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Journal articles on the topic 'Cloud structure'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Yu, Haixiao, Jinji Ma, Safura Ahmad, et al. "Three-Dimensional Cloud Structure Reconstruction from the Directional Polarimetric Camera." Remote Sensing 11, no. 24 (2019): 2894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11242894.

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Clouds affect radiation transmission through the atmosphere, which impacts the Earth’ s energy balance and climate. Currently, the study of clouds is mostly based on a two-dimensional (2-D) plane rather than a three-dimensional (3-D) space. However, 3-D cloud reconstruction is playing an important role not only in a radiation transmission calculation but in forecasting climate change as well. Currently, the study of clouds is mostly based on 2-D single angle satellite observation data while the importance of a 3-D structure of clouds in atmospheric radiation transmission is ignored. 3-D struct

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Lines, S., N. J. Mayne, J. Manners, et al. "Overcast on Osiris: 3D radiative-hydrodynamical simulations of a cloudy hot Jupiter using the parametrized, phase-equilibrium cloud formation code EddySed." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 488, no. 1 (2019): 1332–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1788.

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ABSTRACT We present results from 3D radiative-hydrodynamical simulations of HD 209458b with a fully coupled treatment of clouds using the EddySed code, critically, including cloud radiative feedback via absorption and scattering. We demonstrate that the thermal and optical structure of the simulated atmosphere is markedly different, for the majority of our simulations, when including cloud radiative effects, suggesting this important mechanism cannot be neglected. Additionally, we further demonstrate that the cloud structure is sensitive to not only the cloud sedimentation efficiency (termed f

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Alves, João, Marco Lombardi, and Charles Lada. "Insights on molecular cloud structure." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 6, S270 (2010): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311000238.

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AbstractStars form in the densest regions of clouds of cold molecular hydrogen. Measuring structure in these clouds is far from trivial as 99% of the mass of a molecular cloud is inaccessible to direct observation. Over the last decade we have been developing an alternative, more robust density tracer technique based on dust extinction measurements towards background starlight. The new technique does not suffer from the complications plaguing the more conventional molecular line and dust emission techniques, and when used with these can provide unique views on cloud chemistry and dust grain pr

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Lan, Ji Ming, Shu Jie Lu, and Li Ming Zhang. "Research of Distributional Ecology Cloud-Structure." Advanced Materials Research 760-762 (September 2013): 1758–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.760-762.1758.

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Proposed that idea of cloud computing ecology development, supports and guiding cloud model deployment, the cloud service management and Clouds protocols observes the purification of mix cloud environment. Has designed the multiple dimension data saving structure and real-time mass-data processing of model as well as the asynchronous overall construction distributional ecology cloud structure. It has been shown that this ecology cloud structure is healthy.

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Sotiropoulou, G., J. Sedlar, M. Tjernström, M. D. Shupe, I. M. Brooks, and P. O. G. Persson. "The thermodynamic structure of summer Arctic stratocumulus and the dynamic coupling to the surface." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 3 (2014): 3815–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-3815-2014.

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Abstract. The vertical structure of Arctic low-level clouds and Arctic boundary layer is studied, using observations from ASCOS (Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study), in the central Arctic, in late summer 2008. Two general types of cloud structures are examined: the "neutrally-stratified" and "stably-stratified" clouds. Neutrally-stratified are mixed-phase clouds where radiative-cooling near cloud top produces turbulence that creates a cloud-driven mixed layer. When this layer mixes with the surface-generated turbulence, the cloud layer is coupled to the surface, whereas when such an interaction d

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Sotiropoulou, G., J. Sedlar, M. Tjernström, M. D. Shupe, I. M. Brooks, and P. O. G. Persson. "The thermodynamic structure of summer Arctic stratocumulus and the dynamic coupling to the surface." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 22 (2014): 12573–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12573-2014.

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Abstract. The vertical structure of Arctic low-level clouds and Arctic boundary layer is studied, using observations from ASCOS (Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study), in the central Arctic, in late summer 2008. Two general types of cloud structures are examined: the "neutrally stratified" and "stably stratified" clouds. Neutrally stratified are mixed-phase clouds where radiative-cooling near cloud top produces turbulence that generates a cloud-driven mixed layer. When this layer mixes with the surface-generated turbulence, the cloud layer is coupled to the surface, whereas when such an interaction

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Cesana, G., D. E. Waliser, D. Henderson, T. S. L’Ecuyer, X. Jiang, and J. L. F. Li. "The Vertical Structure of Radiative Heating Rates: A Multimodel Evaluation Using A-Train Satellite Observations." Journal of Climate 32, no. 5 (2019): 1573–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0136.1.

