes a dynamic celebration of assembly and a continuous learning environment as the building continues to disassemble and reassemble to counter the obsolescent of new technological inventions in a rapidly developing industry driven by industrialization and technological determination. The new building feeds of the factory for purely disassembled parts in terms of discarded waste and a pure form of assembly in terms of unprocessed CLT blanks. The production of industrial produced mass timber elements has further moved the production of buildings into factories and the erection of buildings at site consist primarily of an assembly of predesigned parts. Architectural advancements is inseparable from technological paradigms and the production of construction timber should carry with it new architectural expressions.

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29

Torarp, Johan. "Spatial Sustainability." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298824.

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The building sector was in 2018 responsible almost 40% of Sweden’s domestic greenhouse gas emissions. These numbers demands a lot from our profession and has made the topic of sustainability essential.In the Brundtland Reports definition of sustainability it’s called for ”Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Within these words, sustainability could be defined as that what lasts. The project Spatial Sustainability aims to explore the architecture that lasts, based on the conclusion that this demands balance between the contradicting terms adaptability and stability.  I believe that the architecture that’s both adaptable and stable should be, re-usable and capable of being re-organised, but it should also have a strong physical presence in it’s urban situation. In the intersection of this contradiction I hope to find one path leading to long-lasting architecture.

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30

Bettelli, Lucia. "Sviluppo e calibrazione di un modello fenomenologico per la progettazione sismica di edifici CLT." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.

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Questo elaborato di tesi si pone l’obiettivo di studiare e confrontare tra loro due diversi approcci di modellazione attualmente forniti dalla letteratura per valutare il comportamento sismico degli edifici multipiano in CLT, arrivando a proporre un modello semplificato che ben predica il comportamento di edifici multipiano in CLT, differenti tra loro per morfologia ed azioni applicate, in risposta ad azioni sismiche. Con lo scopo di coprire un numero di casi ampio, si è implementata un’analisi parametrica con un alto numero di variabili. Nel dettaglio, si sono analizzati edifici con diverso numero di piani, diversa azione sismica agente, diverso carico applicato e diversa larghezza delle pareti. Gli approcci utilizzati per condurre le analisi sono due. Il primo è un approccio per componenti, nel quale vengono adottati vincoli lineari per implementare le connessioni mentre le pareti vengono modellate con elementi tipo shell. Il secondo è un approccio semplificato fenomenologico, il quale non prevede l’implementazione dei sistemi di connessione, ma si basa sull’utilizzo di un modulo elastico equivalente che, una volta assegnato al pannello, riesce a riassumere e descrivere il comportamento complessivo della parete, comprendendo anche quello delle connessioni. L’obiettivo principale di questo lavoro è quello di confrontare le due diverse tipologie di modellazione appena citate, con lo scopo di calibrare un valore di modulo elastico equivalente da assegnare alle pareti di un modello fenomenologico. Tale valore verrà valutato per mezzo di analisi sismiche dinamiche lineari a partire dagli spostamenti che si verificano sulla struttura allo stato limite di danno nel modello per componenti, cercando di riprodurre fedelmente tali spostamenti nel modello fenomenologico. Da questo confronto si è ottenuto modello semplificato, di tipo fenomenologico, che permette di stimare il periodo proprio di vibrare, gli spostamenti della struttura e le forze sollecitanti.

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31

Pfingsthorn, Joanna [Verfasser]. "Variability in Learner Errors as a Reflection of the CLT Paradigm Shift / Joanna Pfingsthorn." Frankfurt : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1042469814/34.

