Relevant bibliographies by topics / Clouds

Academic literature on the topic 'Clouds'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Clouds"

1

Koren, I., L. Oreopoulos, G. Feingold, L. A. Remer, and O. Altaratz. "How small is a small cloud?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 2 (March 28, 2008): 6379–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-6379-2008.

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Abstract. The interplay between clouds and aerosols and their contribution to the radiation budget is one of the largest uncertainties of climate change. Most work to date has separated cloudy and cloud-free areas in order to evaluate the individual radiative forcing of aerosols, clouds, and aerosol effects on clouds. Here we examine the size distribution and the optical properties of small, sparse cumulus clouds and the associated optical properties of what is considered a cloud-free atmosphere within the cloud field. We show that any separation between clouds and cloud free atmosphere will incur errors in the calculated radiative forcing. The nature of small cumulus cloud size distributions suggests that at any resolution, a significant fraction of the clouds are missed, and their optical properties are relegated to the apparent cloud-free optical properties. At the same time, the cloudy portion incorporates significant contribution from non-cloudy pixels. We show that the largest contribution to the total cloud reflectance comes from the smallest clouds and that the spatial resolution changes the apparent energy flux of a broken cloudy scene. When changing the resolution from 30 m to 1 km (Landsat to MODIS) the average "cloud-free" reflectance at 1.65 μm increases more than 25%, the cloud reflectance decreases by half, and the cloud coverage doubles, resulting in an important impact on climate forcing estimations. The apparent aerosol forcing is on the order of 0.5 to 1 Wm−2 per cloud field.
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Korshunova, N. N., and T. V. Dementieva . "Changes in cloud characteristics on the territory of Russia." Hydrometeorological research and forecasting 3 (September 30, 2023): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37162/2618-9631-2023-3-139-151.

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Such characteristics of the cloud cover as the frequency of cloudy (8-10/10) and clear (0-2/10) sky are investigated. The analysis of the seasonal frequency of these characteristics revealed some regional features. To be included in the national cloud monitoring system, the normals for the new base period of 1991-2020 for the average amount of total and low-level clouds, the frequency of cases with different sky conditions (clear, semi-cloudy, cloudy) for total and low-level clouds, as well as the frequency of various forms of clouds were calculated. Long-term changes in the frequency of clear and cloudy sky are analyzed, which revealed an almost universal decrease in the frequency of clear sky for the total cloud cover in all seasons. Keywords: total cloud cover, low-level clouds, cloud forms, cloudy sky, clear sky All-R
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Koren, I., L. Oreopoulos, G. Feingold, L. A. Remer, and O. Altaratz. "How small is a small cloud?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 14 (July 21, 2008): 3855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3855-2008.

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Abstract. The interplay between clouds and aerosols and their contribution to the radiation budget is one of the largest uncertainties of climate change. Most work to date has separated cloudy and cloud-free areas in order to evaluate the individual radiative forcing of aerosols, clouds, and aerosol effects on clouds. Here we examine the size distribution and the optical properties of small, sparse cumulus clouds and the associated optical properties of what is considered a cloud-free atmosphere within the cloud field. We show that any separation between clouds and cloud free atmosphere will incur errors in the calculated radiative forcing. The nature of small cumulus cloud size distributions suggests that at any resolution, a significant fraction of the clouds are missed, and their optical properties are relegated to the apparent cloud-free optical properties. At the same time, the cloudy portion incorporates significant contribution from non-cloudy pixels. We show that the largest contribution to the total cloud reflectance comes from the smallest clouds and that the spatial resolution changes the apparent energy flux of a broken cloudy scene. When changing the resolution from 30 m to 1 km (Landsat to MODIS) the average "cloud-free" reflectance at 1.65 μm increases from 0.0095 to 0.0115 (>20%), the cloud reflectance decreases from 0.13 to 0.066 (~50%), and the cloud coverage doubles, resulting in an important impact on climate forcing estimations. The apparent aerosol forcing is on the order of 0.5 to 1 Wm−2 per cloud field.
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Xia, Shuang, Alberto Mestas-Nuñez, Hongjie Xie, Jiakui Tang, and Rolando Vega. "Characterizing Variability of Solar Irradiance in San Antonio, Texas Using Satellite Observations of Cloudiness." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10122016.

