Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cloze Measure

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Cloze Measure'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Cloze Measure"

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Trace, Jonathan. "Clozing the gap: How far do cloze items measure?" Language Testing 37, no. 2 (December 2, 2019): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265532219888617.

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Originally designed to measure reading and passage comprehension in L1 readers, cloze tests continue to be used for L2 assessment purposes. However, there remain disputes about whether or not cloze items can measure beyond local comprehension information, as well as whether or not they are purely a test of reading alone, or if performance can be generalized to broader claims about proficiency. The current study sets out to address both of these issues by drawing on a large pool of cloze items ( k = 449) taken from 15 cloze passages that were administered to 675 L1 and 2246 L2 examinees. In conjunction with test scores, a large-scale L1 experiment was conducted using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk to determine the level of minimum context required to answer each item. Using Rasch analysis, item function was compared across both groups, with results indicating that cloze items can draw on information at both the sentence and passage level. This seems to suggest further that cloze tests generally tend to measure reading in both L1 and L2 examinees. These findings have important implications for the continued use of cloze tests, particularly in classroom and high-stakes contexts where they are commonly found.
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Kleijn, Suzanne, Henk Pander Maat, and Ted Sanders. "Cloze testing for comprehension assessment: The HyTeC-cloze." Language Testing 36, no. 4 (April 17, 2019): 553–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265532219840382.

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Although there are many methods available for assessing text comprehension, the cloze test is not widely acknowledged as one of them. Critiques on cloze testing center on its supposedly limited ability to measure comprehension beyond the sentence. However, these critiques do not hold for all types of cloze tests; the particular configuration of a cloze determines its validity. We review various cloze configurations and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. We propose a new cloze procedure specifically designed to gauge text comprehension: the Hybrid Text Comprehension cloze (HyTeC-cloze). It employs a hybrid mechanical-rational deletion strategy and semantic scoring of answers. The procedure was tested in a large-scale study, involving 2926 Dutch secondary school students with 120 unique cloze tests. Our results show that, in terms of reliability and validity, the HyTeC-cloze matches and sometimes outperforms standardized tests of reading ability.
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Jones, Michael, and Malcolm Smith. "Traditional and alternative methods of measuring the understandability of accounting narratives." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 27, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 183–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-04-2013-1314.

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Purpose – The study aims to explore the use of alternative measures of “understandability” on accounting texts. This includes the meaning identification test (MIT) and the sentence verification technique (SVT), which have not previously been used by accounting researchers, as well as variants on the traditional Cloze tests such as the C-Test. Design/methodology/approach – This study focuses on the understandability of accounting texts and evaluates how reliable the Cloze test is as a measure of comprehension. An experiment was designed and conducted to measure users' performance with a variety of comprehension measures (MIT, SVT, Cloze, C-Test). Findings – The study concludes that the outcomes from the MIT and SVT comprehension tests are not significantly associated with those from the Cloze tests. This implies that while the Cloze test is a good measure of the predictability of accounting narratives, and of textual redundancy, it does not necessarily measure the understandability of the text. Originality/value – These measures of understandability, which have not previously been used in accounting, would enable researchers to test the communicational effectiveness of using different accounting narratives such as annual reports or prospectuses. Such a measure could be used to improve the understandability of accounting narratives. The strengths and weaknesses of the various tests are assessed. It is suggested that there is a need for further experimentation especially with the MIT test.
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Baghaei, Purya, and Hamdollah Ravand. "Method Bias in Cloze Tests as Reading Comprehension Measures." SAGE Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): 215824401983270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019832706.

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In many reading comprehension tests, different test formats are employed. Two commonly used test formats to measure reading comprehension are sustained passages followed by some questions and cloze items. Individual differences in handling test format peculiarities could constitute a source of score variance. In this study, a bifactor Rasch model is applied to separate the cloze-specific variance in a reading comprehension test composed of sustained passages (plus questions) and a cloze passage. The results are compared with a unidimensional Rasch model where all items load on a single dimension. The inclusion of the cloze-specific dimension, that is, the method factor, improved the fit and resulted in substantially lower item difficulty estimates for the cloze items. Findings indicate that reading comprehension tests comprising sustained passages and cloze items are not unidimensional and contain a cloze-specific nuisance dimension that contaminates the latent construct variance.
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Jonz, John. "Another Turn in the Conversation: What Does Cloze Measure?" TESOL Quarterly 24, no. 1 (1990): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3586852.

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McKenna, Michael C., and Kent Layton. "Concurrent validity of cloze as a measure of intersentential comprehension." Journal of Educational Psychology 82, no. 2 (June 1990): 372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.82.2.372.

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Eissa, Ibrahim, and Said Selim. "The Cloze Procedure as a Measure of Program Understanding.(Dept.E)." MEJ. Mansoura Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/bfemu.2021.176856.

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Chung, Eun Seon, and Soojin Ahn. "Examining Cloze Tests as a Measure of Linguistic Complexity in L2 Writing." Lanaguage Research 55, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 627–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30961/lr.2019.55.3.627.

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Ryoo, Young-sook. "Predictability of the Cloze Test as a Measure of Written Productive Vocabulary." Modern English Society 18, no. 4 (November 11, 2017): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18095/meeso.2017.18.4.02.

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Gamaroff, R. "The cloze test as a measure of language proficiency: a statistical analysis." South African Journal of Linguistics 16, no. 1 (February 1998): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10118063.1998.9724127.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cloze Measure"

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Mottaghinejad, Sarah Elizabeth. "Evaluating the Usefulness of an Aural Gapped Listening Summary as a Measure of Academic Listening Proficiency." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2210.

