Academic literature on the topic 'CLT'
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Journal articles on the topic "CLT"
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Vespa, Anna, Maria Velia Giulietti, Paolo Fabbietti, Mirko Di Rosa, Pisana Gattafoni, Riccardo Sarzani, Giorgio Arnaldi, et al. "Structural Analysis of Social Behavior: Using Cluster Analysis to Examine Intrapsychic Personality Traits Associated With Depression in Women With Breast Cancer." Cancer Control 29 (January 2022): 107327482211033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10732748221103327.
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Background This study aimed to investigate personality traits associated with depression in breast cancer women (BCW). Methods Sample: 236 BCW recently diagnosed (early stages). Tests: SASB-Structural-Analysis of Social-Behavior; IPAT-CDQ-Depression . Statistical analysis: cluster K-Means analysis to explore SASB personality-traits considering the 8 SASB clusters (Cl); CDQ scores dichotomized by 50th percentile cutoff (high/low); Pearson’s chi square test to compare CDQ levels and SASB traits. Results Cluster analysis results supported two distinguishable SASB personality traits (for all SASB Cl-Scales P < .001) classified as “Love and Autonomy” (62.2%) and “Control and Hate” (37.8%). Patients with Love/Autonomy traits are spontaneous, accept their deepest feelings and desire to be close to other people (Cl1, Cl2, Cl3, Cl4). They show a medium value of self-control and a low tendency to self-abusive and self-critical behaviors (Cl5, Cl6). They pay attention to themselves and to their needs at emotional and physical levels also if may be occasionally engaged in self-destructive behaviors (Cl7, Cl8). Women with Control/Hate traits are not spontaneous and do not always express emotions (C1, Cl2, Cl3, Cl4) and flexibility in their relationship with others (Cl5, Cl6). In stressful situations, they may ignore the option of choices for self-growth and neglect their needs and those of others (Cl7, Cl8). BCWs with Control/Hate traits scored higher in depression ( P <.001) than those with the Love/Autonomy profile. Conclusions Healthcare professionals should be aware of these personality traits and their association with depression to identify the psychologically most vulnerable BCW and improve the care they provide them. The psychotherapeutic intervention should be planned to face on the personality problems.
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Gorbach, Pavel, and Alena Bessonova. "CLT PANELS: TECHNOLOGY FEATURES." Bulletin of the Angarsk State Technical University 1, no. 18 (December 19, 2024): 247–50. https://doi.org/10.36629/2686-777x-2024-1-18-247-250.
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Kamenev, I. V., V. V. Karpov, and L. N. Kondratieva. "Stability of CLT cylindrical panels." Вестник гражданских инженеров 19, no. 6 (2022): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2022-19-6-30-38.
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The article considers the stability of multilayer cylindrical panels. The shells under consideration are rectangular in plan, made of cross-laminated timber (CLT) and have a hinged and fixed support. As a mathematical model for studying SSS, the total potential energy of deformation functional is applied, taking into account transverse shifts (Timoshenko-Reisner model). The study of the stability of three constructions of different geometry has been carried out. Based on the obtained data of a computational experiment, an analysis was made of the influence of the number and orientation of shell layers on the stability of the structure. Recommendations on the orientation of layers for smooth surface panels are given.
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Abdurrahman, Irfan Naufal, Heru Juhdi Gultom, and Erma Desmaliana. "Kajian Eksperimental Sifat Mekanik Panel Cross Laminated Timber Kayu Sengon dan Kayu Jabon (Hal. 78-87)." RekaRacana: Jurnal Teknil Sipil 4, no. 4 (November 29, 2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/rekaracana.v4i4.78.
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ABSTRAKPanel Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) merupakan rekayasa kayu dengan penyusunan kayu dengan arah bersilangan 90 Material kayu yang digunakan yaitu kayu Sengon dan kayu Jabon. Pembuatan panel CLT menggunakan perekat Polyvinyl Acetate, Cross-linker, dan Lateks Karet Alam dengan perbandingan 1:1 untuk base dan 15% untuk katalisator. Tujuan dari penelitian ini, untuk mengetahui kinerja panel CLT kayu Sengon dan kayu Jabon terhadap beban tekan dan geser. Pembuatan panel CLT dilakukan dengan menggunakan kempa dingin dan dimensi panel CLT yang digunakan yaitu 950mm 950mm 120mm. Hasil pengujian eksperimental pada benda uji small clear, didapatkan bahwa kayu jabon dan kayu sengon masuk kedalam kelas kuat V. Kapasitas tekan panel CLT kayu Sengon lebih kuat dibandingkan CLT Jabon yaitu 12,196 MPa dengan defleksi 10,51 mm dan kapasitas tekan panel CLT Kayu Jabon 9,572 MPa dengan defleksi 2,67. Pada pengujian kuat geser Panel CLT kayu Sengon menghasilkan nilai kuat geser lebih baik dari pada CLT kayu Jabon sebesar 0,09 MPa, dan kuat geser CLT kayu Jabon 0,089 MPa. Kata kunci: cross laminated timber, perekat, kuat tekan, kuat geser, defleksi. ABSTRACTCross Laminated Timber (CLT) Panel Is wood engineering with wood’s arrangement cross direction 90°. Wood materials used Sengon and Jabon. Making CLT panels using Polyvinyl Acetate, Cross-linker, and Natural Rubber Latex adhesives with a ratio of 1:1 for base and 15% for catalyst. The purpose of this research is to know the performance of Sengon and Jabon wood CLT panels against press and shear load. CLT panel is made by used cold press processed and the CLT panel dimensions used is 950mm 950mm 120mm. The results of small clear test object, found that Jabon wood and sengon wood were included in the strong V class.The compressive capacity of Sengon wood CLT panel is stronger than Jabon CLT which is 12.196 MPa with 10.51 mm deflection and the compressive capacity of Jabon CLT panel is 9.572 MPa with a deflection of 2.67. The shear strength testing of Sengon wood CLT Panel produces better shear strength than Jabon wood. Shear strength Sengon’s CLT is 0.089 MPa and Jabon’s CLT is 0.128 MPa.Keywords: cross laminated timber, glue, compression strength, shear strength, deflection.
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Lakusic, Stjepan. "Design approach for cost-effective hybrid CLT floors." Journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers 74, no. 04 (May 2022): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14256/jce.3271.2021.
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There is a growing research and production interest for the application of lower-cost hybrid cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels composed of timber layers of dissimilar quality. Therefore, an approach for the design of cost-effective hybrid CLT panels in bending, based on the existing analytical and novel finite element procedures, is presented in the paper. The gamma-method, the extended gamma method, and the composite theory are applied in the analysis of square panels, while the finite element model based on the Reddy’s full layerwise theory is used for the complex-shape panels in bending. An extensive benchmark technical and economic study is performed for 25 CLT panels, considering various spans, lamination schemes, geometries, and boundary conditions. Cost savings made by using a lower timber class in central zones of CLT panels are highlighted and quantified. This concept shows an economic potential that should be considered during the design and production of CLT panels in structural engineering applications, such as lightweight floor structures.