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Since the main attenuation of solar irradiance reaching the earth’s surface is due to clouds, it has been hypothesized that global horizontal irradiance attenuation and its temporal variability at a given location could be characterized simply by cloud properties at that location. This hypothesis is tested using global horizontal irradiance measurements at two stations in San Antonio, Texas, and satellite estimates of cloud types and cloud layers from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Surface and Insolation Product. A modified version of an existing solar attenuation variability index, albeit having a better physical foundation, is used. The analysis is conducted for different cloud conditions and solar elevations. It is found that under cloudy-sky conditions, there is less attenuation under water clouds than those under opaque ice clouds (optically thick ice clouds) and multilayered clouds. For cloud layers, less attenuation was found for the low/mid layers than for the high layer. Cloud enhancement occurs more frequently for water clouds and less frequently for mixed phase and cirrus clouds and it occurs with similar frequency at all three levels. The temporal variability of solar attenuation is found to decrease with an increasing temporal sampling interval and to be largest for water clouds and smallest for multilayered and partly cloudy conditions. This work presents a first step towards estimating solar energy potential in the San Antonio area indirectly using available estimates of cloudiness from GOES satellites.
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Li, J., Z. Wu, Z. Hu, Y. Zhang, and M. Molinier. "AUTOMATIC CLOUD DETECTION METHOD BASED ON GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORKS IN REMOTE SENSING IMAGES." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-2-2020 (August 3, 2020): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-2-2020-885-2020.

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Abstract. Clouds in optical remote sensing images seriously affect the visibility of background pixels and greatly reduce the availability of images. It is necessary to detect clouds before processing images. In this paper, a novel cloud detection method based on attentive generative adversarial network (Auto-GAN) is proposed for cloud detection. Our main idea is to inject visual attention into the domain transformation to detect clouds automatically. First, we use a discriminator (D) to distinguish between cloudy and cloud free images. Then, a segmentation network is used to detect the difference between cloudy and cloud-free images (i.e. clouds). Last, a generator (G) is used to fill in the different regions in cloud image in order to confuse the discriminator. Auto-GAN only requires images and their labels (1 for a cloud-free image, 0 for a cloudy image) in the training phase which is more time-saving to acquire than existing methods based on CNNs that require pixel-level labels. Auto-GAN is applied to cloud detection in Sentinel-2A Level 1C imagery. The results indicate that Auto-GAN method performs well in cloud detection over different land surfaces.
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Sanchez, Adriana, Nicole M. Hughes, and William K. Smith. "Importance of natural cloud regimes to ecophysiology in the alpine species, Caltha leptosepala and Arnica parryi, Snowy Range Mountains, southeast Wyoming, USA." Functional Plant Biology 42, no. 2 (2015): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14096.

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The south-central Rocky Mountains, USA, are characterised by a dry, continental mesoclimate with typical convective cloud formation during the afternoon. Little is known about the specific influence of such predictable cloud patterns on the microclimate and ecophysiology of associated species. During the summer of 2012, days with afternoon clouds were most common (50% of all days) compared with completely clear (24%) or cloudy days (6.5%). In two representative alpine species, Caltha leptosepala DC. and Arnica parryi A. Gray, fully overcast days reduced mean daily photosynthesis (A) by nearly 50% relative to fully clear days. Mean afternoon A was significantly lower on fully cloudy days relative to days with afternoon clouds only or no clouds in both species. Notably, A did not differ during afternoon cloud days relative to clear afternoons. Afternoon clouds significantly reduced transpiration (E) in C. leptosepala relative to clear days, and both species showed mean reductions in plant water stress (i.e. higher Ψ), though this difference was not significant. Water use efficiency (WUE) (A/E) decreased from morning to afternoon, especially on cloudy days, and the presence of clouds had a positive effect on the light reactions of photosynthesis based on fluorescence measurements (Fv′/Fm′), in both species. Cloudy days were characterised by higher Fv/Fm than afternoon clouds and clear days during both the morning and the afternoon (especially for A. parryi) and recovery to near pre-dawn values for cloudy and afternoon cloud day types, but not clear days. Overall, similar ecophysiological advantages of this typical afternoon cloud pattern was apparent in both species, although their spatial microsite differences related to winter snow accumulation may also play an important role.
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Balmes, Kelly, and Qiang Fu. "An Investigation of Optically Very Thin Ice Clouds from Ground-Based ARM Raman Lidars." Atmosphere 9, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9110445.