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For this project I sought to find a more effective means of evaluating academic listening comprehension. This involved doing an in-depth investigation of academic listening, the constructs involved in listening comprehension, and of methods of assessing listening comprehension. It also included a study of the concept of test usefulness (Bachman and Palmer, 1996), which consists of reliability, construct validity, authenticity, interactiveness, impact, and practicality, and is used to help select the most effective methods of assessing language abilities. Based on my review of listening comprehension testing methods, I created a method of assessing academic listening comprehension, Aural Gapped Listening Summaries (AGLS), produced a short version of the AGLS for piloting through BYU's English Language Center and credit exam for matriculated students, and then analyzed the results of this piloting to determine whether future investigation was merited. This project write-up includes a description of the development of the AGLS, the methods of administration, and students' cursory perceptions of the AGLS, as well as the results of the pilot test. The AGLS involved students listening to an excerpt of a lecture followed by an aural summary of that lecture with every 8th word replaced by low-volume static. Then they were asked to type a word or phrase in a box on their computer screens that would best fill in the gap where the static was. Ranks on the AGLS were correlated with a standard listening test, which is administered every semester at Brigham Young University, and with students' individual perceptions of their listening abilities. Results showed that AGLS correlates moderately well with traditional measures of academic listening (r=0.7731) while giving testers interesting information about student interlanguage in very little time. Results further showed that AGLS has a much higher reliability coefficient (r=0.9223) in comparison to the other listening test. Therefore, although traditionally testers have had to write lengthy tests in order to get an adequate representation of students' listening abilities, it may be possible to obtain the necessary information about students' abilities with this more time-efficient measurement tool.
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Sadeghi, Karim. "An investigation of cloze procedure as a measure of EFL reading comprehension with reference to educational context in Iran." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396614.

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Arocha, José F. (José Francisco). "Validation of clozure measures of reading comprehension." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63320.

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Ritson, Margaret E. "Development and evaluation of Cloze screening tests as measures of comprehension ability in adult readers." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Education, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4068.

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This project was designed to develop an assessment appropriate to NZ adults with reading difficulties. It is intended to provide a reading: comprehension level with which teachers and tutors can make informed decisions on their students’ programmes. The research indicates that the Cloze technique is a reliable, valid and efficient method to assess reading comprehension. Passages of interest to adults were selected on their reading difficulties and trialled on subjects with a wide range in ages and reading abilities, based on a Gap or Gapadol test. Once item analysis was completed on the passages, ten passages were selected to give two alternate versions, each containing five passages which were matched in interest and reading difficulty. The alternate forms of the assessments were formatted into two separate "user friendly" student booldets with pull-out answer sheets. These two versions were the trialled on over 200 subjects ranging widely in age, reading ability and educational placement. A Teachers Manual was also developed giving administration procedure, practice tasks and answers, answer key for the student booklets and a conversion table to conven the raw scores to reading levels.
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Reichl, Paul 1973. "Flow past a cylinder close to a free surface." Monash University, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9212.

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Jhavar, Ashwin B. "Triggered-lightning properties inferred from measured currents and very close magnetic fields." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013160.

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Blockhurst, Peter, William Buselmeier, McKenzie Calhoun, Paige Gilbert-Green, Jesse Gilbreath, Erin Harris, and Amy Lawrence. "How We Close the Gaps: Our Interprofessional Team Approach to Meeting Quality Measures." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6893.

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Define the role/function of an interprofessional team in the management of complex outpatients. Identify the types of patients that would benefit most from a team-based approach. Implement elements of our team-based patient care model into individual practices.
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Ong, James Kwan Yau. "The predictability problem." Phd thesis, kostenfrei, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1502/.

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"A mobile agent clone detection system using general transferable E-cash and its specific implementation with Ferguson's E-coin." 2002. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891219.