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Abstract We assess the vertical distribution of radiative heating rates (RHRs) in climate models using a multimodel experiment and A-Train satellite observations, for the first time. As RHRs rely on the representation of cloud amount and properties, we first compare the modeled vertical distribution of clouds directly against lidar–radar combined cloud observations (i.e., without simulators). On a near-global scale (50°S–50°N), two systematic differences arise: an excess of high-level clouds around 200 hPa in the tropics, and a general lack of mid- and low-level clouds compared to the observat

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Tamura, M., T. Nagata, S. Sato, et al. "Magnetic Field Structure in Dark Clouds." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 115 (1987): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900094808.

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The magnetic field geometry in the central regions of two dark clouds has been mapped by measuring the polarization at 2.2 μm of background stars and of stars embedded in the clouds. The observations were done with the Kyoto polarimeter on the Agematsu 1m IR telescope in December 1984 for Heiles Cloud 2 in the Taurus dark cloud complex, and on the UKIRT 3.8m in May and July 1985 for the ρ Ophiuchus dark cloud core. The main results are: i)Most of the stars in both regions show polarization and their maxima are 2.7% in Heiles Cloud 2 and 7.6% in ρ Oph, respectively. There are similar positive r

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Kikuch, Katsuhiro, Masaharu Fujii, Ryuichi Shirooka, and Susumu Yoshida. "The Cloud Base Structure of Stratocumulus Clouds." Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II 69, no. 6 (1991): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.69.6_701.

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10

Matheou, Georgios, Anthony B. Davis, and João Teixeira. "The Spiderweb Structure of Stratocumulus Clouds." Atmosphere 11, no. 7 (2020): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070730.

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Stratocumulus clouds have a distinctive structure composed of a combination of lumpy cellular structures and thin elongated regions, resembling canyons or slits. The elongated slits are referred to as “spiderweb” structure to emphasize their interconnected nature. Using very high resolution large-eddy simulations (LES), it is shown that the spiderweb structure is generated by cloud-top evaporative cooling. Analysis of liquid water path (LWP) and cloud liquid water content shows that cloud-top evaporative cooling generates relatively shallow slits near the cloud top. Most of liquid water mass i

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Balmes, Kelly, and Qiang Fu. "An Investigation of Optically Very Thin Ice Clouds from Ground-Based ARM Raman Lidars." Atmosphere 9, no. 11 (2018): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9110445.

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Optically very thin ice clouds from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) and ground-based Raman lidars (RL) at the atmospheric radiation measurement (ARM) sites of the Southern Great Plains (SGP) and Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) are analyzed. The optically very thin ice clouds, with ice cloud column optical depths below 0.01, are about 23% of the transparent ice-cloudy profiles from the RL, compared to 4–7% from CALIPSO. The majority (66–76%) of optically very thin ice clouds from the RLs are found to be adjacent to ice clouds with ice cloud column

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Biondi, R., W. J. Randel, S. P. Ho, T. Neubert, and S. Syndergaard. "Thermal structure of intense convective clouds derived from GPS radio occultations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 10 (2011): 29093–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-29093-2011.

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Abstract. Thermal structure associated with deep convective clouds is investigated using Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation measurements. GPS data are insensitive to the presence of clouds, and provide high vertical resolution and high accuracy measurements to identify associated temperature behavior. Deep convective systems are identified using International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) satellite data, and cloud tops are accurately measured using Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIPSO) lidar observations; we focus on 53 cases of near-coincident

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Biondi, R., W. J. Randel, S. P. Ho, T. Neubert, and S. Syndergaard. "Thermal structure of intense convective clouds derived from GPS radio occultations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 12 (2012): 5309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5309-2012.

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Abstract. Thermal structure associated with deep convective clouds is investigated using Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation measurements. GPS data are insensitive to the presence of clouds, and provide high vertical resolution and high accuracy measurements to identify associated temperature behavior. Deep convective systems are identified using International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) satellite data, and cloud tops are accurately measured using Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIPSO) lidar observations; we focus on 53 cases of near-coincident

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14

Narendra Reddy, Nelli, Madineni Venkat Ratnam, Ghouse Basha, and Varaha Ravikiran. "Cloud vertical structure over a tropical station obtained using long-term high-resolution radiosonde measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 16 (2018): 11709–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11709-2018.

