Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cloud level

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Cloud level'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Cloud level"

1

Sedlar, Joseph. "Implications of Limited Liquid Water Path on Static Mixing within Arctic Low-Level Clouds." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, no. 12 (2014): 2775–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-14-0065.1.

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AbstractObservations of cloud properties and thermodynamics from two Arctic locations, Barrow, Alaska, and Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA), are examined. A comparison of in-cloud thermodynamic mixing characteristics for low-level, single-layer clouds from nearly a decade of data at Barrow and one full annual cycle over the sea ice at SHEBA is performed. These cloud types occur relatively frequently, evident in 27%–30% of all cloudy cases. To understand the role of liquid water path (LWP), or lack thereof, on static in-cloud mixing, cloud layers are separated into optically thin and optically thick LWP subclasses. Clouds with larger LWPs tend to have a deeper in-cloud mixed layer relative to optically thinner clouds. However, both cloud LWP subclasses are frequently characterized by an in-cloud stable layer above the mixed layer top. The depth of the stable layer generally correlates with an increased temperature gradient across the layer. This layer often contains a specific humidity inversion, but it is more frequently present when cloud LWP is optically thinner (LWP < 50 g m−2). It is suggested that horizontal thermodynamic advection plays a key role modifying the vertical extent of in-cloud mixing and likewise the depth of in-cloud stable layers. Furthermore, longwave atmospheric opacity above the cloud top is generally enhanced during cases with optically thinner clouds. Thermodynamic advection, cloud condensate distribution within the stable layer, and enhanced atmospheric radiation above the cloud are found to introduce a thermodynamic–radiative feedback that potentially modifies the extent of LWP and subsequent in-cloud mixing.
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Li, J., Z. Wu, Z. Hu, Y. Zhang, and M. Molinier. "AUTOMATIC CLOUD DETECTION METHOD BASED ON GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORKS IN REMOTE SENSING IMAGES." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-2-2020 (August 3, 2020): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-2-2020-885-2020.

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Abstract. Clouds in optical remote sensing images seriously affect the visibility of background pixels and greatly reduce the availability of images. It is necessary to detect clouds before processing images. In this paper, a novel cloud detection method based on attentive generative adversarial network (Auto-GAN) is proposed for cloud detection. Our main idea is to inject visual attention into the domain transformation to detect clouds automatically. First, we use a discriminator (D) to distinguish between cloudy and cloud free images. Then, a segmentation network is used to detect the difference between cloudy and cloud-free images (i.e. clouds). Last, a generator (G) is used to fill in the different regions in cloud image in order to confuse the discriminator. Auto-GAN only requires images and their labels (1 for a cloud-free image, 0 for a cloudy image) in the training phase which is more time-saving to acquire than existing methods based on CNNs that require pixel-level labels. Auto-GAN is applied to cloud detection in Sentinel-2A Level 1C imagery. The results indicate that Auto-GAN method performs well in cloud detection over different land surfaces.
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Pangaud, Thomas, Nadia Fourrie, Vincent Guidard, Mohamed Dahoui, and Florence Rabier. "Assimilation of AIRS Radiances Affected by Mid- to Low-Level Clouds." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 12 (2009): 4276–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3020.1.

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Abstract An approach to make use of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) cloud-affected infrared radiances has been developed at Météo-France in the context of the global numerical weather prediction model. The method is based on (i) the detection and the characterization of clouds by the CO2-slicing algorithm and (ii) the identification of clear–cloudy channels using the ECMWF cloud-detection scheme. Once a hypothetical cloud-affected pixel is detected by the CO2-slicing scheme, the cloud-top pressure and the effective cloud fraction are provided to the radiative transfer model simultaneously with other atmospheric variables to simulate cloud-affected radiances. Furthermore, the ECMWF scheme flags each channel of the pixel as clear or cloudy. In the current configuration of the assimilation scheme, channels affected by clouds whose cloud-top pressure ranges between 600 and 950 hPa are assimilated over sea in addition to clear channels. Results of assimilation experiments are presented. On average, 3.5% of additional pixels are assimilated over the globe but additional assimilated channels are much more numerous for mid- to high latitudes (10% of additional assimilated channels on average). Encouraging results are found in the quality of the analyses: background departures of AIRS observations are reduced, especially for surface channels, which are globally 4 times smaller, and the analysis better fits some conventional and satellite data. Global forecasts are slightly improved for the geopotential field. These improvements are significant up to the 72-h forecast range. Predictability improvements have been obtained for a case study: a low pressure system that affected the southeastern part of Italy in September 2006. The trajectory, intensity, and the whole development of the cyclogenesis are better predicted, whatever the forecast range, for this case study.
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Shikwambana, Lerato, and Venkataraman Sivakumar. "Observation of Clouds Using the CSIR Transportable LIDAR: A Case Study over Durban, South Africa." Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4184512.