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by Lam Tak-Cheung.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-66).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Evolution of the Mobile Agent Paradigm --- p.2
Chapter 1.2 --- Beneficial Aspects of Mobile Agents --- p.3
Chapter 1.3 --- Security Threats of Mobile Agents --- p.4
Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.6
Chapter 2. --- Background of Cryptographic Theories --- p.7
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.7
Chapter 2.2 --- Encryption and Decryption --- p.7
Chapter 2.3 --- Six Cryptographic Primitives --- p.8
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Symmetric Encryption --- p.8
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Asymmetric Encryption --- p.9
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Digital Signature --- p.9
Chapter 2.3.4 --- Message Digest --- p.10
Chapter 2.3.5 --- Digital Certificate --- p.11
Chapter 2.3.6 --- Zero-Knowledge Proof --- p.11
Chapter 2.4 --- RSA Public Key Cryptosystem --- p.12
Chapter 2.5 --- Blind Signature --- p.13
Chapter 2.6 --- Secret Sharing --- p.14
Chapter 2.7 --- Conclusion Remarks --- p.14
Chapter 3. --- Background of Mobile Agent Clones --- p.15
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.15
Chapter 3.2 --- Types of Agent Clones --- p.15
Chapter 3.3 --- Mobile Agent Cloning Problems --- p.16
Chapter 3.4 --- Baek's Detection Scheme for Mobile Agent Clones --- p.17
Chapter 3.4.1 --- The Main Idea --- p.17
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Shortcomings of Baek's Scheme --- p.18
Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusion Remarks --- p.19
Chapter 4. --- Background of E-cash --- p.20
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.20
Chapter 4.2 --- The General E-cash Model --- p.21
Chapter 4.3 --- Chaum-Pedersen's General Transferable E-cash --- p.22
Chapter 4.4 --- Ferguson's Single-term Off-line E-coins --- p.23
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Technical Background of the Secure Tools --- p.24
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Protocol Details --- p.27
Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion Remarks --- p.30
Chapter 5. --- A Mobile Agent Clone Detection System using General Transferable E-cash --- p.31
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.31
Chapter 5.2 --- Terminologies --- p.33
Chapter 5.3 --- Mobile Agent Clone Detection System with Transferable E-cash --- p.34
Chapter 5.4 --- Security and Privacy Analysis --- p.37
Chapter 5.5 --- Attack Scenarios --- p.39
Chapter 5.5.1 --- The Chosen Host Response Attack --- p.39
Chapter 5.5.2 --- The Truncation and Substitution Attack --- p.40
Chapter 5.6 --- An Alternative Scheme without Itinerary Privacy --- p.41
Chapter 5.7 --- Conclusion Remarks --- p.43
Chapter 6. --- Specific Implementation of the Mobile Agent Clone Detection System with Transferable Ferguson's E-coin --- p.45
Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.45
Chapter 6.2 --- The Clone Detection Environment --- p.46
Chapter 6.3 --- Protocols --- p.48
Chapter 6.3.2 --- Withdrawing E-tokens --- p.48
Chapter 6.3.2 --- The Agent Creation Protocol --- p.51
Chapter 6.3.3 --- The Agent Migration Protocol --- p.51
Chapter 6.3.4 --- Clone Detection and Culprit Identification --- p.52
Chapter 6.4 --- Security and Privacy Analysis --- p.54
Chapter 6.5 --- Complexity Analysis --- p.55
Chapter 6.5.1 --- Compact Passport --- p.55
Chapter 6.5.2 --- Passport growth in size --- p.56
Chapter 6.6 --- Conclusion Remarks --- p.56
Chapter 7. --- Conclusions --- p.58
Appendix 一 Papers derived from this thesis Bibliography
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Schneider, Gavriel. "An examination of the required operational skills and training standards for a Close Protection Operative in South Africa." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/734.

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The aim of this study was to determine the current operational skills requirements for Close Protection Operatives (CPOs) in South Africa. Operational skills refer to those skills that are vital in order for a CPO to effectively protect a designated person (this person is referred to as the `Principal'). In order to determine any shortcomings in the Close Protection industry, twenty in-depth interviews were conducted with current operational CPOs. A detailed literature review was also done in order to create a solid platform for the research and to assist in the verification of the information. During the research, it was found that the task of providing Close Protection could be divided into various sub-categories. This was necessary in order to gain a rounded perspective of a CPO's roles and duties. CPO's tasks in their entirety had to be unpacked into their smaller sub-components. In fact there were many ways to subdivide the skills requirements and functions of CPOs. It was, however, found that the actual subdivisions were less important than the gaining of a comprehensive understanding of how all the aspects are interrelated and should function synergistically. The need for regulation of the South African Close Protection industry was identified as a major concern among all interview respondents. In order to determine the relevant factors involved in regulation, the way countries such as the United Kingdom (UK), Australia and Israel regulate their industries, was assessed. It was noted that the industry in South Africa is `partially regulated'. This means that there is some sort of registration process for CPOs but no comprehensive monitoring and enforcement of accepted minimum competency standards. Currently in South Africa private sector CPOs are rated on the same scale as security guards and must be registered as a Grade level C with the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (PSIRA). This is not an effective manner to regulate CPOs. CPOs should be viewed as professionals and specialists since their skills far exceed those of a security guard (Grade C). According to South Africa's Skills Development Plan all industries will fall under Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs). Close Protection is grouped under the Police, Private Security, Legal, Correctional Services and Justice Sector Education and Training Authority (POSLEC SETA). There is currently a South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) Unit Standard for Close Protection (Protection of Designated Persons, Units Standard number: 11510). However, the research revealed that while the unit standard correctly outlines the operational skills requirements of CPOs there are no assessment guidelines or clearly defined minimum skills requirements. Before the unit standard can be effectively implemented, agreed industry minimum standards for the relevant skills divisions in Close Protection need to be identified and implemented. But currently there is some confusion regarding which body is responsible for, firstly developing acceptable unit standards; secondly, getting the industry as a whole to agree and accept such standards; thirdly, to see to it that training on those standards is provided; and finally the monitoring of these standards in practice. In this study various training related factors were identified and examined in order to assess whether the way CPOs are trained in South Africa is effective or not. Aspects such as the intensity, focus, duration and content were examined. In general it was found that it is important for the following to be implemented: 1. Effective screening and pre-training evaluation of potential trainees. 2. Training should be job orientated and focus on training CPOs for the functions that they will actually have to perform. 3. Training methodologies should focus on an outcomes based approach and utilise the fundamentals of adult based education. 4. Training should simulate reality including the related stress factors that are placed on operational CPOs such as lack of sleep and high levels of activity interspersed with boring waiting periods. 5. Ongoing training and re-training are vital components to a CPO maintaining operational competency. 6. Close Protection instructors need to have both an operational background and training in instructional methodologies before being considered competent. It is important that in the long term international recognition of South African Close Protection qualifications is achieved. This is essential since many South African CPOs operate internationally. Globalisation and improvements in technology have made it easier for international networking to take place. This has meant that clients are using CPOs in different countries and international comparisons are inevitable. If South African CPOs are to be considered `world class' then internationally recognised minimum standards need to be implemented for the South African Close Protection industry. The research indicated and highlighted various trends that may affect the Close Protection industry. The trends identified that seemed most relevant to the South African Close Protection industry were as follows: * Increased public awareness of international terrorism has resulted form acts such as the 9/11 attacks. This has made people more aware of the need for and benefits of security. Use of well trained CPOs is one of the ways that potential clients are able to minimise their exposure to any potential terrorist attack. * A CPO's ability to communicate and liaise with all relevant parties involved in the Close Protection environment is vital to the success of any operation. Therefore it is vital that these aspects receive the relevant focus during training. * The CPO needs to be well trained in use of unarmed combat and alternative weaponry. He/she can no longer rely on the use of a firearm as the primary force option. * A CPO needs to be able to adapt to many different situations. It is important that a CPO is trained to blend in and use the correct protocol in any given situation. The focus of operations should be on operating in a low profile manner to avoid unnecessary attention. * A CPO needs to be well trained in all aspects of planning and avoidance. The skills needed to proactively identify and avoid threats are vital to modern day operations. The CPO also needs to be quick thinking and adaptable in order to function effectively. * A CPO needs to have a working knowledge of all security related aspects that could enhance the safety of his/her Principal (i.e. multi-skilled). In addition to the above mentioned factors, other recommendations emanating from this study focused on minimum competency standards for the identified subdivisions of close protection. Examples of possible assessment guidelines and criteria were identified covering the following broad classifications: * Prior educational qualifications * Physical abilities * CPO skills * Prior experience in guarding * Firearm skills * Unarmed combat * Protective skills * First aid skills * Security knowledge * Advanced driver training * Protocol and etiquette * Management and business skills * Related skills
Criminology
(M.Tech (Security Management))
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Books on the topic "Cloze Measure"