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Song, Mansuk. "Effects of CLT Program on Isokinetic Muscular Function in High School Taekwondo Athletes." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 23, no. 10 (May 31, 2023): 789–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2023.23.10.789.
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Objectives The main aim of this study was to examine effects of CLT program on isometric muscular function in high school Taekwondo athletes for providing an appropriate training program. Methods Total 35 subjects were recruited and randomly assigned to CLT training group(n = 17, CLT) and control group(n = 18, CON). The subjects in CLT completed CLT program(3 times per week) for 8 weeks and the subjects in CON had ordinary life during the period. All variables were analyzed by using two-way repeated measures ANOVA with alpha(0.05). Results In the results, Isokinetic knee extension(p<.05) and flexion(p<.05) at 60°/sec in the CLT were significantly increased but not in the CON. Conclusions All of this results indicates that the isokinetic muscular strength of the high school Taekwondo athletes was improved following 8 weeks of CLT program, thus the CLT program may positively influence muscular strength to other athletes.
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DAS, SUMANTA, MIROSLAV GAŠPARÍK GAŠPARÍK, ANIL KUMAR SETHY, PETER NIEMZ, RASTISLAV LAGAŇA, TOMÁŠ KYTKA, MARTIN SVITÁK, and GOURAV KAMBOJ. "SUITABILITY OF ASPEN (POPULUS TREMULA L.) FOR CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT)." Wood Research 68, no. 3 (June 28, 2023): 502–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/68.3.502520.
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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) CLT is an excellent material for building and high load-bearing structural applications, but its fabrication and use are limited to softwood only. The suitability of aspen (Populus tremula L) wood for manufacturing CLT was assessed by using two adhesives, one-component polyurethane (1C-PUR) and melamine adhesive (ME). Physical properties like water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), delamination, and mechanical properties like bond shear strength, bending modulus of elasticity, bending strength, and rolling shear strength were evaluated to examine its suitability. Compared to ME-bonded CLT, 1C-PUR bonded CLT panels displayed superior physical characteristics, with 70% passing the delamination test. CLT panels bonded with 1C-PUR adhesive also have better mechanical properties than ME-bonded CLT. CLT panels experienced three types of bending failure: rolling shear, delamination, and tension. Aspen CLT has similar or higher mechanical properties than traditional softwoods, making it suitable for CLT manufacturing.
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Ulyanov, Vladimir V. "From Classical to Modern Nonlinear Central Limit Theorems." Mathematics 12, no. 14 (July 21, 2024): 2276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12142276.
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In 1733, de Moivre, investigating the limit distribution of the binomial distribution, was the first to discover the existence of the normal distribution and the central limit theorem (CLT). In this review article, we briefly recall the history of classical CLT and martingale CLT, and introduce new directions of CLT, namely Peng’s nonlinear CLT and Chen–Epstein’s nonlinear CLT, as well as Chen–Epstein’s nonlinear normal distribution function.
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Robbins, Adriana, Ying Jia, and Eliezer Louzada*. "Gene Expression Analysis a Cold Responsive Gene from Poncirus trifoliata during Acclimation and Deacclimation." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 862C—862. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.862c.
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In Texas, the freezes of 1951 and 1962 together killed 125,000 acres of citrus trees and the freeze of 1983 killed 40,000 acres. The low temperature is one of the most important abiotic stresses to be understood and manipulated molecularly. Cold hardiness is found in the deciduous citrus relative, trifoliate orange, which can withstand temperatures as low as -26 °C when it is cold acclimated. Exposure of the cold hardy trifoliate orange plants to temperature from 28 °C to -5 °C enabled us to isolate and characterize one novel citrus low temperature gene (clt) with two transcripts, called clt-a and clt-b from leaves and twigs. Clt-a was produced when plants were subjected to low temperatures (starting at 10 °C), while cltb was constitutively expressed. Both clt-a and clt-b have the same open reading frame of 165 nucleotides and encodes a small protein of 54 amino acid. However, clt-a has an additional 98 bp nucleotides at the 3'-untranslated region (UTR), which is absent in clt-b. Expression analysis using relative quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that clt-a is expressed exclusively at low temperatures, while clt-b is expressed constitutively (expression verified from 2 °C to -5 °C). In the process of deacclimation from -1 °C to 28 °C, the clt-a transcript degraded dramatically after 2 °C and was completely absent at 28 °C, while the clt-b transcript remain stable. When the acclimated plant was taken from -1 °C to room temperature, the clt-a gene degraded within 2 hours. Moreover, when acclimated plant was continuously exposed at -1 °C for 20 days, both transcripts clt-a and clt-b remained stable. Involvement of alternative splicing in transcript stability will be discussed.
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Tian, Zhaopeng, Yingchun Gong, Junhua Xu, Mingyue Li, Zhaohui Wang, and Haiqing Ren. "Predicting the Average Compression Strength of CLT by Using the Average Density or Compressive Strength of Lamina." Forests 13, no. 4 (April 9, 2022): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13040591.
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The compressive strength in the major direction of cross-laminated timber CLT is the key to supporting the building load when CLT is used as load-bearing walls in high-rise wood structures. This study mainly aims to present a model for predicting the average compressive strength of CLT and promoting the utilization of CLT made out of planted larch. The densities and compressive strengths of lamina specimens and CLT samples with widths of 89 and 178 mm were evaluated, and their relationship was analyzed to build a prediction model by using Monte Carlo simulation. The results reveal that the average density of the lamina and CLT were about equal, whereas the average compressive strength of the CLT was just about 72% of that of the lamina. Width exerted no significant effect on the average compressive strength of the CLT, but homogenization caused the wider CLT to have a smaller variation than that of the lamina. The average compressive strength of the lamina could be calculated by using the average density of lamina multiply by 103.10, and the average compressive strength of the CLT could be calculated according to the compression strength of lamina in major and minor direction, therefore, a new prediction model is determined to predict the average compression strength of CLT by using the average density of lamina or CLT, the average compression strength of CLT made in this study is about 74.23 times of the average density of the lamina. The results presented in this study can be used to predict the average compressive strength of CLT by using the average density of lamina and provide a fundamental basis for supporting the utilization of CLT as load-bearing walls.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "CLT"
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Namroud, Larsana, and Ellen Hansson. "Projektering av KL-träbjälklag i bostäder med hänsyn till spännvidd och ljudkrav." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Jönköping University, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-50168.