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Abstract. Cloud vertical structure, including top and base altitudes, thickness of cloud layers, and the vertical distribution of multilayer clouds, affects large-scale atmosphere circulation by altering gradients in the total diabatic heating and cooling and latent heat release. In this study, long-term (11 years) observations of high-vertical-resolution radiosondes are used to obtain the cloud vertical structure over a tropical station at Gadanki (13.5∘ N, 79.2∘ E), India. The detected cloud layers are verified with independent observations using cloud particle sensor (CPS) sonde launched fr

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15

Mason, Shannon, Christian Jakob, Alain Protat, and Julien Delanoë. "Characterizing Observed Midtopped Cloud Regimes Associated with Southern Ocean Shortwave Radiation Biases." Journal of Climate 27, no. 16 (2014): 6189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00139.1.

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Abstract Clouds strongly affect the absorption and reflection of shortwave and longwave radiation in the atmosphere. A key bias in climate models is related to excess absorbed shortwave radiation in the high-latitude Southern Ocean. Model evaluation studies attribute these biases in part to midtopped clouds, and observations confirm significant midtopped clouds in the zone of interest. However, it is not yet clear what cloud properties can be attributed to the deficit in modeled clouds. Present approaches using observed cloud regimes do not sufficiently differentiate between potentially distin

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Li, Pak Shing, and Richard I. Klein. "Magnetized interstellar molecular clouds – II. The large-scale structure and dynamics of filamentary molecular clouds." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 485, no. 4 (2019): 4509–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz653.

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Abstract We perform ideal magnetohydrodynamics high-resolution adaptive mesh refinement simulations with driven turbulence and self-gravity and find that long filamentary molecular clouds are formed at the converging locations of large-scale turbulence flows and the filaments are bounded by gravity. The magnetic field helps shape and reinforce the long filamentary structures. The main filamentary cloud has a length of ∼4.4 pc. Instead of a monolithic cylindrical structure, the main cloud is shown to be a collection of fibre/web-like substructures similar to filamentary clouds such as L1495. Un

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Mazin, I. P. "Cloud Phase Structure: Experimental Data Analysis and Parameterization." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 63, no. 2 (2006): 667–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3660.1.

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Abstract In this article, the data collected over 6 yr of daily observations at a network of aircraft sounding (31 stations) in the former Soviet Union, and the data collected by Canadian researchers in field campaigns in the 1990s, are reanalyzed and compared with each other. To describe the cloud phase structure (CPS), the notion of the cloud phase index (CPI)3 is used; that is, the local mass fraction of the ice particles in the total (water + ice) water content. It is concluded that the average distribution of the (CPI)3 values in clouds depends mainly on the temperature, the cloud types,

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Stubenrauch, C. J., S. Cros, A. Guignard, and N. Lamquin. "A 6-year global cloud climatology from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder AIRS and a statistical analysis in synergy with CALIPSO and CloudSat." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 3 (2010): 8247–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-8247-2010.

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Abstract. We present a six-year global climatology of cloud properties, obtained from observations of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard the NASA Aqua satellite. Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) combined with CloudSat observations, both missions launched as part of the A-Train in 2006, provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the retrieved AIRS cloud properties such as cloud amount and height as well as to explore the vertical structure of different cloud types. AIRS-LMD cloud detection agrees with CALIPSO about 85% over ocean and about

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Stubenrauch, C. J., S. Cros, A. Guignard, and N. Lamquin. "A 6-year global cloud climatology from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder AIRS and a statistical analysis in synergy with CALIPSO and CloudSat." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 15 (2010): 7197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7197-2010.

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Abstract. We present a six-year global climatology of cloud properties, obtained from observations of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard the NASA Aqua satellite. Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) combined with CloudSat observations, both missions launched as part of the A-Train in 2006, provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the retrieved AIRS cloud properties such as cloud amount and height. In addition, they permit to explore the vertical structure of different cloud types. AIRS-LMD cloud detection agrees with CALIPSO about 85% over o

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Creamean, Jessie M., Gijs de Boer, Hagen Telg, et al. "Assessing the vertical structure of Arctic aerosols using balloon-borne measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 3 (2021): 1737–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1737-2021.