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Optically very thin ice clouds from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) and ground-based Raman lidars (RL) at the atmospheric radiation measurement (ARM) sites of the Southern Great Plains (SGP) and Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) are analyzed. The optically very thin ice clouds, with ice cloud column optical depths below 0.01, are about 23% of the transparent ice-cloudy profiles from the RL, compared to 4–7% from CALIPSO. The majority (66–76%) of optically very thin ice clouds from the RLs are found to be adjacent to ice clouds with ice cloud column optical depths greater than 0.01. The temporal structure of RL-observed optically very thin ice clouds indicates a clear sky–cloud continuum. Global cloudiness estimates from CALIPSO observations leveraged with high-sensitivity RL observations suggest that CALIPSO may underestimate the global cloud fraction when considering optically very thin ice clouds.
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Schulte, Richard M., Matthew D. Lebsock, and John M. Haynes. "What CloudSat cannot see: liquid water content profiles inferred from MODIS and CALIOP observations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 16, no. 14 (July 25, 2023): 3531–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3531-2023.

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Abstract. Single-layer nonprecipitating warm clouds are integral to Earth's climate, and accurate estimates of cloud liquid water content for these clouds are critical for constraining cloud models and understanding climate feedbacks. As the only cloud-sensitive radar currently in space, CloudSat provides very important cloud-profiling capabilities. However, a significant fraction of clouds is missed by CloudSat because they are either too thin or too close to the Earth's surface. We find that the CloudSat Radar-Visible Optical Depth Cloud Water Content Product, 2B-CWC-RVOD, misses about 73 % of nonprecipitating liquid cloudy pixels and about 63 % of total nonprecipitating liquid cloud water content compared to coincident Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations. Those percentages increase to 84 % and 69 %, respectively, if MODIS “partly cloudy” pixels are included. We develop a method, based on adiabatic parcel theory but modified to account for the fact that observed clouds are often subadiabatic, to estimate profiles of cloud liquid water content based on MODIS observations of cloud-top effective radius and cloud optical depth combined with lidar observations of cloud-top height. We find that, for cloudy pixels that are detected by CloudSat, the resulting subadiabatic profiles of cloud water are similar to what is retrieved from CloudSat. For cloudy pixels that are not detected by CloudSat, the subadiabatic profiles can be used to supplement the CloudSat profiles, recovering much of the missing cloud water and generating realistic-looking merged profiles of cloud water. Adding this missing cloud water to the CWC-RVOD product increases the mean cloud liquid water path by 228 % for single-layer nonprecipitating warm clouds. This method will be included in a subsequent reprocessing of the 2B-CWC-RVOD algorithm.
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Su, Tianning, Youtong Zheng, and Zhanqing Li. "Methodology to determine the coupling of continental clouds with surface and boundary layer height under cloudy conditions from lidar and meteorological data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 1453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1453-2022.

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Abstract. The states of coupling between clouds and surface or boundary layer have been investigated much more extensively for marine stratocumulus clouds than for continental low clouds, partly due to more complex thermodynamic structures over land. A manifestation is a lack of robust remote sensing methods to identify coupled and decoupled clouds over land. Following the idea for determining cloud coupling over the ocean, we have generalized the concept of coupling and decoupling to low clouds over land, based on potential temperature profiles. Furthermore, by using ample measurements from lidar and a suite of surface meteorological instruments at the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's Southern Great Plains site from 1998 to 2019, we have developed a method to simultaneously retrieve the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height (PBLH) and coupled states under cloudy conditions during the daytime. The new lidar-based method relies on the PBLH, the lifted condensation level, and the cloud base to diagnose the cloud coupling. The coupled states derived from this method are highly consistent with those derived from radiosondes. Retrieving the PBLH under cloudy conditions, which has been a persistent problem in lidar remote sensing, is resolved in this study. Our method can lead to high-quality retrievals of the PBLH under cloudy conditions and the determination of cloud coupling states. With the new method, we find that coupled clouds are sensitive to changes in the PBL with a strong diurnal cycle, whereas decoupled clouds and the PBL are weakly related. Since coupled and decoupled clouds have distinct features, our new method offers an advanced tool to separately investigate them in climate systems.
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Hutchison, Keith D., Barbara D. Iisager, Thomas J. Kopp, and John M. Jackson. "Distinguishing Aerosols from Clouds in Global, Multispectral Satellite Data with Automated Cloud Classification Algorithms." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 25, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 501–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jtecha1004.1.

