Relevant bibliographies by topics / Clover Seeds

Academic literature on the topic 'Clover Seeds'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Clover Seeds":

1

Dubal, Ítala T. P., Ivan R. Carvalho, Vinícius J. Szareski, João R. Pimentel, Cristian Troyjack, Gustavo H. Demari, Giordano G. Conte, et al. "Growth and Vigor Analysis of Crimson Clover Seeds Obtained Through Different Seeds Size." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n2p548.

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The objective to evaluate the effect of the size of the crimson clover seeds under the vigor of produced seeds, as well the growth and development throughout the crop cycle. The work was conducted in the experimental area of the Plant Science Department of the Federal University of Pelotas, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It were used crimson clover seeds (Trifolium incarnatum L.), cultivar “Crimson Clover”. The seeds size effect affected the growth and the partition of the assimilated in the crimson clover plants, where medium size seeds raise the biomass accumulation in the different plants structures. Seeds of crimson clover produced from plants originated from different seed sizes did not presented difference in relation to the physiologic quality, seedling emergence and speed of emergence index.
2

Kruzhilin, I. P., T. N. Dronova, and V. V. Boldyrev. "Growing red clover for seeds with irrigation." Russian Agricultural Sciences 34, no. 2 (April 2008): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068367408020110.

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Montorsi, F. "First Report ofAscochyta rabieion Berseem Clover Seeds." Plant Disease 76, no. 5 (1992): 538B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-76-0538b.

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Taylor, GB, and MA Ewing. "Effects of extended (4-12 years) burial on seed softening in subterranean clover and annual medics." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 2 (1996): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960145.

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The effect of burial of seeds of 3 cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and 1 cultivar each of burr medic (Medicago polymorpha) and barrel medic (M. truncatula) that had experienced 1 summer at the soil surface was continued from 4 to up to 12 years. Seeds were situated at 2, 6 and 10 cm depth, as well as at the soil surface. Numbers of residual seeds were determined after each sampling occasion, the timing of which was varied between cultivars and depths of burial according to the progress of seed softening. The marked reduction in the rate of seed softening in all 3 clover cultivars with increasing depth of burial established during the first 4 years of the experiment was maintained. After 12 years, 37% of the Nungarin clover seeds that had been buried at 10 cm were still present as hard seeds. All residual hard seeds germinated readily after nicking with a razor blade. Seeds of both medic cultivars, that were slower to soften than the clovers at the soil surface, continued to show little effect of burial at 2 cm, or of burial to 6 cm in the case of Cyprus barrel medic. Species differences in response to seed burial are explained in terms of the effects of soil temperatures on the 2-stage seed softening process. The absence of an effect of shallow burial on the softening of medic seeds appears to be attributable to a lower optimum temperature for the first stage of seed softening than is the case for subterranean clover. Unfavourable temperatures for the final stage of seed softening can result in the accumulation of latent soft seeds, particularly in subterranean clover. These latent soft seeds will soften during the first summer/autumn after their return to close to the soil surface as a consequence of tillage. Whereas increased seed longevity as a consequence of burial in crop years can be advantageous in terms of legume persistence, particularly of clover, it can also be distinctly disadvantageous when it comes to cultivar replacement.
5

SAKANOUE, S. "Demography of red clover seeds in mixed-sown meadows." Journal of Agricultural Science 143, no. 2-3 (June 2005): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605005204.

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To clarify the reproduction probability of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in meadows for herbage cutting, the demography of this legume was studied in a meadow in the central mountainous district of Japan. The present study shows the demography of deposited red clover seeds in a meadow, where timothy (Phleum pratense L.) predominated and herbage had been harvested for making hay or silage in early June and late August of a year. The densities of deposited seeds, buried seeds and seedlings were monitored to determine their survival. Deposited seeds were collected using seed traps, buried seeds were monitored seasonally by sampling them from topsoil and seedlings were counted in ten permanent 1×1 m quadrats. Many permeable and hard seeds of red clover were deposited on the soil surface of the meadow during the mechanical operation of the second haymaking in mid- to late August. Of the population of deposited permeable seeds, 0·16 germinated and 0·84 were lost in the present autumn. Conversely, of the population of deposited hard seeds, 0·11 germinated in the succeeding spring, 0·83 were lost and 0·06 remained as hard seeds until the succeeding autumn. The deposited permeable and hard seeds could contribute to the persistence of red clover population when their seedlings survived for seed setting in the meadow.
6

Norman, Hayley C., Philip S. Cocks, and Nick W. Galwey. "Annual clovers (Trifolium spp.) have different reproductive strategies to achieve persistence in Mediterranean-type climates." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 1 (2005): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03236.

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The aim of this work was to determine whether different species of annual clover (Trifolium spp.), obtained from the same environment, have different reproductive strategies (combinations of reproductive traits) to achieve ecological success. A better understanding of the traits that improve persistence should allow agronomists to narrow the selection criteria for new clover cultivars for ley-farming systems in southern Australia. Seeds of 18 annual clover species were obtained from 3 Australian and 6 Mediterranean sites and were subsequently grown in a common garden in Western Australia. Reproductive traits, including time of flowering, weight per seed, fecundity, pollen to ovule ratio, and pattern of seed softening, were observed. Accessions of different clover species from the same site of collection had different reproductive strategies. Across a range of collection sites, accessions of the same species demonstrated the same broad reproductive strategy; however, some traits, e.g. the timing of flowering, varied within species across collection sites. Principal component analysis suggested that there are 3 broad reproductive strategies demonstrated by these clover species. At one extreme were the relatively large-seeded clovers (T. subterraneum, T. clypeatum, and T. stellatum). The associated cost of these large seeds is reduced fecundity. The large-seeded clovers do not have high long-term hardseededness (the predominant form of seed dormancy in clovers). The relatively small-seeded clovers were all characterised by high fecundity. Many of the small-seeded clovers have high levels of long-term hardseededness, which allow the risk of failure to be spread across seasons (T. spumosum, T. hirtum, T. lappaceum, T. angustifolium, and T. tomentosum). Some of the small-seeded clovers (T. glomeratum, T. nigrescens, T. campestre, T. cernuum, and T. suffocatum) are generalists, producing as many seeds as possible in each season, with very little hardseededness. There are several possible explanations for the apparent success of such different reproductive strategies among clover accessions of different species at the same site. A plant may achieve the same goal by trading one reproductive trait for another. For example, it may either produce many small seeds to spread the risk of failure or produce fewer large seeds with an inherent competitive advantage. Alternatively, temporal and spatial variation may favour clovers with a number of different reproductive strategies. It is likely that a mixture of species with different reproductive strategies will maximise production and persistence of legume-based pastures in ley-farming systems.
7