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Abstract. The rapidly warming Arctic is sensitive to perturbations in the surface energy budget, which can be caused by clouds and aerosols. However, the interactions between clouds and aerosols are poorly quantified in the Arctic, in part due to (1) limited observations of vertical structure of aerosols relative to clouds and (2) ground-based observations often being inadequate for assessing aerosol impacts on cloud formation in the characteristically stratified Arctic atmosphere. Here, we present a novel evaluation of Arctic aerosol vertical distributions using almost 3 years' worth of tethe

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Forsythe, John M., Jason B. Dodson, Philip T. Partain, Stanley Q. Kidder, and Thomas H. Vonder Haar. "How Total Precipitable Water Vapor Anomalies Relate to Cloud Vertical Structure." Journal of Hydrometeorology 13, no. 2 (2012): 709–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-11-049.1.

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Abstract The NOAA operational total precipitable water (TPW) anomaly product is available to forecasters to display percentage of normal TPW in real time for applications like heavy precipitation forecasts. In this work, the TPW anomaly is compared to multilayer cloud frequency and vertical structure. The hypothesis is tested that the TPW anomaly is reflective of changes in cloud vertical distribution, and that anomalously moist atmospheres have more and deeper clouds, while dry atmospheres have fewer and thinner clouds. Cloud vertical occurrence profiles from the CloudSat 94-GHz radar and the

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Stein, T. H. M., C. E. Holloway, I. Tobin, and S. Bony. "Observed Relationships between Cloud Vertical Structure and Convective Aggregation over Tropical Ocean." Journal of Climate 30, no. 6 (2017): 2187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0125.1.

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Abstract Using the satellite-infrared-based Simple Convective Aggregation Index (SCAI) to determine the degree of aggregation, 5 years of CloudSat–CALIPSO cloud profiles are composited at a spatial scale of 10 degrees to study the relationship between cloud vertical structure and aggregation. For a given large-scale vertical motion and domain-averaged precipitation rate, there is a large decrease in anvil cloud (and in cloudiness as a whole) and an increase in clear sky and low cloud as aggregation increases. The changes in thick anvil cloud are proportional to the changes in total areal cover

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Hultgren, K., J. Gumbel, D. A. Degenstein, A. E. Bourassa, and N. D. Lloyd. "Application of tomographic algorithms to Polar Mesospheric Cloud observations by Odin/OSIRIS." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 3 (2012): 3693–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-3693-2012.

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Abstract. Limb-scanning satellites can provide global information about the vertical structure of Polar Mesospheric Clouds. However, information about horizontal structures usually remains limited. This is due to both a long line of sight and a long scan duration. On eighteen days during the Northern Hemisphere summers 2010–2011 and the Southern Hemisphere summer 2011/2012, the Swedish-led Odin satellite was operated in a special mesospheric mode with short limb scans limited to the altitude range of Polar Mesospheric Clouds. For Odin's Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System (OSIRIS)

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Rossow, William B., and Yuanchong Zhang. "Evaluation of a Statistical Model of Cloud Vertical Structure Using Combined CloudSat and CALIPSO Cloud Layer Profiles." Journal of Climate 23, no. 24 (2010): 6641–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3734.1.

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Abstract A model of the three-dimensional distribution of clouds was developed from the statistics of cloud layer occurrence from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and the statistics of cloud vertical structure (CVS) from an analysis of radiosonde humidity profiles. The CVS model associates each cloud type, defined by cloud-top pressure of the topmost cloud layer and total column optical thickness, with a particular CVS. The advent of satellite cloud radar (CloudSat) and lidar [Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO)] measurement

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Coley, P. F., and P. R. Jonas. "The influence of cloud structure and droplet concentration on the reflectance of shortwave radiation." Annales Geophysicae 14, no. 8 (1996): 845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0845-5.

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Abstract. The effects of cloud shadowing, channelling, cloud side illumination and droplet concentration are investigated with regard to the reflection of shortwave solar radiation. Using simple geometric clouds, coupled with a Monte Carlo model the transmission properties of idealized cloud layers are found. The clouds are illuminated with direct solar radiation from above. The main conclusion reached is that the distribution of the cloud has a very large influence on the reflectivity of a cloud layer. In particular, if the cloud contains vertical gaps through the cloud layer in which the liq

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Li, P. S., C. F. McKee, and R. I. Klein. "Structure and Dynamics of Magnetized Dark Molecular Clouds." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, H16 (2012): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314011557.