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The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) transportable Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) was used to collect data over Durban (29.9°S, 30.9°E) during 20–23 November 2012. Aerosol measurements have been carried out in the past over Durban; however, no cloud measurements using LIDAR have ever been performed. Therefore, this study further motivates the continuation of LIDAR for atmospheric research over Durban. Low level clouds were observed on 20–22 November 2012 and high level clouds were observed on 23 November 2012. The low level cloud could be classified as stratocumulus clouds, whereas the high level clouds could be classified as cirrus clouds. Low level cloud layers showed high extinction coefficients values ranging between 0.0009 and 0.0044 m−1, whereas low extinction coefficients for high level clouds were observed at values ranging between 0.000001 and 0.000002 m−1. Optical depth showed a high variability for 20 and 21 November 2012. This indicates a change in the composition and/or thickness of the cloud. For 22 and 23 November 2012, almost similar values of optical depth were observed. Cloud-Aerosol LIDAR and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) revealed high level clouds while the CSIR LIDAR could not. However, the two instruments complement each other well to describe the cloudy condition.
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Liu, X., M. J. Newchurch, and J. H. Kim. "Occurrence of ozone anomalies over cloudy areas in TOMS version-7 level-2 data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 3, no. 1 (2003): 187–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-3-187-2003.

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Abstract. This study investigates anomalous ozone distributions over cloudy areas in Nimbus-7 (N7) and Earth-Probe (EP) TOMS version-7 data and analyzes the causes for ozone anomaly formation. A 5°-longitude by 5°-latitude region is defined to contain a Positive Ozone Anomaly (POA) or Negative Ozone Anomaly (NOA) if the correlation coefficient between total ozone and reflectivity is ≥0.5 or ≥− 0.5. The average fractions of ozone anomalies among all cloud fields are 31.8+/−7.7% and 35.8+\\−7.7% in the N7 and EP TOMS data, respectively. Some ozone anomalies are caused by ozone retrieval errors, and others are caused by actual geophysical phenomena. Large cloud-height errors are found in the TOMS version-7 algorithm in comparison to the Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) cloud data. On average, cloud-top pressures are overestimated by ~200 hPa (THIR cloud-top pressure ≤ 200 hPa) for high-altitude clouds and underestimated by ~150 hPa for low-altitude clouds (THIR cloud-top pressure ≥750 hPa). Most tropical NOAs result from negative errors induced by large cloud-height errors, and most tropical POAs are caused by positive errors due to intra-cloud ozone absorption enhancement. However, positive and negative errors offset each other, reducing the ozone anomaly occurrence in TOMS data. Large ozone/reflectivity slopes for mid-latitude POAs show seasonal variation consistent with total ozone fluctuation, indicating that they result mainly from synoptic and planetary wave disturbances. POAs with an occurrence fraction of 30–60% occur in regions of marine stratocumulus off the west coast of South Africa and off the west coast of South America. Both fractions and ozone/reflectivity slopes of these POAs show seasonal variations consistent with that in the tropospheric ozone. About half the ozone/reflectivity slope can be explained by ozone retrieval errors over clear and cloudy areas. The remaining slope may result from there being more ozone production because of rich ozone precursors and higher j-values over high-frequency, low-altitude clouds than in clear areas. Ozone anomalies due to ozone retrieval errors have important implications in TOMS applications such as tropospheric ozone derivation and analysis of ozone seasonal variation.
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Liu, X., M. J. Newchurch, and J. H. Kim. "Occurrence of ozone anomalies over cloudy areas in TOMS version-7 level-2 data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, no. 4 (2003): 1113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1113-2003.

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Abstract. This study investigates anomalous ozone distributions over cloudy areas in Nimbus-7 (N7) and Earth-Probe (EP) TOMS version-7 data and analyzes the causes for ozone anomaly formation. A 5°-longitude by 5°-latitude region is defined to contain a Positive Ozone Anomaly (POA) or Negative Ozone Anomaly (NOA) if the correlation coefficient between total ozone and reflectivity is > 0.5 or < -0.5. The average fractions of ozone anomalies among all cloud fields are 31.8 ± 7.7% and 35.8 ± 7.7% in the N7 and EP TOMS data, respectively. Some ozone anomalies are caused by ozone retrieval errors, and others are caused by actual geophysical phenomena. Large cloud-height errors are found in the TOMS version-7 algorithm in comparison to the Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) cloud data. On average, cloud-top pressures are overestimated by ~200 hPa (THIR cloud-top pressure < 200 hPa) for high-altitude clouds and underestimated by ~150 hPa for low-altitude clouds (THIR cloud-top pressure > 750 hPa). Most tropical NOAs result from negative errors induced by large cloud-height errors, and most tropical POAs are caused by positive errors due to intra-cloud ozone absorption enhancement. However, positive and negative errors offset each other, reducing the ozone anomaly occurrence in TOMS data. Large ozone/reflectivity slopes for mid-latitude POAs show seasonal variation consistent with total ozone fluctuation, indicating that they result mainly from synoptic and planetary wave disturbances. POAs with an occurrence fraction of 30--60% occur in regions of marine stratocumulus off the west coast of South Africa and off the west coast of South America. Both fractions and ozone/reflectivity slopes of these POAs show seasonal variations consistent with that in the tropospheric ozone. About half the ozone/reflectivity slope can be explained by ozone retrieval errors over clear and cloudy areas. The remaining slope may result from there being more ozone production because of rich ozone precursors and higher photolysis rates over high-frequency, low-altitude clouds than in clear areas. Ozone anomalies due to ozone retrieval errors have important implications in TOMS applications such as tropospheric ozone derivation and analysis of ozone seasonal variation.
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Adebiyi, Adeyemi A., Paquita Zuidema, Ian Chang, Sharon P. Burton, and Brian Cairns. "Mid-level clouds are frequent above the southeast Atlantic stratocumulus clouds." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 18 (2020): 11025–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11025-2020.