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Kunchenko, I︠U︡ P. Polynomial parameter estimations of close to Gaussian random variables. Achen: Shaker, 2003.

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Benner, Mary. Close to you?: Bias and precision in patent-based measures of technological proximity. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Benner, Mary. Close to you?: Bias and precision in patent-based measures of technological proximity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Md.) Human Factors Workshop: Improving Railroad Safety Through Understanding Close Calls (2003 Baltimore. Proceedings of the Human Factors Workshop, Improving Railroad Safety Through Understanding Close Calls: April 23-24, 2003, Baltimore, MD. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, 2004.

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Close calls: Managing risk and resilience in airline flight safety. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

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US GOVERNMENT. An Act to Amend the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act to Authorize Additional Measures to Carry Out the Control of Salinity Upstream of Imperial Dam in a Cost-effective Manner, and for Other Purposes. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1995.

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United States. Government Accountability Office. Chemical and biological defense: Management actions are needed to close the gap between Army chemical unit preparedness and stated national priorities : report to the Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on National Security and International Relations, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2007.

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Using Data to Close the Achievement Gap: How to Measure Equity in Our Schools. Corwin Press, 2002.

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Using Data to Close the Achievement Gap: How to Measure Equity in Our Schools. Corwin Press, 2002.

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Cyber Security for Industrial Control Systems: From the Viewpoint of Close-Loop. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cloze Measure"

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Seth, Malini Chand. "Valuing Work: Time as a Measure." In Close Encounters of Another Kind: Women and Development Economics, 55–94. 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9789353287672.n5.

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Armentia, J. E., M. J. Fernández-Figueroa, M. Cornide, E. Castro, and J. Fabregat. "Recent Measures of CaII H and K Chromospheric Fluxes in a Sample of RS CVn Systems." In Active Close Binaries, 551–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0679-2_41.

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Egner, Björn, Hubert Heinelt, and Detlef Sack. "How to Measure the Autonomy, Coherence and Relevance of Local State-Society Relations." In Close Ties in European Local Governance, 31–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44794-6_3.

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Alrabbaa, Christian, Franz Baader, Stefan Borgwardt, Patrick Koopmann, and Alisa Kovtunova. "Finding Good Proofs for Description Logic Entailments using Recursive Quality Measures." In Automated Deduction – CADE 28, 291–308. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79876-5_17.

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AbstractLogic-based approaches to AI have the advantage that their behavior can in principle be explained to a user. If, for instance, a Description Logic reasoner derives a consequence that triggers some action of the overall system, then one can explain such an entailment by presenting a proof of the consequence in an appropriate calculus. How comprehensible such a proof is depends not only on the employed calculus, but also on the properties of the particular proof, such as its overall size, its depth, the complexity of the employed sentences and proof steps, etc. For this reason, we want to determine the complexity of generating proofs that are below a certain threshold w.r.t. a given measure of proof quality. Rather than investigating this problem for a fixed proof calculus and a fixed measure, we aim for general results that hold for wide classes of calculi and measures. In previous work, we first restricted the attention to a setting where proof size is used to measure the quality of a proof. We then extended the approach to a more general setting, but important measures such as proof depth were not covered. In the present paper, we provide results for a class of measures called recursive, which yields lower complexities and also encompasses proof depth. In addition, we close some gaps left open in our previous work, thus providing a comprehensive picture of the complexity landscape.
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Maung, Hsu Latt, Kuo Chieh Cha, Ochok Duangsano, and Noppadol Phien-Wej. "Close proximity tunnelling and measures adopted in MRTA Orange Line – East project." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 361–68. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2184-3_46.