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Abstract A new approach is presented to distinguish between clouds and heavy aerosols with automated cloud classification algorithms developed for the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) program. These new procedures exploit differences in both spectral and textural signatures between clouds and aerosols to isolate pixels originally classified as cloudy by the Visible/Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) cloud mask algorithm that in reality contains heavy aerosols. The procedures have been tested and found to accurately distinguish clouds from dust, smoke, volcanic ash, and industrial pollution over both land and ocean backgrounds in global datasets collected by NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. This new methodology relies strongly upon data collected in the 0.412-μm bandpass, where smoke has a maximum reflectance in the VIIRS bands while dust simultaneously has a minimum reflectance. The procedures benefit from the VIIRS design, which is dual gain in this band, to avoid saturation in cloudy conditions. These new procedures also exploit other information available from the VIIRS cloud mask algorithm in addition to cloud confidence, including the phase of each cloudy pixel, which is critical to identify water clouds and restrict the use of spectral tests that would misclassify ice clouds as heavy aerosols. Comparisons between results from these new procedures, automated cloud analyses from VIIRS heritage algorithms, manually generated analyses, and MODIS imagery show the effectiveness of the new procedures and suggest that it is feasible to identify and distinguish between clouds and heavy aerosols in a single cloud mask algorithm.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clouds"

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Riley, Emily Marie. "A Global Survey of Clouds by CloudSat." Scholarly Repository, 2009. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/198.

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With the launch of CloudSat, direct observations of cloud vertical structure became possible on the global scale. This thesis utilizes over two years of CloudSat data to study large-scale variations of clouds. We compose a global data set of contiguous clouds (echo objects, EOs) and the individual pixels comprising each EO. For each EO many attributes are recorded. EOs are categorized according to cloud type, time of day, season, surface type, and region. From the categorization we first look at gross global climatology of clouds. Maps of cloud cover are subdivided by EO (cloud) type, and results compare well with previous CloudSat work. The seasonality of cloud cover is also examined. Focus topics studied in this thesis include: (1) mid-level clouds, (2) stratocumulus clouds, and (3) clouds across the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO). The mid-level cloud work found an unexpected frequency peak in EO top heights between 7-8 km in the tropics, further shown to correspond to a global peak in EO top temperature between -15°C ? -20°C. Hypotheses are discussed regarding cause of this feature. Stratocumulus clouds are defined as low-level (tops < 4.5 km), wide (width > 11 km) EOs. Stratocumulus cloud cover agrees (with understandable differences) with other estimates (ISCCP and CALIPSO). The seasonal cycle of stratocumulus over the main stratocumulus decks is examined. The Peruvian and Namibian decks have increased cloud cover in austral spring in 2007 vs. 2006, corresponding sensibly to sea surface temperature differences and changes in lower static stability. Looking at rain and drizzle statistics, wider EOs are found to drizzle more. Clouds across the MJO are defined relative to temporally filtered OLR data. Cloud cover (volume) doubles (triples) from suppressed to active MJO phases, with some shifts of the relative contributions of different EO types from the front to back of the MJO. Pixel statistics in dBZ-height space correspond to these cloud-type shifts. High anvils and low clouds in front lead deep convection followed by relatively lower anvils in the back.
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Fallas, German Vidaurre. "Characterization of mixed-phase clouds." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3275833.

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Ovtchinnikov, Mikhail. "An investigation of ice production mechanisms using a 3-D cloud model with explicit microphysics /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1997.

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Brooks, Christopher David. "Underwater Clouds Utilizing Private Cloud Architecture Aboard U.S. Submarines." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/7312.

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The Consolidated Afloat Network and Enterprise Systems (CANES) program was tasked with replacing computer networks afloat, to both improve productivity and functionality of the fleets Information Technology infrastructure. The program, in its first iteration, fails to include half the ships currently in service and is limited to a small number of specific platforms. Upgrading the existing software on the current platforms may pose a useful resolution to this issue. The computer networks on board submarines provide a good opportunity to explore how cloud computing could benefit older platforms. This thesis presents a proof of concept for the use of a Private Cloud architecture on board U.S. submarines and how improving computer networks may be possible by leveraging the currently installed hardware without requiring a complete system reconfiguration. We use the Ubuntu Server Private Cloud as a basic example to illustrate and explore potential benefits and limitations of the Platform as a Service (PAAS) model. The revised system is examined in terms of its application aboard a submarine and explores how it compares to previous network architectures, such as the Client/Server model. The Ubuntu model was chosen for its usability and robust features and because it is open source and free.
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Beletsky, Yuri. "Extragalactic molecular clouds and chemistry of diffuse interstellar clouds." Diss., lmu, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-105670.