Santos, Lucian A. dos, Ivan R. Carvalho, Carolina C. Pinto, Vinícius J. Szareski, Jainara F. Netto, Letícia R. de Medeiros, Andréa B. N. Martins, et al. "Electrical Conductivity Test for Measurement of White Clover Seeds Vigor." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 12 (July 31, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n12p40.

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This study aimed to evaluate the physiological performance of white clover seed lots of different tegument colours, besides to analyses the electrical conductivity test methodology with different seeds number, water volume and soaking periods. The experiment was developed at the Seed Didactic Laboratory in the Agronomy College “Eliseu Maciel” at the Federal University of Pelotas, in Pelotas-RS, Brazil. White clover seeds were manually separate, composing four lots of different coloured seeds: yellow, orange, brown and mixed. White clover seeds of yellow colour tend to present greater physiological potential through its germination and vigour. The electrical conductivity test was not efficient on identifying different vigour levels in white clover seed lots.
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Varis, E., U. Peltola, and R. Kauppila. "Seed yield and seed quality of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in growing conditions of Finland." Agricultural and Food Science 62, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72928.

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Seed yield and overwintering of seeds of 22 Australian subterranean clover varieties were investigated in 1986 and 1987 at the Viikki Experimental Farm of the University of Helsinki. The seed yield varied remarkbly according to the variety and weather conditions of the two summers. Some varieties, such as Seaton Park, Woogenellup and Karridale, and during the summer of 1987 also the early variety Dalkeith, produced lots of seed. Some late varieties, e.g. Treeton, Tallarook and Esperance, produced very few seeds or no seeds at all. A considerable proportion of the seeds degenerated during the wet autumn conditions, by the end of October. Many seeds showed embryo dormancy, but complete dormancy or hard seeds were found only exeptionally. In spring 1988, some seedlings which had developed from overwintered burrs were found. There seems to be little hope of finding self-seeding subterranean clovers suitable for Finnish growing conditions.
9

Soares, Gabriela Saldanha, Scarlet Neves Tuchtenhagen, Luiz Antonio de Almeida Pinto, and Carlos Alberto Severo Felipe. "Isotermas de adsorção de umidade e cinética de secagem de sementes de trevo persa (Trifolium resupinatum L.) e trevo vesiculoso (Trifolium vesiculosum) ¬¬¬¬." REVISTA ENGENHARIA NA AGRICULTURA - REVENG 28 (December 24, 2020): 535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.13083/reveng.v29i1.9935.

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The aim of this work was to obtain adsorption isotherms and to study the drying kinetics of persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) and arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum) seeds, in addition, fitting the experimental data by the predicted models of the literature. The equilibrium moisture content and the moisture adsorption behavior were found by isotherms curves at 40, 45 and 50 ºC, and the Peleg model was the most suitable. The drying kinetics was determined by thin layer assays in an air parallel flow dryer at all three temperatures. In addition, it was demonstrated the predominance of the falling drying rate period for the two species of seeds, and the critical moisture content values were approximately of 0.20 and 0.25 gwater gdry matter-1 for persian clover and arrowleaf clover seeds, respectively. The effective diffusivity values were estimated in ranges of values of 3.61×10-11 – 6.81×10-11 m² s-1 for persian clover and 6.76×10-11 – 1.15×10-10 m²s-1 for arrowleaf clover seeds and the temperature effect was expressed by an Arrhenius relation. Thus, drying kinetics confirmed the greater difficulty in moisture removal from the arrowleaf clover seeds, compared to the persian clover seeds drying, in agreement with the results obtained through adsorption isotherms.
10

Gu, Chen, Alan D. Iwaasa, and Mengli Zhao. "Purple prairie clover seed viability and germinability after passing through the digestive tracts of yearling steers." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 99, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2018-0283.

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Endozoochory by cattle has been considered an important method for population self-regeneration; however, the effects of cattle digestive tracts on the viability and germinability of purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea Vent.), a native North American species, remain understudied. The experiment was conducted at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Swift Current Research and Development Centre in the semiarid prairie of western Canada. Purple prairie clover seeds extracted from cattle dung pats were tested for germination and compared with uningested and scarified seeds from the same paddock. The germination percentage (within 200 d) of the ingested seeds was 16.5% ± 0.8%, two times higher after passing through digestive tracts than uningested seeds (8.3% ± 1.2%), while 76.6% ± 1.5% of ingested seeds remained dormant. As many as 92.4% ± 0.9% of purple prairie clover seeds survived digestion due to their high hard seed rate (90.5% ± 1.0%), which was lower than the uningested seeds by 6.9%. Therefore, cattle dispersing purple prairie clover seeds with high viability and germinability is a low-cost method to increase and rejuvenate purple prairie clover for late-season grazing pastures.
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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Clover Seeds' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clover Seeds":

1

Morrison, Benjamin Anthony. "Assessing Potential Solutions to Mitigate Pollution from Neonicotinoid Seed Coatings." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101049.