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Massive infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) are believed to be the precursors to star clusters and massive stars (e.g. Bergin & Tafalla 2007). The supersonic, turbulent nature of molecular clouds in the presence of magnetic fields poses a great challenge in understanding the structure and dynamics of magnetized molecular clouds and the star formation therein. Using the high-order radiation-magneto-hydrodynamic adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) code ORION2 (Li et al. 2012), we perform a large-scale driven-turbulence simulation to reveal the 3D filamentary structure and dynamical state of a highly sup

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Sedlar, Joseph, Matthew D. Shupe, and Michael Tjernström. "On the Relationship between Thermodynamic Structure and Cloud Top, and Its Climate Significance in the Arctic." Journal of Climate 25, no. 7 (2012): 2374–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00186.1.

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Abstract Cloud and thermodynamic characteristics from three Arctic observation sites are investigated to understand the collocation between low-level clouds and temperature inversions. A regime where cloud top was 100–200 m above the inversion base [cloud inside inversion (CII)] was frequently observed at central Arctic Ocean sites, while observations from Barrow, Alaska, indicate that cloud tops were more frequently constrained to inversion base height [cloud capped by inversion (CCI)]. Cloud base and top heights were lower, and temperature inversions were also stronger and deeper, during CII

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Liu, Lei, Xuejin Sun, Feng Chen, Shijun Zhao, and Taichang Gao. "Cloud Classification Based on Structure Features of Infrared Images." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, no. 3 (2011): 410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jtecha1385.1.

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Abstract Some cloud structure features that can be extracted from infrared images of the sky are suggested for cloud classification. Both the features and the classifier are developed over zenithal images taken by the whole-sky infrared cloud-measuring system (WSIRCMS), which is placed in Nanjing, China. Before feature extraction, the original infrared image was smoothed to suppress noise. Then, the image was enhanced using top-hat transformation and a high-pass filtering. Edges are detected from the enhanced image after adaptive optimization threshold segmentation and morphological edge detec

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Pudritz, Ralph E. "Formation of structure in star-forming clouds." Canadian Journal of Physics 68, no. 9 (1990): 808–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p90-118.

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Star formation occurs in massive, dense, molecular clouds in the interstellar medium. These clouds have a rich substructure consisting of dense clumps and extended filaments. Since stars only form within these dense clumps, any fundamental theory of star formation must predict their physical properties. This review focusses on the physics of molecular clouds and discusses in this context a particular mechanism for the formation of structure that is well supported by the observations. Strong hydromagnetic waves are likely to be excited in molecular clouds since it is observed that cloud magneti

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Dib, Sami, Sylvain Bontemps, Nicola Schneider, et al. "The structure and characteristic scales of molecular clouds." Astronomy & Astrophysics 642 (October 2020): A177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038849.

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The structure of molecular clouds holds important clues regarding the physical processes that lead to their formation and subsequent dynamical evolution. While it is well established that turbulence imprints a self-similar structure onto the clouds, other processes, such as gravity and stellar feedback, can break their scale-free nature. The break of self-similarity can manifest itself in the existence of characteristic scales that stand out from the underlying structure generated by turbulent motions. In this work, we investigate the structure of the Cygnus-X North and Polaris Flare molecular

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Miyazaki, Ryuji, Makoto Yamamoto, and Koichi Harada. "Line-Based Planar Structure Extraction from a Point Cloud with an Anisotropic Distribution." International Journal of Automation Technology 11, no. 4 (2017): 657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2017.p0657.

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We propose a line-based region growing method for extracting planar regions with precise boundaries from a point cloud with an anisotropic distribution. Planar structure extraction from point clouds is an important process in many applications, such as maintenance of infrastructure components including roads and curbstones, because most artificial structures consist of planar surfaces. A mobile mapping system (MMS) is able to obtain a large number of points while traveling at a standard speed. However, if a high-end laser scanning system is equipped, the point cloud has an anisotropic distribu

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Gong, J., D. L. Wu, and V. Limpasuvan. "Meridionally-tilted ice cloud structures in the tropical Upper Troposphere as seen by CloudSat." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 17 (2014): 24915–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-24915-2014.

