Academic literature on the topic 'Clothing trade Australia Production control'
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Journal articles on the topic "Clothing trade Australia Production control"
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Liaqat, Zara. "Differing Impact of Liberalisation: The Case of Vertically Integrated Clothing Firms." Pakistan Development Review 57, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 283–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v57i3pp.283-306.
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This paper compares the productivity and other characteristics of vertically integrated and non-integrated firms to investigate whether efficiency gains associated with a given liberalisation episode vary across firms, depending on their organisation. A theoretical setting of vertical integration in the textile and clothing industry is developed, to reveal that trade expansion triggers a change in the relative factor cost of these two types of firms, and consequently, a change in product range produced by them. The results are further backed by using a sample of clothing firms in Pakistan for the years 1992-2010 to analyse the effect of the phasing out of U.S. textile and clothing quotas on firm-level efficiency. The empirical findings illustrate that an increase in the level of quotas brings about a significant growth in the mean productivity of vertically integrated clothing firms. The diminishing efficiency of non-integrated firms points to the lack of ability of these firms to benefit from tighter quality control, timely revision of production policies and guarantee of supplies. JEL Classification: F13, F14, D24, L23 Keywords: Trade Liberalisation, Productivity, Vertical Integration, Firm Heterogeneity, Multi-Fibre Arrangement
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Saunders, Glen, Barry Kay, Greg Mutze, and David Choquenot. "Observations on the impacts of rabbit haemorrhagic disease on agricultural production values in Australia." Wildlife Research 29, no. 6 (2002): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr00086.
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Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) may be the most important rabbit control agent to be made available to graziers in Australia since the advent of myxomatosis. Documenting the benefits of RHD to agricultural production values is an important process in determining best-practice strategies for the use of the disease in controlling rabbit populations. In this paper we review previous studies on the impact of rabbits and present recent Australian case studies that tracked the effects of RHD on agricultural production as the disease first spread across the continent. Indirect consequences of RHD, such as changes in costs of rabbit control as monitored through the use of 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate), are reported. Potential negative impacts such as adverse effects on the wild rabbit fur and meat trade and in the spread of woody weeds are also discussed.
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Wellings, C. R. "Puccinia striiformis in Australia: a review of the incursion, evolution, and adaptation of stripe rust in the period 1979 - 2006." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 6 (2007): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07130.
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The wheat stripe rust pathogen (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici; Pst) was first detected in Australia in 1979. The features of the initial pathotype suggested that it was of European origin, and later work provided evidence that it was most likely transmitted as adherent spores on travellers’ clothing. Despite long-held views that this cool temperature pathogen would not adapt to Australian conditions, Pst became endemic and progressively adapted to commercial wheat production through step-wise mutation. Several of these mutant pathotypes became frequent in the Pst population, causing widespread infection and significant costs to production (yield and quality losses; chemical control expenditure) in certain cultivars and seasons. Pathotype evolution, including adaptation to native barley grass (Hordeum spp.) populations, is described. The occurrence of an exotic pathotype of Pst in Western Australia in 2002, and its subsequent spread to eastern Australia, represented a major shift in the pathogen population. This pathotype dominated pathogen populations throughout Australia from 2003, with chemical control expenditure estimated at AU$40–90 million annually. Another exotic introduction was detected in 1998. Initial data indicated that certain isolates collected from barley grass were highly avirulent to wheat differentials, with the exception of partial virulence to Chinese 166. Further seedling tests revealed that these isolates, tentatively designated barley grass stripe rust (BGYR), were virulent on several Australian barleys, notably those of Skiff parentage. Data, including molecular studies, suggest that BGYR is a new forma specialis of P. striiformis. Field nurseries indicate that BGYR is likely to have little impact on commercial barley, although this may change with further pathotype evolution or the release of susceptible cultivars.
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James, A. D. "Disease and Biosecurity." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200013661.
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There are large differences between the prices of animal products in regions with comparative advantage in livestock production and regions where production costs are higher. In particular, prices for many animal products are much higher in The European Union (EU) and The United States of America (USA) than in regions with extensive grazing areas or low-priced animal feed grains, e.g. Australia, South America and Southern Africa. These price differentials provide strong financial incentives for trade in animal products between these regions. However, trade is constrained by three main factors: 1.The perishability of many animal products, resulting in additional processing costs (e.g. freezing) which may also reduce the value of the product and higher transport costs.2.The fact that in many markets, high prices have been used as an element of agricultural support policy. These are partly maintained by levies on imported products.3.Zoosanitary restrictions to control the risk of introducing livestock and human disease agents in animal products.