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Abstract. Shortwave-absorbing aerosols seasonally overlay extensive low-level stratocumulus clouds over the southeast Atlantic. While much attention has focused on the interactions between the low-level clouds and the overlying aerosols, few studies have focused on the mid-level clouds that also occur over the region. The presence of mid-level clouds over the region complicates the space-based remote-sensing retrievals of cloud properties and the evaluation of cloud radiation budgets. Here we characterize the mid-level clouds over the southeast Atlantic using lidar- and radar-based satellite cloud retrievals and observations collected in September 2016 during the ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS) field campaign. We find that mid-level clouds over the southeast Atlantic are relatively common, with the majority of the clouds occurring between altitudes of 5 and 7 km and at temperatures between 0 and −20 ∘C. The mid-level clouds occur at the top of a moist mid-tropospheric smoke-aerosol layer, most frequently between August and October, and closer to the southern African coast than farther offshore. They occur more frequently during the night than during the day. Between July and October, approximately 64 % of the mid-level clouds had a geometric cloud thickness less than 1 km, corresponding to a cloud optical depth of less than 4. A lidar-based depolarization–backscatter relationship for September 2016 indicates that the mid-level clouds are liquid-only clouds with no evidence of the existence of ice. In addition, a polarimeter-derived cloud droplet size distribution indicates that approximately 85 % of the September 2016 mid-level clouds had an effective radius less than 7 µm, which could further discourage the ability of the clouds to glaciate. These clouds are mostly associated with synoptically modulated mid-tropospheric moisture outflow that can be linked to the detrainment from the continental-based clouds. Overall, the supercooled mid-level clouds reduce the radiative cooling rates of the underlying low-altitude cloud tops by approximately 10 K d−1, thus influencing the regional cloud radiative budget.
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Adler, Bianca, Norbert Kalthoff, and Leonhard Gantner. "Nocturnal low-level clouds over southern West Africa analysed using high-resolution simulations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 2 (2017): 899–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-899-2017.

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Abstract. We performed a high-resolution numerical simulation to study the development of extensive low-level clouds that frequently form over southern West Africa during the monsoon season. This study was made in preparation for a field campaign in 2016 within the Dynamics-aerosol-chemistry-cloud interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) project and focuses on an area around the city of Savè in southern Benin. Nocturnal low-level clouds evolve a few hundred metres above the ground around the same level as a distinct low-level jet. Several processes are found to determine the spatio-temporal evolution of these clouds including (i) significant cooling of the nocturnal atmosphere caused by horizontal advection with the south-westerly monsoon flow during the first half of the night, (ii) vertical cold air advection due to gravity waves leading to clouds in the wave crests and (iii) enhanced convergence and upward motion upstream of existing clouds that trigger new clouds. The latter is caused by an upward shift of the low-level jet in cloudy areas leading to horizontal convergence in the lower part and to horizontal divergence in the upper part of the cloud layer. Although this single case study hardly allows for a generalisation of the processes found, the results added to the optimisation of the measurements strategy for the field campaign and the observations will be used to test the hypotheses for cloud formation resulting from this study.
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Sirch, Tobias, Luca Bugliaro, Tobias Zinner, Matthias Möhrlein, and Margarita Vazquez-Navarro. "Cloud and DNI nowcasting with MSG/SEVIRI for the optimized operation of concentrating solar power plants." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 2 (2017): 409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-409-2017.

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Abstract. A novel approach for the nowcasting of clouds and direct normal irradiance (DNI) based on the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) aboard the geostationary Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite is presented for a forecast horizon up to 120 min. The basis of the algorithm is an optical flow method to derive cloud motion vectors for all cloudy pixels. To facilitate forecasts over a relevant time period, a classification of clouds into objects and a weighted triangular interpolation of clear-sky regions are used. Low and high level clouds are forecasted separately because they show different velocities and motion directions. Additionally a distinction in advective and convective clouds together with an intensity correction for quickly thinning convective clouds is integrated. The DNI is calculated from the forecasted optical thickness of the low and high level clouds. In order to quantitatively assess the performance of the algorithm, a forecast validation against MSG/SEVIRI observations is performed for a period of 2 months. Error rates and Hanssen–Kuiper skill scores are derived for forecasted cloud masks. For a forecast of 5 min for most cloud situations more than 95 % of all pixels are predicted correctly cloudy or clear. This number decreases to 80–95 % for a forecast of 2 h depending on cloud type and vertical cloud level. Hanssen–Kuiper skill scores for cloud mask go down to 0.6–0.7 for a 2 h forecast. Compared to persistence an improvement of forecast horizon by a factor of 2 is reached for all forecasts up to 2 h. A comparison of forecasted optical thickness distributions and DNI against observations yields correlation coefficients larger than 0.9 for 15 min forecasts and around 0.65 for 2 h forecasts.
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Zhang, L., P. van Oosterom, and H. Liu. "VISUALIZATION OF POINT CLOUD MODELS IN MOBILE AUGMENTED REALITY USING CONTINUOUS LEVEL OF DETAIL METHOD." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-4/W1-2020 (September 3, 2020): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-4-w1-2020-167-2020.

