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Ashima, Ashima, and Vikramjit Singh. "A NOVEL APPROACH OF JOB ALLOCATION USING MULTIPLE PARAMETERS IN IN CLOUD ENVIRONMENT." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 17, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 7103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v17i1.7004.
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Cloud computing is Internet ("cloud") based development and use of computer technology ("computing"). It is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as a service over the Internet. This research deals with the balancing of work load in cloud environment. Load balancing is one of the essential factors to enhance the working performance of the cloud service provider. Grid computing utilizes the distributed heterogeneous resources in order to support complicated computing problems. Grid can be classified into two types: computing grid and data grid. We propose an improved load balancing algorithm for job scheduling in the Grid environment. Hence, in this research work, a multi-objective load balancing algorithm has been proposed to avoid deadlocks and to provide proper utilization of all the virtual machines (VMs) while processing the requests received from the users by VM classification. The capacity of virtual machine is computed based on multiple parameters like MIPS, RAM and bandwidth. Heterogeneous virtual machines of different MIPS and processing power in multiple data centers with different hosts have been created in cloud simulator. The VM’s are divided into 2 clusters using K-Means clustering mechanism in terms of processor MIPS, memory and bandwidth. The cloudlets are divided into two categories like High QOS and Low QOS based on the instruction size. The cloudlet whose task size is greater than the threshold value will enter into High QOS and cloudlet whose task size is lesser than the threshold value will enter into Low QOS. Submit the job of the user to the datacenter broker. The job of the user is submitted to the broker and it will first find the suitable VM according to the requirements of the cloudlet and will match VM depending upon its availability. Multiple parameters have been evaluated like waiting time, turnaround time, execution time and processing cost. This modified algorithm has an edge over the original approach in which each cloudlet build their own individual result set and it is later on built into a complete solution.
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Kalesse-Los, Heike, Willi Schimmel, Edward Luke, and Patric Seifert. "Evaluating cloud liquid detection against Cloudnet using cloud radar Doppler spectra in a pre-trained artificial neural network." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-279-2022.
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Abstract. Detection of liquid-containing cloud layers in thick mixed-phase clouds or multi-layer cloud situations from ground-based remote-sensing instruments still poses observational challenges, yet improvements are crucial since the existence of multi-layer liquid layers in mixed-phase cloud situations influences cloud radiative effects, cloud lifetime, and precipitation formation processes. Hydrometeor target classifications such as from Cloudnet that require a lidar signal for the classification of liquid are limited to the maximum height of lidar signal penetration and thus often lead to underestimations of liquid-containing cloud layers. Here we evaluate the Cloudnet liquid detection against the approach of Luke et al. (2010) which extracts morphological features in cloud-penetrating cloud radar Doppler spectra measurements in an artificial neural network (ANN) approach to classify liquid beyond full lidar signal attenuation based on the simulation of the two lidar parameters particle backscatter coefficient and particle depolarization ratio. We show that the ANN of Luke et al. (2010) which was trained under Arctic conditions can successfully be applied to observations at the mid-latitudes obtained during the 7-week-long ACCEPT field experiment in Cabauw, the Netherlands, in 2014. In a sensitivity study covering the whole duration of the ACCEPT campaign, different liquid-detection thresholds for ANN-predicted lidar variables are applied and evaluated against the Cloudnet target classification. Independent validation of the liquid mask from the standard Cloudnet target classification against the ANN-based technique is realized by comparisons to observations of microwave radiometer liquid-water path, ceilometer liquid-layer base altitude, and radiosonde relative humidity. In addition, a case-study comparison against the cloud feature mask detected by the space-borne lidar aboard the CALIPSO satellite is presented. Three conclusions were drawn from the investigation. First, it was found that the threshold selection criteria of liquid-related lidar backscatter and depolarization alone control the liquid detection considerably. Second, all threshold values used in the ANN framework were found to outperform the Cloudnet target classification for deep or multi-layer cloud situations where the lidar signal is fully attenuated within low liquid layers and the cloud radar is able to detect the microphysical fingerprint of liquid in higher cloud layers. Third, if lidar data are available, Cloudnet is at least as good as the ANN. The times when Cloudnet outperforms the ANN in liquid detections are often associated with situations where cloud dynamics smear the imprint of cloud microphysics on the radar Doppler spectra.
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Kalesse-Los, Heike, Anton Kötsche, Andreas Foth, Johannes Röttenbacher, Teresa Vogl, and Jonas Witthuhn. "The Virga-Sniffer – a new tool to identify precipitation evaporation using ground-based remote-sensing observations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 16, no. 6 (March 29, 2023): 1683–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1683-2023.
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Abstract. Continuous long-term ground-based remote-sensing observations combined with vertically pointing cloud radar and ceilometer measurements are well suited for identifying precipitation evaporation fall streaks (so-called virga). Here we introduce the functionality and workflow of a new open-source tool, the Virga-Sniffer, which was developed within the framework of RV Meteor observations during the ElUcidating the RolE of Cloud–Circulation Coupling in ClimAte (EUREC4A) field experiment in January–February 2020 in the tropical western Atlantic. The Virga-Sniffer Python package is highly modular and configurable and can be applied to multilayer cloud situations. In the simplest approach, it detects virga from time–height fields of cloud radar reflectivity and time series of ceilometer cloud base height. In addition, optional parameters like lifting condensation level, a surface rain flag, and time–height fields of cloud radar mean Doppler velocity can be added to refine virga event identifications. The netCDF-output files consist of Boolean flags of virga and cloud detection, as well as base and top heights and depth for the detected clouds and virga. The sensitivity of the Virga-Sniffer results to different settings is explored (in the Appendix). The performance of the Virga-Sniffer was assessed by comparing its results to the CloudNet target classification resulting from using the CloudNet processing chain. A total of 86 % of pixels identified as virga correspond to CloudNet target classifications of precipitation. The remaining 14 % of virga pixels correspond to CloudNet target classifications of aerosols and insects (about 10 %), cloud droplets (about 2 %), or clear sky (2 %). Some discrepancies of the virga identification and the CloudNet target classification can be attributed to temporal smoothing that was applied. Additionally, it was found that CloudNet mostly classified aerosols and insects at virga edges, which points to a misclassification caused by CloudNet internal thresholds. For the RV Meteor observations in the downstream winter trades during EUREC4A, about 42 % of all detected clouds with bases below the trade inversion were found to produce precipitation that fully evaporates before reaching the ground. A proportion of 56 % of the detected virga originated from trade wind cumuli. Virga with depths less than 0.2 km most frequently occurred from shallow clouds with depths less than 0.5 km, while virga depths larger than 1 km were mainly associated with clouds of larger depths, ranging between 0.5 and 1 km. The presented results substantiate the importance of complete low-level precipitation evaporation in the downstream winter trades. Possible applications of the Virga-Sniffer within the framework of EUREC4A include detailed studies of precipitation evaporation with a focus on cold pools or cloud organization or distinguishing moist processes based on water vapor isotopic observations. However, we envision extended use of the Virga-Sniffer for other cloud regimes or scientific foci as well.
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Pîrloagă, Răzvan, Dragoş Ene, Mihai Boldeanu, Bogdan Antonescu, Ewan J. O’Connor, and Sabina Ştefan. "Ground-Based Measurements of Cloud Properties at the Bucharest–Măgurele Cloudnet Station: First Results." Atmosphere 13, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091445.
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Data collected over a period of 18 months (December 2019–May 2021) at the Bucharest–Măgurele Cloudnet station were analysed for the first time to determine the macrophysical and microphysical cloud properties over this site. A total number of 1,327,680 vertical profiles containing the target classification based on the Cloudnet algorithm were analysed, of which 1,077,858 profiles contained hydrometeors. The highest number of profiles with hydrometeors (>60%) was recorded in December 2020, with hydrometeors being observed mainly below 5 km. Above 5 km, the frequency of occurrence of hydrometeors was less than <20%. Based on the initial Cloudnet target classification, a cloud classification scheme was implemented. Clouds were more frequently observed during winter compared with other seasons (45% of all profiles). Ice clouds were the most frequent type of cloud (468,463 profiles) during the study period, followed by mixed phases (220,280 profiles) and mixed phased precipitable clouds (164,868 profiles). The geometrical thickness varied from a median value of 244 m for liquid clouds during summer to 3362 m for mix phased precipitable clouds during spring.
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Kulie, Mark S., Lisa Milani, Norman B. Wood, Samantha A. Tushaus, Ralf Bennartz, and Tristan S. L’Ecuyer. "A Shallow Cumuliform Snowfall Census Using Spaceborne Radar." Journal of Hydrometeorology 17, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 1261–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-15-0123.1.
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Abstract The first observationally based near-global shallow cumuliform snowfall census is undertaken using multiyear CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar observations. CloudSat snowfall observations and snowfall rate estimates from the CloudSat 2C-Snow Water Content and Snowfall Rate (2C-SNOW-PROFILE) product are partitioned between shallow cumuliform and nimbostratus cloud structures by utilizing coincident cloud category classifications from the CloudSat 2B-Cloud Scenario Classification (2B-CLDCLASS) product. Shallow cumuliform (nimbostratus) snowfall events comprise about 36% (59%) of snowfall events in the CloudSat snowfall dataset. The remaining 5% of snowfall events are distributed between other categories. Distinct oceanic versus continental trends exist between the two major snowfall categories, as shallow cumuliform snow-producing clouds occur predominantly over the oceans. Regional differences are also noted in the partitioned dataset, with over-ocean regions near Greenland, the far North Atlantic Ocean, the Barents Sea, the western Pacific Ocean, the southern Bering Sea, and the Southern Hemispheric pan-oceanic region containing distinct shallow snowfall occurrence maxima exceeding 60%. Certain Northern Hemispheric continental regions also experience frequent shallow cumuliform snowfall events (e.g., inland Russia), as well as some mountainous regions. CloudSat-generated snowfall rates are also partitioned between the two major snowfall categories to illustrate the importance of shallow snow-producing cloud structures to the average annual snowfall. While shallow cumuliform snowfall produces over 50% of the annual estimated surface snowfall flux regionally, about 18% (82%) of global snowfall is attributed to shallow (nimbostratus) snowfall. This foundational spaceborne snowfall study will be utilized for follow-on evaluative studies with independent model, reanalysis, and ground-based observational datasets to characterize respective dataset biases and to better quantify CloudSat snowfall detection and quantitative snowfall estimate uncertainties.