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Hu, Lingzhi, Hua Pan, and Samuel A. Wickline. "Fluorine (19F) MRI to Measure Renal Oxygen Tension and Blood Volume: Experimental Protocol." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 509–18. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_31.

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AbstractFluorinated compounds feature favorable toxicity profile and can be used as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Fluorine nucleus from fluorinated compounds exhibit well-known advantages of being a high signal nucleus with a natural abundance of its stable isotope, a convenient gyromagnetic ratio close to that of protons, and a unique spectral signature with no detectable background at clinical field strengths. Perfluorocarbon core nanoparticles (PFC NP) are a class of clinically approved emulsion agents recently applied in vivo for ligand-targeted molecular imaging. The objective of this chapter is to outline a multinuclear 1H/19F MRI protocol for functional kidney imaging in rodents for mapping of renal blood volume and oxygenation (pO2) in renal disease models.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by a separate chapter describing the basic concept of functional imaging using fluorine (19F) MR methods.
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Duru, Deniz N., Hans-Jörg Trenz, and Thomas Spejlborg Sejersen. "The Danish Welfare State and Transnational Solidarity in Times of Crisis." In Transnational Solidarity in Times of Crises, 209–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49659-3_8.

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Abstract This chapter investigates transnational solidarity action across the fields of unemployment, disability and immigration in Denmark. It discusses how solidarity is manifested and organised by civil society, focusing on 30 qualitative interviews conducted with the so-called transnational solidarity organisations (TSOs). The chapter explores solidarity challenges that Danish TSOs were facing in the context of the welfare retrenchment and the structural reform in 2007, as well as the 2008 financial crisis and the migration crisis of 2015. Our interviews confirm that the effects of the financial crisis, austerity measures and the migration crisis were not easy to separate from the welfare retrenchment in the Danish system. These recent changes to the welfare state have been experienced as dramatic as they have loosened the traditionally close ties between the Danish civil society and municipalities in providing welfare services. The voluntary sector has, in response, become more political, not only providing services to affected groups but also increasingly seeking to defend their social rights, as well as entering into conflict with the government.
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Rocklin, Edward L. "Measured Endings: How Productions from 1720 to 1929 Close Shakespeare’s Open Silences in Measure for Measure." In Shakespeare Survey, 213–32. Cambridge University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ccol0521781140.018.

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Krishnan, Kannan M. "Scanning Probe Microscopy." In Principles of Materials Characterization and Metrology, 745–802. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830252.003.0011.

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Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) scans a fine tip close to a surface and measures the tunneling current (STM) or force (SFM), based on many possible tip-surface interactions. STM provides atomic resolution imaging, or the local electronic structure (spectroscopy) as a function of bias voltage, and is also used to manipulate adsorbed atoms on a clean surface. STM operates in two modes— constant current or height—and requires a conducting specimen. SFM uses a cantilever (force sensor) to measure short range (< 1 nm) chemical, and a variety of long-range (< 100 nm) forces, depending on the tip and the specimen; a conducting specimen is not required. In static mode, the tip height is controlled to maintain a constant force, and measure surface topography. In dynamic mode, changes in the vibrational properties of the cantilever are measured using frequency, amplitude, or phase modulation as feedback to control the tip-surface distance and form the image. Dynamic imaging includes contact and non-contact modes, but intermittent contact or tapping mode is common. SPMs measure properties (optical, acoustic, conductance, electrochemical, capacitance, thermal, magnetic, etc.) using appropriate tips, and find applications in the physical and life sciences. They are also used for nanoscale lithography.
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Vasalou, Sophia. "Introduction." In The Measure of Greatness, 1–20. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840688.003.0013.

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‘We all love great men … nay can we honestly bow down to anything else?’ So wrote Thomas Carlyle in a well-known set of lectures running under the title On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History.1 It is as good a place as any to open a conversation about that singular virtue—a virtue of greatness and great men—to which this volume is dedicated. Carlyle himself may not have had the virtue of greatness of soul or magnanimity specifically in mind when he launched his investigation of the hero. But it is a virtue that has often been understood to bear an especially close relation to the heroic, a relation to which it owes some of its strongest tensions but also the deepest roots of its power to fascinate....
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Conference papers on the topic "Cloze Measure"

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Yu, Xiaohan, and Baozong Yuan. "A new statistical texture feature: direction measure." In Close-Range Photogrammetry Meets Machine Vision. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2294281.

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Hu, Bin, Yijian Wu, Xin Peng, Jun Sun, Nanjie Zhan, and Jun Wu. "Assessing Code Clone Harmfulness: Indicators, Factors, and Counter Measures." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/saner50967.2021.00029.

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Baeza, Juan, David Valencia, and Antonio Baeza. "Use of Drones for Remote Management of the Close Measure of Radioactivity Sources." In IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2018.8518180.

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Patil, Ritesh V., Shashank D. Joshi, Sachin V. Shinde, and V. Khanna. "An effective approach using dissimilarity measures to estimate software code clone." In 2015 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Signals, Communication and Optimization (EESCO). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eesco.2015.7253734.

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Sowmya, P., and Madhumita Chatterjee. "Detection of Fake and Clone accounts in Twitter using Classification and Distance Measure Algorithms." In 2020 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsp48568.2020.9182353.

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Timofeeva, A. Yu, T. V. Avdeenko, E. S. Makarova, and M. Sh Murtazina. "Combined use of correlation measures for selecting semantically close concepts of the ontology." In IV International Conference on "Information Technology and Nanotechnology" 2018. Samara National Research University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/1613-0073-2018-2212-349-358.