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Abstract. It remains challenging to quantify global cloud properties and uncertainties associated with their impacts on climate change because of our poor understanding of cloud three-dimensional (3-D) structures from observations and unrealistic/unconsidered characterization of 3-D cloud effects in Global Climate Models (GCMs). In this study we find cloud 3-D effects can cause significant error in cloud ice and radiation measurements if it is not taken into account appropriately. One of the cloud 3-D complexities, the slantwise tilt structure, has not received much attention in research and e

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Gong, J., D. L. Wu, and V. Limpasuvan. "Meridionally tilted ice cloud structures in the tropical upper troposphere as seen by CloudSat." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 11 (2015): 6271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6271-2015.

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Abstract. It remains challenging to quantify global cloud properties and uncertainties associated with their impacts on climate change because of our poor understanding of cloud three-dimensional (3-D) structures from observations and unrealistic characterization of 3-D cloud effects in global climate models (GCMs). In this study we find cloud 3-D effects can cause significant error in cloud ice and radiation measurements if it is not taken into account appropriately. One of the cloud 3-D complexities, the slantwise tilt structure, has not received much attention in research and even less has

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Westerlund, B. E. "An overview of the structure and kinematics of the Magellanic Clouds." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 148 (1991): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900199942.

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A vast amount of observational data concerning the structure and kinematics of the Magellanic Clouds is now available. Many basic quantities (e.g. distances and geometry) are, however, not yet sufficiently well determined. Interactions between the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and our Galaxy have dominated the evolution of the Clouds, causing bursts of star formation which, together with stochastic self-propagating star formation, produced the observed structures. In the youngest generation in the LMC it is seen as an intricate pattern imitating a fragmented sp

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Chatterjee, Kamalika, Rahul Kashyap, and Jaywant H. Arakeri. "Experimental Study of Cloud Formation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 2570–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.2570.

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Cloud formation is a ubiquitous process and modeling it as a simplified experimental set-up may be an interesting and fruitful task. In this study different flow and thermal processes and fluid structures during cloud formation (especially Cumulus clouds) are investigated through an experimental setup. Vapor coming out of a 20cm×20cm water surface at temperature 60-800C interacts inside a square plexiglas tube of vertical height 60cm with dry, cold air passing from above the tube. An air conditioner is used to supply cold air at temperature 180C over the plexiglas tube. Various parameters like

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Smedsmo, Jamie L., Efi Foufoula-Georgiou, Venugopal Vuruputur, Fanyou Kong, and Kelvin Droegemeier. "On the Vertical Structure of Modeled and Observed Deep Convective Storms: Insights for Precipitation Retrieval and Microphysical Parameterization." Journal of Applied Meteorology 44, no. 12 (2005): 1866–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2306.1.

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Abstract An understanding of the vertical structure of clouds is important for remote sensing of precipitation from space and for the parameterization of cloud microphysics in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The representation of cloud hydrometeor profiles in high-resolution NWP models has direct applications in inversion-type precipitation retrieval algorithms [e.g., the Goddard profiling (GPROF) algorithm used for retrieval of precipitation from passive microwave sensors] and in quantitative precipitation forecasting. This study seeks to understand how the vertical structure of hy

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Wood, R. "Drizzle in Stratiform Boundary Layer Clouds. Part I: Vertical and Horizontal Structure." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 9 (2005): 3011–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3529.1.

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Abstract Detailed observations of stratiform boundary layer clouds on 12 days are examined with specific reference to drizzle formation processes. The clouds differ considerably in mean thickness, liquid water path (LWP), and droplet concentration. Cloud-base precipitation rates differ by a factor of 20 between cases. The lowest precipitation rate is found in the case with the highest droplet concentration even though this case had by far the highest LWP, suggesting that drizzle can be severely suppressed in polluted clouds. The vertical and horizontal structure of cloud and drizzle liquid wat

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Rossow, William B., Yuanchong Zhang, and Junhong Wang. "A Statistical Model of Cloud Vertical Structure Based on Reconciling Cloud Layer Amounts Inferred from Satellites and Radiosonde Humidity Profiles." Journal of Climate 18, no. 17 (2005): 3587–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3479.1.