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Thiamethoxam and clothianidin are two neonicotinoids used in seed coatings for crops such as corn and soybeans. Both neonicotinoids have high solubility in water, so they are prone to transport via leaching and runoff. This thesis is comprised of two studies that evaluated potential solutions to mitigate neonicotinoid transport from fields. The first study examined the relationship between soil organic carbon content and neonicotinoid transport in a field planted in soybeans. Soils with increased organic carbon leached less thiamethoxam and clothianidin during early growing season leaching peaks; however, at the end of the season, higher organic carbon content only decreased leached mass of clothianidin. The second study was to determine neonicotinoid uptake of different ground covers used as cover crops or edge-of-field buffer strips, as well as the partitioning of thiamethoxam and clothianidin throughout the plants. Ground covers, such as crimson clover, had the highest recovery of applied thiamethoxam, meaning that it may be a good candidate to retain this pesticide in fields. Thiamethoxam and clothianidin concentrations were higher in leaf tissues than in stems or roots, indicating that above-ground biomass removal may be an effective way to reduce neonicotinoid loading in the environment. From these studies, I concluded 1) practices that raise the amount of organic carbon in the soil may help decrease early-season neonicotinoid transport, resulting in lower concentrations in surrounding waterways, and 2) careful selection of plant species, such as crimson clover, may help reduce neonicotinoid transport in the environment, while potentially reducing exposure to beneficial insects.
Master of Science
Pesticides called neonicotinoids are commonly applied to seeds in row crops, such as corn and soybeans, before they are planted. These pesticides are highly soluble in water, which can lead to them exiting fields through runoff or leaching. This thesis is comprised of two studies that examined several potential solutions for decreasing the amount of neonicotinoids available for transport. The first study examined the relationship between organic carbon in the soil and neonicotinoids, and whether this relationship helps to retain neonicotinoids in a soybean field. Soils with high organic carbon content decreased the amount of neonicotinoids exiting the field during early growing season storms; however, at the end of the season, high organic carbon content only decreased losses for one of the pesticides studied. The second study was to determine which of six plant species and two mixes used as cover crops or buffers were the most effective at removing neonicotinoids from soil, as well as where in the plant these neonicotinoids go after uptake. Ground covers, such as crimson clover, had the highest recovery of applied neonicotinoids, meaning they would be good candidates for planting around fields. Ultimately, neonicotinoid accumulation was higher in leaves than in stems or roots, meaning that removing and disposing of leaves in an environmentally safe way could be an effective way to decrease neonicotinoid pollution. From these two studies, I found that 1) increasing organic matter in the soil can stop neonicotinoids from exiting the area it was applied in, and 2) careful consideration of plant species in or around the field may help intercept neonicotinoids before they exit the field.
2

Furuya, Hideto. "Comparisons of seed weight and seedling characteristics of diploid and autotetraploid red clover." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2001. http://etd.fcla.edu/etd/uf/2001/anp1600/fullmaster2.pdf.

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Prescher, Finnvid. "Seed orchards - genetic considerations on function, management and seed procurement /." Umeå : Dept. of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200775.pdf.

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Ennos, E. D. "An investigation of effects of management, plant selection and growth regulators on seed production of white clover (Trifolium repens L.)." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374753.

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Lall, Satinder. "Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of red clover extract and red grape seed extract on human adult malignant brain tumours in vitro." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2017. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/21543/.

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Gliomas are rare intrinsic brain tumours which account for 2% of all cancers. Glioblastoma multiforme is the most malignant malignant glioma form and remains incurable. The biological features which preclude successful therapy include heterogeneity, diffuse invasive patterns and angiogenesis. Despite, advances in current conventional treatments the median survival time is only 14 months. Hence there is a need to investigate novel therapeutic approaches which can be included alongside conventional treatment. One such approach is the use of micronutrients in the management of glioblastoma multiforme. This study evaluated the affects of two micronutrient extracts, red clover extract (RCE) and red grape seed extract (RGSE), on human adult malignant brain tumours in vitro. Four primary (or short-term) cell cultures derived from human brain tumour biopsies, an established cell line and normal human brain cells from an epileptic pateint were used to measure the cell viability, anti-invasive, anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic potentials, following 48-hour treatment with the IC50s of either micronutrient extract. Both RCE and RGSE exhibited similar affects on the glioma cell cultures. They both appeared to reduce cell viability, invasive potential and angiogenesis potential though did not appear to have any significant affect on the apoptotic portential of the glioma cultures. For example, incubation with 0.007-1ug/ml RCE caused a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of in viability of glioma cells but did not affect viability of normal astrocytes. Similar results were obtained for RGSE. These doses also resulted in a significant decrease in invasion and angiogenesis (p<0.05). Effects varied between cell lines but in general decreased by 50-60%. This suggests that both RCE and RGSE do affect the development of glioma cell cultures in vitro and warrant further study into the pathways in which this may occur.
6

Zasiura, Colette. "Characterisation and expression of pea lipoxygenase genes." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365059.