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Mezeiro, Rafaela Maria Marques. "Construir em Madeira aplicabilidade de painéis CLT em habitação de média densidade em Portugal." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18088.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Arquitetura apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.
Serve o presente trabalho para estudar a viabilidade da aplicação do sistema construtivo de painéis de madeira de Cross Laminated Timber - CLT, na construção ou recuperação de um edifício de habitação de média densidade em Portugal, na cidade de Lisboa. Os painéis de CLT são peças de madeira associadas a um processo construtivo inovador, com uma considerável capacidade de suportar cargas aplicadas, principalmente quando comparado com sistemas construtivos convencionais. Neste tipo de estruturas de CLT os elementos que a constituem comportam-se como painéis, em que o transporte das forças é feito bidireccionalmente. Considerou-se a elaboração deste trabalho atendendo às preocupações relacionadas com um tema da actualidade, nomeadamente as alterações climáticas. Ao nível da arquitectura, uma das formas de reduzir o impacto ambiental que a construção provoca é por exemplo através da utilização da madeira, que por sua vez tem a capacidade de armazenar dióxido de carbono, um dos principais gases emitidos para a atmosfera com efeito de estufa. Ao potenciar o uso da madeira, está-se por uma lado a dinamizar o sector madeireiro, mas também por outro lado a contribuir para a diminuição da pegada ecológica. Na realidade, com o aumento da utilização da madeira poder-se-á eventualmente, verificar-se uma maior necessidade do aumento da fileira, significando portanto que quantas mais árvores forem plantadas maior a quantidade de CO2 poderá ser retirada da atmosfera, desta forma também poderá surgir a necessidade de criar diferentes políticas de gestão e manutenção florestal com esta utilização em vista. Atendendo às propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira considerou-se importante abordar o tema da pré-fabricação de peças de madeira. Por ser um material dúctil, a madeira permite a normalização de vários tipos de produtos que por sua vez podem ser aplicados na construção de casas modulares, em que um dos principais objectivos deste tipo de construção está relacionado com a regularização das dimensões da construção de modo a estabelecer um módulo padrão como unidade de medida de referência, optimizando-se o processo de pré-fabricação e montagem do edifício no local. Por outro lado este é um tipo de construção que obedece a medidas passivas, que por sua vez pressupõe poupanças, ou até mesmo reduções significativas do consumo de energia do próprio edifício.
ABSTRACT: The present work aims to study applicability of the use of the Cross Laminated Timber – CLT construction system for new construction and rehabilitation of medium density housing in Portugal, in the city of Lisbon. The CLT panels are pieces of wood associated with an innovative construction process, with a considerable loading capacity, especially when compared with traditional constructive systems. In this type of CLT structures the elements consist of panels, in which the force transport is made bidirectionally. The elaboration of this work was considered taking into account the concerns related to a current theme, namely climate change. In architecture one of the ways to reduce the environmental impact that the construction causes is for example through the use of wood, since this material has the capacity to store carbon dioxide, a green house effect gas. By enhancing the use of wood, on the one hand, the timber industry could become more dynamic while also contributing to the reduction of green house effect. In fact, with increasing use of wood there will also be a greater need to plant trees, impling that the more trees that are planted the more CO2 that is withdrawn from the atmosphere, this could also create the need to create a different forest management and maintenance policies. Considering the physical and mechanical properties of wood, it was considered important to address the pre-fabrication of wood pieces. Because it is a ductile material, wood allows the standardization of several types of products which in turn can be applied in the construction of modular houses, in which one of the main objectives of this type of construction is related to the regularization of the dimensions of the construction with the purpose to establish a standard module as a reference unit of measurement, optimizing the pre-fabrication and assembly process of the building on site. On the other hand this is a type of construction that obeys passive requirements, which in turn supposes savings, or even significant reductions in the energy consumption of the building itself.
N/A

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33

Hellgren, Oscar, and Emil Larsson. "TIDSÅTGÅNG VID STOMMONTAGE - En jämförelse mellan KL-träelement och platsgjuten betong." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-76609.

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KL-träelement används som stommaterial i allt fler flerbostadshusprojekt i Sverige, då det fortfarande är en relativt ny metod är det intressant att undersöka den närmare. Vid val av stomme är byggtiden ofta en viktig faktor och därför ligger montagetiden till grund för jämförelsen i studien. Denna rapports syfte är att ge mer information inför valet genom att jämföra en KL-trästomme med en platsgjuten betongstomme utförd med plattbärlag och skalväggar med hänsyn till tidsåtgång av montage. En litteraturundersökning har genomförts för att analysera vilka faktorer som påverkar tidsåtgången vid resning av de två stomalternativen. Planeringsverktyget Powerproject har använts för att ta fram en tidsplanering för vardera stomme. Tidsplaneringarna har sedan jämförts för att se vilket stomalternativ som ger minst tidsåtgång. För att stommarna ska bli så jämförbara som möjligt har gemensamma egenskapskrav ställts på bärighet, brandmotstånd och ljudisolering samt U-värde. När stommen uppfyller dessa krav, betongen torkats till 90 % relativ fuktighet och efterföljande aktiviteter kan påbörjas bedöms stomarbetet klart. Simuleringarna av tidplanerna har gjorts för kvarteret Norrstjärnan i Örebro som har använts som referensobjekt. Tiderna i rapporten är baserade på underlag tillhandahållet av NCC. Utifrån tidsplaneringarna för referensobjektet konstateras att den totala tidsåtgången för en KL-trästomme är 125 arbetsdagar och 169 arbetsdagar för en betongstomme. Det är en skillnad på 44 arbetsdagar vilket ger en procentuell skillnad på ca 35 %.
CLT-elements are used as frame material in an increasing number of multi-dwelling buildings projects in Sweden, as it is still a relatively new method, it is interesting to investigate it more closely. In the choice of frame, construction time is often an important factor and therefore the assembly time is the basis for the comparison in the study. The purpose of this report is to provide more information prior to the choice by comparing a CLT-element frame with a cast concrete frame made with lattice girder system and half shell precast walls with regard to the time required for assembly. A literature survey has been carried out to analyze which factors influence the time spent on raising the two frame options. The planning tool Powerproject has been used to develop a time schedule for each frame. The time schedules have then been compared to see which framework alternative gives the least amount of production time. In order for the frames to be as comparable as possible, common property requirements have been set for bearing capacity, fire resistance, sound insulation and U-value. When the framework meets these requirements, the concrete is dried to 90 % relative humidity and subsequent activities can be started, the work with the frame is considered finished. The simulations of the timetables have been made for the project Norrstjärnan in Örebro, which has been used as a reference object. The times in the report are based on data provided by NCC. Based on the time schedules for the reference object, it is stated that the total time spent on a CLT-element frame is 125 working days and 169 working days for a concrete frame. This is a difference of 44 working days, which gives a percentage difference of about 35 %.