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Peleg Mizrachi, Meital, and Alon Tal. "Regulation for Promoting Sustainable, Fair and Circular Fashion." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010502.
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Over the past few decades, the production and consumption of clothing has increased exponentially, leading to a dramatic increase in the negative environmental consequences produced by the fashion industry. Given the rising pace of global warming and the rising concern about the fashion industry’s contribution to the climate crisis and its exploitative social dimensions, decision makers, politicians and government officials have begun to promote sustainable fashion through public policy. This article reviews the main barriers facing a circular economy in general and the fashion industry in particular. It considers nascent regulations emerging throughout the world in the field of sustainable fashion, applying circular economic principles to the fashion industry. Four categories of policy proposals are evaluated: Command and Control Interventions, Educational Initiatives, Incentives and Certification, grading them according to criteria of effectiveness, sustainability, feasibility, equity and compliance. The ranking process was based on an elicitation of expert judgement among a panel with expertise in the areas of sustainable fashion from the business sector, academia and civil society. Findings suggest that while some policy options appear to meet all criteria successfully, when selecting an optimal strategy for promoting sustainable fashion, there are frequently trade-offs between different alternatives.
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Ritar, AJ. "Control of ovulation, storage of semen, and artificial insemination of fibre-producing goats in Australia: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 6 (1993): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930807.
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Artificial insemination (AI) allows individual bucks to be exploited widely and so is a potentially useful tool for the rapid genetic improvement of fibre goats. In Australia, where there is a desire by farmers to improve the productivity of their goats, AI may best be adopted under extensive grazing conditions using control of ovulation to allow efficient and accurate timing of the deposition of frozen-stored semen. Although ovulatory activity is influenced by the manipulation of environmental factors, the time of ovulation is synchronised most accurately by the combined use of intravaginal progestagens and pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin. However, the costs of these exogenous hormones remain high, which justifies investigation of alternative methods to control ovulation. Bucks show strong seasonality in the quality and quantity of their sperm production, and so there is limited time in which semen may be collected for storage and AI, but this can be extended by optimising nutrition and management. There appears to be no improvement in the fertility of stored semen when seminal plasma, which contains egg yolk coagulating enzyme, is removed and an extender containing only a low concentration of egg yolk is used for dilution. Simple methods have been developed for 1-step dilution and freezing of buck semen. However, the post-thawing viability of spermatozoa frozen in pellets on dry ice is higher than for semen frozen in straws in liquid N2 vapour, although straws are preferred for commercial trade. For frozen-thawed semen, fertility after laparoscopic insemination is high, whereas the fertility after cervical insemination is considerably lower but improves by the deeper placement of semen into the reproductive tract. Does are best inseminated 5-10 h before the expected time of ovulation. A dose as low as 1 x 106 motile spermatozoa may be used for laparoscopic insemination of thawed semen that was previously diluted at rates (semen: diluent) of 1:2 to 1:23. However, for the cervical method, a low dilution rate of 1:2 allows a sufficiently small, highly concentrated dose of at least 120 x 106 motile frozen-thawed spermatozoa t o be deposited into the reproductive tract of the doe. Cervical insemination is cheaper and simpler than the laparoscopic method, and this warrants the development of an improved technique for the consistent, deep deposition of frozen-thawed semen through the cervix in a high proportion of does.
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Herd, Robert M., V. Hutton Oddy, and Steven Bray. "Baseline and greenhouse-gas emissions in extensive livestock enterprises, with a case study of feeding lipid to beef cattle." Animal Production Science 55, no. 2 (2015): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14222.
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For accurate calculation of reductions in greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions, methodologies under the Australian Government’s Carbon Farming Initiative (CFI) depend on a valid assessment of the baseline and project emissions. Life-cycle assessments (LCAs) clearly show that enteric methane emitted from the rumen of cattle and sheep is the major source of GHG emissions from livestock enterprises. Where a historic baseline for a CFI methodology for livestock is required, the use of simulated data for cow–calf enterprises at six sites in southern Australia demonstrated that a 5-year rolling emission average will provide an acceptable trade off in terms of accuracy and stability, but this is a much shorter time period than typically used for LCA. For many CFI livestock methodologies, comparative or pair-wise baselines are potentially more appropriate than historic baselines. A case study of lipid supplementation of beef cows over winter is presented. The case study of a control herd of 250 cows used a comparative baseline derived from simple data on livestock numbers and class of livestock to quantify the emission abatement. Compared with the control herd, lipid supplementation to cows over winter increased livestock productivity, total livestock production and enterprise GHG emissions from 990 t CO2-e to 1022 t CO2-e. Energy embodied in the supplement and extra diesel used in transporting the supplement diminished the enteric-methane abatement benefit of lipid supplementation. Reducing the cow herd to 238 cows maintained the level of livestock production of the control herd and reduced enterprise emissions to 938 t CO2-e, but was not cost effective under the assumptions of this case study.