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Sausen, Darlene. "Eficiência nutricional ao fósforo de clones de batata." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3263.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The potato plant is highly demanding regarding the presence of phosphorus (P) readily available in soil solution. To achieve high yields of tubers, large applications of phosphate fertilizers are made, which consequently reduce the sustainability of the potato chain and cause possible environmental contamination. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the management of fertilizer use and develop potato clones that have high yield and quality, even in limiting conditions of P. In order to identify efficient clones in P acquisition and use, this study aimed to characterize the physiological aspects of potato clones under different levels of P availability and production systems available. In the first experiment, the Asterix, Atlantic, SMIC 148-A and SMINIA 793101-3 clones from micropropagated plants were grown in soilless system under low and high P level (2.32 and 23.2 mg P L-1) during the spring and autumn seasons of Rio Grande do Sul state. In the P utilization efficiency, we found that the potato clones differ between the spring and autumn season of Rio Grande in soilless culture system with the use of sand as substrate. Furthermore, we also compared the P efficiency of these clones between soilless system and field cultivation under low and high P level (70 and 560 kg P2O5 ha-1) in the spring crop. We observed that each clone responds differently to cultivation systems used as nutritional efficiency to P, and the closed cultivation soilless system with use of sand as substrate overestimates the responses of potato clones in relation to P availability. Nevertheless, we sought to differentiate micropropagated potato plants of plants produced from minitubers as nutritional efficiency to P in closed cultivation soilless system with use of sand as substrate under high and low P level again. The data suggest that the propagative origin of the potato plants interferes, in the biomass ratio between root and shoot, and in the harvest index and P utilization efficiency for all clones. The Asterix, Atlantic and SMIC 148-A clones suffer interference of the type of propagation material in use efficiency and P response, while the SMINIA 793101-3 clone is P efficient in the use of nonresponsive in fresh mass production and tubers total dry mass, regardless of propagativa type of the plants. Furthermore, the clones were also evaluated with plants from tubers when grown in pots with soil as substrate in low and high P level (0.025 and 0.11g kg-1) in a greenhouse, we observed based on the total dry mass, the SMIC 148-A and SMINIA 793101- 3 clones are efficient in the use of P, while Atlantic and SMINIA 793101-3 are responsive to the increase of P.
A planta de batata é altamente exigente quanto à presença de fósforo (P) prontamente disponível na solução do solo. Para atingir altas produções de tubérculos são feitas grandes aplicações de adubos fosfatados, reduzindo assim, a sustentabilidade da cadeia produtiva da batata, além de causar uma possível contaminação ambiental. Portanto, é preciso melhorar a gestão do uso dos fertilizantes e desenvolver clones de batata que tenham alto rendimento e qualidade, mesmo em condições limitantes de P. Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar aspectos fisiológicos de clones de batata submetidos a diferentes níveis de disponibilidade de P e sistemas de produção disponíveis para identificar clones eficientes na aquisição e no uso do P. No primeiro experimento os clones Asterix, Atlantic, SMIC 148-A e SMINIA 793101-3 provenientes de plantas micropropagadas foram cultivados em sistema fechado fora do solo sob baixo e alto nível de P (2,32 e 23,2 mg P L-1) durante a primavera e o outono do Rio Grande do Sul. Verificou-se que os clones de batata diferem quanto à eficiência de utilização do P entre os cultivos de primavera e outono do Rio Grande do Sul em sistema de cultivo sem solo com o uso de areia como substrato. Em outro momento, avaliou-se a eficiência ao P desses clones no cultivo fora do solo e à campo sob baixo e alto nível de P (70 e 560 kg P2O5 ha-1) na safra de primavera. Observou-se que cada clone responde de uma maneira diferente aos sistemas de cultivo utilizados quanto a eficiência nutricional ao P, sendo que o sistema fechado de cultivo fora do solo com o uso de areia como substrato superestima as respostas dos clones de batata em relação à disponibilidade de P. Ainda, buscou-se diferenciar plantas de batata micropropagadas de plantas produzidas a partir de minitubérculos quanto a eficiência nutricional ao P em sistema de cultivo fechado fora do solo com o uso de areia como substrato novamente sob alto e baixo nível de P. Os dados sugerem que a origem propagativa de plantas de batata interfere, tanto na relação de biomassa entre raiz e parte aérea, quanto no índice de colheita e na eficiência de utilização do P para todos os clones. Os clones Asterix, Atlantic e SMIC 148-A sofrem interferência do tipo do material propagativo na eficiência de uso e resposta ao P, enquanto o clone SMINIA 793101-3 é eficiente no uso e não responsivo ao P na produção de massa fresca de tubérculos e massa seca total, independente da origem propagativa das plantas. Os clones de batata também foram avaliados a partir de tubérculos em vasos tendo solo como substrato com baixo e alto nível de P (0,025 e 0,11g kg-1) em casa de vegetação, sendo observado com base na produção de massa seca total, que os clones SMIC 148-A e SMINIA 793101-3 são eficientes no uso de P, enquanto que Atlantic e SMINIA 793101-3 são responsivos ao incremento de P.
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Vieira, Francisco Elvis Ramos. "Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de cajueiro, clone CCP-76, em função da forma de colheita e do tempo de armazenamento." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2011. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/45.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work has as objective to evaluate the physiological quality of cashew seeds. Utilizing seeds physiologically ripe picked off from the crown of the plants and the seeds fallen under their crowns during a period of 30 days after the harvest from the crowns. The seeds from those two harvests were stored in room temperature in laboratory. The seeds were obtained during the harvest time of 2009 from 140 grown cashew plants from the CCP-76 clone, from an orchard in full production at the Maracaí Settlement, located in the Rural Area in the city of Ipiranga do Piauí. The experimental delineating was entirely randomized in a factorial scheme (7x2) with four repetitions with 25 seeds per treatment. The first scheme was constituted of the seed storage time (Zero, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days) and the second one of seed collection kind (plant and soil). The analyses were carried out in the Seed Analysis Laboratory and in the Green House of the Vegetable Science Department at Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), in Mossoró-RN, from September, 2009 to July, 2010. The germination percentage and the germination velocity index were evaluated in laboratory. At the green house, the emergency percentage, emergence velocity index, plant height, stalk diameter, leaf number, leaf area, and upper part dry mass. The storage affected negatively the seed vigor, but the seeds collected from the plants showed better physiological features, providing a greater emergence velocity index, stalk diameter, leaf number, plant height, leaf area, and upper part dry mass.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de cajueiro. Utilizando-se sementes fisiologicamente maduras coletadas na copa das plantas e sementes caídas sobre o solo durante os 30 dias seguintes à coleta na copa. As sementes provenientes dessas duas coletas foram armazenadas em ambiente natural de laboratório. As sementes foram obtidas durante a safra 2009 de 140 plantas adultas do Clone CCP-76, de um pomar em plena produção, localizado no Assentamento Maracaí, Zona Rural do município de Ipiranga do Piauí. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (7x2) com quatro repetições de 25 sementes por tratamento. O primeiro fator foi constituído pelo tempo de armazenamento das sementes (0; 30; 60; 90; 120; 150 e 180 dias) e o segundo fator pelo tipo de coletas das sementes (planta e solo). Os ensaios foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes e em Casa de Vegetação da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), em Mossoró-RN, no período de setembro de 2009 a julho de 2010. Em laboratório foram avaliados a porcentagem de germinação e o índice de velocidade de germinação. Em casa de vegetação foram avaliadas a porcentagem de emergência, o índice de velocidade de emergência, a altura de plantas, o diâmetro do caule, o número de folhas, a área foliar e a massa seca da parte aérea. O armazenamento afetou negativamente o vigor das sementes, sendo que as sementes coletadas na planta apresentaram melhores características fisiológicas, proporcionando maiores valores para índice de velocidade de emergência, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, altura de planta, área foliar e massa seca da parte aérea.
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Bernardi, Camila Motta Marin. "Desempenho de progênies e clones de Eucalyptus grandis hill ex. Maiden em sistema silvipastoril." Ilha Solteira, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154363.