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Wood construction has increased in the recent years for apartment buildings consisting of four to five floors. Compared to other building materials, wood has great environmental benefits. For a building in a larger scale constructed in wood, cross-laminated timber, also known as CLT is an option. The technology for CLT originated in Sweden during the 1990s and since then the development has increased. CLT has excellent stiffness and strength properties. The design of a floor in CLT is important for how the building and the environment are perceived indoors. The wooden floor is about five times lighter than concrete, which means that measures are required to meet the sound requirements set by Boverkets building regulations in Sweden. This will affect the span. The aim of the project is to present a knowledge overview of CLT and for floor in CLT up to 9 meters in span, to compete with concrete floor in steel and prefabricated concrete frames. The study includes a quantitative methodology using three different data collection methods. These are literature study, document analysis and calculations. The literature study and the document analysis are based on scientific-and research articles, together with manuals. The calculations are carried out in Stora Enso's calculation program Calculatis by Stora Enso. The program follows Eurocode's design principles. The result of the study shows that a CLT-board with laminated beams gives greater span than just a CLT-board does. The calculation means that the plate must meet the deflection requirement L / 300. Research shows that construction with CLT is increasing and there is great potential to obtain a cost-effective reduction of the carbon footprint and at the same time improve the utilization of natural resources by replacing non-renewable building materials such as concrete and steel with CLT. In order to achieve the sound requirements that are established, the CLT floor must be dimensioned thicker and measures such as additional insulation. By looking at the results, the conclusion is drawn that CLT-floor may grow further to compete with concrete floor in the future. Currently the material is considered useful and environmental for smaller constructions for such as smaller houses, due to the sound insulation problem. For larger constructions with the similar problem can timber-concrete composite be an alternative. CLT-floor reinforced with glulam beams may be considered as a choice for larger and bigger constructions because the span widths increase, and the construction can withstand maximum deflection. The study is limited to mainly considering CLT but also a small amount of concrete and glulam. Vibrations and environmental risks such as moisture, sunlight and fire, are not considered. The calculations the work uses are based on Eurocode 5, dimensioning of wooden structures. Other types of design principles have been excluded.
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Livas, Charalampos. "Building extension through additional CLT storeys." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-82227.
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In the last decade, the use of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels as load bearing elements have become a usual solution for buildings and structures with an upward trend internationally. This is because CLT has brilliant physical and mechanical properties and it is also an eco-friendly and renewable material. In addition, the prefabricated nature of the CLT panels in a controlled environment increases the overall building speed, reduces dramatically the erection time, and makes it an even more competitive structural material compared to more traditional ones like concrete and steel. Up until now, timber as a building material has mainly been used for roofs and pergolas in Greece. Concrete and steel have traditionally been the dominant building materials over the years. Timber is not such competitive mainly because there is not enough knowledge of abouttimber buildings. The fact that Greece is not a sawn timber producer affects this trend. Nowadays, the simple and cheap import of sawn timber, as well as the sensitiveness about the environment, are strong factors for introducing timber buildings to Greece. There is already a great demand for timber buildings, and an increase in the requests is expected.CLT panels are used in a wide spectrum of structural applications. They are used as structural components for houses, offices, multi-story buildings, schools, industrial halls, sports halls, and special structures [4]. Another innovative application of CLT is the renovation through vertical expansion with additional floors to existing buildings. This new and promising trend is becoming more and more frequent, especially in developing cities where there is a need for new houses in limited space. The low density of CLT and so the low overall weight of the additional structure, makes the CLT components a robust building solution for vertical renovation since there is usually no need for reinforcement of the foundations of the current building [15]. The aim of this study is to provide the author with the opportunity to deepen his knowledge regarding the special characteristics of CLT as a building material as well as to understand its mechanical properties and the theories which describe them. In addition, this study constitutes the first attempt at modeling and designing a timber structure made with CLT panels. Therefore, the knowledge gained about the special features in CLT modeling is a fundamental task. Finally, since the design of the CLT structure is based on the European design rules for buildings, the engagement with the appropriate Eurocodes, i.e. Eurocode 0, 1 & 5, is another critical task in this study. The structure under consideration is a two-story CLT structure which is a vertical expansion of a current composite (concrete-steel) building. The first additional floor will be used as an office area and the second one as a typical family house. Both additional floors are made of CLT elements and, where is necessary, glulam beams and columns are considered as reinforcement of the CLT panels and as supports, respectively. The design method includes finite element analysis (FEA) which is performed by the commercial structural softwareDLUBAL – RFEM [8]. In this study, the latter software is chosen for the design and the analysis of the structure since it is specialized software for timber structures made of CLT elements.
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Harmachova, Karolina. "Vibration performance of hybrid steel-CLT floors." Thesis, KTH, Byggnadsmaterial, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192475.
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In the light of today’s effort to achieve sustainable future of the planet, timber as building material makes a comeback on the construction market. Since the requirements on the buildings and the internal comfort increase, there is a need for finding new solutions and products; one of them is cross-laminated timber (CLT), which has the potential to be used for high-rise buildings due to its mechanical properties. The aim of this work was to study the vibration performance of CLT floors as it is often the governing factor in design of CLT structures unlike for other common building materials. The orthotropic mechanical properties of CLT were determined by the shear analogy method and verified with a finite element (FE) model of a simply supported beam compared to hand calculations of shear forces, bending moments and deflections. The properties based on Timoshenko’s approach were evaluated as less precise regarding the deflection. The non-composite structural behaviour of a steel-CLT hybrid floor structure was predicted for FE dynamic analysis based on a comparison between modelling exercise and hand calculations. Two different methods, the Concrete Society (SC) and Steel Construction Institution (SCI) methods, both seemed to be applicable for determination of the response factor first since the mechanical properties are not used as input in the calculations. These two methods differ in certain aspects, and based on FE analysis of simply supported slab even the resulting response factor for the CLT differs significantly. Moreover, the hand calculation results were similar to those of the FE analysis for the CS method, but in less agreement for the SCI method. Nevertheless, it is not recommended to reject the latter method based on this study and further studies should be performed on real structures with response factor known from on-site measurements. A part of the first floor of Canary Wharf College was modelled and analysed, and previous measurements of the frequency and response factors enabled a validation of some assumptions. The SCI approach showed to be inadequate for this type of structure and therefore only the CS method was applied further. Analysis of the floor structures supported by walls demonstrated similar results from both the measurements and the dynamic analysis. However, if the floor slab was supported by beams, the response factor was significantly overestimated although on the conservative side. This difference suggests that the modelling of such conditions are not satisfactory. The CS method appears to assess correctly the magnitude of the response factor for CLT floors supported by walls but overestimates it in case of beam supports. The first finding shall be confirmed through analysis of other structures and a more extensive research should focus on the latter one to determine more exact behaviour of the model under different conditions.
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Eriksson, Richard, and Maria Karlsson. "Effect of birch in CLT elements : An investigation of how introducing birch effects the strength properties of CLT elements." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280361.
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In this thesis, material properties for a CLT element have been examined with regard to the structure of theelement and its content of different types of wood. The focus has been on how Birch affects the properties,since its properties in shear are much better compared to the commonly used pine and spruce.Calculations have been made in python script within the Rhino 6 software and its Grasshopper plugin.Grasshopper basically works with coding but with a visual interface that is very user friendly. This programhas been used because of its parametric structure which makes changes in the structure very simple andthe whole model changes with the changes in parameters.The basis for the survey has been the following parameters:• Number of layers within the KL element• Widths of lamellae• Thicknesses of lamellae• Material properties of Birch, Pine and Spruce• Quotas between Birch, Pine and SpruceThe results show that the shear stiffness of the CLT-element increases with the amount of birch. The value ofthe G-moduli, however, does not only depend on the amount but the positioning as well. The shear stiffnessis the greatest when the birch is placed closest to the middle of the element.The conclusion made is that further investigation of the practical and economical aspects are required to makean informed decision about whether the use of birch or increased board width is the most efficient method ofimproving the shear stiffness of CLT.