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Abstract. Point clouds have become one of the most popular sources of data in geospatial fields due to their availability and flexibility. However, because of the large amount of data and the limited resources of mobile devices, the use of point clouds in mobile Augmented Reality applications is still quite limited. Many current mobile AR applications of point clouds lack fluent interactions with users. In our paper, a cLoD (continuous level-of-detail) method is introduced to filter the number of points to be rendered considerably, together with an adaptive point size rendering strategy, thus improve the rendering performance and remove visual artifacts of mobile AR point cloud applications. Our method uses a cLoD model that has an ideal distribution over LoDs, with which can remove unnecessary points without sudden changes in density as present in the commonly used discrete level-of-detail approaches. Besides, camera position, orientation and distance from the camera to point cloud model is taken into consideration as well. With our method, good interactive visualization of point clouds can be realized in the mobile AR environment, with both nice visual quality and proper resource consumption.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cloud level"

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Ho, Hon Pong. "Level set implementations on unstructured point cloud /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ELEC%202004%20HO.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-69). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Wood, William J. "Exploring Firm-Level Cloud Adoption and Diffusion." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7776.

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Cloud computing innovation adoption literature has primarily focused on individuals, small businesses, and nonprofit organizations. The functional linkage between cloud adoption and diffusion is instrumental toward understanding enterprise firm-level adoption. The purpose of this qualitative collective case study was to explore strategies used by information technology (IT) executives to make advantageous enterprise cloud adoption and diffusion decisions. This study was guided by an integrated diffusion of innovation and technology, organization, and environment conceptual framework to capture and model this complex, multifaceted problem. The study’s population consisted of IT executives with cloud-centric roles in 3 large (revenues greater than $5 billion) telecom-related companies with a headquarters in the United States. Data collection included semistructured, individual interviews (n = 19) and the analysis of publicly available financial documents (n = 50) and organizational technical documents (n = 41). Data triangulation and interviewee member checking were used to increase study findings validity. Inter- and intracase analyses, using open and axial coding as well as constant comparative methods, were leveraged to identify 5 key themes namely top management support, information source bias, organizational change management, governance at scale, and service selection. An implication of this study for positive social change is that IT telecom executives might be able to optimize diffusion decisions to benefit downstream consumers in need of services.
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Li, Bin. "Risk informed service level agreement for cloud brokerage." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580347.

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The use of distributed computing systems, including Grids and Compute Utilities, and now Clouds, becomes a consideration for businesses hoping to manage start-up costs and times, as well as reduce the physical and environmental footprint of infrastructures. Instead of purchasing and maintaining hardware and software, organisations and individuals can take advantage of pay-per- use (utility) models that relate directly to their requirements of infrastructures, platforms and software. However, such metered services are not widely adopted yet due to the lack of assurance of Quality of Service (QoS). It is suggested that such systems will only attain greater acceptance by a larger audience of commercial consumers if binding Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are provided that encompass service descriptions, costs of provision and, importantly, assurances on availability, performance, and liability. Prediction, quantification of risk, and consideration of liability in case of underperformance are considered essential for the future provision of Computer (Cloud) Economics - in particular, for the provision of SLAs through resource brokers, and generally to be more comparable to financial markets. The principal focus of this thesis is on building brokerage and related services for supporting growth of Cloud and contributing to future computational economics. A brokerage should provide negotiation mechanisms between consumers and providers, and perhaps manage available computer resources, to realise the goals of both parties. SLAs are key to this, where each SLA details price, risk, performance and QoS parameters, amongst others. This thesis presents a novel approach that supports the creation and management of Service Level Agreements, aimed towards improved uptake of cornmoditised computational infrastructures, platforms and software services. By analysing issues within current SLAs, it summarises necessary characteristics to be addressed in Cloud SLAs. Inspired by financial portfolio analysis and in particular by credit derivatives, this work demonstrates how the proposed Cloud Collateralised SLA Obligations (CSO), analogous to synthetic collateralised debt obligations (CDO), can be used to mitigate risk of failure or underperformance through diversification of compute resource portfolios. The CSO prices risk integrates into service insurance, and builds in penalties, and in contrast to well-known Cloud price models, relates variable performance to variable price. This performance-price relationship would also be necessary for the appropriate use of other financial models. Through Value-at-Risk (VaR) style analysis, the probability of failure (risk of underperformance) can be related to a confidence level for each SLA offer - the confidence of meeting the SLA. The thesis further identifies how performance tranches support an autonomic aspect in attempting to ensure satisfaction of higher-value SLAs as a trade off against higher-risk, lower-value SLAs. The approach can readily integrate with any SLA framework that supports real- time dynamic characteristics. Outcomes are broadly relevant to Cloud Computing, and more specifically to Infrastructure as a Service Clouds.
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Catela, Miguel Ferreira. "Service level agreement em cloud computing : um estudo de caso." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10442.