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34

Marshall, Shedden Anna. "Impact Bias och Empathy Gaps : - en studie om skillnader mellan känslor och preferenser." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för pedagogik, psykologi och idrottsvetenskap, PPI, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-24827.

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Syftet med föreliggande studie var att försöka reda i litteraturen kring två välkända begrepp inom Affective Forecasting nämligen Impact Bias, som innebär att människor har en tendens att överskatta i vilken utsträckning de kommer att uppleva en viss känsla i en framtida situation än vad som senare visar sig vara fallet, och Empathy Gaps, som innebär att människor har en tendens att underskatta i vilken grad känslotillstånd kommer att påverka deras preferenser i en framtida situation samt pröva dessa begrepp i en och samma enkätundersökning. Etthundra sextiotvå studenter, slumpvist uppdelade i två grupper, Känslogrupp och Preferensgrupp, deltog frivilligt i undersökningen. Enkätundersökningen var en mixad design med grupp (känsla kontra preferens) som mellangruppsfaktor och förtest kontra eftertest som inomgruppsfaktor. I studien visade samtliga gruppers resultat i linje med Impact Bias teorin, dvs. att deltagarna i både Känslogrupp och Preferensgrupp skattade lägre i eftertest (actual) än pretest (forecasting). Resultatet diskuteras bla. utifrån Construal Level Theory, CLT. Förslag på vidare forskning ges.

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35

Islamovic, Mirnes. "Cross-Laminated Timber– En fallstudie av Hyttkammaren samt en jämförelse med prefabricerat betongelement ur platsomkostnadsperspektiv." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för ekonomi och teknik (SET), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-23766.

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Turesson, Jonas. "Diagonal compression of Cross-Laminated Timber." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Träteknologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-59699.

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Twelve blocks of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) were built, tested and simulated. Three types of blocks with different laminate directions in the middle/second layers were used: 0/30/0, 0/45/0 and 0/90/0. Simulations with three-dimensional quadratic orthotropic linear elastic finite elements were conducted. The goal was to compare tested in-plane shear stiffnesses for CLT blocks made from Norway Spruce (Picea abies) boards of C24 quality with a finite element (FEM) simulated block stiffness. Three-layer CLT were studied with block dimensions of 600 x 600 x 45 mm. The first and last layer laminate directions were assumed to be 0○. The middle layer laminate directions were 30○, 45○ and 90○. A 1 mm gap was assumed between the side edges. The glued contact surfaces were assumed to be perfectly glued with rigid glue in the simulations. In the practically tested blocks a PVAc D2 classified glue was used. All blocks were simulated and tested in the same loading arrangement as the practical test set-up. The blocks were compressed in the diagonal direction. Blocks of 0/30/0 and 0/45/0 were compressed twice, once over each diagonal. The 0/90/0 blocks were compressed over one diagonal. A total of 19 practical compression tests was performed; in all cases, the displacements were measured in the force- and orthogonal direction. The stiffest loading case, measured in the force direction, was the loading arrangement 0/45/0-A. The weakest loading case, measured in the force direction, was the loading arrangement 0/30/0-B. The same result could be concluded from the FEM simulations. The calculated stiffness in the loading direction was between 1.21 – 1.87 times larger than the measured stiffness. The models pressed in the “weakest” direction gave the largest difference between the simulated and measured stiffness.

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Vercilli, Maria Chiara. "Studio del comportamento sismico di edifici multipiano in CLT in differenti zone sismiche e climatiche." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.