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Orientador: Miguel Luiz Menezes Freitas
Resumo: Neste estudo objetivou-se estimar parâmetros genéticos e estatísticos para caracteres quantitativos nos primeiros seis anos de crescimento de progênies de Eucalyptus grandis em sistema silvipastoril; comparar a produtividade, estabilidade e adaptabilidade das progênies em diferentes idades e mensurar a produção de forragem e as características morfológicas e bromatológicas do capim Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk em crescimento livre no sub-bosque das árvores. Foram mensurados a altura (ALT), diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) e sobrevivência (SOB), aos 2, 3, 4, 5, e 6 anos após o plantio. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados desbalanceados com 150 tratamentos (147 progênies de Eucalyptus grandis e três clones comerciais: C041H, P4295H e H15), 26 repetições e uma planta por parcela, no espaçamento de 2,0 x 2,5 x 4,0 m. Para avaliação do capim foram coletadas amostras da área abaixo e entre as linhas duplas de E. grandis. Na análise individual, os clones comerciais tiveram praticamente 100% de seus indivíduos entre os primeiros 250 classificados, as progênies 25 e 162 apresentaram número significativo de indivíduos nesta classificação. Em relação a classificação dos genitores, ao longo dos anos, os clones C041H e H15 sempre ficaram entre as primeiras posições. Mas as progênies 25 e 162 superaram o clone P4295H nos caracteres ALT, DAP e VOL, com correlação alta e positiva entre os anos para ALT e DAP (>0,74). Houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos no ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective of this study was to estimate genetic and statistical parameters for quantitative traits in the first six years of growth of Eucalyptus grandis progenies in the silvipastoril system; to compare productivity, stability and adaptability of progenies at different ages and to measure forage production and morphological and bromatological characteristics of Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk in free growth in the understorey of the trees. Height (ALT), diameter at breast height (DAP) and survival (SOB) were measured at 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 years after planting. The experimental design was a randomized block with 150 treatments (147 progenies of Eucalyptus grandis and three commercial clones: C041H , P4295H and H15), 26 replicates and one plant per plot, at a spacing of 2.0 x 2.5 x 4 , 0 m. For evaluation of the grass samples were collected from the area below and between the double lines of E. grandis. In the individual analysis, commercial clones had practically 100% of their individuals among the first 250 classified, progenies 25 and 162 presented a significant number of individuals in this classification. Regarding the classification of the parents, over the years, the clones C041H and H15 always were among the first positions. But progenies 25 and 162 outperformed clone P4295H in ALT, DAP and VOL, with high and positive correlation between the years for ALT and DAP (> 0.74). There was a significant difference between the treatments during the evaluation years for the ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Batt, Peter J. "Building close and long-lasting relationships with focal customers : an empirical study of seed potato purchasing by Filipino potato farmers /." Curtin University of Technology, Muresk Institute, 2003. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14229.

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In the highlands of the Northern Philippines, a model of long-term relationships between potato farmers and their preferred seed suppliers is proposed. In the absence of any certified seed system that might provide some guarantee of seed quality, farmers prefer to transact with those seed suppliers with whom they have had some favourable prior experience. Such suppliers provide both the best quality seed and, since most farmers must borrow the capital to purchase the seed, the most favourable terms of repayment. As there is much uncertainty in the exchange, the farmer's relationship with their preferred seed supplier is based on trust. However, since the farmer's satisfaction with the exchange cannot be ascertained until after purchase, trust is antecedent to satisfaction. As satisfaction is derived from the economic benefits the farmer obtains, satisfaction will lead to the farmer's desire to maintain the relationship. Satisfaction is enhanced both by the seed supplier's willingness to extend credit and to provide information. As there is much variation between alternative seed supplier's offer quality, satisfaction will result in the farmer becoming more dependent upon that seed supplier who makes the best offer. Furthermore, having provided the farmer with financial assistance, seed suppliers will find that they have constrained their opportunities to use coercive influence strategies, for in the absence of any formal contract, farmer's may readily default on the loan. The use of coercive influence strategies will reduce both the farmer's trust in their preferred seed supplier and the farmer's desire to maintain the relationship.
While trust is more important in the transitional economies, critical problems emerge with the use of standardised item measures and scales developed in the industrial countries. Cultural specific adjustments are necessary to ensure social constructs such a trust are functionally equivalent. However, in the context of long-term relationships where satisfaction is also cumulative, introducing measures of both economic and social satisfaction have the potential to overlap with the generally accepted measures of trust.
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Books on the topic "Clover Seeds":

1

H, Clark George. Weed seeds commonly found in timothy, alsike and red clover seeds. [Ottawa]: Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.