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Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais<br>O cloud computing é um novo modelo de negócio, que pressupõe a utilização de recursos tecnológicos em regime pay-as-you-go, permitindo que as empresas se foquem no seu core business, transformando as despesas de capital em despesas operacionais. Num ambiente cloud computing, o Service Level Agreement (SLA) é um documento que pretende gerir as expectativas do fornecedor de serviços e do cliente, relativamente à qualidade do serviço entregue, medindo e validando se os parâmetros previamente acordados são cumpridos. Com a elaboração deste trabalho pretende-se responder à questão de investigação: "Como negociar um Service Level Agreement para um ambiente cloud computing"?. Desta forma, realizou-se um estudo de caso numa empresa portuguesa, de média dimensão, fornecedora de soluções cloud. Procedeu-se a uma recolha de dados quantitativa e qualitativa, por meio de inquérito aos clientes da empresa, e posteriores entrevistas a um administrador (e responsável estratégico da cloud), e à responsável do serviço de suporte a clientes. Este trabalho contribui com uma reflexão sobre como um SLA deve ser estruturado e qual deverá ser o seu conteúdo; indica o conhecimento que as empresas possuem sobre os SLAs, bem como quais os parâmetros que consideram mais relevantes para a sua organização; e de que forma um SLA deve ser negociado, em regime cloud computing.<br>Cloud computing is a new business model which assumes that technological resources are used under a pay-as-you-go manner, allowing companies to focus on their core business, turning capital expenditures into operational expenditures. Service Level Agreement (SLA) in cloud computing is a document that aims to manage service provider's and customer's expectations regarding the quality of service, by measuring and validating the parameters previously negotiated. This case study focus on answering the following question of investigation: "How to negotiate a Service Level Agreement (SLA) in a cloud computing environment"?. Therefore, it was performed a case study in a Portuguese mid-sized company, and cloud services provider. Thus, there has been collected a certain amount of quantitative data - through a survey to the company's customers. Next step was an interview with an administrator - and cloud manager - and an interview with the Service Desk manager. This study contributes to a reflection on how an SLA framework should be and what should be its content; tries to show what companies think about SLAs as well as which parameters are considered the most relevant to their organizations; and how should an SLA be negotiated in a cloud computing environment.
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Holoubek, Jiří. "Teorie a praxe cloud computingu - analýza výhod a nevýhod přechodu jednotlivce a firmy na cloud." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162593.

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My thesis concerns with a new phenomenon of the ICT industry -- cloud computing. The thesis is based on the fact that requirements of the customers on the cloud may differ, there is a significant difference between requirements of individuals and institutions (SMB, large companies or public institutions). In this regard, the thesis differentiates the cloud services for private and institutional use. The theoretical part of the thesis concerns with the definition of basic terms and history of cloud computing. Further, I define the cloud distribution model and its segmentation according to the method of deployment. The security represents another important factor, as it is the most important factor for the decision making on the transition to the cloud. Finally, there are other factors such as legal aspects, change of business processes, audit, governance and future development of cloud computing. The practical part concerns with complex analysis of the cloud market offer via cloud providers and its complex monitoring. As already mentioned, I differentiate the market offer for private and institutional use. The analysis of advantages and disadvantages of individual's and company's transition to the cloud and comparison of specific requirements of individuals and companies are another outcomes from this analysis.
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Deval, Niharika. "Empirical Evaluation of Cloud IAAS Platforms using System-level Benchmarks." UNF Digital Commons, 2017. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/765.

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Cloud Computing is an emerging paradigm in the field of computing where scalable IT enabled capabilities are delivered ‘as-a-service’ using Internet technology. The Cloud industry adopted three basic types of computing service models based on software level abstraction: Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). Infrastructure-as-a-Service allows customers to outsource fundamental computing resources such as servers, networking, storage, as well as services where the provider owns and manages the entire infrastructure. This allows customers to only pay for the resources they consume. In a fast-growing IaaS market with multiple cloud platforms offering IaaS services, the user's decision on the selection of the best IaaS platform is quite challenging. Therefore, it is very important for organizations to evaluate and compare the performance of different IaaS cloud platforms in order to minimize cost and maximize performance. Using a vendor-neutral approach, this research focused on four of the top IaaS cloud platforms- Amazon EC2, Microsoft Azure, Google Compute Engine, and Rackspace cloud services. This research compared the performance of IaaS cloud platforms using system-level parameters including server, file I/O, and network. System-level benchmarking provides an objective comparison of the IaaS cloud platforms from performance perspective. Unixbench, Dbench, and Iperf are the system-level benchmarks chosen to test the performance of the server, file I/O, and network respectively. In order to capture the performance variability, the benchmark tests were performed at different time periods on weekdays and weekends. Each IaaS platform's performance was also tested using various parameters. The benchmark tests conducted on different virtual machine (VM) configurations should help cloud users select the best IaaS platform for their needs. Also, based on their applications' requirements, cloud users should get a clearer picture of which VM configuration they should choose. In addition to the performance evaluation, the price-per-performance value of all the IaaS cloud platforms was also examined.
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Sporre, Moa. "Human Influence on Marine Low-Level Clouds." Thesis, Uppsala University, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-105458.