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A partire da quanto già scoperto grazie al progetto TimBeest, in questo elaborato si è studiato il comportamento sismico di edifici in Cross-lam Lamited Timber (CLT) a tre, cinque e sette piani in diverse zone sismiche e climatiche in Italia. Per ognuna di queste strutture si è studiato quanto e in che modo influiscono il fattore di struttura della costruzione, la presenza o meno di massa termica nei pacchetti di solai e pareti, e il tipo di analisi eseguita, sui risultati che ne rispecchiano il comportamento sismico. Infine si è fatto un confronto tra tutti i risultati ottenuti in termini di sollecitazioni, di periodi principali di vibrazione e numero di connessioni necessarie per un buon livello di dissipazione di energia sismica da parte dell'edificio. In questo modo si è cercato di capire dove e in quali condizioni è possibile costruire questa tipologia di edifici in Italia.

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Barbieri, Laura. "Studio del comportamento sismico di edifici in CLT con connessioni dissipative del tipo X-bracket." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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La risposta sismica degli edifici CLT è analizzata con lo scopo di valutare la correlazione tra la capacità dissipativa, rappresentata dal fattore di comportamento q, e la metodologia di costruzione, ovvero le proprietà geometriche dell'edificio ed il comportamento delle connessioni adottate. Questo studio presenta un modello numerico in grado di simulare la risposta dinamica di una parete a tre piani costituita da pannelli portanti a strati incrociati, nella quale sono state utilizzate connessioni innovative, rappresentate da staffe ad alta capacità dissipativa caratterizzate da una particolare forma ad "X": queste staffe sono resistenti a forze di trazione e a forze di taglio e sono state concepite per realizzare tutti i giunti sismici dell'edificio, con un tipo di collegamento unico in grado di massimizzare la capacità sismica di tutta la struttura, assicurando alta duttilità e comportamento allo schiacciamento trascurabile. Questa nuova connessione è stata studiata ed ottimizzata attraverso modellazione numerica; poi, il suo comportamento è stato convalidato attraverso test sperimentali. La connessione di tipo X-bracket, quando viene utilizzata per collegare pannelli CLT alle fondazioni, ai diaframmi, ai solai o anche reciprocamente, consente di raggiungere elevata dissipazione e duttilità anche quando vengono adottate grandi pareti in CLT senza giunzioni verticali. A tal proposito, è stata eseguita un'analisi dinamica incrementale su due diverse configurazioni della parete progettata, differenti per quantità di connessioni e per la presenza o meno di giunzioni verticali, allo scopo di valutare il valore del fattore di comportamento q, in funzione delle scelte progettuali e delle proprietà geometriche dell'edificio.

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Fiorani, Enrico. "Studio del comportamento nel piano di murature rinforzate mediante il placcaggio con pannelli in CLT." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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Il presente elaborato è strutturato nel modo seguente: al primo e al secondo capitolo sono enunciati i materiali presenti nello studio, comportamento della muratura e del legno, in particolare del CLT; al terzo capitolo sono enunciate le tecniche innovative di consolidamento di edifici murari, tra cui quella in oggetto; al quarto capitolo sono indicati tutti i modelli analizzati, le diverse metodologie di rinforzo e le analisi che sono state compiute; al quinto capitolo sono indicati gli esiti delle modellazioni operate e sono stati effettuati numerosi confronti tra ciò che ne è stato derivato; infine il sesto capitolo riguarda le conclusioni ed eventuali sviluppi futuri della tecnica di consolidamento analizzata

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40

Nolet, Vincent. "Analytical Methodology to Predict the Behaviour of Multi-Panel CLT Shearwalls Subjected to Lateral Loads." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36999.

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The increasing demand for more sustainable construction has led to the development of new structural systems that include wood as building material. Cross laminated timber (CLT) has been identified as a potential system to address this need and to provide alternative options in the range of low- to medium-rise construction. The appeal in using CLT as a shearwall is driven by the combination of the rigid panels and small dimension fasteners, which allows for significant energy dissipation in the structure. However, there is currently no reliable analytical model to accurately predict the behaviour of multi-segment CLT shearwalls. The current study aims to develop an analytical model capable of predicting the elastic and plastic phases associated with the behaviour of multi-panel CLT shearwalls. The model describes the wall behaviour as a function of the connectors’ properties in terms of stiffness, strength and ductility. This dependency means that the only input required in the model is the behavioural parameters of the connections. The proposed model contains six cases with a total of 36 different failure mechanisms. Two final wall behaviours were developed, and it was found that behaviour (i.e. single wall) could be achieved if the yielding in the hold-down occurred prior to yielding in the panel joints. Inversely, the other behaviour (i.e. coupled panels) was achieved if the yielding in the vertical joint occur prior to yielding in the hold-down. The analytical model was validated using a numerical model, and the results of the comparison showed very close match between the two models. The study proposed simplified design provisions with the aim to optimize the walls ductility (CP behaviour) or strength and stiffness (SW behaviour).