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Clark, George H. Conditions of the trade in timothy, alsike and red clover seeds: Results of investigation, 1902. Ottawa: Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.

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Ontario. Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Producing Red Clover Seed in Ontario. S.l: s.n, 1985.

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Close, Karen. Unfinished women: Seeds from my friendship with Reva Brooks. Shanty Bay, ON: Inward Bound, 2002.

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Thomas, E. R. Analysis of two seed abundant clones of tomato. Manchester: UMIST, 1993.

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Lozano, Juan María. Praying even when the door seems closed: The nature and stages of prayer. Quezon City, Philippines: Claretian Publications, 1989.

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Lozano, Juan María. Praying even when the door seems closed: The nature and stages of prayer. New York: Paulist Press, 1989.

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Gregoriou, C. Review of cultural practices, seed production, and evaluation of varieties and clones of potatoes for the period 1965-1994. Nicosia, Cyprus: Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and the Environment, 1997.

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Lynch, Dermot. Disease elimination by tissue culture and testing of potato breeding clones: Final report. [Regina, Sask.]: Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food, 1995.

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Itoh, Keiko. My Shanghai, 1942-1946. GB Folkestone: Amsterdam University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9781898823230.

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It is 1942. Shanghai after Pearl Harbor. Newly-arrived Eiko Kishimoto, a twenty-year-old, London-educated Japanese housewife, settles into a privileged existence in the French Concession as a member of the community of the Occupying Power. Initially, her days are filled with high society lunches and dinners, race course and night club visits and open-air summer concerts, amidst an ebullient and remarkably cosmopolitan society that makes up Shanghai. But all is by no means what it seems. As war progresses, and Japan tightens its control within China, tensions mount, relationships unravel, and allegiances are questioned. It is not long before Eiko awakens to the meaning and implications of occupation for both her international friends and for Japanese civilians. Even her settled domestic life, with a growing family and close proximity to her beloved older sister, is threatened as Japan’s war efforts become more desperate and degenerate. Partly biographical – the author taking inspiration from her mother’s own war experiences in China – My Shanghai, 1942-1946 provides a fascinating insight into the Asia Pacific War as never told before, that is through the eyes of a young Japanese woman caught between her Christian values and loyalty to her country.
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Book chapters on the topic "Clover Seeds":

1

Taylor, N. L., and K. H. Quesenberry. "Seed Production." In Red Clover Science, 188–205. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8692-4_15.

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Ortiz Ríos, Rodomiro. "Seeds, Clones, and Perennials." In Plant Breeding in the Omics Era, 225–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20532-8_12.

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Gratwick, Marion. "Pests of grass and clover seed crops." In Crop Pests in the UK, 193–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1490-5_39.

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Petrauskas, G., J. Mikaliūnienė, E. Norkevičienė, G. Statkevičiūtė, and V. Kemešytė. "Breeding for Improved Seed Yield of Red Clover." In Breeding Grasses and Protein Crops in the Era of Genomics, 96–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89578-9_17.

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Watanabe, Hiromi, Katsunori Fujikura, Shigeaki Kojima, Jun-Ichi Miyazaki, and Yoshihiro Fujiwara. "Japan: Vents and Seeps in Close Proximity." In Topics in Geobiology, 379–401. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9572-5_12.

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Vleugels, T., I. Roldán-Ruiz, and G. Cnops. "Comparing Mitotic and Meiotic Tetraploid Red Clover Plants for Seed Yield." In Breeding Grasses and Protein Crops in the Era of Genomics, 39–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89578-9_7.

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Barrett, Brent, Ivan Baird, and Derek Woodfield. "White Clover Seed Yield: A Case Study in Marker-Assisted Selection." In Molecular Breeding of Forage and Turf, 1–10. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79143-2_22.

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Barrett, Brent, Ivan Baird, and Derek Woodfield. "White Clover Seed Yield: A Case Study in Marker-Assisted Selection." In Molecular Breeding of Forage and Turf, 241–50. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79144-9_22.

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Krikorian, A. D., and M. E. Scott. "Somatic Embryogenesis in Bananas and Plantains (Musa Clones and Species)." In Somatic Embryogenesis and Synthetic Seed II, 183–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78643-3_16.

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Corbucci, Hugo, and Alfredo Goldman. "Open Source and Agile Methods: Two Worlds Closer than It Seems." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 383–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13054-0_43.

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Conference papers on the topic "Clover Seeds":

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Buyankin, Nikolay, and Andrey Krasnoperov1. "Cutting of seed crops of meadow clover." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production23 (71). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-23-71-33-37.

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In the Kaliningrad region of a clover — the main component of long-term fodder herbs — quickly weaken, give few seeds and quite often completely drop out. Even in favorable conditions, in mixes of herbs of the second year of use, clovers there is no more than one third. One of the main reasons — damage by the stem clover weevil of Apion seniculus Krby. Escaping of the created situation is the developed package of measures on increase of seed efficiency of meadow clover in the Kaliningrad region, including cutting of stalks in a butonization phase.
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Золотарев, Владимир, Vladimir Zolotarev, Николай Переправо, and Nikolay Perepravo. "AGROBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF WHITE CLOVER CULTIVARS OF DIFFERENT ECOTYPES AT CULTIVATION ON SEEDS." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2019-21-69-57-61.