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<p>A study of air mass origin’s effect on marine stratus and stratocumulus clouds has been performed on clouds north of Scandinavia between 2000 and 2004. The aerosol number size distribution of the air masses has been obtained from measurements in northern Finland. A trajectory model has been used to calculate trajectories to and from the measurement stations. The back trajectories were calculated using the measurement site as receptor to make sure the air masses had the right origin, and forward trajectories were calculated from receptor stations to assure adequate flow conditions. Satellite data of microphysical parameters of clouds from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) has been downloaded where the trajectories indicated that clouds could be studied, and where the satellite images displayed low-level clouds. The 25 % days with the highest number of aerosol with a diameter over 80 nm (N<sub>80</sub>) and the 35% with the lowest N<sub>80</sub> have been used to represent polluted and clean conditions respectively. After screening trajectories and satellite imagery, 22 cases of clouds with northerly trajectories that had low N<sub>80</sub> values (i.e. clean) and 25 southerly cases with high N<sub>80</sub> values (i.e. polluted) where identified for further analysis.</p><p>   The average cloud optical thickness (τ) for all polluted pixels was more than twice that of the clean pixels. This can most likely be related to the differences in aerosol concentrations in accordance with the indirect effect, yet some difference in τ caused by different meteorological situations cannot be ruled out. The mean cloud droplet effective radius (a<sub>ef</sub>) was for the polluted pixels 11.2 µm and for the clean pixels 15.5 µm, which results in a difference of 4.3 µm and clearly demonstrates the effect that increased aerosol numbers has on clouds. A non-linear relationship between a<sub>ef</sub> and N<sub>80</sub> has been obtained which indicates that changes in lower values of aerosol numbers affect a<sub>ef</sub> more than changes in larger aerosol loads. The results from this study also indicate that there is a larger difference in the microphysical cloud parameters between the polluted and clean cases in spring and autumn than in summer.</p>
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Maeser, Robert K. III. "A Model-Based Framework for Analyzing Cloud Service Provider Trustworthiness and Predicting Cloud Service Level Agreement Performance." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10785821.

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<p> Analytics firm Cyence estimated Amazon&rsquo;s four-hour cloud computing outage on February 28, 2017 &ldquo;cost S&amp;P 500 companies at least $150 million&rdquo; (Condliffe 2017) and traffic monitoring firm Apica claimed &ldquo;54 of the top 100 online retailers saw site performance slump by at least 20 percent&rdquo; (Condliffe 2017). 2015 data center outages cost Fortune 1000 companies between $1.25 and $2.5 billion (Ponemon 2017). Despite potential risks, the cloud computing industry continues to grow. For example, Internet of Things, which is projected to grow 266% between 2013 and 2020 (MacGillivray et al. 2017), will drive increased demand and dependency on cloud computing as data across multiple industries is collected and sent back to cloud data centers for processing. Enterprises continue to increase demand and dependency with 85% having multi-cloud strategies, up from 2016 (RightScale 2017a). This growth and dependency will influence risk exposure and potential for impact (e.g. availability, reliability, performance, security, financial). The research in this Praxis and proposed solution focuses on calculating cloud service provider (CSP) trustworthiness based on cloud service level agreement (SLA) criteria and predicting cloud SLA availability performance for cloud computing services. Evolving industry standards for cloud SLAs (EC 2014, Hunnebeck et al. 2011, ISO/IEC 2016, NIST 2015, Hogben, Giles and Dekker 2012) and existing work regarding CSP trustworthiness (Ghosh, Ghosh and Das 2015, Taha et al. 2014) will be leveraged as the predictive model (using Linear Regression Analysis) is constructed to analyze CSP cloud computing service, SLA performance and CSP trustworthiness.</p><p>
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Turner, Andrew J. "Input Shaping to Achieve Service Level Objectives in Cloud Computing Environments." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2013. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/289.