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Rara, Angela Dominique Sarmiento. "Rolling Shear Strength and Modulus for Various Southeastern US Wood Species using the Two-Plate Shear Test." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104017.
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Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product made by laminating dimensional or structural composite lumber in alternating orthogonal layers. Compared to Canada and Europe, CLT is a novel product to the US. With the additions included in the 2021 International Building Code (IBC), CLT material properties, especially rolling shear, would need to be explored. The increasing demand for softwood lumber, along with the increase of demand of CLT panel production, could place a burden and surpass the domestic softwood supply. Rolling shear is a phenomenon that occurs when the wood fibers in the cross-layers roll over each other because of the shearing forces acting upon a CLT panel when it is loaded out-of-plane. This study used the two-plate shear test from ASTM D2718 to measure the rolling shear properties of various southeastern US wood species: southern pine, yellow-poplar, and soft maple. A secondary study was conducted, using the same two-plate shear test, to measure the rolling shear properties of re-manufactured southern pine for CLT cross-layer application. The soft maple had the greatest average rolling shear strength at 5.93 N/mm2 and southern pine had the lowest average rolling shear strength at 2.51 N/mm2. Using a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), the rolling shear strength values from soft maple were significantly greater than yellow-poplar, which was significantly greater than the southern pine. For the rolling shear modulus, the southern pine and soft maple were of equal statistically significant difference, and both were greater statistically significant different compared to the yellow-poplar. The most common failure found from testing was rolling shear.Master of Science
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood panel product, similar to plywood, constructed with solid-sawn or structural composite lumber in alternating perpendicular layers. The additions included in the incoming 2021 International Building Code (IBC) has placed an importance in expanding the research related to the mechanical and material properties of CLT. Also, with the increasing demand for softwood lumber and CLT panel production, the demand for the domestic softwood lumber could place a burden and surpass the domestic softwood supply. Rolling shear is a failure type that occurs when the wood fibers in the cross-layers roll over each other because of the shearing forces acting upon a CLT panel. This study used the two-plate shear test to measure the rolling shear properties of various southeastern US wood species: southern pine, yellow-poplar, and soft maple. A secondary study was conducted, using the same two-plate shear test, to measure the rolling shear properties of re-manufactured southern pine for CLT cross-layer application. The soft maple had the greatest average rolling shear strength at 5.93 N/mm2 and southern pine had the lowest average rolling shear strength at 2.51 N/mm2. Using a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), the rolling shear strength values from soft maple were significantly greater than yellow-poplar, which was significantly greater than the southern pine. For the rolling shear modulus, the southern pine and soft maple were of equal statistically significant difference, and both were greater statistically significant different compared to the yellow-poplar. The most common failure found from testing was rolling shear.
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Pai, Sai Ganesh Sarvotham. "Force transfer around openings in CLT shear walls." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/51632.
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During an earthquake, shear walls can experience damage around corners of doors and windows due to development of stress concentration. Reinforcements provided to minimize this damage are designed for forces that develop at these corners known as transfer forces. In this thesis, the focus is on understanding the forces that develop around opening corners in cross laminated timber (CLT) shear walls and reinforcement requirements for the same.
In the literature, four different analytical models are commonly considered to determine the transfer force for design of wood-frame shear walls. These models have been reviewed in this thesis. The Diekmann model is found to be the most suitable analytical model to determine the transfer force around a window-type opening.
Numerical models are developed in ANSYS to analyse the forces around opening corners in CLT shear walls. CLT shear walls with cut-out openings are analysed using a three-dimensional brick element model and a frame model. These models highlight the increase in shear and torsion around opening corners due to stress concentration. The coupled-panel construction practice for CLT shear walls with openings is analysed using a continuum model calibrated to experimental data. The analysis shows the increase in strength and stiffness of walls, when tie-rods are used as reinforcement. Analysis results also indicate that the tie-rods should be designed to behave linearly for optimum performance of the wall.
Finally, a linear regression model is developed to determine the stiffness of a simply-supported CLT shear wall with a window-type opening. This model provides insight into the effect of various geometrical and material parameters on the stiffness of the wall. The process of model development has been explained, which can be improved further to include the behaviour of anchors.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Mancha, André Luiz Pereira. "Wage differential between statutory and CLT public employees." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24643.
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Since 1998 in the Public Administration there are statutory workers ('estatutários') and others hired by the CLT labor regime ('celetistas'). Thisfact occurs due the Constitutional Amendment number 19 , formulated that year, which has changed the article 39 of Brazilian Constitution. It allowed public entities to hire employees under CLT legislation. This situation lasted until 2007 when the Supreme Court of Brazil suspended such modification and so the original understanding of the Constitution was reestablished. This work intends to evaluate the wage differential between statutory and CLT employees by means of an econometric approach. Using a fixed effectsregression we have analyzed the impact of the labor regime upon public workers wages and using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition we quantified how much of such differential is due the labor regime and how much is due to the individual characteristics (education, tenure and others). There are evidences that CLT workers have in average wages R$ 310.00 lower than statutory. Controlling by occupation we also see a negative prize to CLT worker to all groups except by the High Skilled Workers that have a salary R$ 95.98 higher than the Statutory. Low Skilled Workers show the smallest differential (R$ 12.20) followed by Teachers and Researchers (R$ 85.27) and Technicians (R$ 97.11). The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition shows that the largest part is not explained by endowments differences. The spending with wages and benefits to public employees is one of the main debates in the current scenario of fiscal adjustment facing the relevant increase of Public Debt in the last years. The Brazilian society has a perception that the Government has an excessive amount of workers and furthermore these onesreceive higher wages without a reasonable explanation when compared to similar occupations in private companies. At the end of 2017 the Brazilian Government presented an action plan to reduce the spending with wages and benefits of public employees. Among the proposals there were a decrease in the initial salary of public service and an increase in the public pension plan contribution.