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41

Dickof, Carla. "Clt infill panels in steel moment resisting frames as a hybrid seismic force resisting system." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44209.

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This paper examines CLT-steel hybrid systems at three, six, and nine storey heights to increase seismic force resistance compared to a plain wood system. CLT panels are used as infill in a steel moment frame combining the ductility of a steel moment frame system with a stiffness and light weight of CLT panels. This system allows for the combination of high strength and ductility of steel with high stiffness and light weight of timber. This thesis examines the seismic response of this type of hybrid seismic force resisting system (SFRS) in regions with moderate to high seismic hazard indices. A detailed non-linear model of a 2D infilled frame system and compared to the behavior of a similar plain steel frame at each height. Parametric analysis was performed determining the effect of the panels and the connection configuration, steel frame design, and panel configuration in a multi-bay system. Static pushover loading was applied alongside semi-static cyclic loading to allow a basis of comparison to future experimental tests. Dynamic analysis using ten ground motions linearly scaled to the uniform hazard spectra for Vancouver, Canada with a return period of 2% in 50 years as, 10% in 50 years, and 50% in 50 years to examine the effect of infill panels on the interstorey drift of the three, six, and nine storey. The ultimate and yield strength and drift capacity are determined and used to determine the overstrength and ductility factors as described in the National Building Code of Canada 2010.

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Al-Nouh, Nowreyah A. A. "Are Kuwaiti primary EFL teachers implementing a CLT-based learner-centred method in their classrooms?" Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/613.

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The Communicative Approach in language teaching is based on a theory of language as communication. The objective of language teaching, according to this approach, is to develop what Hymes (1972) calls learners' communicative competence. The literature review on EFL primary, secondary, and post secondary teachers' practices in the classroom has shown teachers focusing on form and using traditional methods, e. g. GTM, ALM and TPR, and techniques, e. g. PPP. However, those studies did not examine teachers' practices, teachers' knowledge and the curriculum, including textbooks/materials,a ssessmenat nd teachert raining programmes,a ll at the samet ime and at one point in time. Thus, the purpose of this study is to take Kuwait as a case study of primary EFL to find out whether EFL primary teachers implement a CLTbased, learner-centred method in their classrooms, knowing that education is centralized in Kuwait, i. e. the curriculum, textbook/materials,a ssessmenat nd teacher training are provided by one authority: the Ministry of Education. To achieve this objective, first a classroom observation was conducted on twenty three primary EFL Kuwaiti female teachers using the COLT (Communicative Orientation of Language Teaching) Observation Scheme, with its four categories derived from the literature on CLT to find out whether the methodology used is communicative or not. Secondly, an examination of the curriculum document, textbook/materials,a ssessmenat nd teacher training programmes was conducted to find out whether they work in harmony towards the fulfilment of curriculum goals, i. e. to develop learners' communicative and linguistic competence in using English fluently and accurately. Finally, an interview was conducted on the same twenty three teachers to find out about teachers' knowledge and beliefs of CLT, its practicality, land their perception of their own practice. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data indicated that teachers do not implement a CLT-based learner-centred method for various reasons, e.g. formfocused assessmenat nd textbooks, although teachers'i nterviews and the examination of teacher training programmes have shown teachers know CLT and were prepared to teach communicatively. Implications and recommendations of the study are made in the concluding chapter.

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Lidqvist, Markus. "Påbyggnad med CLT-bjälklag i kvarteret Höken 1 : En studie av konstruktionsmässiga och ekonomiska förutsättningar." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik och hållbar utveckling, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-25122.