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In this thesis we propose a cloud Input Shaper and Dynamic Resource Controller to provide application-level quality of service guarantees in cloud computing environments. The Input Shaper splits the cloud into two areas: one for shaped traffic that achieves quality of service targets, and one for overflow traffic that may not achieve the targets. The Dynamic Resource Controller profiles customers’ applications, then calculates and allocates the resources required by the applications to achieve given quality of service targets. The Input Shaper then shapes the rate of incoming requests to ensure that the applications achieve their quality of service targets based on the amount of allocated resources. To evaluate our system we create a new benchmark application that is suitable for use in cloud computing environments. It is designed to reflect the current design of cloud based applications and can dynamically scale each application tier to handle large and varying workload levels. In addition, the client emulator that drives the benchmark also mimics realistic user behaviors such as browsing from multiple tabs, using JavaScript, and has variable thinking and typing speeds. We show that a cloud management system evaluated using previous benchmarks could violate its estimated quality of service achievement rate by over 20%. The Input Shaper and Dynamic Resource Controller system consist of an application performance modeler, a resource allocator, decision engine, and an Apache HTTP server module to reshape the rate of incoming web requests. By dynamically allocating resources to applications, we show that their response times can be improved by as much as 30%. Also, the amount of resources required to host applications can be decreased by 20% while achieving quality of service objectives. The Input Shaper can reduce VMs’ resource utilization variances by 88%, and reduce the number of servers by 45%.
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Lim, Jun Ming Kelvin. "Multi-level secure information sharing between smart cloud systems of systems." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/41410.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.<br>Reissued 1 Jul 2014 with corrections to in-text Figure and Table citations.<br>There is a need to have secure information sharing in the industry and government sectors. For example, countries within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) often have a common goal requiring them to communicate, but they lack a technological platform for fast information sharing, especially if the countries have different access rights to the information. Thus, the same information that an organization wants to share with multiple partners needs to be securely shared at multiple levels. In addition, the manner in which information is shared needs to be flexible enough to accommodate changes on demand, due to the nature of the information or relationship with the sharing organizations. This thesis proposes a configurable, cloud infrastructure that enables multiple layers of secure information sharing between multiple organizations. This thesis follows a systems engineering process to propose a preliminary architecture of such a system, including an analysis of alternatives of some of the attributes of the system. Secondly, the thesis instantiates part of the proposed architecture with a proof-of-concept physical system in a laboratory environment. The proof-of-concept chooses a specific scenario of information sharing that would allow NATO members to access shared data faster, and in a secure fashion, in order to make decisions more quickly with the authorized information.
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Books on the topic "Cloud level"

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M, Butler Joe, Theilmann Wolfgang, Yahyapour Ramin, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Service Level Agreements for Cloud Computing. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2011.

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Wieder, Philipp, Joe M. Butler, Wolfgang Theilmann, and Ramin Yahyapour, eds. Service Level Agreements for Cloud Computing. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1614-2.

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Holloway, Melanie. Service Level Management in Cloud Computing. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-18773-6.

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O'Brien, D. M. Radiation fluxes and cloud amounts predicted by the CSIRO nine level GCM and observed by ERBE and ISCCP. CSIRO Australia, 1993.

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Higgins, John H. 10 steps to a digital practice in the cloud: New levels of CPA firm workflow efficiency. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, 2012.

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Ellrod, Gary P. Detection of high level turbulence using satellite imagery and upper air data. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 1985.

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Reading intervention: Soar to success student book level 3 wk 26 clouds of terror. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2007.

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Mewburn, Kyle. Big Black Cloud, Level 4. Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand, 2018.

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Harper, Holly. I See a Cloud, Level 1+. Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand, 2019.

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Yahyapour, Ramin, Philipp Wieder, Joe M. Butler, and Wolfgang Theilmann. Service Level Agreements for Cloud Computing. Springer, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cloud level"

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Kohne, Andreas. "Service Level Agreements." In Cloud-Föderationen. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-20973-5_3.

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Baset, Salman A. "Cloud Service Level Agreement." In Encyclopedia of Cloud Computing. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118821930.ch36.

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Majumdar, Suryadipta, Taous Madi, Yushun Wang, et al. "User-Level Runtime Security Auditing for the Cloud." In Cloud Security Auditing. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23128-6_5.

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Adjepon-Yamoah, David Ebo. "Cloud Accountability Method: Towards Accountable Cloud Service-Level Agreements." In Proceedings of Sixth International Congress on Information and Communication Technology. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1781-2_40.

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Li, Fei, Wei Gao, Dongqing Xie, and Chunming Tang. "Certificateless Cryptography with KGC Trust Level 3 Revisited." In Cloud Computing and Security. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68542-7_24.

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Butler, Joe M., Ramin Yahyapour, and Wolfgang Theilmann. "Motivation and Overview." In Service Level Agreements for Cloud Computing. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1614-2_1.

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Brosch, Franz. "Software Performance and Reliability Prediction." In Service Level Agreements for Cloud Computing. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1614-2_10.

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Gonzalez, Miguel Angel Rojas, Peter Chronz, Kuan Lu, et al. "G-SLAM – The Anatomy of the Generic SLA Manager." In Service Level Agreements for Cloud Computing. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1614-2_11.

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Yaqub, Edwin, Philipp Wieder, Constantinos Kotsokalis, et al. "A Generic Platform for Conducting SLA Negotiations." In Service Level Agreements for Cloud Computing. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1614-2_12.