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Zhang, Jinglin, Pu Liu, Feng Zhang, and Qianqian Song. "CloudNet: Ground‐Based Cloud Classification With Deep Convolutional Neural Network." Geophysical Research Letters 45, no. 16 (August 28, 2018): 8665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gl077787.
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Liu, Cheng-Chien, Yu-Cheng Zhang, Pei-Yin Chen, Chien-Chih Lai, Yi-Hsin Chen, Ji-Hong Cheng, and Ming-Hsun Ko. "Clouds Classification from Sentinel-2 Imagery with Deep Residual Learning and Semantic Image Segmentation." Remote Sensing 11, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11020119.
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Detecting changes in land use and land cover (LULC) from space has long been the main goal of satellite remote sensing (RS), yet the existing and available algorithms for cloud classification are not reliable enough to attain this goal in an automated fashion. Clouds are very strong optical signals that dominate the results of change detection if they are not removed completely from imagery. As various architectures of deep learning (DL) have been proposed and advanced quickly, their potential in perceptual tasks has been widely accepted and successfully applied to many fields. A comprehensive survey of DL in RS has been reviewed, and the RS community has been suggested to be leading researchers in DL. Based on deep residual learning, semantic image segmentation, and the concept of atrous convolution, we propose a new DL architecture, named CloudNet, with an enhanced capability of feature extraction for classifying cloud and haze from Sentinel-2 imagery, with the intention of supporting automatic change detection in LULC. To ensure the quality of the training dataset, scene classification maps of Taiwan processed by Sen2cor were visually examined and edited, resulting in a total of 12,769 sub-images with a standard size of 224 × 224 pixels, cut from the Sen2cor-corrected images and compiled in a trainset. The data augmentation technique enabled CloudNet to have stable cirrus identification capability without extensive training data. Compared to the traditional method and other DL methods, CloudNet had higher accuracy in cloud and haze classification, as well as better performance in cirrus cloud recognition. CloudNet will be incorporated into the Open Access Satellite Image Service to facilitate change detection by using Sentinel-2 imagery on a regular and automatic basis.
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Behrangi, Ali, Terry Kubar, and Bjorn Lambrigtsen. "Phenomenological Description of Tropical Clouds Using CloudSat Cloud Classification." Monthly Weather Review 140, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 3235–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00247.1.
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Abstract Two years of tropical oceanic cloud observations are analyzed using the operational CloudSat cloud classification product and Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) lidar. Relationships are examined between cloud types, sea surface temperature (SST), and location during the CloudSat early morning and afternoon overpasses. Based on CloudSat and combined lidar–radar products, the maximum and minimum cloud fractions occur at SSTs near 303 and 299 K, respectively, corresponding to deep convective/detrained cloud populations and the transition from shallow to deep convection. For SSTs below approximately 301 K, low clouds (stratiform and stratocumulus) are dominant (cloud fraction between 0.15 and 0.37) whereas high clouds are dominant for SSTs greater than about 301 K (cloud fraction between 0.18 and 0.28). Consistent with previous studies, most tropical low clouds are associated with lower SSTs, with a strong inverse linear relationship between low cloud frequency and SST. For all cloud types except nimbostratus, stratus, and stratocumulus, a sharp increase in frequency of occurrence is observed for SSTs between 299 and 300.5 K, deduced as the onset of deeper convection. Peak fractions of high, deep convective, altostratus, and altocumulus clouds occur at SSTs close to 303 K, while cumulus clouds, which have lower tops, show a smooth cloud fractional peak about 2° cooler. Deep convective and other high cloud types decrease sharply above SSTs of 303 K, in accordance with previous work suggesting a narrow window of tropical deep convection. Finally, significant cloud frequency differences exist between CloudSat early morning and afternoon overpasses, suggesting a diurnal cycle of some cloud types, particularly stratocumulus, high, and deep convective clouds.
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Schimmel, Willi, Heike Kalesse-Los, Maximilian Maahn, Teresa Vogl, Andreas Foth, Pablo Saavedra Garfias, and Patric Seifert. "Identifying cloud droplets beyond lidar attenuation from vertically pointing cloud radar observations using artificial neural networks." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 18 (September 21, 2022): 5343–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5343-2022.
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Abstract. In mixed-phase clouds, the variable mass ratio between liquid water and ice as well as the spatial distribution within the cloud plays an important role in cloud lifetime, precipitation processes, and the radiation budget. Data sets of vertically pointing Doppler cloud radars and lidars provide insights into cloud properties at high temporal and spatial resolution. Cloud radars are able to penetrate multiple liquid layers and can potentially be used to expand the identification of cloud phase to the entire vertical column beyond the lidar signal attenuation height, by exploiting morphological features in cloud radar Doppler spectra that relate to the existence of supercooled liquid. We present VOODOO (reVealing supercOOled liquiD beyOnd lidar attenuatiOn), a retrieval based on deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) mapping radar Doppler spectra to the probability of the presence of cloud droplets (CD). The training of the CNN was realized using the Cloudnet processing suite as supervisor. Once trained, VOODOO yields the probability for CD directly at Cloudnet grid resolution. Long-term predictions of 18 months in total from two mid-latitudinal locations, i.e., Punta Arenas, Chile (53.1∘ S, 70.9∘ W), in the Southern Hemisphere and Leipzig, Germany (51.3∘ N, 12.4∘ E), in the Northern Hemisphere, are evaluated. Temporal and spatial agreement in cloud-droplet-bearing pixels is found for the Cloudnet classification to the VOODOO prediction. Two suitable case studies were selected, where stratiform, multi-layer, and deep mixed-phase clouds were observed. Performance analysis of VOODOO via classification-evaluating metrics reveals precision > 0.7, recall ≈ 0.7, and accuracy ≈ 0.8. Additionally, independent measurements of liquid water path (LWP) retrieved by a collocated microwave radiometer (MWR) are correlated to the adiabatic LWP, which is estimated using the temporal and spatial locations of cloud droplets from VOODOO and Cloudnet in connection with a cloud parcel model. This comparison resulted in stronger correlation for VOODOO (≈ 0.45) compared to Cloudnet (≈ 0.22) and indicates the availability of VOODOO to identify CD beyond lidar attenuation. Furthermore, the long-term statistics for 18 months of observations are presented, analyzing the performance as a function of MWR–LWP and confirming VOODOO's ability to identify cloud droplets reliably for clouds with LWP > 100 g m−2. The influence of turbulence on the predictive performance of VOODOO was also analyzed and found to be minor. A synergy of the novel approach VOODOO and Cloudnet would complement each other perfectly and is planned to be incorporated into the Cloudnet algorithm chain in the near future.
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Casey, S. P. F., E. J. Fetzer, and B. H. Kahn. "Revised identification of tropical oceanic cumulus congestus as viewed by CloudSat." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 5 (May 17, 2011): 14883–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-14883-2011.
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Abstract. Congestus cloud convective features are examined in one year of tropical oceanic cloud observations from the CloudSat/CALIPSO instruments. Two types of convective clouds (cumulus and deep convective, based on classification profiles from radar), and associated differences in radar reflectivity and radar/lidar cloud-top height are considered. Congestus convective features are defined as contiguous convective clouds with heights between 3 and 9 km. A majority of congestus convective features satisfy one of three criteria used in previous studies: (1) CloudSat and CALIPSO cloud-top heights less than 1 km apart; (2) CloudSat 0 dBZ echo-top height less than 1 km from CloudSat cloud-top height, and (3) CloudSat 10 dBZ echo-top height less than 2 km from CloudSat cloud-top height. However, less than half of congestus convective features satisfy all three of these requirements. This implies that previous methods used to identify congestus clouds may be biased towards more vigorous convection, missing more than half of observed congestus and significantly misrepresenting the deduced relationship between congestus clouds and their surroundings.
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Wang, Yuanmou, Chunmei Hu, Zhi Ding, Zhiyi Wang, and Xuguang Tang. "All-Day Cloud Classification via a Random Forest Algorithm Based on Satellite Data from CloudSat and Himawari-8." Atmosphere 14, no. 9 (September 7, 2023): 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14091410.
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It remains challenging to accurately classify complicated clouds owing to the various types of clouds and their distribution on multiple layers. In this paper, multi-band radiation information from the geostationary satellite Himawari-8 and the cloud classification product of the polar orbit satellite CloudSat from June to September 2018 are investigated. Based on sample sets matched by two types of satellite data, a random forest (RF) algorithm was applied to train a model, and a retrieval method was developed for cloud classification. With the use of this method, the sample sets were inverted and classified as clear sky, low clouds, middle clouds, thin cirrus, thick cirrus, multi-layer clouds and deep convection (cumulonimbus) clouds. The results indicate that the average accuracy for all cloud types during the day is 88.4%, and misclassifications mainly occur between low and middle clouds, thick cirrus clouds and cumulonimbus clouds. The average accuracy is 79.1% at night, with more misclassifications occurring between middle clouds, multi-layer clouds and cumulonimbus clouds. Moreover, Typhoon Muifa from 2022 was selected as a sample case, and the cloud type (CLT) product of an FY-4A satellite was used to examine the classification method. In the cloud system of Typhoon Muifa, a cumulonimbus area classified using the method corresponded well with a mesoscale convective system (MCS). Compared to the FY-4A CLT product, the classifications of ice-type (thick cirrus) and multi-layer clouds are effective, and the location, shape and size of these two varieties of cloud are similar.
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Xie, Qinghua, Jinfei Wang, Chunhua Liao, Jiali Shang, Juan Lopez-Sanchez, Haiqiang Fu, and Xiuguo Liu. "On the Use of Neumann Decomposition for Crop Classification Using Multi-Temporal RADARSAT-2 Polarimetric SAR Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 7 (March 31, 2019): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070776.