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Är korslaminerat trä ett bra alternativ för påbyggnader? Studiens syfte är att utreda hur väl påbyggnader i CLT står sig som alternativ i konkurrens med andra metoder att ta fram nya bostäder inom tätort där ett behov av förtätning finns. Studien riktar sig till en eventuell byggherre och i första hand till uppdragsgivaren: AB Gotlandshem. Kvartert Höken 1 är uppfört i början på 1960-talet. De aktuella byggnaderna för en eventuell påbyggnad är tre hus om två våningsplan och källare. Dessa byggnader benämns: B, D och F. Bärande väggar i stommen är uppförda i varierande material. I studien har två väggar valts ut som särkilt intressanta. De undersöks närmare genom statiska beräkningar enligt EKS 9. Studien konstaterar att de har tillräcklig tryckhållfashet för att bära en påbyggnad. Studien undersöker även ekonomiska förutsättningar för en påbyggnad i CLT. Detta görs genom att särkostnader identifieras och jämförs. Givetvis är kostnaden för materialet en särkostnad när valet står mellan två material, men studien identifierar även produktionskostnader för montering av bjälklag och installationer som särkostnader. Den ekonomiska jämförelsen indikerar en möjlighet att göra en besparing vid ett val av CLT-bjälklag. Studien visar att det är möjligt att utföra en påbyggnad av hus B, D och F i kv. Höken 1. Dessutom visar det sig att CLT är ett gott alternativ ur ekonomisk synpunkt. Materialet har fördelar som medför rationell produktion. Det innebär att CLT kan vara en billigare lösning för en påbyggnad.
Is cross laminated timber a suitable building material for adding storeys to a building? The purpose of this study is to examine how good an alternative CLT makes in comparision with other methods of developing new homes in urban areas. This study aims to a property developer and primarily to the client: AB Gotlandshem. The block Höken 1 was built in the beginning of the 1960s. The buildings of current interest are three houses with two stories and basement. These buildings are designated: B, D and F. The load bearing structure is constructed in varying materials. Two walls has been selected as especially interesting. They are examined closer through static analysis accordnig to EKS 9. The study concludes that they are sturdy enough to carry an added storey. The study also examines the ecomonic premises for adding a storey made from CLT. Separate costs are identified and compared. Naturally is the materials cost a separate cost in the choice between two different materials, but the study also identifies costs for mounting subfloor construction and installations as separate costs. The economic comparision indicates a possibility to cut costs by choosing subfloor constructins of CLT. The study shows that it is possible to add a storey to house B, D and F. Furthermore is CLT a good alternative from an economic viewpoint. The material has advantages that results in rational production methods. From this follows that CLT may be a cheaper solution for adding a storey.

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Passos, Thais Mayrink Xavier. "Instrumentalidade e permeabilidade: uma análise conjuntural da formação da CLT no pensamento de Oliveira Vianna." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2014. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/796.

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Este estudo busca elaborar uma análise sobre o pensamento do jurista e sociólogo Oliveira Vianna, abordando as principais ideias defendidas em suas obras para, então, considerar o período em que atuou como Consultor Jurídico do Ministério do Trabalho do governo Vargas, identificando sua influência sobre a legislação trabalhista e sindical recém-elaborada, demonstrando, ainda, os problemas enfrentados por Vianna com a classe patronal e que culminou com sua saída do referido Ministério. Com essas informações, o objetivo central do presente trabalho será avaliar a natureza de permeabilidade da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho, tendo como ponto de questionamento a existência e atuação das Convenções Coletivas, dotadas ambas de objetivos similares, atuando inicialmente de maneira complementar para, então, após o alcance da preparação social para implantação de institutos corporativos, ter a CLT sua existência relativizada.
This study aims to develop an analysis of the thought of the jurist and sociologist Oliveira Vianna, addressing main ideas defended in his works to then consider the period in which he served as Legal Counselor of the Labor Ministry in the Vargas government, identifying its influence on lab and syndical laws newly developed, also demonstrating the problems faced by Vianna with the employer class and that culminated in his departure from this Ministry. With this information, the central objective of this study is to evaluate the nature of permeability of the Consolidation of Labor Laws, taking as a point of questioning the existence and activity of the Collective Conventions, both endowed with similar objectives, initially acting in a complementary way to then, after reaching social preparation for implementation of corporate institutes, have the CLT their existence relativized.

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Ropa, Lorenzo. "Sperimentazione di un sistema di retrofit strutturale con pannello clt e dissipatori meccanici: e-SAFE." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.

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L’Italia è un paese a pericolosità sismica medio-alta e il patrimonio edilizio esistente è costituito gran parte da edifici progettati in epoche in cui la normativa vigente non teneva conto dell’azione sismica. È necessaria una riqualificazione dal punto di vista sismico degli edifici esistenti per poter ridurre i crolli e danni conseguenti a fenomeni sismici. Gli attuali metodi di miglioramento sismico presentano alcuni svantaggi, tra cui l’elevato costo, i lunghi tempi di realizzazione e conseguente interruzione d’uso della struttura per lunghi periodi di tempo. Nel seguente elaborato di tesi viene sperimentato un sistema di retrofit strutturale costituito da pannelli CLT e dissipatori meccanici ad attrito, applicabile a edifici intelaiati in calcestruzzo armato progettati per i soli carichi verticali. Il sistema testato si propone come una tecnica di retrofit strutturale economica, di rapido montaggio e che non interrompa l’utilizzo della struttura. Per l’attività di sperimentazione si sono realizzati due telai in scala reale. Il primo è stato testato in campo elastico senza tamponamento e, successivamente, dotato di tamponatura e testato in campo elasto-plastico. Il secondo telaio dotato di tamponatura e di sistema di rinforzo strutturale viene testato in campo elasto-plastico. Vengono poi confrontati i risultati in termini di variazione di rigidezza, variazione di resistenza massima e variazione di capacità dissipativa. Oltre alle prove elencate vengono eseguite anche tutte le prove necessarie alla caratterizzazione meccanica dei materiali impiegati.