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Singh, Narotam, Sheetal Varshney, and Amita Kapoor. "Centrality measures in close group of adolescent females and their association with individual character strengths." In 2016 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asonam.2016.7752314.

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Matta, Lawrence M. "Experimental Response of Steel Pipelines to Close Trench Blasting." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64226.

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When protecting pipelines from third party activities, it is beneficial for operators to apply very conservative criteria for safe blasting. Recently, however, demands for increased capacity have required adding pipelines to existing rights-of-way, often close to or between existing pipelines. In these cases, overly-conservative blasting criteria can result in significant expenses and delays. The reported tests supply blasting stress data on full-scale pipes configured to simulate trenching in close proximity and parallel to an existing pipeline. Two sets of tests have been performed at a location with rock anticipated to be similar to that known to exist along a planned pipeline route. The pipes were instrumented at a number of locations prior to burial. Ground vibrations were recorded using seismographs during each shot. A variety of test blasts were performed, including advancing staggered line shots with delays, grids of charges set off simultaneously to simulate sympathetic detonations , and grids of decked charges. Charge weight ranged from 7.4 to 17.2 lbs/hole at distances from 15 to 25 feet from the pipes. Measured blasting stresses are compared with predicted values. Data from classic SwRI tests is included for comparison. Appropriate safety factors for close trench blasting based on the test data are considered. Measured stress values from simultaneously detonated lines of charges are compared to predicted values, which are typically of concern when the potential for sympathetic detonation is considered. Neglecting the potential for simultaneous detonations may result in significant error. Also, the measured PPV as a function of the scaled distance and a correlation of the blasting stresses with the measured PPVs are provided.
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Abdullah, Noormaizzattul Akmaliza, Mohd Azwan Mohamad Hamza, and Al-Fahim Mubarak Ali. "A Review on Distance Measure Formula for Enhancing Match Detection Process of Generic Code Clone Detection Model in Java Application." In 2021 International Conference on Software Engineering & Computer Systems and 4th International Conference on Computational Science and Information Management (ICSECS-ICOCSIM). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsecs52883.2021.00132.

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Abdullah, Noormaizzattul Akmaliza, Mohd Azwan Mohamad Hamza, and Al-Fahim Mubarak Ali. "A Review on Distance Measure Formula for Enhancing Match Detection Process of Generic Code Clone Detection Model in Java Application." In 2021 International Conference on Software Engineering & Computer Systems and 4th International Conference on Computational Science and Information Management (ICSECS-ICOCSIM). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsecs52883.2021.00058.

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Reports on the topic "Cloze Measure"

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Benner, Mary, and Joel Waldfogel. Close to You? Bias and Precision in Patent-Based Measures of Technological Proximity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13322.

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Fontanari, Claudia, Antonella Palumbo, and Chiara Salvatori. The Updated Okun Method for Estimation of Potential Output with Broad Measures of Labor Underutilization: An Empirical Analysis. Institute for New Economic ThinkingInstitute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp158.

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This paper extends to different indicators of labor underutilization the Updated Okun Method (UOM) for estimation of potential output proposed in Fontanari et al (2020), which, from a demand-led growth perspective, regards potential output as an empirical approximation to full-employment output, as in A.M.Okun’s (1962) original method. Based on the apparent incapability of the official rate of unemployment to fully account for labor underutilization, in this paper we offer estimates of Okun’s law both with broad unemployment indicators and with an indicator of ‘standardized hours worked’ which we propose as a novel measure of the labor input. The paper reflects on the possible different empirical measures of full employment. The various measures of potential output that we extract from our analysis show greater output gaps than those produced by standard methods, thus highlighting a systematic tendency of the latter to underestimate potential output. Output gaps that underestimate the size of the output loss or that tend to close too soon during recovery, may produce a bias towards untimely restriction.
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Wilfred, Wan. Nuclear Escalation Strategies and Perceptions: The United States, the Russian Federation, and China. UNIDIR, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/21/nrr/02.

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This study is the first in a series that profiles different “friction points” among nuclear-armed and nuclear-allied States, examining issues of contention in their relations that can spark potential conflict and nuclear escalation. It considers the multipolar dynamics between the United States, the Russian Federation, and China, and examines how fundamental mistrust among the three filters into their readings of each other’s nuclear strategies, with the potential to have an impact on escalatory risk scenarios. It then outlines a series of recommendations for the ‘great powers’ to bridge strategic perception gaps and reduce relevant risks. Part of UNIDIR’s ongoing research on nuclear risk reduction, this study is intended to feed into the dialogue on taking forward risk reduction – and on the development of practical and feasible baskets of measures that can close pathways to use of nuclear weapons.
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Douglas, Thomas, Merritt Turetsky, and Charles Koven. Increased rainfall stimulates permafrost thaw across a variety of Interior Alaskan boreal ecosystems. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41050.