Desde o ano de 1998 coexistem na Administração Direta, Autarquias e Fundações Públicas, funcionários públicos estatutários e 'celetistas'. Esta situação decorre da Emenda 19, a qual alterou o artigo 39 da Constituição e permitiu que estas entidades contratassem funcionários pela CLT. Essa situação perdurou até o ano de 2007, quando o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF)suspendeu liminarmente (ADI 2135) a nova redação e dessa forma restaurou a situação original, válida atualmente. Este trabalho se propõe a medir a diferença no salário entre servidores públicos estatutários e celetistas por meio de uma abordagem econométrica. Utilizando uma regressão de efeitos fixos foi analisado o impacto do regime de trabalho sobre o salário dos servidores e por meio da decomposição de Oaxaca-Blinder estimou-se quanto desta diferença decorre do regime de trabalho e quanto se deve às características dos indivíduos de cada grupo (escolaridade, experiência e outros). Há indícios de que os celetistas recebem um salário R$ 310.00 menor do que seus pares estatutários. Controlando os efeitos de cada profissão há um diferencial negativo para todas os celetistas exceto para os profissionais de alta qualificação os quais possuem um salário R$ 95.98 maior do que os estatutários. Com relação aos outros grupos, os profissionais de baixa qualificação apresentam o menor diferencial de salários (R$ 12.20) seguido por professores e pesquisadores (R$ 85.27) e técnicos (R$ 97.11). Na decomposição do diferencial a maior parte não decorre de diferenças nas características dos indivíduos de cada grupo. O impacto dos salários e benefícios de funcionários públicos sobre as contas públicas é um dos principais pontos debatidos dentre as propostas que englobam o plano de ajuste fiscal do Governo Brasileiro. A percepção atual da sociedade é que além do governo contar com um contingente significativo de servidores públicos, estes recebem maiores salários quando comparados a trabalhadores em atividades semelhantes na iniciativa privada. Nesse contexto o governo federal apresentou no final de 2017 uma série de medidas para adequação dos gastos com folha de pagamento de servidores públicos, dentre elas a redução do salário inicial e elevação da contribuição previdenciária destes trabalhadores.
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TAMAGNONE, GABRIELE. "Numerical modelling and design methods for CLT structures." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2991040.
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Dalla sua concezione a metà degli anni novanta, il legno lamellare a strati incrociati, anche noto come CLT o X-Lam, ha raggiunto grande popolarità tra i materiali da costruzione grazie alle numerose innate qualità, gli sforzi a livello mondiale per costruire strutture affidabili in zone a rischio sismico e la necessità di costruire un ambiente più eco-sostenibile.
Molti test sono stati fatti negli ultimi 15 anni, volti a comprendere meglio il comportamento delle connessioni in edifici in CLT, di parti strutturali o di intere strutture in CLT, in modo da fornire regole affidabili per i progettisti per progettare strutture in CLT sotto ogni condizione di carico.
Sulla base di questi test, molti sono stati i modelli numerici che sono stati suggeriti negli anni. Questi rappresentano uno strumento fondamentale per la progettazione di strutture in CLT quando insorgono specifiche problematiche ed un approccio analitico da solo non è sufficiente.
Nonostante i molti anni di sforzi, non esistono ancora affidabili metodologie di progetto nella quasi totalità dei codici a livello mondiale e ancora molte sono le incognite relative al comportamento delle strutture in CLT a molti livelli (connessioni, parti strutturali, strutture).
Questa tesi riassume tre anni di ricerche numeriche, le quali hanno affrontato diversi problemi relativi al comportamento di elementi strutturali e strutture in CLT sotto azioni dinamiche. Durante la prima parte di questo percorso l’attenzione è stata posta sulla continuazione di un precedente studio, portato avanti durante la tesi di laurea magistrale, il quale era incentrato sulla formulazione di un metodo semplificato per la costruzione di un dominio resistente sforzo normale-momento flettente per pannelli in CLT connessi alla base da connessioni tipo hold-down e angle bracket.
In mancanza di risultati di test di interesse, la concentrazione è stata rivolta ancora alla formulazione di metodi semplificati per la progettazione di elementi strutturali in CLT. È stato analizzato il problema delle connessioni pannello-pannello all’interno di una stessa parete. In particolare, è stata studiata la rigidezza di queste connessioni in relazione al comportamento ribaltante di pareti a due pannelli attraverso l’analisi di test a scala reale indipendenti e analisi numeriche agli elementi finiti. Una formula per il calcolo di queste connessioni è stata dapprima proposta e poi, dopo ulteriori analisi, rivista e corretta.
Per estendere l’analisi e considerare elementi strutturali più complessi, è stata investigata, a livello di analisi numerica, l’influenza del solaio e delle connessioni parete-solaio superiore sul comportamento ribaltante delle pareti, prendendo in considerazione configurazioni con e senza solaio, variando diversi parametri di modo da ottenere risultati statisticamente significativi.
Nell’estate del 2017 il candidato ha partecipato attivamente al NHERI TallWood Project, una ricerca statunitense intesa a testare strutture in CLT per fornire regole di progettazione per tali strutture nei futuri codici nazionali. Sponsorizzato dalla Colorado State University, nella persona del Prof. John W. van de Lindt, il candidato ha collaborato alla preparazione di un edificio con due orizzontamenti fuori terra testato sulla tavola vibrante della UCSD a San Diego (California)
Per valutare il più corretto valore di smorzamento per strutture in CLT sotto l’azione di eventi sismici di bassa intensità, sono stati riprodotti numericamente ed analizzati i test su tavola vibrante del progetto SOFIE a 0,15 g. Ulteriori considerazioni sono state fatte sul ruolo dell’attrito su questo tipo di strutture e sul problema delle analisi lineari per strutture in CLT (risposta non simmetrica di connessioni caricate in tensione-compressione).Since its conception in the mid 90’s, cross-laminated timber, known also as CLT or X-Lam, has achieved a great popularity as construction material thanks to its numerous intrinsic qualities, worldwide effort to build reliable structures in seismic-prone areas and necessity to build a more eco-friendly environment. Many tests have been carried out in the last 15 years, aimed to better understand the behavior of connections in CLT buildings, CLT assemblies and CLT structures in order to provide reliable rules for designers to design structures made of CLT in any loading condition. Based on these tests, many numerical models have been suggested through the years. They represent a fundamental tool for the design of CLT structures when specific design problems arise. Despite many years of efforts, reliable design rules are still missing in almost every code worldwide and many are still the unknown related to CLT structures behavior at many levels (connections, assemblies, structures). This thesis summarizes three years of numerical investigations, which have faced different problems related to the comprehension of CLT assemblies and structures behavior under dynamic loading conditions. The first part of this path focused on the continuation of a previous study made within the Master Degree thesis, which was the formulation of a simplified method to obtain an axial-load/bending moment limit domain for a CLT panel connected to the supporting surface through hold-down and angle bracket connections. Without test results of interest, the focus of the study returned to be the formulation of simple methods for CLT assemblies design. The problem of panel-to-panel connections was investigated. In particular, the stiffness of such connections related to the rocking behavior of 2-panel wall assemblies was studied through full-scale tests and FE numerical analyses. A formula for the design of these connections was firstly suggested and then, after further analyses, revised and corrected. In order to extend the analyses and consider more complex assemblies, the influence of diaphragm and wall-to-diaphragm connections stiffness on the rocking behavior of wall assemblies was numerically investigated, taking into account configuration with and without diaphragm, varying several parameters to obtain statistically significant results. In the summer of 2017 the candidate actively participated to the NHERI TallWood Project, an American research project intended to test CLT structures in order to provide design rules for these structures in the future US codes. Sponsored by the Colorado State University, in the person of Professor John W. van de Lindt, the candidate collaborated to the setup of a 2-story CLT building that was tested on the UCSD shaking table located in San Diego (California). In order to assess the most proper value of damping for CLT structures under low-intensity seismic events and to better investigate the potential of the component approach for the modelling of CLT structures, the 0,15 g shaking table tests of the 3-story building within the SOFIE Project were reproduced and analyzed. Further considerations on the role of friction for this type of structure have been made together with the problem of linear analyses for CLT structures (non-symmetric response for tension-compression loaded connections).