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Abstract To diagnose how cloud processes feed back on weather- and climate-scale variations of the atmosphere requires determining the changes that clouds produce in the atmospheric diabatic heating by radiation and precipitation at the same scales of variation. In particular, not only the magnitude of these changes must be quantified but also their correlation with atmospheric temperature variations; hence, the space–time resolution of the cloud perturbations must be sufficient to account for the majority of these variations. Although extensive new global cloud and radiative flux datasets hav

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Viviana Vlăduţescu, Daniela, Stephen E. Schwartz, and Dong Huang. "Optical instruments synergy in determination of optical depth of thin clouds." EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 08008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817608008.

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Optically thin clouds have a strong radiative effect and need to be represented accurately in climate models. Cloud optical depth of thin clouds was retrieved using high resolution digital photography, lidar, and a radiative transfer model. The Doppler Lidar was operated at 1.5 μm, minimizing return from Rayleigh scattering, emphasizing return from aerosols and clouds. This approach examined cloud structure on scales 3 to 5 orders of magnitude finer than satellite products, opening new avenues for examination of cloud structure and evolution.

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Miville-Deschênes, M. A., Q. Salomé, P. G. Martin, et al. "Structure formation in a colliding flow: The Herschel view of the Draco nebula." Astronomy & Astrophysics 599 (March 2017): A109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628289.

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Context. The Draco nebula is a high Galactic latitude interstellar cloud observed at velocities corresponding to the intermediate velocity cloud regime. This nebula shows unusually strong CO emission and remarkably high-contrast small-scale structures for such a diffuse high Galactic latitude cloud. The 21 cm emission of the Draco nebula reveals that it is likely to have been formed by the collision of a cloud entering the disk of the Milky Way. Such physical conditions are ideal to study the formation of cold and dense gas in colliding flows of diffuse and warm gas. Aims. The objective of thi

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Li, Ying, and David W. J. Thompson. "Observed Signatures of the Barotropic and Baroclinic Annular Modes in Cloud Vertical Structure and Cloud Radiative Effects." Journal of Climate 29, no. 13 (2016): 4723–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0692.1.

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Abstract The signatures of large-scale annular variability on the vertical structure of clouds and cloud radiative effects are examined in vertically resolved CloudSat and other satellite and reanalysis data products. The northern and southern “barotropic” annular modes (the NAM and SAM) have a complex vertical structure. Both are associated with a meridional dipole in clouds between subpolar and middle latitudes, but the sign of the anomalies changes between upper, middle, and lower tropospheric levels. In contrast, the northern and southern baroclinic annular modes have a much simpler vertic

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Durden, Stephen L., Simone Tanelli, and Gregg Dobrowalski. "CloudSat and A-Train Observations of Tropical Cyclones." Open Atmospheric Science Journal 3, no. 1 (2009): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874282300903010080.

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The CloudSat 94-GHz Cloud Profiling Radar was designed to provide global information on the vertical structure of clouds. It was launched in April 2006, joining the A-Train of earth science satellites. Although primarily focused on clouds and climate, the CloudSat radar also provides a unique view of the vertical structure of clouds in tropical cyclones. The authors use data from CloudSat and other A-Train satellite constellation missions to examine tropical cyclone cloud properties. They consider several case studies and then examine cloud statistics based on seventeen tropical cyclone overpa

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Scheirer, R., and S. Schmidt. "CLABAUTAIR: a new algorithm for retrieving three-dimensional cloud structure from airborne microphysical measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, no. 9 (2005): 2333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2333-2005.

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Abstract. A new algorithm is presented to reproduce the three-dimensional structure of clouds from airborne measurements of microphysical parameters. Data from individual flight legs are scanned for characteristic patterns, and the autocorrelation functions for several directions are used to extrapolate the observations along the flight path to a full three-dimensional distribution of the cloud field. Thereby, the mean measured profiles of microphysical parameters are imposed to the cloud field by mapping the measured probability density functions onto the model layers. The algorithm was teste

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Scheirer, R., and S. Schmidt. "CLABAUTAIR: a new algorithm for retrieving three-dimensional cloud structure from airborne microphysical measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 4, no. 6 (2004): 8609–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-4-8609-2004.