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Earth’s high latitudes are projected to experience warmer and wetter summers in the future but ramifications for soil thermal processes and permafrost thaw are poorly understood. Here we present 2750 end of summer thaw depths representing a range of vegetation characteristics in Interior Alaska measured over a 5-year period. This included the top and third wettest summers in the 91-year record and three summers with precipitation close to mean historical values. Increased rainfall led to deeper thaw across all sites with an increase of 0.7 ± 0.1 cm of thaw per cm of additional rain. Disturbed and wetland sites were the most vulnerable to rain-induced thaw with ~1 cm of surface thaw per additional 1 cm of rain. Permafrost in tussock tundra, mixed forest, and conifer forest was less sensitive to rain-induced thaw. A simple energy budget model yields seasonal thaw values smaller than the linear regression of our measurements but provides a first-order estimate of the role of rain-driven sensible heat fluxes in high-latitude terrestrial permafrost. This study demonstrates substantial permafrost thaw from the projected increasing summer precipitation across most of the Arctic region.
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Meadow, Alison, and Gigi Owen. Planning and Evaluating the Societal Impacts of Climate Change Research Projects: A guidebook for natural and physical scientists looking to make a difference. The University of Arizona, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/10150.658313.

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As scientists, we aim to generate new knowledge and insights about the world around us. We often measure the impacts of our research by how many times our colleagues reference our work, an indicator that our research has contributed something new and important to our field of study. But how does our research contribute to solving the complex societal and environmental challenges facing our communities and our planet? The goal of this guidebook is to illuminate the path toward greater societal impact, with a particular focus on this work within the natural and physical sciences. We were inspired to create this guidebook after spending a collective 20+ years working in programs dedicated to moving climate science into action. We have seen firsthand how challenging and rewarding the work is. We’ve also seen that this applied, engaged work often goes unrecognized and unrewarded in academia. Projects and programs struggle with the expectation of connecting science with decision making because the skills necessary for this work aren’t taught as part of standard academic training. While this guidebook cannot close all of the gaps between climate science and decision making, we hope it provides our community of impact-driven climate scientists with new perspectives and tools. The guidebook offers tested and proven approaches for planning projects that optimize engagement with societal partners, for identifying new ways of impacting the world beyond academia, and for developing the skills to assess and communicate these impacts to multiple audiences including the general public, colleagues, and elected leaders.
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Niles, John, and J. M. Pogodzinski. TOD and Park-and-Ride: Which is Appropriate Where? Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1820.

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Despite the sharp drop in transit ridership throughout the USA that began in March 2020, two different uses of land near transit stations continue to be implemented in the United States to promote ridership. Since 2010, transit agencies have given priority to multi-family residential construction referred to as transit oriented development (TOD), with an emphasis on housing affordability. In second place for urban planners but popular with suburban commuters is free or inexpensive parking near rail or bus transit centers, known as park-and-ride (PnR). Sometimes, TOD and PnR are combined in the same development. Public policy seeks to gain high community value from both of these land uses, and there is public interest in understanding the circumstances and locations where one of these two uses should be emphasized over the other. Multiple justifications for each are offered in the professional literature and reviewed in this report. Fundamental to the strategic decision making necessary to allocate public resources toward one use or the other is a determination of the degree to which each approach generates transit ridership. In the research reported here, econometric analysis of GIS data for transit stops, PnR locations, and residential density was employed to measure their influence on transit boardings for samples of transit stops at the main transit agencies in Seattle, Los Angeles, and San José. Results from all three cities indicate that adding 100 parking spaces close to a transit stop has a larger marginal impact than adding 100 housing units. Previous academic research estimating the higher ridership generation per floor area of PnR compared to multi-family TOD housing makes this show of strength for parking an expected finding. At the same time, this report reviews several common public policy justifications for TOD as a preferred land development emphasis near transit stations, such as revenue generation for the transit agency and providing a location for below-market affordable housing where occupants do not need to have a car. If increasing ridership is important for a transit agency, then parking for customers who want to drive to a station is an important option. There may also be additional benefits for park-and-ride in responding to the ongoing pandemic.
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Kwon, Jaymin, Yushin Ahn, and Steve Chung. Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Roadside Transportation Related Air Quality (STARTRAQ) and Neighborhood Characterization. Mineta Transportation Institute, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2010.

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To promote active transportation modes (such as bike ride and walking), and to create safer communities for easier access to transit, it is essential to provide consolidated data-driven transportation information to the public. The relevant and timely information from data facilitates the improvement of decision-making processes for the establishment of public policy and urban planning for sustainable growth, and for promoting public health in the region. For the characterization of the spatial variation of transportation-emitted air pollution in the Fresno/Clovis neighborhood in California, various species of particulate matters emitted from traffic sources were measured using real-time monitors and GPS loggers at over 100 neighborhood walking routes within 58 census tracts from the previous research, Children’s Health to Air Pollution Study - San Joaquin Valley (CHAPS-SJV). Roadside air pollution data show that PM2.5, black carbon, and PAHs were significantly elevated in the neighborhood walking air samples compared to indoor air or the ambient monitoring station in the Central Fresno area due to the immediate source proximity. The simultaneous parallel measurements in two neighborhoods which are distinctively different areas (High diesel High poverty vs. Low diesel Low poverty) showed that the higher pollution levels were observed when more frequent vehicular activities were occurring around the neighborhoods. Elevated PM2.5 concentrations near the roadways were evident with a high volume of traffic and in regions with more unpaved areas. Neighborhood walking air samples were influenced by immediate roadway traffic conditions, such as encounters with diesel trucks, approaching in close proximity to freeways and/or busy roadways, passing cigarette smokers, and gardening activity. The elevated black carbon concentrations occur near the highway corridors and regions with high diesel traffic and high industry. This project provides consolidated data-driven transportation information to the public including: 1. Transportation-related particle pollution data 2. Spatial analyses of geocoded vehicle emissions 3. Neighborhood characterization for the built environment such as cities, buildings, roads, parks, walkways, etc.
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Financial Stability Report - First Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.1sem.eng-2020.