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Seferaj, Kristjan. "An investigation of Albanian EFL teachers' decision-making in their use of CLT-oriented textbooks." Thesis, Aston University, 2015. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/26750/.

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Against a backdrop of ongoing educational reforms that seek to introduce Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in Albanian primary and secondary state schools, Albanian teachers, among others, are officially required to use communication-based textbooks in their classes. Authorities in a growing number of countries that are seeking to improve and westernise their educational systems are also using communication-based textbooks as agents of change. Behind these actions, there is the commonly held belief that textbooks can be used to support teacher learning as they provide a visible framework teachers can follow. Communication-based textbooks are used in thousands of EFL classrooms around the world to help teachers to “fully understand and routinize change” (Hutchinson and Torres, 1994:323). However, empirical research on the role materials play in the classroom, and in particular the role of textbook as an agent of change, is still very little, and what does exist is rather inconclusive. This study aims to fulfill this gap. It is predominately a qualitative investigation into how and why four Albanian EFL teachers use Western teaching resources in their classes. Aiming at investigating the decision-making processes that teachers go through in their teaching, and specifically at investigating the relationship between Western-published textbooks, teachers’ decision making, and teachers’ classroom delivery, the current study contributes to an extensive discussion on the development of communicative L2 teaching concepts and methods, teacher decision making, as well as a growing discussion on how best to make institutional reforms effective, particularly in East-European ex-communist countries and in other developing countries. Findings from this research indicate that, prompted by the content of Western-published textbooks, the four research participants, who had received little formal training in CLT teaching, accommodated some communicative teaching behaviours into their teaching. The use of communicative textbooks, however, does not seem to account for radical, methodological changes in teachers’ practices. Teacher cognitions based on teachers’ previous learning experience are likely to act as a lens through which teachers judge classroom realities. As such, they shape, to a great degree, the decisions teachers make regarding the use of Western-published textbooks in their classes.

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佐藤, 基志. "CLTパネル工法の汎用化のための構造解析モデルに関する研究." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253328.

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Jůza, Daniel. "Objekt občanské vybavenosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-391956.

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The aim of this diploma thesis is to prepare the project documentation for operational building design documentation of a pension with restauration. I it an object with three above-ground floors and one underground floor. The structural construction system of the building is mixed. The technical report and the drawing documentation is a part of the thesis.

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Leslie, Samuel Richard. "Cross Laminated Timber; Options for Improving the Long Term Production Line of CLT in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Engineering Management, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9122.

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XLam New Zealand Limited is the first company in New Zealand to manufacture Cross Laminated Timber (CLT); structural timber panels used for roof, floor and wall diaphragms in commercial and residential buildings. Commissioning of the factory began in April 2012, but it is not yet fully complete. The panels are currently being produced discretely rather than in a production line, and some plant is yet to be installed. It is important that procedures and control documents are implemented from the beginning in a new factory. This Project provides these, as well as recommendations to improve the long term production of CLT in New Zealand by developing: 1. A Quality Assurance (QA) Framework for the CLT manufacturing process. 2. A CLT Design Guide to aid engineers and architects in structural design using CLT. 3. A Health and Safety Framework to control hazards and develop a culture of health and safety within the factory. 4. A 10 year financial forecast model to analyse possible future expansion options for XLam. This Project has been prepared in partial fulfilment of the 2012 Master of Engineering Management (MEM) degree at the University of Canterbury – ENMG 606: Project.

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Hallqvist, Stefan, and Cherif Berkal. "Branddimensionering av CLT-element i bärande väggkonstruktioner : en komparativ studie mellan gällande normer och senaste forskningen." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230963.