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In previous studies, parameters derived from polarimetric target decompositions have proven as very effective features for crop classification with single/multi-temporal polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) data. In particular, a classical eigenvalue-eigenvector-based decomposition approach named after Cloude–Pottier decomposition (or “H/A/α”) has been frequently used to construct classification approaches. A model-based decomposition approach proposed by Neumann some years ago provides two parameters with very similar physical meanings to polarimetric scattering entropy H and the alpha angle α in Cloude–Pottier decomposition. However, the main aim of the Neumann decomposition is to describe the morphological characteristics of vegetation. Therefore, it is worth investigating the performance of Neumann decomposition on crop classification, since vegetation is the principal type of targets in agricultural scenes. In this paper, a multi-temporal supervised classification method based on Neumann decomposition and Random Forest Classifier (named “ND-RF”) is proposed. The three parameters from Neumann decomposition, computed along the time series of data, are used as classification features. Finally, the Random Forest Classifier is applied for supervised classification. For comparison, an analogue classification scheme is constructed by replacing the Neumann decomposition with the Cloude–Pottier decomposition, hence named CP-RF. For validation, a time series of 11 polarimetric RADARSAT-2 SAR images acquired over an agricultural site in London, Ontario, Canada in 2015 is employed. Totally, 10 multi-temporal combinations of datasets were tested by adding images one by one sequentially along the SAR observation time. The results show that the ND-RF method generally produces better classification performance than the CP-RF method, with the largest improvement of over 12% in overall accuracy. Further tests show that the two parameters similar to entropy and alpha angle produce classification results close to those of CP-RF, whereas the third parameter in the Neumann decomposition is more effective in improving the classification accuracy with respect to the Cloude–Pottier decomposition.
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Casey, S. P. F., E. J. Fetzer, and B. H. Kahn. "Revised identification of tropical oceanic cumulus congestus as viewed by CloudSat." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 3 (February 13, 2012): 1587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1587-2012.
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Abstract. Congestus cloud convective features are examined in one year of tropical oceanic cloud observations from the CloudSat/CALIPSO instruments. Two types of convective clouds (cumulus and deep convective, based on classification profiles from radar), and associated differences in radar reflectivity and radar/lidar cloud-top height are considered. Congestus convective features are defined as contiguous convective clouds with heights between 3 and 9 km. Three criteria were used in previous studies to identify congestus: (1) CloudSat and CALIPSO cloud-top heights less than 1 km apart; (2) CloudSat 0 dBZ echo-top height less than 1 km from CloudSat cloud-top height, and (3) CloudSat 10 dBZ echo-top height less than 2 km from CloudSat cloud-top height. A majority of congestus convective features satisfy the second and third requirements. However, over 40% of convective features identified had no associated CALIPSO cloud-top height, predominantly due to the extinguishment of the lidar beam above the CloudSat-reported convective cloud. For the remaining cells, approximately 56% of these satisfy all three requirements; when considering the lidar beam-extinction issue, only 31% of congestus convective features are identified using these criteria. This implies that while previous methods used to identify congestus clouds may be accurate in finding vigorous convection (such as transient congestus rising toward the tropopause), these criteria may miss almost 70% of the total observed congestus convective features, suggesting a more general approach should be used to describe congestus and its surrounding environment.
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Wu, Zhenjiang, Jiahua Zhang, Fan Deng, Sha Zhang, Da Zhang, Lan Xun, Tehseen Javed, Guizhen Liu, Dan Liu, and Mengfei Ji. "Fusion of GF and MODIS Data for Regional-Scale Grassland Community Classification with EVI2 Time-Series and Phenological Features." Remote Sensing 13, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13050835.
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Satellite-borne multispectral data are suitable for regional-scale grassland community classification owing to comprehensive coverage. However, the spectral similarity of different communities makes it challenging to distinguish them based on a single multispectral data. To address this issue, we proposed a support vector machine (SVM)–based method integrating multispectral data, two-band enhanced vegetation index (EVI2) time-series, and phenological features extracted from Chinese GaoFen (GF)-1/6 satellite with (16 m) spatial and (2 d) temporal resolution. To obtain cloud-free images, the Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (ESTARFM) algorithm was employed in this study. By using the algorithm on the coarse cloudless images at the same or similar time as the fine images with cloud cover, the cloudless fine images were obtained, and the cloudless EVI2 time-series and phenological features were generated. The developed method was applied to identify grassland communities in Ordos, China. The results show that the Caragana pumila Pojark, Caragana davazamcii Sanchir and Salix schwerinii E. L. Wolf grassland, the Potaninia mongolica Maxim, Ammopiptanthus mongolicus S. H. Cheng and Tetraena mongolica Maxim grassland, the Caryopteris mongholica Bunge and Artemisia ordosica Krasch grassland, the Calligonum mongolicum Turcz grassland, and the Stipa breviflora Griseb and Stipa bungeana Trin grassland are distinguished with an overall accuracy of 87.25%. The results highlight that, compared to multispectral data only, the addition of EVI2 time-series and phenological features improves the classification accuracy by 9.63% and 14.7%, respectively, and even by 27.36% when these two features are combined together, and indicate the advantage of the fine images in this study, compared to 500 m moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, which are commonly used for grassland classification at regional scale, while using 16 m GF data suggests a 23.96% increase in classification accuracy with the same extracted features. This study indicates that the proposed method is suitable for regional-scale grassland community classification.
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Yue, Qing, Eric J. Fetzer, Brian H. Kahn, Sun Wong, Gerald Manipon, Alexandre Guillaume, and Brian Wilson. "Cloud-State-Dependent Sampling in AIRS Observations Based on CloudSat Cloud Classification." Journal of Climate 26, no. 21 (October 16, 2013): 8357–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00065.1.
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Abstract The precision, accuracy, and potential sampling biases of temperature T and water vapor q vertical profiles obtained by satellite infrared sounding instruments are highly cloud-state dependent and poorly quantified. The authors describe progress toward a comprehensive T and q climatology derived from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) suite that is a function of cloud state based on collocated CloudSat observations. The AIRS sampling rates, biases, and center root-mean-square differences (CRMSD) are determined through comparisons of pixel-scale collocated ECMWF model analysis data. The results show that AIRS provides a realistic representation of most meteorological regimes in most geographical regions, including those dominated by high thin cirrus and shallow boundary layer clouds. The mean AIRS observational biases relative to the ECMWF analysis between the surface and 200 hPa are within ±1 K in T and from −1 to +0.5 g kg−1 in q. Biases because of cloud-state-dependent sampling dominate the total biases in the AIRS data and are largest in the presence of deep convective (DC) and nimbostratus (Ns) clouds. Systematic cold and dry biases are found throughout the free troposphere for DC and Ns. Somewhat larger biases are found over land and in the midlatitudes than over the oceans and in the tropics, respectively. Tropical and oceanic regions generally have a smaller CRMSD than the midlatitudes and over land, suggesting agreement of T and q variability between AIRS and ECMWF in these regions. The magnitude of CRMSD is also strongly dependent on cloud type.
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Unglaub, Claudia, Karoline Block, Johannes Mülmenstädt, Odran Sourdeval, and Johannes Quaas. "A new classification of satellite-derived liquid water cloud regimes at cloud scale." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 4 (February 28, 2020): 2407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2407-2020.
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Abstract. Clouds are highly variable in time and space, affecting climate sensitivity and climate change. To study and distinguish the different influences of clouds on the climate system, it is useful to separate clouds into individual cloud regimes. In this work we present a new cloud classification for liquid water clouds at cloud scale defined using cloud parameters retrieved from combined satellite measurements from CloudSat and CALIPSO. The idea is that cloud heterogeneity is a measure that allows us to distinguish cumuliform and stratiform clouds, and cloud-base height is a measure to distinguish cloud altitude. The approach makes use of a newly developed cloud-base height retrieval. Using three cloud-base height intervals and two intervals of cloud-top variability as an inhomogeneity parameter provides six new liquid cloud classes. The results show a smooth transition between marine and continental clouds as well as between stratiform and cumuliform clouds in different latitudes at the high spatial resolution of about 20 km. Analysing the micro- and macrophysical cloud parameters from collocated combined MODIS, CloudSat and CALIPSO retrievals shows distinct characteristics for each cloud regime that are in agreement with expectation and literature. This demonstrates the usefulness of the classification.
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Ustuner, Mustafa, and Fusun Balik Sanli. "Polarimetric Target Decompositions and Light Gradient Boosting Machine for Crop Classification: A Comparative Evaluation." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8020097.
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In terms of providing various scattering mechanisms, polarimetric target decompositions provide certain benefits for the interpretation of PolSAR images. This paper tested the capabilities of different polarimetric target decompositions in crop classification, while using a recently launched ensemble learning algorithm—namely Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM). For the classification of different crops (maize, potato, wheat, sunflower, and alfalfa) in the test site, multi-temporal polarimetric C-band RADARSAT-2 images were acquired over an agricultural area near Konya, Turkey. Four different decomposition models (Cloude–Pottier, Freeman–Durden, Van Zyl, and Yamaguchi) were employed to evaluate polarimetric target decomposition for crop classification. Besides the polarimetric target decomposed parameters, the original polarimetric features (linear backscatter coefficients, coherency, and covariance matrices) were also incorporated for crop classification. The experimental results demonstrated that polarimetric target decompositions, with the exception of Cloude–Pottier, were found to be superior to the original features in terms of overall classification accuracy. The highest classification accuracy (92.07%) was achieved by Yamaguchi, whereas the lowest (75.99%) was achieved by the covariance matrix. Model-based decompositions achieved higher performance with respect to eigenvector-based decompositions in terms of class-based accuracies. Furthermore, the results emphasize the added benefits of model-based decompositions for crop classification using PolSAR data.