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Rasheed, Mollah Mohammed Haroon Ar. "Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in Bangladesh: Effectiveness and Enhancements." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Teacher Education, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9450.
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This investigation reports on a study that explores the views of students, teachers and parents about the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach in learning English as a second language in Bangladesh. This study focuses on the improvement of English language outcomes in Bangladesh. Though compulsory for fifteen years of schooling, public examination results indicate that students perform poorly in English. This research is conducted at the secondary schools in Bangladesh where English is compulsory because of its global nature as the second or foreign language. Mainstream students learning English using the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach are facing many challenges.
The study employs a mixed methods approach which includes qualitative interviews, semi-structured focus group interviews and observations; and quantitative data involved achievement tests to find gaps between oral and written attainment, in order to determine the effectiveness of CLT developing language skills to communicate in and outside the classrooms. ESL learners in Bangladesh have been using CLT for nearly two decades, but the attainments are not satisfactory particularly in oral language (listening and speaking) compared to written language (reading and writing). Four schools (two high and two low achievement) were selected from two divisional cities according to the public examination results. Five students, all English subject teachers and five parents from each school were invited randomly to participate.
Findings indicated a confirmation of the gap between oral and written language achievements and highlighted that CLT is not working effectively to develop communicative competence to the learners. The participants identified several factors causing this. Among these were large class sizes (number of students), an extensive curriculum, insufficient class time (duration), an inappropriate examination system, excessive teacher workload, lack of parent awareness of CLT, and negative relationships between home and school. All of these factors impact on the effectiveness of CLT in Bangladesh.
All participants agreed that CLT as an approach is better than other approaches used in Bangladesh to develop English language learning, but the varied interpretation and implementation (practice) makes it less effective. Therefore, they suggested some issues for local and national level policy makers that could enhance the CLT practice in Bangladesh.
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Kjellgren, Linda, and Susanna Thurin. "Korslimmat Trä : En guide för byggande med CLT-stomme." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191452.
Full textBooks on the topic "CLT"
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Toronto Board of Education. French as a Second Language Dept., ed. The CLT booklet. [Toronto: Toronto Board of Education, French as a Second Language Dept., 1987.
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Brazil. CLT e legislação correlata. Edited by Editora Revista dos Tribunais. São Paulo: Editora Revista dos Tribunais, 2005.
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Bonner, Jennifer. Blank: Speculations on CLT. Novato, CA]: Applied Research and Design Publishing, an imprint of ORO Editions, 2021.
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Brazil. CLT e legislação complementar em vigor. 7th ed. São Paulo: Editora Atlas, 2009.
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Brazil. CLT e legislação complementar em vigor. 7th ed. São Paulo: Editora Atlas, 2009.
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Viveiros, Luciano. CLT prática: Comentários artigo por artigo. 5th ed. São Paulo, SP, Brasil: Editora Revista dos Tribunais, 2011.
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Viana, Márcio Túlio. 70 anos de CLT: Uma história de trabalhadores. Brasília: Poder Judiciário, Justiça do Trabalho, Tribunal Superior do Trabalho, 2013.
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Marques, Gérson. Processo do trabalho anotado: CLT e legislação complementar. São Paulo: Editora Revista dos Tribunais, 2001.
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Castroviejo, Ricardo. "Clausthalite (clt)." In A Practical Guide to Ore Microscopy—Volume 1, 201–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12654-3_33.
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Vonk, Niels H., Jan Niederwestberg, Ron W. A. Oorschot, and Jan de Jong. "Upcycling of Single-Use Pallet Wood to Cross-Laminated Timber." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 751–63. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69626-8_63.
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AbstractTo reduce the emission of greenhouse gases within the building industry, effort must be put into reducing waste and converting reclaimed materials towards reuse. Within the Netherlands, discarded wood is incinerated for energy generation, releasing the carbon that has been captured during growth. To extend the lifetime and the carbon storage duration and, consequently, improve the environmental performance of “wood waste,” re-use is desired. Hence, the production and structural performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) made of current wood waste were explored in this study. Single-use pallets were collected and manually disassembled with all fasteners removed. The wood was then finger-jointed, edge-glued, planed, and fabricated into 1.2 × 3 m CLT. In total eight CLT panels were made with different layups, of which three were used in this work. Mechanical testing indicated the potential of the created elements, showing similar performances to new CLT. While the bending tests suffered due to some manufacturing problems, planar shear tests showed good performances, similar to new CLT.
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Luschgy, Harald. "SLLN, LIL und CLT." In Martingale in diskreter Zeit, 155–224. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29961-2_5.
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Dhrymes, Phoebus J. "LLN, CLT and Ergodicity." In Mathematics for Econometrics, 285–308. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8145-4_9.
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Bai, Zhidong, and Jack W. Silverstein. "CLT for Linear Spectral Statistics." In Springer Series in Statistics, 223–329. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0661-8_9.
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Sahu, Sujit K. "Joint Distributions and the CLT." In Introduction to Probability, Statistics & R, 147–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37865-2_8.
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Lindersson, Emil, Mohammed Askari, Amirhosein Vakili, Justin Dahlberg, Mahdi Kioumarsi, and Behrouz Shafei. "Structural Response of CLT Bridge Decks to Heavy Vehicle Loads: A Serviceability Evaluation." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1313–21. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69626-8_110.
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AbstractTimber is widely recognized as a construction material of choice, owing to its numerous advantages, including its sustainability and abundance in large parts of the world. Although timber is frequently employed by the construction industry for buildings, its usage in modern bridge structures has remained limited. This research investigates the structural performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) decks for bridge applications. For this purpose, CLT deck made of Douglas Fir North was fabricated to full-scale but with some reduced width dimensions. The deck was then tested under static and fatigue loading conditions. The experiments evaluated various structural response features, including the bending stiffness, interlaminar properties between the panels, and elongation characteristics from the applied vertical forces, representing heavy vehicular loads equivalent to the design loads expected on a typical short-span bridge. The results demonstrate the promising performance of CLT decks, exhibiting excellent structural performance compared to design standards. Overall, this research addresses a knowledge gap by providing valuable information for CLT bridge deck design and optimization, addressing the lack of modeling guides, and offering recommendations to meet standard requirements. Moreover, it emphasizes the environmental benefits of using timber sourced from sustainable sources, which is feasible in areas that have an abundance of such resources.
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Radulovic, Dragan. "High Dimensional CLT and its Applications." In High Dimensional Probability VI, 357–73. Basel: Springer Basel, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0490-5_21.
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Starbuck, Craig. "Statistical Inference." In The Fundamentals of People Analytics, 121–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28674-2_8.