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The results of comparative evaluation of varieties of clover (Trifolium repens L.) of different ecotypes (VIC 70, Volat, Lugovik) on seed productivity in seed cultivation in the Central non-Chernozem region are presented.
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Kutuzova, Anel, Elena Provornaya, Ekaterina Sedova, and Nadezhda Tsybenko. "EFFICIENCY OF NEW VARIETIES OF BEAN GRASSES IN MEADOW FARMING." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-24-72-9-13.

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Based on the field experiment conducted in 2014–2019, it was found that the productivity of leguminous-grassy stands on sod-podzolic soil was increased by 97–120% compared to cereal grass on average over five years of use. The increase in the collection of edible feed per 1 kg of legume seeds was 1.2–5.1 thousand feed units for this period. Payback 1 ruble costs of seeds of legumes due to the conditionally net income reached 41–44 rubles when using alfalfa and 76–173 rubles when using creeping clover and meadow clover.
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Galazka-Czarnecka, Ilona, Ewa Korzeniewska, and Andrzej Czarnecki. "Influence of thin silver layers deposited by physical vacuum deposition on energy and sprouting ability of red clover seeds." In 2019 Applications of Electromagnetics in Modern Techniques and Medicine (PTZE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ptze.2019.8781738.

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Gurupatham, Sathish Kumar, Carson L. Wiles, and Navid Nasajpour-Esfahani. "THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CLOVE SEEDS." In 5-6th Thermal and Fluids Engineering Conference (TFEC). Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/tfec2021.bio.036300.

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Zolotarev, Vladimir. "Efficiency of fertilizer application on seed stands of birdsfoot trefoil." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2021-25-73-50-58.

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On sod-podzolic medium-loamy soils of the Central Non-Chernozem region of Russia with an average availability of mobile forms of phosphorus and an average close to low potassium content, high efficiency of using potash fertilizer together with phosphorus on birdsfoot trefoil seed crops was established. Effective doses of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, providing an increase in seed yield in the first year by 42–47% and, according to the aftereffect, in the second year by 17–33%, are the application of P30–60K90–120. Keywords: Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), seed herbage, phosphoric and potash mineral fertilizers, yield, seeds, sowing qualities.
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Zolotarev, V. N. "Desiccation of white clover seed stands is a guarantee of high seed yields." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-131.

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White clover has a biological feature of development to form a large amount of leaf-stem mass, so the main method of harvesting it is direct threshing with preliminary desiccation of seed stands using one of the based on the active substance Diquat contact agents.
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Scharnke, Jule, and Janou Hennig. "Statistical Analysis of a Set of Basin Waves." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49974.

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In a recent paper the effect of variations in calibrated wave parameters on wave crest and height distributions was analyzed (OMAE2010-20304, [1]). Theoretical distribution functions were compared to wave measurements with a variation in water depth, wave seed (group spectrum) and location of measurement for the same initial power spectrum. The wave crest distribution of the shallow water waves exceeded both second-order and Rayleigh distribution. Whereas, in intermediate water depth the measured crests followed the second order distribution. The distributions of the measured waves showed that different wave seeds result in the same wave height and crest distributions. Measured wave heights were lower closer to the wave maker. In this paper the results of the continued statistical analysis of basin waves are presented with focus on wave steepness and their influence on wave height and wave crest distributions. Furthermore, the sampling variability of the presented cases is assessed.
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"Stimulating effect of low-temperature plasma on seed germination characteristics of Red clover." In 2014 ASABE Annual International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20141914067.

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Kuzmin, Е. "Influence of cereals in mixed crops on seed productivity of white clover Lugovik in the North-East of the Russian Federation." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-127.

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creeping clover has been most widely used in meadow and pasture forage production in recent years. In recent years, more than 29 new varieties of meadow, hybrid, and creeping clover have been created with the most important ecological and biological characteristics and economically valuable traits. The article presents the results of studying the peculiarities of formation of seed herbage of white clover varieties Lugovik the second year of life, given the productivity of herbage and seed yield in variants of experience.

Reports on the topic "Clover Seeds":

1

Nair, Ajay, Kathleen Delate, Georgeanne Artz, and Corene Bregendahl. Assessing Nitrogen Credits from Clover Cover Crops and Effects of Seed Inoculation. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2791.

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Arnett, Clint, Justin Lange, Ashley Boyd, Martin Page, and Donald Cropek. Expression and secretion of active Moringa oleifera coagulant protein in Bacillus subtilis. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41546.

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Cationic polypeptide proteins found in the seeds of the tropical plant Moringa oleifera have coagulation efficiencies similar to aluminum and ferric sulfates without their recalcitrant nature. Although these proteins possess great potential to augment or replace traditional coagulants in water treatment, harvesting active protein from seeds is laborious and not cost-effective. Here, we describe an alternative method to express and secrete active M. oleifera coagulant protein (MO) in Bacillus subtilis. A plasmid library containing the MO gene and 173 different types of secretory signal peptides was created and cloned into B. subtilis strain RIK1285. Fourteen of 440 clones screened were capable of secreting MO with yields ranging from 55 to 122 mg/L of growth medium. The coagulant activity of the highest MO secreting clone was evaluated when grown on Luria broth, and cell-free medium from the culture was shown to reduce turbidity in a buffered kaolin suspension by approximately 90% compared with controls without the MO gene. The clone was also capable of secreting active MO when grown on a defined synthetic wastewater supplemented with 0.5% tryptone. Cell-free medium from the strain harboring the MO gene demonstrated more than a 2-fold reduction in turbidity compared with controls. Additionally, no significant amount of MO was observed without the addition of the synthetic wastewater, suggesting that it served as a source of nutrients for the effective expression and translocation of MO into the medium.
3

Ibáñez, Ana María, Sandra Rozo, and Maria J. Urbina. Forced Migration and the Spread of Infectious Diseases. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002894.