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Peterson, Colten A., Qing Yue, Brian H. Kahn, Eric Fetzer, and Xianglei Huang. "Evaluation of AIRS Cloud Phase Classification over the Arctic Ocean against Combined CloudSat–CALIPSO Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 59, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 1277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-20-0016.1.
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AbstractCloud phase retrievals from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) are evaluated against combined CloudSat–CALIPSO (CCL) observations using four years of data (2007–10) over the Arctic Ocean. AIRS cloud phase is evaluated over sea ice and open ocean separately using collocated CCL and AIRS fields of view (FOVs). In addition, AIRS and CCL cloud phase occurrences are evaluated seasonally, zonally, and with respect to total column water vapor (TCWV) and the temperature difference between 1000 and 300 hPa (ΔT1000−300). Last, collocated MODIS cloud information is implemented in a 1-month case study to assess the relationship between AIRS and CCL phase decisions, cloud cover, and cloud phase throughout the AIRS FOV. Depending on the surface type, AIRS classification skill for single-layer ice and liquid-phase clouds is over the ranges of 85%–95% and 22%–32%, respectively. Most unknown and liquid AIRS phase classifications correspond to mixed-phase clouds. AIRS ice-phase relative occurrence is biased low relative to CCL. However, the liquid-phase relative occurrence is similar between the two instruments. When compared with the CCL climatology, AIRS accurately represents the seasonal cycle of liquid and ice cloud phase across the Arctic as well as the relationship between cloud phase and TCWV and ΔT1000−300 regime in some cases. The more heterogeneous the MODIS cloud macrophysical properties within an AIRS FOV are, the more likely it is that the AIRS FOV is classified as unknown phase.
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Guillaume, A., B. H. Kahn, Q. Yue, E. J. Fetzer, S. Wong, G. J. Manipon, H. Hua, and B. D. Wilson. "Horizontal and Vertical Scaling of Cloud Geometry Inferred from CloudSat Data." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 7 (June 13, 2018): 2187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0111.1.
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AbstractA method is described to characterize the scale dependence of cloud chord length using cloud-type classification reported with the 94-GHz CloudSat radar. The cloud length along the CloudSat track is quantified using horizontal and vertical structures of cloud classification separately for each cloud type and for all clouds independent of cloud type. While the individual cloud types do not follow a clear power-law behavior as a function of horizontal or vertical scale, a robust power-law scaling of cloud chord length is observed when cloud type is not considered. The exponent of horizontal length is approximated by β ≈ 1.66 ± 0.00 across two orders of magnitude (~10–1000 km). The exponent of vertical thickness is approximated by β ≈ 2.23 ± 0.03 in excess of one order of magnitude (~1–14 km). These exponents are in agreement with previous studies using numerical models, satellites, dropsondes, and in situ aircraft observations. These differences in horizontal and vertical cloud scaling are consistent with scaling of temperature and horizontal wind in the horizontal dimension and with scaling of buoyancy flux in the vertical dimension. The observed scale dependence should serve as a guide to test and evaluate scale-cognizant climate and weather numerical prediction models.
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Wang, Di, Chang-An Liu, Yan Zeng, Tian Tian, and Zheng Sun. "Dryland Crop Classification Combining Multitype Features and Multitemporal Quad-Polarimetric RADARSAT-2 Imagery in Hebei Plain, China." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020332.
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The accuracy of dryland crop classification using satellite-based synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data is often unsatisfactory owing to the similar dielectric properties that exist between the crops and their surroundings. The main objective of this study was to improve the accuracy of dryland crop (maize and cotton) classification by combining multitype features and multitemporal polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) images in Hebei plain, China. Three quad-polarimetric RADARSAT-2 scenes were acquired between July and September 2018, from which 117 features were extracted using the Cloude–Pottier, Freeman–Durden, Yamaguchi, and multiple-component polarization decomposition methods, together with two polarization matrices (i.e., the coherency matrix and the covariance matrix). Random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were used for classification of dryland crops and other land-cover types in this study. The accuracy of dryland crop classification using various single features and their combinations was compared for different imagery acquisition dates, and the performance of the two algorithms was evaluated quantitatively. The importance of all investigated features was assessed using the RF algorithm to optimize the features used and the imagery acquisition date for dryland crop classification. Results showed that the accuracy of dryland crop classification increases with evolution of the phenological period. In comparison with SVM, the RF algorithm showed better performance for dryland crop classification when using full polarimetric RADARSAT-2 data. Dryland crop classification accuracy was not improved substantially when using only backscattering intensity features or polarization decomposition parameters extracted from a single-date image. Satisfactory classification accuracy was achieved using 11 optimized features (derived from the Cloude–Pottier decomposition and the coherency matrix) from 2 RADARSAT-2 images (acquisition dates corresponding to the middle and late stages of dryland crop growth). This study provides an important reference for timely and accurate classification of dryland crop in Hebei plain, China.
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Li, J., J. Huang, K. Stamnes, T. Wang, Y. Yi, X. Ding, Q. Lv, and H. Jin. "Distributions and radiative forcings of various cloud types based on active and passive satellite datasets – Part 1: Geographical distributions and overlap of cloud types." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 7 (April 25, 2014): 10463–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-10463-2014.
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Abstract. Based on four year' 2B-CLDCLASS-Lidar (Radar-Lidar) cloud classification product from CloudSat, we analyze the geographical distributions of different cloud types and their co-occurrence frequency across different seasons, moreover, utilize the vertical distributions of cloud type to further evaluate the cloud overlap assumptions. The statistical results show that more high clouds, altocumulus, stratocumulus or stratus and cumulus are identified in the Radar-Lidar cloud classification product compared to previous results from Radar-only cloud classification (2B-CLDCLASS product from CloudSat). In particularly, high clouds and cumulus cloud fractions increased by factors 2.5 and 4–7, respectively. The new results are in more reasonable agreement with other datasets (typically the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and surface observer reports). Among the cloud types, altostratus and altocumulus are more popular over the arid/semi-arid land areas of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, respectively. These features weren't observed by using the ISCCP D1 dataset. For co-occurrence of cloud types, high cloud, altostratus, altocumulus and cumulus are much more likely to co-exist with other cloud types. However, stratus/stratocumulus, nimbostratus and convective clouds are much more likely to exhibit individual features. After considering the co-occurrence of cloud types, the cloud fraction based on the random overlap assumption is underestimated over the vast ocean except in the west-central Pacific Ocean warm pool. Obvious overestimations are mainly occurring over land areas in the tropics and subtropics. The investigation therefore indicates that incorporate co-occurrence information of cloud types based on Radar-Lidar cloud classification into the overlap assumption schemes used in the current GCMs possible be able to provide an better predictions for vertically projected total cloud fraction.
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Irbah, Abdanour, Julien Delanoë, Gerd-Jan van Zadelhoff, David P. Donovan, Pavlos Kollias, Bernat Puigdomènech Treserras, Shannon Mason, Robin J. Hogan, and Aleksandra Tatarevic. "The classification of atmospheric hydrometeors and aerosols from the EarthCARE radar and lidar: the A-TC, C-TC and AC-TC products." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 16, no. 11 (June 6, 2023): 2795–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2795-2023.
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Abstract. The EarthCARE mission aims to probe the Earth's atmosphere by measuring cloud and aerosol profiles using its active instruments, the Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) and ATmospheric LIDar (ATLID). The correct identification of hydrometeors and aerosols from atmospheric profiles is an important step in retrieving the properties of clouds, aerosols and precipitation. Ambiguities in the nature of atmospheric targets can be removed using the synergy of collocated radar and lidar measurements, which is based on the complementary spectral response of radar and lidar relative to atmospheric targets present in the profiles. The instruments are sensitive to different parts of the particle size distribution and provide independent but overlapping information in optical and microwave wavelengths. ATLID is sensitive to aerosols and small cloud particles, and CPR is sensitive to large ice particles, snowflakes and raindrops. It is therefore possible to better classify atmospheric targets when collocated radar and lidar measurements exist compared to using a single instrument. The cloud phase, precipitation and aerosol type within the column sampled by the two instruments can then be identified. ATLID-CPR target classification (AC-TC) is the product created for this purpose by combining the ATLID target classification (A-TC) and CPR target classification (C-TC). AC-TC is crucial for the subsequent synergistic retrieval of cloud, aerosol and precipitation properties. AC-TC builds upon previous target classifications using CloudSat and CALIPSO synergy while providing richer target classification using the enhanced capabilities of EarthCARE's instruments, specifically CPR's Doppler velocity measurements to distinguish snow and rimed snow from ice clouds and ATLID's lidar ratio measurements to objectively discriminate between different aerosol species and optically thin ice clouds. In this paper, we first describe how the single-instrument A-TC and C-TC products are derived from ATLID and CPR measurements. Then the AC-TC product, which combines the A-TC and C-TC classifications using a synergistic decision matrix, is presented. Simulated EarthCARE observations based on combined cloud-resolving and aerosol model data are used to test the processors generating the target classifications. Finally, the target classifications are evaluated by quantifying the fractions of ice and snow, liquid clouds, rain, and aerosols in the atmosphere that can be successfully identified by each instrument and their synergy. We show that radar–lidar synergy helps better detect ice and snow, with ATLID detecting radiatively important optically thin cirrus and cloud tops, while CPR penetrates most deep and highly concentrated ice clouds. The detection of rain and drizzle is entirely due to C-TC, while that of liquid clouds and aerosols is due to A-TC. The evaluation also shows that simple assumptions can be made to compensate for when the instruments are obscured by extinction (ATLID) or surface clutter and multiple scattering (CPR); this allows for the recovery of the majority of liquid cloud not detected by the active instruments.
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Zhang, Chengwei, Xiaoyong Zhuge, and Fan Yu. "Development of a high spatiotemporal resolution cloud-type classification approach using Himawari-8 and CloudSat." International Journal of Remote Sensing 40, no. 16 (March 21, 2019): 6464–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2019.1594438.
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Xiang, Hongmao, Shanwei Liu, Ziqi Zhuang, and Naixin Zhang. "A classification algorithm based on Cloude decomposition model for fully polarimetric SAR image." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 46 (November 2016): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/46/1/012060.