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Abstract. A new algorithm is presented to retrieve the three-dimensional structure of clouds from airborne measurements of microphysical parameters. Data from individual flight legs are scanned for characteristic patterns, and the autocorrelation functions for several directions are used to extrapolate the observations along the flight path to a full three-dimensional distribution of the cloud field. Thereby, the mean measured profiles of microphysical parameters are imposed to the cloud field by mapping the measured probability density functions onto the model layers. The algorithm was tested

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Deiss, B. M., and A. Just. "A Hydromagnetic Model for the Hierarchical Structure of Molecular Clouds." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 169 (1996): 609–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900230416.

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We propose a physical model of molecular clouds which is based on the idea that the back reaction of substructures of a cloud on the ambient medium maintains and stabilizes the cloud on larger scales: clumps, which are assumed to carry a magnetic moment, are coupled to the ambient medium by magnetic forces, hence continually inducing velocity fluctuations due to their random motion. The energy source is then the gravitational binding energy of the clumps in the global potential of the whole cloud.

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REISMAN, G. E., Y. C. WANG, and C. E. BRENNEN. "Observations of shock waves in cloud cavitation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 355 (January 25, 1998): 255–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112097007830.

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This paper describes an investigation of the dynamics and acoustics of cloud cavitation, the structures which are often formed by the periodic breakup and collapse of a sheet or vortex cavity. This form of cavitation frequently causes severe noise and damage, though the precise mechanism responsible for the enhancement of these adverse effects is not fully understood. In this paper, we investigate the large impulsive surface pressures generated by this type of cavitation and correlate these with the images from high-speed motion pictures. This reveals that several types of propagating structur

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Beckman, J. E., J. Trapero, J. R. Álamo, R. Génova, and I. Lundstrom. "Structure Within the Local Bubble: Properties of Individual Clouds." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 166 (1997): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100070962.

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Starting from the casual observation that neighbouring lines of sight to stars at similar distances in the LISM show abruptly varying column densities, we developed a technique for measuring properties of single clouds. Fig.l shows an idealized version of this. The steps (Trapero et al. 1992, 1995) are: –Correct for extinction the distances to local stars used, via B-V (where available), or our own measured Nal or KI absorptions.–Measure diametral column density towards A from Nal or KI equivalent width and convert to hydrogen: N(H) [cm−2].–Measure cloud diameter, between E and E’.–Estimate th

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Schäfer, Michael, Katharina Loewe, André Ehrlich, Corinna Hoose, and Manfred Wendisch. "Simulated and observed horizontal inhomogeneities of optical thickness of Arctic stratus." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 17 (2018): 13115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13115-2018.

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Abstract. Two-dimensional horizontal fields of cloud optical thickness τ derived from airborne measurements of solar spectral, cloud-reflected radiance are compared with semi-idealized large eddy simulations (LESs) of Arctic stratus performed with the Consortium for Small-scale Modeling (COSMO) atmospheric model. The measurements were collected during the Vertical Distribution of Ice in Arctic Clouds (VERDI) campaign carried out in Inuvik, Canada, in April/May 2012. The input for the LESs is obtained from collocated airborne dropsonde observations of a persistent Arctic stratus above the sea-i

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Degünther, M., and R. Meerkötter. "Effect of remote clouds on surface UV irradiance." Annales Geophysicae 18, no. 6 (2000): 679–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-0679-5.

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Abstract. Clouds affect local surface UV irradiance, even if the horizontal distance from the radiation observation site amounts to several kilometers. In order to investigate this effect, which we call remote clouds effect, a 3-dimensional radiative transfer model is applied. Assuming the atmosphere is subdivided into a quadratic based sector and its surrounding, we quantify the influence of changing cloud coverage within this surrounding from 0% to 100% on surface UV irradiance at the sector center. To work out this remote clouds influence as a function of sector base size, we made some calc

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Miller, Steven D., John M. Forsythe, Philip T. Partain, et al. "Estimating Three-Dimensional Cloud Structure via Statistically Blended Satellite Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, no. 2 (2014): 437–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-070.1.

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AbstractThe launch of the NASA CloudSat in April 2006 enabled the first satellite-based global observation of vertically resolved cloud information. However, CloudSat’s nonscanning W-band (94 GHz) Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) provides only a nadir cross section, or “curtain,” of the atmosphere along the satellite ground track, precluding a full three-dimensional (3D) characterization and thus limiting its utility for certain model verification and cloud-process studies. This paper details an algorithm for extending a limited set of vertically resolved cloud observations to form regional 3D clou

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