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We examine the role of Venezuelan forced migration on the propagation of 15 infectious dis-eases in Colombia. For this purpose, we use rich municipal-monthly panel data. We exploit the fact that municipalities closer to the main migration entry points have a disproportionate ex-posure to infected migrants when the cumulative migration flows increase. We find that higher refugee inflows are associated with increments in the incidence of vaccine-preventable dis-eases, such as chickenpox and tuberculosis, as well as sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS and syphilis. However, we find no significant effects of migration on the propagation of vector-borne diseases. Contact with infected migrants upon arrival seems to be the main driving mechanism.
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Niles, John, and J. M. Pogodzinski. TOD and Park-and-Ride: Which is Appropriate Where? Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1820.

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Despite the sharp drop in transit ridership throughout the USA that began in March 2020, two different uses of land near transit stations continue to be implemented in the United States to promote ridership. Since 2010, transit agencies have given priority to multi-family residential construction referred to as transit oriented development (TOD), with an emphasis on housing affordability. In second place for urban planners but popular with suburban commuters is free or inexpensive parking near rail or bus transit centers, known as park-and-ride (PnR). Sometimes, TOD and PnR are combined in the same development. Public policy seeks to gain high community value from both of these land uses, and there is public interest in understanding the circumstances and locations where one of these two uses should be emphasized over the other. Multiple justifications for each are offered in the professional literature and reviewed in this report. Fundamental to the strategic decision making necessary to allocate public resources toward one use or the other is a determination of the degree to which each approach generates transit ridership. In the research reported here, econometric analysis of GIS data for transit stops, PnR locations, and residential density was employed to measure their influence on transit boardings for samples of transit stops at the main transit agencies in Seattle, Los Angeles, and San José. Results from all three cities indicate that adding 100 parking spaces close to a transit stop has a larger marginal impact than adding 100 housing units. Previous academic research estimating the higher ridership generation per floor area of PnR compared to multi-family TOD housing makes this show of strength for parking an expected finding. At the same time, this report reviews several common public policy justifications for TOD as a preferred land development emphasis near transit stations, such as revenue generation for the transit agency and providing a location for below-market affordable housing where occupants do not need to have a car. If increasing ridership is important for a transit agency, then parking for customers who want to drive to a station is an important option. There may also be additional benefits for park-and-ride in responding to the ongoing pandemic.
5

Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2020.

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The Colombian financial system has not suffered major structural disruptions during these months of deep economic contraction and has continued to carry out its basic functions as usual, thus facilitating the economy's response to extreme conditions. This is the result of the soundness of financial institutions at the beginning of the crisis, which was reflected in high liquidity and capital adequacy indicators as well as in the timely response of various authorities. Banco de la República lowered its policy interest rates 250 points to 1.75%, the lowest level since the creation of the new independent bank in 1991, and provided ample temporary and permanent liquidity in both pesos and foreign currency. The Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia, in turn, adopted prudential measures to facilitate changes in the conditions for loans in effect and temporary rules for rating and loan-loss provisions. Finally, the national government expanded the transfers as well as the guaranteed credit programs for the economy. The supply of real credit (i.e. discounting inflation) in the economy is 4% higher today than it was 12 months ago with especially marked growth in the housing (5.6%) and commercial (4.7%) loan portfolios (2.3% in consumer and -0.1% in microloans), but there have been significant changes over time. During the first few months of the quarantine, firms increased their demands for liquidity sharply while consumers reduced theirs. Since then, the growth of credit to firms has tended to slow down, while consumer and housing credit has grown. The financial system has responded satisfactorily to the changes in the respective demands of each group or sector and loans may grow at high rates in 2021 if GDP grows at rates close to 4.6% as the technical staff at the Bank expects; but the forecasts are highly uncertain. After the strict quarantine implemented by authorities in Colombia, the turmoil seen in March and early April, which was evident in the sudden reddening of macroeconomic variables on the risk heatmap in Graph A,[1] and the drop in crude oil and coal prices (note the high volatility registered in market risk for the region on Graph A) the local financial markets stabilized relatively quickly. Banco de la República’s credible and sustained policy response played a decisive role in this stabilization in terms of liquidity provision through a sharp expansion of repo operations (and changes in amounts, terms, counterparties, and eligible instruments), the purchases of public and private debt, and the reduction in bank reserve requirements. In this respect, there is now abundant aggregate liquidity and significant improvements in the liquidity position of investment funds. In this context, the main vulnerability factor for financial stability in the short term is still the high degree of uncertainty surrounding loan quality. First, the future trajectory of the number of people infected and deceased by the virus and the possible need for additional health measures is uncertain. For that reason, there is also uncertainty about the path for economic recovery in the short and medium term. Second, the degree to which the current shock will be reflected in loan quality once the risk materializes in banks’ financial statements is uncertain. For the time being, the credit risk heatmap (Graph B) indicates that non-performing and risky loans have not shown major deterioration, but past experience indicates that periods of sharp economic slowdown eventually tend to coincide with rises in non-performing loans: the calculations included in this report suggest that the impact of the recession on credit quality could be significant in the short term. This is particularly worrying since the profitability of credit establishments has been declining in recent months, and this could affect their ability to provide credit to the real sector of the economy. In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to this vulnerability, this Report presents several stress tests that evaluate the resilience of the liquidity and capital adequacy of credit institutions and investment funds in the event of a hypothetical scenario that seeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The results suggest that even though there could be strong impacts on the credit institutions’ volume of credit and profitability under such scenarios, aggregate indicators of total and core capital adequacy will probably remain at levels that are above the regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. At the same time, the exercises highlight the high capacity of the system's liquidity to face adverse scenarios. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system's security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth operation of the payment systems. Juan José Echavarría Governor

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