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Skofronick-Jackson, Gail, Mark Kulie, Lisa Milani, Stephen J. Munchak, Norman B. Wood, and Vincenzo Levizzani. "Satellite Estimation of Falling Snow: A Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory Perspective." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 58, no. 7 (July 2019): 1429–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-18-0124.1.
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AbstractRetrievals of falling snow from space-based observations represent key inputs for understanding and linking Earth’s atmospheric, hydrological, and energy cycles. This work quantifies and investigates causes of differences among the first stable falling snow retrieval products from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory satellite and CloudSat’s Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) falling snow product. An important part of this analysis details the challenges associated with comparing the various GPM and CloudSat snow estimates arising from different snow–rain classification methods, orbits, resolutions, sampling, instrument specifications, and algorithm assumptions. After equalizing snow–rain classification methodologies and limiting latitudinal extent, CPR observes nearly 10 (3) times the occurrence (accumulation) of falling snow as GPM’s Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR). The occurrence disparity is substantially reduced if CloudSat pixels are averaged to simulate DPR radar pixels and CPR observations are truncated below the 8-dBZ reflectivity threshold. However, even though the truncated CPR- and DPR-based data have similar falling snow occurrences, average snowfall rate from the truncated CPR record remains significantly higher (43%) than the DPR, indicating that retrieval assumptions (microphysics and snow scattering properties) are quite different. Diagnostic reflectivity (Z)–snow rate (S) relationships were therefore developed at Ku and W band using the same snow scattering properties and particle size distributions in a final effort to minimize algorithm differences. CPR–DPR snowfall amount differences were reduced to ~16% after adopting this diagnostic Z–S approach.
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Szyga-Pluta, Katarzyna. "Circulation Influence On Cloudiness In Poznań." Quaestiones Geographicae 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/quageo-2015-0021.
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Abstract The frequency of occurrence of cloud cover was analysed taking into consideration its circulation-related conditioning. The atmospheric circulation types according to Osuchowska-Klein (1978) classification were used. The study was made based on diurnal climatological observations carried out in Poznań-Ławica in years 1966–1998. It was found that the cloudless skies and small cloudiness were associated with anticyclonic types of atmospheric circulation and the east macrotype. Moderate cloudiness occurred equally at cyclonic and anticyclonic circulation types. Larger cloud coverage of the sky was associated with cyclonic circulation, especially with the west macrotype.
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Jiang, Yuhang, Wei Cheng, Feng Gao, Shaoqing Zhang, Shudong Wang, Chang Liu, and Juanjuan Liu. "A Cloud Classification Method Based on a Convolutional Neural Network for FY-4A Satellites." Remote Sensing 14, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14102314.
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The study of cloud types is critical for understanding atmospheric motions and climate predictions; for example, accurately classified cloud products help improve meteorological predicting accuracies. However, the current satellite cloud classification methods generally analyze the threshold change in a single pixel and do not consider the relationship between the surrounding pixels. The classification development relies heavily on human recourses and does not fully utilize the data-driven advantages of computer models. Here, a new intelligent cloud classification method based on the U-Net network (CLP-CNN) is developed to obtain more accurate, higher frequency, and larger coverage cloud classification products. The experimental results show that the CLP-CNN network can complete a cloud classification task of 800 × 800 pixels in 0.9 s. The classification area covers most of China, and the classification task only needs to use the original L1-level data, which can meet the requirements of a real-time operation. With the Himawari-8 CLTYPE product and the CloudSat 2B-CLDCLASS product as the test comparison target, the CLP-CNN network results match the Himawari-8 product highly, by 84.4%. The probability of detection (POD) is greater than 0.83 for clear skies, deep-convection, and Cirrus–Stratus type clouds. The probability of detection (POD) and accuracy are improved compared with other deep learning methods.
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Marinou, Eleni, Kalliopi Artemis Voudouri, Ioanna Tsikoudi, Eleni Drakaki, Alexandra Tsekeri, Marco Rosoldi, Dragos Ene, et al. "Geometrical and Microphysical Properties of Clouds Formed in the Presence of Dust above the Eastern Mediterranean." Remote Sensing 13, no. 24 (December 9, 2021): 5001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13245001.
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In this work, collocated lidar–radar observations are used to retrieve the vertical profiles of cloud properties above the Eastern Mediterranean. Measurements were performed in the framework of the PRE-TECT experiment during April 2017 at the Greek atmospheric observatory of Finokalia, Crete. Cloud geometrical and microphysical properties at different altitudes were derived using the Cloudnet target classification algorithm. We found that the variable atmospheric conditions that prevailed above the region during April 2017 resulted in complex cloud structures. Mid-level clouds were observed in 38% of the cases, high or convective clouds in 58% of the cases, and low-level clouds in 2% of the cases. From the observations of cloudy profiles, pure ice phase occurred in 94% of the cases, mixed-phase clouds were observed in 27% of the cases, and liquid clouds were observed in 8.7% of the cases, while Drizzle or rain occurred in 12% of the cases. The significant presence of Mixed-Phase Clouds was observed in all the clouds formed at the top of a dust layer, with three times higher abundance than the mean conditions (26% abundance at −15 °C). The low-level clouds were formed in the presence of sea salt and continental particles with ice abundance below 30%. The derived statistics on clouds’ high-resolution vertical distributions and thermodynamic phase can be combined with Cloudnet cloud products and lidar-retrieved aerosol properties to study aerosol-cloud interactions in this understudied region and evaluate microphysics parameterizations in numerical weather prediction and global climate models.
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Afzali Gorooh, Vesta, Subodh Kalia, Phu Nguyen, Kuo-lin Hsu, Soroosh Sorooshian, Sangram Ganguly, and Ramakrishna Nemani. "Deep Neural Network Cloud-Type Classification (DeepCTC) Model and Its Application in Evaluating PERSIANN-CCS." Remote Sensing 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2020): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12020316.
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Satellite remote sensing plays a pivotal role in characterizing hydrometeorological components including cloud types and their associated precipitation. The Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) on the Polar Orbiting CloudSat satellite has provided a unique dataset to characterize cloud types. However, data from this nadir-looking radar offers limited capability for estimating precipitation because of the narrow satellite swath coverage and low temporal frequency. We use these high-quality observations to build a Deep Neural Network Cloud-Type Classification (DeepCTC) model to estimate cloud types from multispectral data from the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) onboard the GOES-16 platform. The DeepCTC model is trained and tested using coincident data from both CloudSat and ABI over the CONUS region. Evaluations of DeepCTC indicate that the model performs well for a variety of cloud types including Altostratus, Altocumulus, Cumulus, Nimbostratus, Deep Convective and High clouds. However, capturing low-level clouds remains a challenge for the model. Results from simulated GOES-16 ABI imageries of the Hurricane Harvey event show a large-scale perspective of the rapid and consistent cloud-type monitoring is possible using the DeepCTC model. Additionally, assessments using half-hourly Multi-Radar/Multi-Sensor (MRMS) precipitation rate data (for Hurricane Harvey as a case study) show the ability of DeepCTC in identifying rainy clouds, including Deep Convective and Nimbostratus and their precipitation potential. We also use DeepCTC to evaluate the performance of the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN-CCS) product over different cloud types with respect to MRMS referenced at a half-hourly time scale for July 2018. Our analysis suggests that DeepCTC provides supplementary insights into the variability of cloud types to diagnose the weakness and strength of near real-time GEO-based precipitation retrievals. With additional training and testing, we believe DeepCTC has the potential to augment the widely used PERSIANN-CCS algorithm for estimating precipitation.
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Hung, Meng-Pai, Wei-Ting Chen, Chien-Ming Wu, Peng-Jen Chen, and Pei-Ning Feng. "Intraseasonal Vertical Cloud Regimes Based on CloudSat Observations over the Tropics." Remote Sensing 12, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 2273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12142273.
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This study identifies the evolution of tropical vertical cloud regimes (CRs) and their associated heating structures on the intraseasonal time scales. Using the cloud classification retrievals of CloudSat during boreal winter between 2006 and 2017, the CR index is defined as the leading pair of the combined multivariate empirical orthogonal functions of the daily mean frequency of deep, high, and low clouds over the tropical Indian Ocean, Maritime Continents, and the Western Pacific. The principal components of the CR index exhibit robust temporal variance in the 30 to 80 day intraseasonal band. Based on the propagation stages of the CRs, the coherent vertical structures of cloud composition and large-scale moisture and vertical motion exhibit a westward-tilted structure. The associated Q1-QR diabatic heating and cloud radiative forcing are consistent with the key characteristics of the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) documented in the previous studies. Lastly, an MJO case study showcases that the presented approach characteristically captures the propagation of moisture, cloud vertical structure, and precipitation activity across spatial and temporal scales. The current results suggest that the CR index can potentially serve as an evaluation metric to cloud-associated processes in the simulated tropical intraseasonal variability in global climate models.
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Shen, Jing, Chao Tao, Ji Qi, and Hao Wang. "Semi-Supervised Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks for Time Series Land Cover Classification." Remote Sensing 13, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 3504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173504.
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Time series images with temporal features are beneficial to improve the classification accuracy. For abstract temporal and spatial contextual information, deep neural networks have become an effective method. However, there is usually a lack of sufficient samples in network training: one is the loss of images or the discontinuous distribution of time series data because of the inevitable cloud cover, and the other is the lack of known labeled data. In this paper, we proposed a Semi-supervised convolutional Long Short-Term Memory neural network (SemiLSTM) for time series remote sensing images, which was validated on three data sets with different time distributions. It achieves an accurate and automated land cover classification via a small number of labeled samples and a large number of unlabeled samples. Besides, it is a robust classification algorithm for time series optical images with cloud coverage, which reduces the requirements for cloudless remote sensing images and can be widely used in areas that are often obscured by clouds, such as subtropical areas. In conclusion, this method makes full advantage of spectral-spatial-temporal characteristics under the condition of limited training samples, especially expanding time context information to enhance classification accuracy.