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Beesley, John Anthony. "The climatic effects and requirements of arctic clouds /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10056.

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Ng, Alexander CB. "Decision Modelling and Optimization for Enterprise Migration to Clouds." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31719.

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Many enterprises are currently exploring the possibility of migrating some or all of their IT functionalities to public clouds with the objective of reducing their overall IT service costs or to open new business frontiers. Unfortunately, making such a decision is not a straightforward task; it requires a vigorous evaluation of the various benefits, risks and costs associated with the migration of their diverse business processes that comprise of their current IT services. Yet, this problem has received very little attention in the literature, mainly due to its interdisciplinary nature. This thesis aims at filling this gap by aiding the enterprises during the phase of making their cloud migration decision. The contributions of this work are twofold. First, a novel cloud-migration framework is introduced to guide the enterprises through a sequence of well-defined recommended analysis steps. These steps culminate with the formulation of the migration decision problem as a mathematical optimization one. The second contribution is a decision engine that efficiently solves this optimization problem. More precisely, the proposed framework gradually guides the enterprise to first identify the various business processes that are related to their IT services and then to determine the relationship and the communication needed among those processes. The identified inter-process communication represents an indicator of how tightly coupled these business processes are to each other. When outsourcing business processes, tightly coupled processes add a high communication cost and may introduce service latency if they are not co-located. As such, inter-process communication becomes an important input parameter that affects the migration decision. Enterprises can then determine to partially or completely migrate IT services to clouds. Furthermore, multiple vendors can be used for different services. However, when different vendors are involved, the communication cost between different processes increases. The objective is to maximize profit for an organization which includes lowering IT expenses in the long term without compromising data integrity or security. An optimization formula is finally constructed to help the enterprise determine which services to migrate given input parameters of the cost of doing business in-house, cost of outsourcing, and communication costs. Finally, a case study is utilized to demonstrate the performance of the proposed work by analyzing the process of migrating the services to clouds for an IPTV service provider. More specifically, the case study focuses on the content delivery network (CDN) within the IPTV provider’s infrastructure which is responsible for delivering contents to viewers. The CDN network can use the proposed profit-optimization formula to determine whether to utilize a cloud service or to use its internal resource to deliver the content. A performance evaluation from a simulation is presented to demonstrate the proposed profit-optimization formula can return a set of optimal mix of both internal and external services to maximize profits.
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Karlsson, Karl-Göran. "The use of a satellite-derived cloud climatology for studying cloud-aerosol processes and the performance of regional cloud climate simulations." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Meteorology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1364.

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The entry of satellite-derived decadal cloud datasets with homogeneous coverage in time and space enables studies not possible before. This thesis presents two such applications. The first study deals with cloud-aerosol processes and the second with an evaluation of cloud simulations from a regional climate model.

The first part of the thesis describes the used satellite-derived dataset based on imagery from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on the polar orbiting NOAA satellites. A method for cloud retrieval and the compilation of a 1991-2000 Scandinavian cloud climatology are described.

The second part reveals an intriguing anti-correlation between monthly mean satellite-derived cloudiness and the concentration of the cosmogenetic isotope Beryllium-7 in near-surface aerosol samples for three measurement sites in Sweden. Large-scale transport processes are suggested as the most likely physical mechanism for this behaviour but more complex relations to cloud microphysical processes are not ruled out.

The final part presents a thorough evaluation of cloud simulations of the SMHI Rossby Centre regional atmospheric model (RCA3). Several model-to-satellite adaptations are applied to avoid artificial biases of results. The study stresses the necessity to account for initial differences between observed and modelled clouds caused by satellite cloud detection limitations. Results show good agreement of modelled and observed cloud amounts while the vertical distribution of clouds appears largely different. RCA3 underestimates medium-level clouds while overestimating low- and high-level clouds. Also, the current use of the Maximum cloud overlap approach in the radiation scheme and an indicated excess of cloud condensate in modelled clouds appear to create excessive cloud optical thicknesses with serious implications for the surface radiation budget.

Future applications are outlined based on greatly enhanced satellite-derived cloud and radiation budget datasets.