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I takt med en ökad miljömedvetenhet har träbyggnation börjat premieras allt mer och sedan lagändringen 1994 som innebar att det blev tillåtet att uppföra höga hus med trästomme har utvecklingen snabbt gått framåt. Att korsvis bygga upp skikt av brädor och sammanfoga dessa till element har visat sig skapa en produkt med hög hållfasthet och låg vikt som är idealisk som stommaterial vid byggnation av stora och höga hus i trä. Dessa element har många namn men kallas ofta korslimmat trä och kommer i arbetet benämnas CLT, cross-laminated timber. Dess användning har ökat markant i Sverige och Europa de senaste decennierna och än ses ingen stagnation på efterfrågan. Denna rapport behandlar relevanta teoretiska områden som måste tas i beaktning vid branddimensionering som exempelvis brandförloppet i en brandcell samt hur brandsäkerhetsklasser och brandtekniska byggnadsklasser bestäms och fastställs. Dimensioneringsmetoder av laster och hållfasthet i både brottgräns och i brandfallet förklaras genomgående för skapa en tydlig bild av hela branddimensioneringsprocessen. Brist på direkt information om hur hållfastheten av resttvärsnitten ska behandlas och beräknas har gjort arbetet utmanande men med hjälp från Maija Tiainen från Sweco structures Helsingforskontor har arbetet kunnat färdigställas och bli fullständigt. Den viktigaste delen i rapporten är dock själva inbränningen och förkolningen av elementen som beräknas med hjälp av två olika metoder. Den ena återfinns i den europeiska standarden Eurokod 5: del 1-2 och den andra, som baseras på den absolut senaste forskningen gällande träkonstruktioner och brand, är hämtad från handboken Brandsäkra trähus version 3. Den senare metoden kommer ligga till grund för en uppdatering av Eurokod 5 i framtiden. För att kunna jämföra de två metoderna och ge en nyanserad bild av dessa valdes fyra väggtyper ut som beräknades med samma förutsättningar. Det vill säga skyddade med två lager gips och utsatta för en 90 minuters ensidig standardbrand. Resultatet visade på skillnader mellan metoderna där en tydlig och definitiv sådan var storleken på resttvärsnittet då det icke lastupptagande skiktet, , visade sig vara mycket större i beräkningarna enligt metoden i Brandsäkra trähus version 3. På grund av elementens uppbyggnad, korsvis lagda skikt där endast vartannat skikt är lastbärande, betyder detta inte nödvändigtvis att det resulterar i en skillnad gällande bärförmåga i brandfallet mellan de två metoderna. Trots att metoden i Brandsäkra trähus version 3 är mer konservativ gällande bärförmåga och leder till ett mindre resttvärsnitt efter brand anser författarna att denna metod bör användas i väntan på en inarbetning av metoden i Eurokoden. Detta då den till skillnad från Eurokoden är utformad och framtagen för att kunna behandla CLT och då säkerheten är viktigast i sammanhanget måste brandens ökade påverkan på materialet enligt den senaste forskningen tas på allvar och tvärsnittet dimensioneras därefter.
In recent years, a growing environmental awareness have led to an increase in timber buildings and since the 1994 amendment that made it possible to build tall houses with timber structures the progress in the field have seen an substantial increase. To build an element of perpendicularly placed layers of solid-sawn lumber have proven to be an effective way to obtain a product with good strength-to-weight ratio that is ideal for use in tall timber buildings. These elements go under a lot of different names but are often referred to as cross-laminated timber and will be called CLT in this report. The use of this product have these past decades increased substantially both in Sweden and in Europe and the demand does not seem to stagnate nor decrease in the near future. The report is comprised of relevant theoretical sections that must be taken into account when designing a structures fire protection such as the development of a fire in fire compartment, how to define and determine a structures class of fire resistance and hence required fire protection time for said structure. The basis of design in regards to loads and compressive/flexural strength of the material is thoroughly explained in order to account for the whole fire protection design processes. The lack of information regarding compressive and flexural strength of the residual cross-section was challenging but with the help from Maija Tiainen from Sweco structures Helsinki office the report could be completed. The most important part of the report is the theory and calculation with regards to the charring depth which is calculated by two different methods. The first one is presented in the European standard Eurocode 5: part 1-2 and the other one, that is based on the latest scientific knowledge with regards to timber structures and fire, is found in the technical guide Brandsäkra trähus version 3. The aforementioned method will form the basis for the upcoming update of Eurocode 5. In order to be able to compare the two methods four wall types was chosen and designed based on the same conditions. Namely protected by two layers of gypsum plasterboards as fire protection and exposed to a 90 minutes one-sided standard fire. The result showed differences between the methods where a clear difference was the size of the residual cross-section due to the fact that the zero-strength layer, , was notably larger when calculating with the method presented in Brandsäkra trähus version 3. This does not necessarily affect the elements bearing capacity when calculating with the two different methods due to the elements perpendicularly placed layers where only every other layer is load bearing. Although the method presented in Brandsäkra trähus version 3 are more conservative with regards to bearing capacity and will lead to a smaller residual cross-section the authors of this report recommend the use of said method pending incorporation into the Eurocode. The motivation for this suggestion is that the method is designed to explicitly handle CLT and since safety is the most important aspect in this context it is vital to acknowledge the apparent increased affect from a fire on the material according to the latest scientific knowledge and design the cross-section accordingly.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'CLT'

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