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Cesana, Grégory, Anthony D. Del Genio, and Hélène Chepfer. "The Cumulus And Stratocumulus CloudSat-CALIPSO Dataset (CASCCAD)." Earth System Science Data 11, no. 4 (November 25, 2019): 1745–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1745-2019.
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Abstract. Low clouds continue to contribute greatly to the uncertainty in cloud feedback estimates. Depending on whether a region is dominated by cumulus (Cu) or stratocumulus (Sc) clouds, the interannual low-cloud feedback is somewhat different in both spaceborne and large-eddy simulation studies. Therefore, simulating the correct amount and variation of the Cu and Sc cloud distributions could be crucial to predict future cloud feedbacks. Here we document spatial distributions and profiles of Sc and Cu clouds derived from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) and CloudSat measurements. For this purpose, we create a new dataset called the Cumulus And Stratocumulus CloudSat-CALIPSO Dataset (CASCCAD), which identifies Sc, broken Sc, Cu under Sc, Cu with stratiform outflow and Cu. To separate the Cu from Sc, we design an original method based on the cloud height, horizontal extent, vertical variability and horizontal continuity, which is separately applied to both CALIPSO and combined CloudSat–CALIPSO observations. First, the choice of parameters used in the discrimination algorithm is investigated and validated in selected Cu, Sc and Sc–Cu transition case studies. Then, the global statistics are compared against those from existing passive- and active-sensor satellite observations. Our results indicate that the cloud optical thickness – as used in passive-sensor observations – is not a sufficient parameter to discriminate Cu from Sc clouds, in agreement with previous literature. Using clustering-derived datasets shows better results although one cannot completely separate cloud types with such an approach. On the contrary, classifying Cu and Sc clouds and the transition between them based on their geometrical shape and spatial heterogeneity leads to spatial distributions consistent with prior knowledge of these clouds, from ground-based, ship-based and field campaigns. Furthermore, we show that our method improves existing Sc–Cu classifications by using additional information on cloud height and vertical cloud fraction variation. Finally, the CASCCAD datasets provide a basis to evaluate shallow convection and stratocumulus clouds on a global scale in climate models and potentially improve our understanding of low-level cloud feedbacks. The CASCCAD dataset (Cesana, 2019, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2667637) is available on the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) website at https://data.giss.nasa.gov/clouds/casccad/ (last access: 5 November 2019) and on the zenodo website at https://zenodo.org/record/2667637 (last access: 5 November 2019).
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Jing, S., and T. Chao. "TIME SERIES LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SEMI-SUPERVISED CONVOLUTIONAL LONG SHORT-TERM MEMORY NEURAL NETWORKS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2020 (August 14, 2020): 1521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2020-1521-2020.
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Abstract. Time series imagery containing high-dimensional temporal features are conducive to improving classification accuracy. With the plenty accumulation of historical images, the inclusion of time series data becomes available to utilize, but it is difficult to avoid missing values caused by cloud cover. Meanwhile, seeking a large amount of training labels for long time series also makes data collection troublesome. In this study, we proposed a semi-supervised convolutional long short-term memory neural network (Semi-LSTM) in long time series which achieves an accurate and automated land cover classification with a small proportion of labels. Three main contributions of this work are summarized as follows: i) the proposed method achieve an excellent classification via a small group of labels in long time series data, and reducing dependence of training labels; ii) it is a robust algorithm in accuracy for the influence of noise, and reduces the requirements of sequential data for cloudless and lossless images; and iii) it makes full advantage of spectral-spatial-temporal features, especially expanding time context information to enhance classification accuracy. Finally, the proposed network is validated on time series imagery from Landsat 8. All quantitative analyses and evaluation indicators of the experimental results demonstrate competitive performance in the suggested modes.
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Chen, Sijie, Chonghui Cheng, Xingying Zhang, Lin Su, Bowen Tong, Changzhe Dong, Fu Wang, Binglong Chen, Weibiao Chen, and Dong Liu. "Construction of Nighttime Cloud Layer Height and Classification of Cloud Types." Remote Sensing 12, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040668.
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A cloud structure construction algorithm adapted for the nighttime condition is proposed and evaluated. The algorithm expands the vertical information inferred from spaceborne radar and lidar via matching of infrared (IR) radiances and other properties at off-nadir locations with their counterparts that are collocated with active footprints. This nighttime spectral radiance matching (NSRM) method is tested using measurements from CloudSat/Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Cloud layer heights are estimated up to 400 km on both sides of the ground track and reconstructed with the dead zone setting for an approximate evaluation of the reliability. By mimicking off-nadir pixels with a dead zone around pixels along the ground track, reconstruction of nadir profiles shows that, at 200 km from the ground track, the cloud top height (CTH) and the cloud base height (CBH) reconstructed by the NSRM method are within 1.49 km and 1.81 km of the original measurements, respectively. The constructed cloud structure is utilized for cloud classification in the nighttime. The same method is applied to the daytime measurements for comparison with collocated MODIS classification based on the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) standard. The comparison of eight cloud types over the expanded distance shows good agreement in general.
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Ghods, S., V. Shojaeddini, and Y. Maghsoudi. "A MODIFIED H-α PLANE FOR THE EXTRACTION OF SCATTERING MECHANISMS FROM DUAL CIRCULAR POLARIZATION SAR DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1-W5 (December 11, 2015): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-w5-237-2015.
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Cloude–Pottier entropy and α-angle are two important parameters for the interpretation of fully polarimetric data. They indicate the randomness of the polarisation of the back scattered waves and the scattering mechanisms of the targets respectively. For fully polarimetric data the H-α plane is presented which using the borders of it the full polarimetric data can be classified into 8 different physical scattering mechanisms. In recent years new approaches have proposed <i>H</i>-α classification spaces by mapping the points which are belong to each PSMs of FP data into the space of <i>H</i>/α for CP data and approximate borders were extracted for the classification purpose. In this paper a novel approach for defining <i>H</i>/α classification plane has been presented which maximizes the producer’s accuracy. The optimum borders have been found and the results of classification using the new plane have been compared with the rival method and the superiority of the new proposed method has been revealed.
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Dobrowolska, Ksenia. "Weather Types at Selected Meteorological Stations in Siberia." Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 7, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2014-0004.
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Abstract This paper presents the structure of weather types at four Siberian synoptic stations: Ostrov Kotelnyj, Verkhoyansk, Oymyakon and Yakutsk. The analysis has been performed on the basis of data published in the Internet database of synoptic messages OGIMET for the period of December 1999 to November 2013. Types of weather were determined based on the modified classification of weather types by Ferdynus (1997, 2004, 2013). The occurrence of particular groups, classes, and types of weather, and sequences of days with predominant weather types was identified. During the research period the structure of the weather types at the selected stations is characterized by a large number of observed types of weather, with the majority of them occurring with a low frequency. Frosty weather was predominant. The most frequently reported was the weather marked with numerical code 1100 (extremely frosty, clear without precipitation and calm) in Verkhoyansk (12.5%), 1300 (extremely frosty, cloudy without precipitation and calm) in Yakutsk (12.2%), 1200 (extremely frosty, partly clouded without precipitation and calm) in Oymyakon (11.6%) and 2201 (exceptionally frosty, partly clouded without precipitation and light breeze) in Ostrov Kotelnyj (6.7%).
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Wiederkehr, Natalia C., Fabio F. Gama, Paulo B. N. Castro, Polyanna da Conceição Bispo, Heiko Balzter, Edson E. Sano, Veraldo Liesenberg, João R. Santos, and José C. Mura. "Discriminating Forest Successional Stages, Forest Degradation, and Land Use in Central Amazon Using ALOS/PALSAR-2 Full-Polarimetric Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 21 (October 26, 2020): 3512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12213512.
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We discriminated different successional forest stages, forest degradation, and land use classes in the Tapajós National Forest (TNF), located in the Central Brazilian Amazon. We used full polarimetric images from ALOS/PALSAR-2 that have not yet been tested for land use and land cover (LULC) classification, neither for forest degradation classification in the TNF. Our specific objectives were: (1) to test the potential of ALOS/PALSAR-2 full polarimetric images to discriminate LULC classes and forest degradation; (2) to determine the optimum subset of attributes to be used in LULC classification and forest degradation studies; and (3) to evaluate the performance of Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) supervised classifications to discriminate LULC classes and forest degradation. PALSAR-2 images from 2015 and 2016 were processed to generate Radar Vegetation Index, Canopy Structure Index, Volume Scattering Index, Biomass Index, and Cloude–Pottier, van Zyl, Freeman–Durden, and Yamaguchi polarimetric decompositions. To determine the optimum subset, we used principal component analysis in order to select the best attributes to discriminate the LULC classes and forest degradation, which were classified by RF. Based on the variable importance score, we selected the four first attributes for 2015, alpha, anisotropy, volumetric scattering, and double-bounce, and for 2016, entropy, anisotropy, surface scattering, and biomass index, subsequently classified by SVM. Individual backscattering indexes and polarimetric decompositions were also considered in both RF and SVM classifiers. Yamaguchi decomposition performed by RF presented the best results, with an overall accuracy (OA) of 76.9% and 83.3%, and Kappa index of 0.70 and 0.80 for 2015 and 2016, respectively. The optimum subset classified by RF showed an OA of 75.4% and 79.9%, and Kappa index of 0.68 and 0.76 for 2015 and 2016, respectively. RF exhibited superior performance in relation to SVM in both years. Polarimetric attributes exhibited an adequate capability to discriminate forest degradation and classes of different ecological succession from the ones with less vegetation cover.
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Görsdorf, Ulrich, Volker Lehmann, Matthias Bauer-Pfundstein, Gerhard Peters, Dmytro Vavriv, Vladimir Vinogradov, and Vadim Volkov. "A 35-GHz Polarimetric Doppler Radar for Long-Term Observations of Cloud Parameters—Description of System and Data Processing." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 4 (April 2015): 675–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00066.1.