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Michaud, Kenneth, Guy Iverson, Michael H. Reiskind, Greg Kearney, and Stephanie L. Richards. "Brief Review of Japanese Encephalitis Virus: Recommendations Related to North Carolina Swine Farms and Wider Implications for Swine Farming." Parasitologia 2, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 302–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/parasitologia2040025.
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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne virus primarily found in Asia and Australia and is one of the few with an associated human/animal vaccine. Swine are amplifying hosts and wading birds are reservoirs of JEV, while horses and humans are incidental hosts. The primary vector is Culex tritaeniorhynchus, a generalist blood feeder not found in the United States (US); secondary vectors (e.g., Cx. pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Aedes japonicus, Ae. vexans) are widespread in the US (including North Carolina [NC]). The risk of JEV to NC was investigated because of widespread swine production, human populations, bird hosts, and possible mosquito vectors; however, recommendations can also apply to other swine producing states and regions. A brief review was conducted to identify transmission competent arthropod vectors, vertebrate hosts, and vector-host interactions for JEV. NC and other areas may be at risk for JEV emergence because of factors such as active international trade, volume of swine production, permissive climate, and widespread occurrence of potential vector species. Improved knowledge of the spatial distribution of swine farms, tracking movement of live swine, assessment of vector competence/capacity and blood feeding habits of potential JEV vectors, investigation of a JEV sentinel surveillance system, and assessment of efficacy for current biosecurity and control measures is needed to protect public and veterinary health.
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Hinkley, James T. "A New Zealand Perspective on Hydrogen as an Export Commodity: Timing of Market Development and an Energy Assessment of Hydrogen Carriers." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 4876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164876.
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Hydrogen is currently receiving significant attention and investment as a key enabler of defossilised global energy systems. Many believe this will eventually result in the international trade of hydrogen as a commodity from countries with significant renewable energy resources, for example New Zealand and Australia, to net energy importing countries including Japan and Korea. Japan has, since 2014, been actively exploring the components of the necessary supply chains, including the assessment of different hydrogen carriers. Public/private partnerships have invested in demonstration projects to assess the comparative merits of liquid hydrogen, ammonia, and organic carriers. On the supply side, significant projects have been proposed in Australia while the impending closure of New Zealand’s Tiwai Point aluminium smelter at the end of 2024 may provide an opportunity for green hydrogen production. However, it is also evident that the transition to a hydrogen economy will take some years and confidence around the timing of supply and demand capacity is essential for new energy infrastructure investment. This paper reviews the expected development of an export market to Japan and concludes that large scale imports are unlikely before the late 2020s. Comparative evaluation of the energy efficiency of various hydrogen carriers concludes that it is too early to call a winner, but that ammonia has key advantages as a fungible commodity today, while liquid hydrogen has the potential to be a more efficient energy carrier. Ultimately it will be the delivered cost of hydrogen that will determine which carriers are used, and while energy efficiency is a key metric, there are other considerations such as infrastructure availability, and capital and operating costs.
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Marshall, Shelley, and Richard Mitchell. "Enterprise Bargaining, Managerial Prerogative and the Protection of Workers? Rights: An Argument on the Role of Law and Regulatory Strategy in Australia under the Workplace Relations Act 1996 (Cth)." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 22, Issue 3 (September 1, 2006): 299–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2006016.