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AbstractThis chapter covers the fundamentals of statistical inference. Topics include discrete and continuous probability distributions, conditional probability, Central Limit Theorem (CLT), confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, multiple testing, and statistical power.
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Kerckhoff, Peter. "Full-Service Providing durch die CLT-UFA." In Unternehmenskommunikation durch Business TV, 131–50. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-90838-4_9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "CLT"
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Kalfas, Konstantinos N., Liang Cao, James M. Ricles, and Nicos Makris. "Supplemental Damping of Rocking Systems Coupled with Pressurized Sand Dampers." In IABSE Congress, San José 2024: Beyond Structural Engineering in a Changing World, 394–402. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2024. https://doi.org/10.2749/sanjose.2024.0394.
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<p>This study discusses the results of the seismic performance of a single-story cross-laminated timber (CLT) building with post-tensioned CLT rocking walls, coupled with pressurized sand dampers (PSD), using real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS). Firstly, the details of the building are presented, and then, the RTHS approach is introduced. The analytical substructure in the RTHS contains the numerical model of a self-centering (SC) post-tensioned CLT rocking wall (SC-CLT wall), while two physical PSDs form the experimental substructure. This is a collaborative study where the PSDs are designed and built at Southern Methodist University (SMU). The RTHS took placed in the NHERI Lehigh Experimental Facility. The RTHS results under various earthquake excitations are presented. The results obtained from the RTHS are compared with numerical simulation results of a conventional CLT shear wall and a SC-CLT wall without PSD. Results show that the PSD produces a significant reduction in the inter-story drift, offering supplemental damping to the system.</p>
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Perez-Gomez, Gonzalo, and Juan Gonzalez-Adalid. "Contrarotating and Tandem CLT Propellers." In SNAME 7th Propeller and Shafting Symposium. SNAME, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/pss-1994-006.
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The generalization made to the New Momentum Theory with the aim to design CLT propellers working in a velocities field with both axial and tangential components (nozzle propellers, contrarotating propellers, etc.) has allowed the authors to design contrarotating and tandem propellers both with conventional and CLT blades.
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Branco, Jorge M., Filipe T. Matos, Paulo B. Lourenço, Thomas Demschner, and Patrício Rocha. "Lateral Tests on a Two-Story CLT House." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0969.
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<p>A two storey full-scale model of a CLT house, of 4.5 m x 9.1 m in-plane, with a height of 5.04 m, was tested under quasi-static monotonic (pushover). The main objectives were to investigate the 3-D system performance of a CLT structure subjected to lateral loads in terms of lateral strength and deformability capacity, global behaviour of the structure, frequency response of the structure, performance of connectors (mainly hold-downs and angle-brackets) and connections between CLT panels. Lateral loads have been applied on the storeys inducing torsion to the building. Loading procedure, number and disposition of connectors varied between tests.</p><p>With this campaign it is intended to obtain results on: i) load-deformation response of a 3-D CLT structure subjected to lateral loads; ii) global response of the structure, focusing on the performance of CLT slabs subjected to in-plane loads, performance of parallel and perpendicular walls, and response of the structure near openings; iii) failure mechanisms and on the performance of connections between CLT panels and connectors. The outcomes of the full-scale CLT house tests will be used for further analytical and numerical analyses to help implement the new generation of Eurocode 8.</p>
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Almajid, Abdulhakim, and Minoru Taya. "Modeling of Disc Shaped FGM Piezoelectric Actuator." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1696.
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Abstract The mechanical behavior of a disk shaped piezoelectric actuator was studied using modified classical lamination theory (CLT) for circular plate. The modified CLT accounts for piezoelectric coupling terms. CLT is capable of predicting the stress field and out of plane displacement of disk shaped laminated piezoelectric layers under applied electric field. The analysis was applied to different types of piezoelectric actuators.
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Maidel, Bruna, and Sérgio F. Tavares. "CONSUMO OPERACIONAL PARA EDIFICAÇÕES EM CLT: ESTUDO COMPARATIVO COM ALVENARIAS CONVENCIONAIS POR MEIO DE BIM." In XVIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE TECNOLOGIA DO AMBIENTE CONSTRUÍDO. UFRGS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46421/entac.v18i.795.
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O uso da madeira como material para construção civil tem se difundido nas ultimas décadas por meio do desenvolvimento de tecnologias construtivas em madeira massiva, como o Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT). Para tanto, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o consumo energético operacional anual de uma edificação vertical em CLT a partir de sua modelagem e simulação por meio de BIM e Plugins integrados. Um estudo comparativo com técnicas construtivas como blocos cerâmicos e blocos de concreto foi simulado para a cidade de Curitiba – PR a fim de analisar como cada material interfere no consumo energético durante a fase operacional da edificação. Os resultados apontam positivamente para o CLT como um material capaz de reduzir o consumo elétrico do modelo, já para a energia proveniente de combustíveis, o modelo em CLT obteve o pior resultado, influenciado pela espessura dos painéis. Assim, é possível concluir que os painéis de CLT podem ser comparados em uma mesma escala de consumo em relação a outras técnicas maciças de construção.
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Cardone, Martina, Alex Dytso, and Cynthia Rush. "Entropic CLT for Order Statistics." In 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit50566.2022.9834720.
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Caldas, Lucas Rosse, Jorge Sierra-Pérez, Romildo Dias Toledo Filho, and Marcos Silvoso. "Evaluation of GHG Emissions from the Production of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT): Analysis of Different Life Cycle Inventories." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.635.
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The Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) has been receiving special attention in recent research as an alternative for climate change mitigation since it is a renewable source and can remove and stock high amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. Some countries, such as Brazil, still do not have mature and large CLT industry. However, the development of this industry in other countries is expected since the CLT is considered the main wood material to be used in high-rise mass timber buildings. It is particularly important to have environmental information, especially concerning the climate change impacts, in terms of life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, for this product to increase its competitiveness in a new market. In this context, this research aimed to evaluate three different Life cycle inventories (LCIs) for CLT production of studies from Japan and the United States. Based on the first findings, we summarized the critical items in the LCI of CLT production and listed some actions for the reduction of GHG emissions that occur in this process. The LCIs are adapted considering the context of Brazil (a country with a cleaner electricity matrix) and China (a country with the highest share of fossil fuels). The main inconsistencies present in the LCIs are presented and discussed. The GHG emissions are concentrated in the following hotspots: (1) Roundwood production; (2) electricity consumption; and (3) adhesives production for CLT production. Therefore, the reduction of the consumption of these materials and activities should be encouraged for the decrease of GHG emissions. The data of Roundwood used in the modelling severely affects the final results. Their GHG emissions are related to the consumption of diesel in forestry activities. This research brings insights into the evaluation of the life cycle GHG emissions from the production of CLT.
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Mezo, Tayane Yuri, and Akemi Ino. "Survey and studies of CLT buildings in Brazil." In ENSUS 2024 - XII Encontro de Sustentabilidade em Projeto, 454–62. Grupo de Pesquisa Virtuhab/UFSC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.29183/2596-237x.ensus2024.v12.n1.p454-462.