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AbstractA 35-GHz radar has been operating at the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg (Germany) since 2004, measuring cloud parameters continuously. The radar is equipped with a powerful magnetron transmitter and a high-gain antenna resulting in a high sensitivity of −55 dBZ at 5-km height for a 10-s averaging time. The main purpose of the radar is to provide long-term datasets of cloud parameters for model evaluation, satellite validation, and climatological studies. Therefore, the system operates with largely unchanged parameter settings and a vertically pointing antenna. The accuracy of the internal calibration (budget calibration) has been appraised to be 1.3 dB. Cloud parameters are derived by two different approaches: macrophysical parameters have been deduced for the complete period of operation through combination with ceilometer measurements; a more enhanced target classification and the calculation of liquid and ice water contents are realized by algorithms developed in the framework of the European CloudNet project.
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Wang, Bo, Mingwei Zhou, Wei Cheng, Yao Chen, Qinghong Sheng, Jun Li, and Li Wang. "An Efficient Cloud Classification Method Based on a Densely Connected Hybrid Convolutional Network for FY-4A." Remote Sensing 15, no. 10 (May 21, 2023): 2673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15102673.
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Understanding atmospheric motions and projecting climate changes depends significantly on cloud types, i.e., different cloud types correspond to different atmospheric conditions, and accurate cloud classification can help forecasts and meteorology-related studies to be more effectively directed. However, accurate classification of clouds is challenging and often requires certain manual involvement due to the complex cloud forms and dispersion. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an improved cloud classification method based on a densely connected hybrid convolutional network. A dense connection mechanism is applied to hybrid three-dimensional convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) and two-dimensional convolutional neural network (2D-CNN) architectures to use the feature information of the spatial and spectral channels of the FY-4A satellite fully. By using the proposed network, cloud categorization solutions with a high temporal resolution, extensive coverage, and high accuracy can be obtained without the need for any human intervention. The proposed network is verified using tests, and the results show that it can perform real-time classification tasks for seven different types of clouds and clear skies in the Chinese region. For the CloudSat 2B-CLDCLASS product as a test target, the proposed network can achieve an overall accuracy of 95.2% and a recall of more of than 82.9% for all types of samples, outperforming the other deep-learning-based techniques.
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Ceccaldi, M., J. Delanoë, R. J. Hogan, N. L. Pounder, A. Protat, and J. Pelon. "From CloudSat-CALIPSO to EarthCare: Evolution of the DARDAR cloud classification and its comparison to airborne radar-lidar observations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118, no. 14 (July 27, 2013): 7962–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50579.
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Liang, Yao, Xuejin Sun, Steven D. Miller, Haoran Li, Yongbo Zhou, Riwei Zhang, and Shaohui Li. "Cloud Base Height Estimation from ISCCP Cloud-Type Classification Applied to A-Train Data." Advances in Meteorology 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3231719.
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Cloud base height (CBH) is an important cloud macro parameter that plays a key role in global radiation balance and aviation flight. Building on a previous algorithm, CBH is estimated by combining measurements from CloudSat/CALIPSO and MODIS based on the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) cloud-type classification and a weighted distance algorithm. Additional constraints on cloud water path (CWP) and cloud top height (CTH) are introduced. The combined algorithm takes advantage of active and passive remote sensing to effectively estimate CBH in a wide-swath imagery where the cloud vertical structure details are known only along the curtain slice of the nonscanning active sensors. Comparisons between the estimated and observed CBHs show high correlation. The coefficient of association (R2) is 0.8602 with separation distance between donor and recipient points in the range of 0 to 100 km and falls off to 0.5856 when the separation distance increases to the range of 401 to 600 km. Also, differences are mainly within 1 km when separation distance ranges from 0 km to 600 km. The CBH estimation method was applied to the 3D cloud structure of Tropical CycloneBill, and the method is further assessed by comparing CTH estimated by the algorithm with the MODIS CTH product.
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Wang, W., and M. Gade. "A NEW SAR CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR SEDIMENTS ON INTERTIDAL FLATS BASED ON MULTI-FREQUENCY POLARIMETRIC SAR IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W2 (November 16, 2017): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w2-223-2017.
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We present a new classification scheme for muddy and sandy sediments on exposed intertidal flats, which is based on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, and use ALOS-2 (L-band), Radarsat-2 (C-band) and TerraSAR-X (X-band) fully polarimetric SAR imagery to demonstrate its effectiveness. Four test sites on the German North Sea coast were chosen, which represent typical surface compositions of different sediments, vegetation, and habitats, and of which a large amount of SAR is used for our analyses. Both Freeman-Durden and Cloude-Pottier polarimetric decomposition are utilized, and an additional descriptor called Double-Bounce Eigenvalue Relative Difference (DERD) is introduced into the feature sets instead of the original polarimetric intensity channels. The classification is conducted following Random Forest theory, and the results are verified using ground truth data from field campaigns and an existing classification based on optical imagery. In addition, the use of Kennaugh elements for classification purposes is demonstrated using both fully and dual-polarization multi-frequency and multi-temporal SAR data. Our results show that the proposed classification scheme can be applied for the discrimination of muddy and sandy sediments using L-, C-, and X-band SAR images, while SAR imagery acquired at short wavelengths (C- and X-band) can also be used to detect more detailed features such as bivalve beds on intertidal flats.
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Pagès, D., J. Calbó, and J. A. González. "Using routine meteorological data to derive sky conditions." Annales Geophysicae 21, no. 3 (March 31, 2003): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-649-2003.
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Abstract. Sky condition is a matter of interest for public and weather predictors as part of weather analyses. In this study, we apply a method that uses total solar radiation and other meteorological data recorded by an automatic station for deriving an estimation of the sky condition. The impetus of this work is the intention of the Catalan Meteorological Service (SMC) to provide the public with real-time information about the sky condition. The methodology for deriving sky conditions from meteorological records is based on a supervised classification technique called maximum likelihood method. In this technique we first need to define features which are derived from measured variables. Second, we must decide which sky conditions are intended to be distinguished. Some analyses have led us to use four sky conditions: (a) cloudless or almost cloudless sky, (b) scattered clouds, (c) mostly cloudy – high clouds, (d) overcast – low clouds. An additional case, which may be treated separately, corresponds to precipitation (rain or snow). The main features for estimating sky conditions are, as expected, solar radiation and its temporal variability. The accuracy of this method of guessing sky conditions compared with human observations is around 70% when applied to four sites in Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula). The agreement increases if we take into account the uncertainty both in the automatic classifier and in visual observations.Key words. Meteorological and atmospheric dynamics (instruments and techniques; radiative processes) – Atmospheric composition and structure (cloud physics and chemistry)
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V, Shashank, Priya D, Dr G. S. Mamatha, and Dr Nagaraju G. "Con-Ker: A Convolutional Neural Network Based Approach for Keratoconus Detection and Classification." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 07 (June 30, 2021): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/06472.
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The paper is on the detection of keratoconus a corneal progressive disorder leading to the thinning and also protrusion of the cornea associated with symptoms like astigmatism, increased sensitivity to bright light, glare, clouded vision, eye irritation, and others, In recent times there has been increasing in a number of keratoconus cases. Keratoconus is normally described as a non-inflammatory pathology. The main contribution of the paper is to facilitate detection and also classification of the keratoconus based on the progression using Convolution neural networks. The paper is about the implementation of different CNN algorithms which will classify the disorder based on the progression into 4 different classes. The CNN algorithms analyze the corneal topography of the eye and classify based on the severity of the disorder. We introduce an effective CNN model called CON-KER for the detection and classification of the disorder. Further CNN algorithms like Alexnet and Vgg 19 were implemented for the same. The results show that the CON-KER model has yielded an accuracy of 96.26% compared to other algorithms like vgg19 which yielded 94.76% and AlexNet with 86% accuracy. This work can help by assisting the ophthalmologist in reducing diagnostic errors and also help in the rapid screening of the patients.
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Li, J., J. Huang, K. Stamnes, T. Wang, Q. Lv, and H. Jin. "A global survey of cloud overlap based on CALIPSO and CloudSat measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 1 (January 15, 2015): 519–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-519-2015.
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Abstract. Using 2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR (radar–lidar) cloud classification and 2B-FLXHR-LIDAR radiation products from CloudSat over 4 years, this study evaluates the co-occurrence frequencies of different cloud types, analyzes their along-track horizontal scales and cloud radiative effects (CREs), and utilizes the vertical distributions of cloud types to evaluate cloud-overlap assumptions. The statistical results show that high clouds, altostratus (As), altocumulus (Ac) and cumulus (Cu) tend to coexist with other cloud types. However, stratus (St) (or stratocumulus, Sc), nimbostratus (Ns) and convective clouds are much more likely to exhibit individual features than other cloud types. On average, altostratus-over-stratus/stratocumulus cloud systems have a maximum horizontal scale of 17.4 km, with a standard deviation of 23.5 km. Altocumulus-over-cumulus cloud types have a minimum scale of 2.8 km, with a standard deviation of 3.1 km. By considering the weight of each multilayered cloud type, we find that the global mean instantaneous net CREs of multilayered cloud systems during the daytime are approximately −41.3 and −50.2 W m−2, which account for 40.1 and 42.3% of the global mean total net CREs at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and at the surface, respectively. The radiative contributions of high-over-altocumulus and high-over-stratus/stratocumulus (or cumulus) in the all multilayered cloud systems are dominant due to their frequency. Considering the overlap of cloud types, the cloud fraction based on the random overlap assumption is underestimated over vast oceans, except in the west-central Pacific Ocean warm pool. Obvious overestimations mainly occur over tropical and subtropical land masses. In view of a lower degree of overlap than that predicted by the random overlap assumption to occur over the vast ocean, particularly poleward of 40° S, the study therefore suggests that a linear combination of minimum and random overlap assumptions may further improve the predictions of actual cloud fractions for multilayered cloud types (e.g., As + St/Sc and Ac + St/Sc) over the Southern Ocean. The establishment of a statistical relationship between multilayered cloud types and the environmental conditions (e.g., atmospheric vertical motion, convective stability and wind shear) would be useful for parameterization design of cloud overlap in numerical models.