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Sotiriadis, Stelios. "The inter-cloud meta-scheduling." Thesis, University of Derby, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/299501.

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Inter-cloud is a recently emerging approach that expands cloud elasticity. By facilitating an adaptable setting, it purposes at the realization of a scalable resource provisioning that enables a diversity of cloud user requirements to be handled efficiently. This study’s contribution is in the inter-cloud performance optimization of job executions using metascheduling concepts. This includes the development of the inter-cloud meta-scheduling (ICMS) framework, the ICMS optimal schemes and the SimIC toolkit. The ICMS model is an architectural strategy for managing and scheduling user services in virtualized dynamically inter-linked clouds. This is achieved by the development of a model that includes a set of algorithms, namely the Service-Request, Service-Distribution, Service-Availability and Service-Allocation algorithms. These along with resource management optimal schemes offer the novel functionalities of the ICMS where the message exchanging implements the job distributions method, the VM deployment offers the VM management features and the local resource management system details the management of the local cloud schedulers. The generated system offers great flexibility by facilitating a lightweight resource management methodology while at the same time handling the heterogeneity of different clouds through advanced service level agreement coordination. Experimental results are productive as the proposed ICMS model achieves enhancement of the performance of service distribution for a variety of criteria such as service execution times, makespan, turnaround times, utilization levels and energy consumption rates for various inter-cloud entities, e.g. users, hosts and VMs. For example, ICMS optimizes the performance of a non-meta-brokering inter-cloud by 3%, while ICMS with full optimal schemes achieves 9% optimization for the same configurations. The whole experimental platform is implemented into the inter-cloud Simulation toolkit (SimIC) developed by the author, which is a discrete event simulation framework.
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Smith, Helen. "Scattering ice clouds." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/scattering-ice-clouds(949032cc-fbdd-4fde-a942-163d870a5ddd).html.

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The 2013 meeting of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that the coupling of clouds to the Earth's climate is one of the biggest uncertainties faced in predicting climate change today. Cirrus clouds are of particular interest because the extensive variability in particle size, shape and complexity poses a number of challenges in the accurate modelling of optical properties. The dependence of the single-scattering properties on particle shape demand accurate representation of the crystal geometries in scattering models, geometries which can vary from simple hexagonal prisms to complex multi-branched aggregates. This work, presented as a series of papers, uses laboratory studies to investigate the single scattering properties of ice crystals. Of particular focus here are columns with internal cavities. The first paper investigates the phase function, P11 and asymmetry parameter, g of varying crystal habits, whilst the second paper focuses on polarised scattering. One of the main findings is the difference in internal structure between hollow columns grown at warmer temperatures (-7 degrees C) and those grown at colder temperatures (-30 degrees C). Measurements were used to create new particle geometries for use in scattering models. The third paper makes use of findings from papers 1 & 2 to create an optical parametrization for cirrus, utilizing the new particle geometry.
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Books on the topic "Clouds"

1

Lawrence, Ellen. What are clouds? New York, N.Y: Bearport Pub., 2012.

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Lowery, Lawrence F. Clouds, rain, clouds again. Arlington, Virginia: NSTA Press, National Science Teachers Association, 2013.

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illustrator, Catlett Stephanie, ed. Little Cloud and the bully clouds. Sugar Land, Texas: Appelbaum Training Institute, Inc., 2013.

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McAuliffe, Bill. Clouds. Mankato, MN: Creative Education, 2010.

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Flanagan, Alice K. Clouds. Mankato, Minn: Child's World, 2010.

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Hessell, Jenny. Clouds. Santa Rosa, CA: SRA School Group, 1994.

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1967-, Meineck Peter, ed. Clouds. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub., 2000.

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1972-, Mai-Wyss Tatjana, ed. Clouds. Cambridge, Mass: Educators Publishing Service, 2000.

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(Belgium), Château du Roeulx, ed. Clouds. Arles: Actes sud, 2015.

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Vaughan, Marcia K. Clouds. Mt Eden, Auckland: Shortland Publications, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Clouds"

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Veikherman, Dmitry, Amit Aides, Yoav Y. Schechner, and Aviad Levis. "Clouds in the Cloud." In Computer Vision -- ACCV 2014, 659–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16817-3_43.

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Marley, Mark S., Lisa Kaltenegger, and Daniel Kitzmann. "Clouds." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 485–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_306.