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In the face of the multiple shocks currently experienced by the domestic economy (resulting from the drop in oil prices and the appearance of a global pandemic), the Colombian financial system is in a position of sound solvency and adequate liquidity. At the same time, credit quality has been recovering and the exposure of credit institutions to firms with currency mismatches has declined relative to previous episodes of sudden drops in oil prices. These trends are reflected in the recent fading of red and blue tonalities in the performance and credit risk segments of the risk heatmaps in Graphs A and B.1 Naturally, the sudden, unanticipated change in macroeconomic conditions has caused the appearance of vulnerabilities for short-term financial stability. These vulnerabilities require close and continuous monitoring on the part of economic authorities. The main vulnerability is the response of credit and credit risk to a potential, temporarily extreme macroeconomic situation in the context of: (i) recently increased exposure of some banks to household sector, and (ii) reductions in net interest income that have led to a decline in the profitability of the banking business in the recent past. Furthermore, as a consequence of greater uncertainty and risk aversion, occasional problems may arise in the distribution of liquidity between agents and financial markets. With regards to local markets, spikes have been registered in the volatility of public and private fixed income securities in recent weeks that are consistent with the behavior of the international markets and have had a significant impact on the liquidity of those instruments (red portions in the most recent past of some market risk items on the map in Graph A). In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to those vulnerabilities, this Report presents a stress test that evaluates the resilience of credit institutions in the event of a hypothetical scenario thatseeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The scenario assumes a hypothetical negative growth that is temporarily strong but recovers going into the middle of the coming year and has extreme effects on credit quality. The results suggest that credit institutions have the ability to withstand a significant deterioration in economic conditions in the short term. Even though there could be a strong impact on credit, liquidity, and profitability under the scenario being considered, aggregate capital ratios would probably remain at above their regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. In this context, the recent measures taken by both Banco de la República and the Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia that are intended to help preserve the financial stability of the Colombian economy become highly relevant. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system’s security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth functioning of the payment system. Juan José Echavarría Governor
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Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2020.

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The Colombian financial system has not suffered major structural disruptions during these months of deep economic contraction and has continued to carry out its basic functions as usual, thus facilitating the economy's response to extreme conditions. This is the result of the soundness of financial institutions at the beginning of the crisis, which was reflected in high liquidity and capital adequacy indicators as well as in the timely response of various authorities. Banco de la República lowered its policy interest rates 250 points to 1.75%, the lowest level since the creation of the new independent bank in 1991, and provided ample temporary and permanent liquidity in both pesos and foreign currency. The Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia, in turn, adopted prudential measures to facilitate changes in the conditions for loans in effect and temporary rules for rating and loan-loss provisions. Finally, the national government expanded the transfers as well as the guaranteed credit programs for the economy. The supply of real credit (i.e. discounting inflation) in the economy is 4% higher today than it was 12 months ago with especially marked growth in the housing (5.6%) and commercial (4.7%) loan portfolios (2.3% in consumer and -0.1% in microloans), but there have been significant changes over time. During the first few months of the quarantine, firms increased their demands for liquidity sharply while consumers reduced theirs. Since then, the growth of credit to firms has tended to slow down, while consumer and housing credit has grown. The financial system has responded satisfactorily to the changes in the respective demands of each group or sector and loans may grow at high rates in 2021 if GDP grows at rates close to 4.6% as the technical staff at the Bank expects; but the forecasts are highly uncertain. After the strict quarantine implemented by authorities in Colombia, the turmoil seen in March and early April, which was evident in the sudden reddening of macroeconomic variables on the risk heatmap in Graph A,[1] and the drop in crude oil and coal prices (note the high volatility registered in market risk for the region on Graph A) the local financial markets stabilized relatively quickly. Banco de la República’s credible and sustained policy response played a decisive role in this stabilization in terms of liquidity provision through a sharp expansion of repo operations (and changes in amounts, terms, counterparties, and eligible instruments), the purchases of public and private debt, and the reduction in bank reserve requirements. In this respect, there is now abundant aggregate liquidity and significant improvements in the liquidity position of investment funds. In this context, the main vulnerability factor for financial stability in the short term is still the high degree of uncertainty surrounding loan quality. First, the future trajectory of the number of people infected and deceased by the virus and the possible need for additional health measures is uncertain. For that reason, there is also uncertainty about the path for economic recovery in the short and medium term. Second, the degree to which the current shock will be reflected in loan quality once the risk materializes in banks’ financial statements is uncertain. For the time being, the credit risk heatmap (Graph B) indicates that non-performing and risky loans have not shown major deterioration, but past experience indicates that periods of sharp economic slowdown eventually tend to coincide with rises in non-performing loans: the calculations included in this report suggest that the impact of the recession on credit quality could be significant in the short term. This is particularly worrying since the profitability of credit establishments has been declining in recent months, and this could affect their ability to provide credit to the real sector of the economy. In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to this vulnerability, this Report presents several stress tests that evaluate the resilience of the liquidity and capital adequacy of credit institutions and investment funds in the event of a hypothetical scenario that seeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The results suggest that even though there could be strong impacts on the credit institutions’ volume of credit and profitability under such scenarios, aggregate indicators of total and core capital adequacy will probably remain at levels that are above the regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. At the same time, the exercises highlight the high capacity of the system's liquidity to face adverse scenarios. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system's security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth operation of the payment systems. Juan José Echavarría Governor
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