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Abstract: Since the beginning of the 1990s successive Australian national governments (from both right and left of the political spectrum) have overseen a shift in the regulation of employment relations from one based on centralised arbitrated awards to one of enterprise bargaining. The ostensible purpose of this policy was to facilitate the development of workplace-focused systems of regulation which were sensitive to the need for flexible production and employment systems in the context of the global economy. The evidence suggests that whilst many of the objectives of the enterprise bargaining project have been attained (particularly the goal of greater flexibility in employment systems), the law has been less effective in protecting the interests of workers, particularly their power to influence decision-making at the place of work. The major impact of enterprise bargaining upon the workplace, the paper proposes, has been the restoration of managerial prerogative which previously had been mediated through arbitration or the power of trade unions. Finally, the paper draws conclusions on the changing role of the institutions which regulate Australian industrial relations. Historically, Australian industrial tribunals have combined the features of judicial bodies and regulatory agencies. The paper concludes that a shift is occurring in Australian labour law from a mixture of self-regulation and centralised ?command and control?, to ?enforced self-regulation?, thus signalling a systemic and profound reorientation in regulatory policy and technique in Australian labour market regulation
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clothing trade Australia Production control"
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Narayanan, Sambasivan. "A knowledge-based framework for apparel enterprise evaluation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8644.
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Srinivasan, Arati. "Role of distributed databases in an apparel supply chain." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/9163.
Full textBooks on the topic "Clothing trade Australia Production control"
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Introduction to clothing production management. 2nd ed. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Science, 1995.
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Chuter, A. J. Introduction to clothing production management. Oxford: BSP Professional Books, 1988.
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Group, American Production and Inventory Control Society Textile and Apparel Industry Specific Industry. Software requirements evaluation guide for manufacturing planning control systems. Falls Church, VA: APICS, 1998.
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Textile, and Apparel Seminar (1986 Atlanta Ga ). Textile and Apparel Seminar proceedings, July 15-16, 1986, Atlanta, Georgia. Falls Church, Va: American Production and Inventory Control Society, 1986.
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Office, General Accounting. International trade: Canada and Australia rely heavily on wheat boards to market grain : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Domestic and Foreign Marketing and Product Promotion, Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1992.
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Chuter, A. J. Introduction to Clothing Production Management. Blackwell Science Inc, 1988.
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Schweitzer, Stuart O., and Z. John Lu. The Global Pharmaceutical Industry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623784.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the supply of pharmaceuticals worldwide, including production and sales, R&D, traditional medicines, and international trade. Worldwide consolidation of drug manufacturers, a trend dating back to the early 1990s, will also be examined. The discussion focuses on the unique characteristics of the industry in several key regions and countries, including the Europe Union, China, Japan, India, and Brazil. This chapter also looks at the impact of government price control on pharmaceutical R&D in Canada and Australia. Issues regarding access to innovative medicines in developing nations, including possible causes and recommended solutions, are covered at the end of chapter.
Book chapters on the topic "Clothing trade Australia Production control"
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Bauder, Harald. "Conclusion: Labor, Migration, and Action." In Labor Movement. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195180879.003.0021.
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Social, cultural, and legal practices associated with international migration are integral elements of a wider neoliberal regime of accumulation. Neoliberalism, however, is not a monolithic configuration. It evolved through a history and geography of experimentation (Peck 2004) and exists in a variety of forms. Likewise, the manner in which international migration regulates labor markets does not follow a prewritten, universal script but evolves in a place- and contextspecific manner. Formal citizenship, for example, is a powerful category to control migrant labor in many countries. In Canada, however, foreign immigrants and citizens have similar labor market rights, and in Germany long-term foreign residents acquire postnational rights, which put newcomers on more or less equal legal footing with nonmigrants. When citizenship fails to distinguish between migrant and nonmigrant workers, then other mechanisms of distinction, including various forms of cultural and social capital, assume more prominent roles. The case studies presented in this book show how these legal, social, and cultural processes of distinguishing and controlling international migrants regulate labor markets. Cultural representation is a critical process in maintaining, enforcing, and advancing this aspect of the neoliberal project. A particularly powerful discursive strategy is the representation of migrant labor as essential for production and economic well-being and, at the same time, the vilification of migrant workers as outsiders, parasites, and threats to local and national communities. Although I limited my empirical investigation to a few case studies, similar representations of migrant workers likely exist in Australia, throughout Europe, in the United States, and in other migrant-receiving industrialized countries. In recent years, cultural representations of migrants have been tied to the so-called war on terrorism, which constructs international migrants as a particularly deadly population. Exploiting the fears of terror, restrictive and oppressive policies and practices toward international migrants have gone far beyond genuine efforts to filter out traveling suicide assassins (Wright 2003). The strategic incorporation of new narratives into discourses of migration and the appropriation of relatively unrelated but highly visible events such as the destruction of the World Trade Center in New York illustrate the systematic, if not deliberate, nature of representation.