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Marley, Mark S., and Lisa Kaltenegger. "Clouds." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 320–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_306.

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Rohli, Robert V., and Chunyan Li. "Clouds." In Meteorology for Coastal Scientists, 105–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73093-2_11.

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Marley, Mark S., Lisa Kaltenegger, and Daniel Kitzmann. "Clouds." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_306-3.

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Marley, Mark S., Lisa Kaltenegger, and Daniel Kitzmann. "Clouds." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 605–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65093-6_306.

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Slingo, A. "Clouds, Cloud Observations and Cloud Feedbacks." In Remote Sensing and Global Climate Change, 269–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79287-8_12.

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Morcrette, J. J., CH Jakob, and J. Teixeira. "Clouds and Cloud Water Prediction." In Numerical Modeling of the Global Atmosphere in the Climate System, 263–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4046-1_10.

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Chard, Kyle, and Simon Caton. "Social Clouds: Crowdsourcing Cloud Infrastructure." In Progress in IS, 191–217. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47011-4_11.

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Banafa, Ahmed. "Cloud-of-Clouds or (Intercloud)." In Quantum Computing and Other Transformative Technologies, 109–12. New York: River Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003339175-27.

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Conference papers on the topic "Clouds"

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Pilewskie, Peter. "Radiative properties of liquid-water and ice clouds." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.mf1.

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Most clouds in the lower and middle troposphere are optically thick to the extent that their pattern of scattered radiation bears little resemblance to the scattering pattern from a single water droplet or ice crystal. Photons at visible and near-infrared wavelengths that emerge from a thick cloud have been, on average, scattered several times and retain little memory of the angular dependence or even particle-shape dependence of scattering from a single particle. Indeed, single-scattering phenomena, such as the halo and corona, are not visible from optically thick clouds. However, even though most of the angular and wavelength dependencies of single scattering are washed away, radiation reflected by and transmitted through a thick cloud still holds clues to the cloud's physical makeup. Cloud particle thermodynamic phase and size, cloud optical depth, and water path can, at least in principle, be derived from the measurement of near-infrared spectral reflectance or transmittance because of the dependence of absorption in clouds on particle size and bulk water absorption coefficient. Thus far, efforts to infer cloud properties by means of near-infrared remote sensing have had only limited success.
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Rylko, Natalia, and Karolina Szymanska. "Structural investigation of clouds." In 38th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2024-0316.

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Clouds can be referred to as heterogeneous structures having various physical properties. The geometrical structure of a cloud is investigated by a method of structural approximation based on the structural sums. The method allows the classification of various types of clouds and quantitatively compares their characteristics related to physical processes in clouds.
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Hofstadter, Mark, and Andrew Heidinger. "Infrared Low-Cloud Detection." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1997.otub.5.

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Traditional infrared cloud retrieval algorithms, such as the Chahine method or the CO2 Slicing technique (Chahine 1974, Smith 1968), rely on recognizing the temperature difference between the ground and the cloud tops. For a low-cloud, however, the temperature difference is small, making it indistinguishable from the surface. As part of our work for the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), to be flown on the EOS-PM platform, we are developing an improved technique for the detection of low-clouds. It is based upon observations of the depth of narrow water vapor lines in an atmospheric window region. Compared to traditional methods, there is an extra factor (the water vapor amount) making the signal from a cloudy column different than that from a clear column, which increases our sensitivity to low-clouds.
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Švancárová, Nikola, and Miriam Jarošová. "Impact of clouds on the aviation." In Práce a štúdie. University of Žilina, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/pas.z.2022.1.22.

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The aim of the paper is to study concepts and types of cloud coverage and clouds itself. It also brings the different types of clouds and its effect on aviation closer to the reader. In the first part paper focuses on general concepts. Then it describes types of clouds and talks about them in detail. Next theme are radars and maps used in aviation to worn and tell us about the cloud coverage as its possible threats. In the last part, the paper shows us some maps and tells us about possible threats caused by clouds or vice versa its positive effects on the flights.
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Boers, Reinout, James D. Spinhirne, and William D. Hart. "High Altitude Lidar Observations of Marine Stratocumulus Clouds." In Laser and Optical Remote Sensing: Instrumentation and Techniques. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lors.1987.mc13.