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Wang, Wensheng, Martin Gade, Kerstin Stelzer, Jörn Kohlus, Xinyu Zhao, and Kun Fu. "A Classification Scheme for Sediments and Habitats on Exposed Intertidal Flats with Multi-Frequency Polarimetric SAR." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030360.
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We developed an extension of a previously proposed classification scheme that is based upon Freeman–Durden and Cloude–Pottier decompositions of polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, along with a Double-Bounce Eigenvalue Relative Difference (DERD) parameter, and a Random Forest (RF) classifier. The extension was done, firstly, by using dual-copolarization SAR data acquired at shorter wavelengths (C- and X-band, in addition to the previously used L-band) and, secondly, by adding indicators derived from the (polarimetric) Kennaugh elements. The performance of the newly developed classification scheme, herein abbreviated as FCDK-RF, was tested using SAR data of exposed intertidal flats. We demonstrate that the FCDK-RF scheme is capable of distinguishing between different sediment types, namely mud and sand, at high spatial accuracies. Moreover, the classification scheme shows good potential in the detection of bivalve beds on the exposed flats. Our results show that the developed FCDK-RF scheme can be applied for the mapping of sediments and habitats in the Wadden Sea on the German North Sea coast using multi-frequency and multi-polarization SAR from ALOS-2 (L-band), Radarsat-2 (C-band) and TerraSAR-X (X-band).
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Kryvoshein, O. O., O. A. Kryvobok, and T. I. Adamenko. "Satellite-based system of area estimation for main agricultural crops of Ukraine." Ukrainian hydrometeorological journal, no. 26 (December 22, 2020): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31481/uhmj.26.2020.07.
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The article studies one of the most important issues of agricultural production maintenance – development of a system of crops area estimation in Ukraine. The objective of this paper is to describe the similar system that uses high resolution satellite data and operational agrometeorological data from the network of the Hydrometeorological Centre of Ukraine as input information. The system is based on step-by-step solving of the following tasks: obtaining geoinformation data for individual agricultural crops; development of methods for multispectral satellite images classification; development of software applications to automate the process of these images classification with subsequent classification of crop areas. The research uses the following algorithms (or classifiers) to classify the agricultural land: SVM (support vector machine), RF ("random forest") and NN (neural networks). The choice of the most accurate of them formed the basis of the general method of classification. The values of spectral characteristics of red and infrared channels of a complete set of cloudless satellite images during the growing period were used as input data (features). As a result, in 2018 some test calculations were conducted to estimate the area of agricultural crops in Kyiv Region. The results of evaluation of accuracy of the satellite-based agricultural crops area estimation using the statistical data showed that the lowest accuracy is typical for winter wheat and corn. The accuracy of soybeans and spring barley classification is quite low for most of the tested fields. Sunflower and rapeseed crops showed the highest accuracy. In order to improve the accuracy of classification, it is necessary to introduce more classification features (in a temporary aspect) by processing more satellite images during the growing period, and to increase the number of test samples through systematic sampling of ground data across the regions in Ukraine. We suggest using the scheme of main agricultural crops area estimation satellite-based system by the Hydrometeorological Centre of Ukraine.
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Arulraj, Malarvizhi, and Ana P. Barros. "Shallow Precipitation Detection and Classification Using Multifrequency Radar Observations and Model Simulations." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 9 (September 2017): 1963–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0060.1.
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AbstractDetection of shallow warm rainfall remains a critical source of uncertainty in remote sensing of precipitation, especially in regions of complex topographic and radiometric transitions, such as mountains and coastlines. To address this problem, a new algorithm to detect and classify shallow rainfall based on space–time dual-frequency correlation (DFC) of concurrent W- and Ka-band radar reflectivity profiles is demonstrated using ground-based observations from the Integrated Precipitation and Hydrology Experiment (IPHEx) in the Appalachian Mountains (MV), United States, and the Biogenic Aerosols–Effects on Clouds and Climate (BAECC) in Hyytiala (TMP), Finland. Detection is successful with false alarm errors of 2.64% and 4.45% for MV and TMP, respectively, corresponding to one order of magnitude improvement over the skill of operational satellite-based radar algorithms in similar conditions. Shallow rainfall is misclassified 12.5% of the time at MV, but all instances of low-level reverse orographic enhancement are detected and classified correctly. The classification errors are 8% and 17% for deep and shallow rainfall, respectively, in TMP; the latter is linked to reflectivity profiles with dark band but insufficient radar sensitivity to light rainfall ( mm h−1) remains the major source of error. The potential utility of the algorithm for satellite-based observations in mountainous regions is explored using an observing system simulation (OSS) of concurrent CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) and GPM Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) during IPHEx, and concurrent satellite observations over Borneo. The results suggest that integration of the methodology in existing regime-based classification algorithms is straightforward, and can lead to significant improvements in the detection and identification of shallow precipitation.
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Nurtyawan, Rian, and Gerryn Maulannisaa. "Pemantauan Fase Pertumbuhan Tanaman Padi Menggunakan Citra Radarsat-2 Quad Polarimetrik." Jurnal Rekayasa Hijau 5, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/jrh.v5i1.1-14.
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ABSTRAKIndramayu merupakan salah satu lumbung padi Indonesia yang ada di wilayah Jawa Barat dimana Badan Pusat Statistik mencatat pada tahun 2014, Indramayu menghasilkan padi sebesar 1.361.374 ton. Untuk memantau produksi padi, sangat diperlukan pemantauan fase pertumbuhan tanaman padi, salah satu metodenya dengan teknologi penginderaan jauh sistem RADAR menggunakan citra RADARSAT-2 quad polarimetrik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengklasifikasi daerah fase pertumbuhan tanaman padi menggunakan metode Cloude Pottier H/A/α (entropi/anisotropi/sudut alfa) dan mengevaluasi metode tersebut dalam klasifikasi fase pertumbuhan tanaman padi. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu peta klasifikasi fase pertumbuhan tanaman padi dimana dari keseluruhan akuisisi citra, luas lahan tertinggi adalah fase germination/laut yang berjumlah 2.368.242 m2 (22 September 2014). Hasil klasifikasi ini disesuaikan dengan bidang H-α classification plane untuk mengetahui pada zona mana yang memiliki hamburan paling dominan. Hasil pada 18 Juni 2014 dan 5 Agustus 2014 menunjukkan zona 7 (fase panicle initiation/inisiasi malai), zona 8 (fase milk stage/gabah matang susu), dan zona 9 (fase germination/perkecambahan benih atau fase seeding/pertunasan) menjadi zona yang dominan dimana ketiga mekanisme memiliki arti double-bounce scattering (Z7), volume scattering (Z8), dan surface scattering (Z9) sedangkan pada 22 September 2014 dan 16 Oktober 2014 hamburan yang paling dominan terdapat pada Z8 (fase milk stage/gabah matang susu) dengan mekanisme volume scattering dan Z9 (fase germination/perkecambahan benih atau fase seeding/pertunasan) dengan mekanisme surface scattering.Kata kunci: Pertumbuhan Padi, Klasifikasi, RADARSAT-2, H/A/α ABSTRACTIndramayu is one of Indonesia's granary in West Java where Statistic Data Center noted that in 2014 Indramayu produced 1.361.374 tons of rice. It’s necessary to monitor growth phase of rice plant for monitoring rice production, one of the method is remote sensing technology is the RADAR system with RADARSAT-2 image quad-polarimetric. This study aims to classify the phase of growth of rice plants using the Cloude Pottier H / A / α method (entropy / anisotropy / alpha angle) and evaluate these methods in classification of rice plant growth phases. The results of this study are the classification map of the rice plant phase where from the overall image acquisition, the highest land area is the germination / sea phase, which amounts to 2,368,242 m2 (22 September 2014). The classification results are adjusted with the H-α classification plane to find out which zone has the most dominant scattering. The result on 18 June 2014 and 5 August 2014 showed zone 7 (panicle initiation phase), zone 8 (milk stage phase), and zone 9 (germination/seeding) to be the dominant zone where the three mechanisms mean double-bounce scattering (Z7), volume scattering (Z8), and surface scattering (Z9) while on 22 September 2014 and 16 October 2014 the most dominant scattering is in Z8 (milk stage phase) with volume scattering mechanism and Z9 (germination/seeding phase) with surface scattering mechanismKeywords: Rice Growth , Classification, RADARSAT-2, H/A/α.
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Wang, W., X. Yang, G. Liu, H. Zhou, W. Ma, Y. Yu, and Z. Li. "RANDOM FOREST CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTS ON EXPOSED INTERTIDAL FLATS USING ALOS-2 QUAD-POLARIMETRIC SAR DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 24, 2016): 1191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-1191-2016.
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Coastal zones are one of the world’s most densely populated areas and it is necessary to propose an accurate, cost effective, frequent, and synoptic method of monitoring these complex ecosystems. However, misclassification of sediments on exposed intertidal flats restricts the development of coastal zones surveillance. With the advent of SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) satellites, polarimetric SAR satellite imagery plays an increasingly important role in monitoring changes in coastal wetland. This research investigated the necessity of combining SAR polarimetric features with optical data, and their contribution in accurately sediment classification. Three experimental groups were set to make assessment of the most appropriate descriptors. (i) Several SAR polarimetric descriptors were extracted from scattering matrix using Cloude-Pottier, Freeman-Durden and Yamaguchi methods; (ii) Optical remote sensing (RS) data with R, G and B channels formed the second feature combinations; (iii) The chosen SAR and optical RS indicators were both added into classifier. Classification was carried out using Random Forest (RF) classifiers and a general result mapping of intertidal flats was generated. Experiments were implemented using ALOS-2 L-band satellite imagery and GF-1 optical multi-spectral data acquired in the same period. The weights of descriptors were evaluated by VI (RF Variable Importance). Results suggested that optical data source has few advantages on sediment classification, and even reduce the effect of SAR indicators. Polarimetric SAR feature sets show great potentials in intertidal flats classification and are promising in classifying mud flats, sand flats, bare farmland and tidal water.