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Gómez, Sergio García, Juan Lambea Rueda, and Augustín Escámez Chimeno. "Management of the Business SLAs for Services eContracting." In Service Level Agreements for Cloud Computing. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1614-2_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cloud level"

1

Kc, Kamal, and Vincent W. Freeh. "Dynamically Controlling Node-Level Parallelism in Hadoop." In 2015 IEEE 8th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cloud.2015.49.

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Bobkowska, Katarzyna, Adam Inglot, Marek Przyborski, Jedrzej Sieniakowski, and Paweł Tysiac. "Low-Level Aerial Photogrammetry as a Source of Supplementary Data for ALS Measurements." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.168.

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The development of laser scanning technology ALS allows to make high-resolution measurements for large areas result-ing in significant reduction of costs. The main stakeholders at heights data received from the airborne laser scanning is mainly state administration. The state institutions appear among projects such as ISOK. Each point is classified in ac-cordance with the standard LAS 1.2, our research focuses on the class 6 – buildings. In the project ISOK, the buildings are not measured in whole (from every side). A typical way to measure the missing elements is to increase the coverage of the cross and additional raids which unfortunately increases the cost measurements. An alternative solution density point clouds ALS is the use of optical scanning and UAV. The article shows the process of density the point clouds coming from ALS using point cloud obtained through optical scanning. The methods that illustrate the process of compaction data format LAS using the following methods: point cloud having field coordinates in the system compatible with the system of clouds acquired with ALS, point cloud in the local system, point cloud in the local system without the scale. The file size, depending on the density of the point cloud was analyzed.
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Chazalet, Antonin. "Service Level Checking in the Cloud Computing Context." In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cloud.2010.15.

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Chang, Fangzhe, Ramesh Viswanathan, and Tom L. Wood. "Placement in Clouds for Application-Level Latency Requirements." In 2012 IEEE 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cloud.2012.91.

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Tata, Samir, Mohamed Mohamed, Takashi Sakairi, Nagapramod Mandagere, Obinna Anya, and Heiko Ludwig. "rSLA: A Service Level Agreement Language for Cloud Services." In 2016 IEEE 9th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cloud.2016.0062.

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Kerschbaum, Florian, and Leonardo Weiss Ferreira Chaves. "Secure Sharing of Item-Level Data in the Cloud." In 2011 IEEE 4th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cloud.2011.78.

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Lin Ye, Hongli Zhang, Jiantao Shi, and Xiaojiang Du. "Verifying cloud Service Level Agreement." In GLOBECOM 2012 - 2012 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2012.6503207.

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Zainelabden, Abdallah Ali, A. Ibrahim, Dzmitry Kliazovich, and Pascal Bouvry. "On Service Level Agreement Assurance in Cloud Computing Data Centers." In 2016 IEEE 9th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cloud.2016.0137.

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Zhang, Wei, Hong Tang, Hao Jiang, Tao Yang, Xiaogang Li, and Yue Zeng. "Multi-level Selective Deduplication for VM Snapshots in Cloud Storage." In 2012 IEEE 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cloud.2012.78.

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Kanso, Ali, and Yves Lemieux. "Achieving High Availability at the Application Level in the Cloud." In 2013 IEEE 6th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cloud.2013.24.

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Reports on the topic "Cloud level"

1

Wang, Zhien. Using Radar, Lidar, and Radiometer measurements to Classify Cloud Type and Study Middle-Level Cloud Properties. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/993103.

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Wang, Zhien. Using Radar, Lidar, and Radiometer measurements to Classify Cloud Type and Study Middle-Level Cloud Properties. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/861985.

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Hallett, John. Investigation of Properties of High Level Cirrus Clouds and their Importance for Satellite and Aircraft Operations. Defense Technical Information Center, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada380811.

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Krueger, Steven K. Development and Testing of a Life Cycle Model and a Parameterization of Thin Mid-level Stratiform Clouds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/924412.

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Balali, Vahid, Arash Tavakoli, and Arsalan Heydarian. A Multimodal Approach for Monitoring Driving Behavior and Emotions. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1928.

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Studies have indicated that emotions can significantly be influenced by environmental factors; these factors can also significantly influence drivers’ emotional state and, accordingly, their driving behavior. Furthermore, as the demand for autonomous vehicles is expected to significantly increase within the next decade, a proper understanding of drivers’/passengers’ emotions, behavior, and preferences will be needed in order to create an acceptable level of trust with humans. This paper proposes a novel semi-automated approach for understanding the effect of environmental factors on drivers’ emotions and behavioral changes through a naturalistic driving study. This setup includes a frontal road and facial camera, a smart watch for tracking physiological measurements, and a Controller Area Network (CAN) serial data logger. The results suggest that the driver’s affect is highly influenced by the type of road and the weather conditions, which have the potential to change driving behaviors. For instance, when the research defines emotional metrics as valence and engagement, results reveal there exist significant differences between human emotion in different weather conditions and road types. Participants’ engagement was higher in rainy and clear weather compared to cloudy weather. More-over, engagement was higher on city streets and highways compared to one-lane roads and two-lane highways.
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