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The present study describes the cloud top structure of an East Pacific marine stratocumulus cloud layer as observed from a downward-pointing lidar system aboard the NASA ER-2 aircraft. The lidar observations were coordinated with in situ observations of cloud parameters. These data are applied to study important statistical properties of the stratus clouds. The study of cloud top structures is highly relevant for detailed radiation budget calculations. Because large gradients in temperature and humidity exist near the cloud top, cloud top emmitted radiation varies significantly in the vertical. Precise knowledge of cloud top location allows for a precise determination of cloud top cooling and thus determines an important loss/gain in the atmospheric thermodynamic energy budget. Cloud top topography and periodic structures influence the solar reflectance and therefore the albedo of the clouds.
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Lynch, David K., John A. Hackwell, Ray W. Russell, Marek A. Chatelain, and A. Jay Palmer. "Thermal infrared spectroscopy of cirrus clouds." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.wl18.

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The manner in which cirrus clouds influence the radiation budget of the earth and atmosphere is poorly understood and yet is fundamentally important to the greenhouse and other climate and global change related topics. We have begun a program designed to obtain moderate resolution infrared spectra of cirrus clouds in the 2-14-μm region. Our goals are to measure the down-welling atmospheric radiation flux of the clear and cloud skies, obtain cloud emissivities and, with the use of models, extract the particle shape and size distributions. Observations to date have been made from Mauna Kea, Mt. Lemmon, Los Angeles, Boulder, and from NASA’s C-141 airborne observatory.
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Jeon, Myung-Hoon, Dong-Joo Choi, Byoung-Dai Lee, and Namgi Kim. "Meta-cloud: A cloud of clouds." In 2014 16th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT). Global IT Research Institute (GIRI), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icact.2014.6779089.

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Chandra, Deka Ganesh. "G-Cloud: The Cloud of Clouds." In 2012 2nd IEEE International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pdgc.2012.6449785.

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Ou, S. C., and K. N. Liou. "Remote Sounding of Surface Radiative Fluxes in Cirrus Cloudy Conditions." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1995.wb3.

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It has been long recognized that radiation and radiation perturbations play a critical role in the climate system (Liou 1992). Surface radiative fluxes are useful parameters for monitoring global change, for understanding of the effects of clouds on the radiation field, and for improving parameterization of surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. Monitoring of the radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere has been one of the prime satellite programs for the last 30 years. However, monitoring radiative fluxes at the surface over the globe from space cannot be performed in a direct way at the present time. In particular, since clouds are the prime regulators of the radiative fluxes, uncertainties in the retrieved cloud parameters, which are inputs to radiative transfer models, can introduce significant errors in the computed radiative fluxes. Thus, remote sounding of surface radiative fluxes in cloudy conditions requires the development of both satellite cloud retrieval scheme and radiation models.
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Dickson, David H. "LDV Comparative Wind Measurements in Clouds." In Coherent Laser Radar. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/clr.1987.wd1.

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Laser Doppler Velocimeter wind measurements are compared to the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory 300 meter tower. The beam filling influence of low clouds and fog is presented. Data for both clear and cloudy conditions is presented.
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Reports on the topic "Clouds"

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Albrecht, Bruce. Aerosol-Cloud-Drizzle-Turbulence Interactions in Boundary Layer Clouds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada531259.

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Albrecht, Bruce. Aerosol-Cloud-Drizzle-Turbulence Interactions In Boundary Layer Clouds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada532783.

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Albrecht, Bruce. Aerosol-Cloud-Drizzle-Turbulence Interactions in Boundary Layer Clouds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada541857.

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Albrecht, Bruce. Aerosol-Cloud-Drizzle-Turbulence Interactions in Boundary Layer Clouds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada574045.

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Albrecht, Bruce. Aerosol-Cloud-Drizzle-Turbulence Interactions in Boundary Layer Clouds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada575522.

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Albrecht, Bruce. Aerosol-Cloud-Drizzle-Turbulence Interactions in Boundary Layer Clouds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada598037.

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Albrecht, Bruce. Aerosol-Cloud-Drizzle-Turbulence Interactions in Boundary Layer Clouds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada557114.

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Kogan, Yefim L. Midlatitude Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Feedbacks in Marine Boundary Layer Clouds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada532932.

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Kogan, Yefim L. Midlatitude Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Feedbacks in Marine Boundary Layer Clouds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada541931.

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Kogan, Yefim L. Midlatitude Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Feedbacks in Marine Boundary Layer Clouds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada557145.

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