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In recent years, the need to construct buildings with reduced environmental impact has led to a global trend in exploring and promoting the use of engineered wood construction, including Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT). In Brazil, the implementation of this new material is still in its early stages, but there has already been a significant increase in its use. Considering the lack of national literature compiling drawings and technical solutions for CLT projects, this research carried out a survey of construction projects systematized in Technical Data Sheets containing details of interfaces and a summary description of the use of CLT panels in each project.
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Nunes, Gustavo, Guilherme Sanches, and Thalita Giglio. "EFICIÊNCIA ENERGÉTICA DE EDIFICAÇÕES MULTIFAMILIARES EM CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT): ANÁLISES PARA OS CLIMAS DE BRASÍLIA E SANTA MARIA." In XVIII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE TECNOLOGIA DO AMBIENTE CONSTRUÍDO. UFRGS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46421/entac.v18i.798.
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O sistema construtivo cross-laminated timber (CLT) vem sendo aplicado com sucesso em edificações do mundo todo, e se apresenta como uma tecnologia promissora no Brasil. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar o desempenho termoenergético de painéis CLT, de medula de eucalipto, para vedações verticais de edificações multifamiliares, considerando os climas de Brasília e Santa Maria. Para tanto, aplicou-se o método de simulação do Regulamento Técnico para o Nível de Eficiência Energética de Edificações Residenciais (RTQR). Os resultados de 12 combinações paramétricas simplificadas indicaram que o sistema construtivo inovador apresenta grande potencial de melhoria termoenergética em edificações multifamiliares sob os climas avaliados. Dentre as composições consideradas, os painéis CLT de 5 camadas associados à baixa absortância solar na envoltória caracterizaram a melhor configuração para se alcançar nível A de eficiência. Conclui-se que a tecnologia é adequada para as situações analisadas, sendo necessárias revisões nas normas brasileiras que limitam a difusão e avanço de sistemas leves e inovadores como o CLT.
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Neve, Oliver. "Modular CLT – Time to swallow the offsite pill." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0641.
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<p>The threatening title of the United Kingdom’s 2016 Farmer Review ‘Modernise or Die’ was a stark prognosis for the construction industry likened to a sick or dying patient. The review recommended a shift towards pre- manufacture approaches and away from the traditional methods that we seem so reluctant to divert from. The paper recommends that Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) is to be explored as the potential medicine required to cure the symptoms of a deteriorating industry.</p> <p>The antidote comes in the form of modular cross laminated timber (CLT). Originally, CLT was associated with in-situ construction techniques, which are reliant on-site operations. The industry has since progressed to a hybrid state of using both in-situ techniques with some pre-fabrication. Modular CLT is the next step in the evolution of mass timber which looks to solve the housing crisis affecting multiple global cities in terms of sustainability, cost and speed.</p> <p>The paper will look at:</p> <ul> <li>The advantages and opportunities for modular CLT</li> <li>The engineering challenges that need to be overcome</li> <li>Digitalisation techniques employed in the design of modular CLT</li> <li>A case study of the Watts Grove project in London, UK</li> </ul>
Reports on the topic "CLT"
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Rachev, S. T., and J. E. Yukich. Convolution Metrics and Rates of Convergence in the CLT (Central Limit Theorem). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada189341.
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Smith, Aaron. Test Setup Design and Cyclic Evaluation of Rocking CLT Wall and Floor Restoring Force Lateral System. Portland State University, June 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/ccemp.46.
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Falk, Robert H., James J. Bridwell, Tom Williamson, and Todd Black. Development of a ready-to-assemble tornado shelter from cross-laminated timber (CLT): impact and wind pressure testing. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-266.
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Pulugurtha, Srinivas S., Abimbola Ogungbire, and Chirag Akbari. Modeling and Evaluating Alternatives to Enhance Access to an Airport and Meet Future Expansion Needs. Mineta Transportation Institute, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2120.
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The continued growth of air travel calls for the incessant construction effort at many airports and their surroundings. Thus, there is a need to determine how airports can better manage existing infrastructure to accommodate this growth. This study, therefore, focuses on (1) investigating how changes in transportation infrastructure have affected travel time reliability (TTR) of the surrounding road network within the airport vicinity over time, and, (2) exploring selected unconventional intersection designs and proposing new inbound/outbound access routes from the nearby major roads to the airport. The efficiency of road networks that surrounds large airports is discussed using Charlotte Douglas International Airport (CLT) as the case study. Firstly, an assessment of how transportation projects impact link-level travel time reliability (TTR) was performed using historical data. Secondly, an assessment of how future transportation projects would affect the traffic in the airport vicinity was performed. A simulation network was developed using the Vissim software, where the peak-hour turning movement counts were used with the existing signal design to replicate and calibrate the base scenario. Unconventional intersection designs such as continuous flow intersections (CFI), mini-roundabouts, and restricted crossing U-turn (RCUT) intersections were considered along with selected bridge design options to determine the impact on TTR. The results were compared with the conventional signalized intersection design. The connectivity projects led to an increase in TTR measures at most of the links within its vicinity after the project’s completion of the project. Similarly, parking areas exhibited the same characteristics, including those used by ridesharing companies. The simulation model showed that unconventional designs like RCUT and direct entry-exit ramps effectively reduced delay as well as the number of stops, increasing our understanding of how expansion projects affect TTR and potentially improving infrastructure optimization.
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McCleney, Amy, and Terry Grimley. PR-015-17604-R02 Static Mixer Assessment Laboratory Testing. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011771.
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Static mixers are nonmoving mixing devices that allow for the inline continuous mixing of fluids within a pipeline. Liquid samples are typically extracted downstream of the mixer to evaluate the composition of the fluid. However, the ability of mixers to provide a uniformly mixed sample and the acceptable distances at which this sample can be taken from the pipe for this composition evaluation are currently unknown. A testing effort was initiated to determine the effectiveness of two different static mixer designs, as well as sampling locations, by flowing known quantities of oil and water past these devices at a constant flow rate, with two oil viscosity values of 3 cSt and 400 cSt, and with two nominal water-cut values of 1% and 10%. To evaluate their mixing abilities, fluid samples were drawn from the pipe at three locations downstream of the mixers and at three pipe elevations. These samples were assessed using two different analysis methods: a centrifuge method using ASTM D4007 (2016) for the nominal 10% water-cut tests and a Karl Fisher analysis method using ASTM D4928 (2018) for the nominal 1% water-cut tests. The results from the sample measurements will allow the PRCI members to assess the mixing and stratification effects of different static mixer designs and at different sample locations.
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Baich, M. A. CST/FRIT Settling, CST Particle Size Reduction and CST Loading. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/761150.
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Jordan, Jason P. Organizing CLF Replenishment Events into CLF Voyages - The CLF Voyages Template. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada510230.
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Skone, Timothy J. CTL Diesel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509366.
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Mangum, B. W. CCT-K3 :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1450.
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Cordell, Larry, Michael Roberts, and Michael Schwert. CLO Performance. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29410.
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