Journal articles: 'Clostridium perfringens'

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Oskutis, Morgan, and Matthew Reaven. "Septic Shock and Spontaneous Gangrenous Gas Necrosis of the Spleen Secondary to Clostridium perfringens: The Importance of Source Control." Case Reports in Critical Care 2021 (May 6, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5563071.

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Clostridium perfringens is a rare cause of septic shock, occurring most frequently in immunocompromised patients. An uncommon cause of Clostridium perfringen septicemia is spontaneous gangrenous gas necrosis of the spleen, where the primary treatment is splenectomy. We present a case of septic shock caused by spontaneous gangrenous gas necrosis of the spleen secondary to Clostridium perfringens in a patient whose profound pancytopenia made obtaining definitive source control extremely difficult.

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SHEFF, BARBARA. "Clostridium perfringens." Nursing 34, no. 8 (August 2004): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200408000-00031.

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Sheff, Barbara. "Clostridium perfringens." Nursing (Ed. española) 23, no. 7 (August 2005): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0212-5382(05)71474-6.

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Kristopaitis, Theresa, Randy Jensen, and Meena Gujrati. "Clostridium perfringens:." Surgical Neurology 51, no. 4 (April 1999): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0090-3019(97)00454-0.

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Labbé, Ronald G. "Clostridium perfringens." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 4 (July 1, 1991): 711–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.4.711.

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Abstract In the United States and Canada, Clostridium perfringens remains a leading cause of bacterial food poisoning in humans. It has been primarily associated with meat and poultry products prepared in food service establishments. Fecal spore levels of 104 or more per g are considered indicative of a food poisoning outbreak. However, elevated spore levels of this organism are frequently seen in healthy elderly individuals, an observation that complicates investigations of suspected outbreaks. Recent studies with this population indicate that fecal enterotoxin levels are a valuable and effective assay for confirming outbreaks due to this organism. With regard to the toxin itself, a membrane protein of 50 000-70 000 molecular weight has been isolated as a possible enterotoxin-receptor site. It is the subsequent action of the toxin on membrane structure that results in the loss of ions and fluid associated with illness. In addition, the enterotoxin gene has been cloned in E. coil and sequenced. Using toxin-specific DNA probes, only 6% of non-symptomatic farm animals were found to possess the enterotoxin gene, disproving the hypothesis that all strains of this organism can produce the toxin.

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Jerram, Lucy. "Clostridial disease in cattle." Livestock 24, no. 6 (November 2, 2019): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2019.24.6.274.

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Clostridial disease affects cattle across the UK throughout the year but particularly in the grazing season. All clostridial disease occurs when conditions in the muscles or organs become anaerobic allowing for bacterial proliferation and toxin production. The most common pathogenic clostridium is Clostridium chauvoei which causes blackleg and has both skeletal and cardiac forms. Clostridium perfringens is the second most commonly identified clostridia with type A causing enterotoxaemia and type D causing pulpy kidney. Clostridium novyi is the third most common clostridia — type B causes black disease and type D causes bacillary haemoglobinuria. Cattle are most at risk during the grazing season meaning that control and prevention of disease should be particularly targeted at this time of year. The cost of vaccination is so low compared with the cost of losing even one animal that an appropriate protocol should be implemented on all farms.

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Bezborodova, Natalia A., Evgenia N. Shilova, Veronika V. Kozhukhovskaya, Vladlena D. Zubareva, Olga V. Sokolova, and Nikolai A. Martynov. "Improvement of Laboratory Diagnosis for Detection and Identification of Bovine Clostridiosis." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE 20 (November 1, 2023): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23208.2023.20.31.

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Objective: Clostridiosis is a toxic infectious disease; the pathogenicity factor of causative agents is the secreted toxins. A characteristic feature of clostridiosis pathogens is their polytropism. They affect both humans and agricultural, domestic, and wild animals. Our research aimed to monitor Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile spread among agricultural organizations of the Ural region. Materials and Methods: 137 biological samples were obtained from cattle with symptoms of clostridial infection. For PCR species and toxinotype identification commercial kits and previously described protocols were used. Results verification was conducted using MALDI-TOF MS. Results: Out of 137 samples of selected material Clostridium was detected in 40.6% of samples: Cl. difficile in 35.8%, Cl. perfringens in 25.3%, Cl. difficile+Cl. perfringens in 16.4%. Cl. difficile and Cl. perfringens were found in 30.5% of fecal samples, in pathological material from dead calves and cows – 8.7%, in milk samples – 1.4%. Conclusion: Laboratory methods made it possible to verify the diagnosis: infectious anaerobic enterotoxemia of calves in one case, necrotic enteritis in 3 animals, and intestinal toxic infection caused by Cl. perfringens type A in 2 cows and 5 calves. The diagnostics of toxinotypes of Cl. perfringens have made it possible to conduct toxin-specific vaccination against clostridial infection in farms.

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Liu, Ying, Jianfei Zhu, Shaoqi Qu, Jianzhong Shen, and Kui Zhu. "Plant-Derived Xanthones against Clostridial Enteric Infections." Antibiotics 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2023): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020232.

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Intestinal bacterial infections are a major threat to human and animal health. In this study, we found plant-derived antibacterial xanthones, particularly α-mangostin (AMG) from the mangosteen peel, exhibiting extraordinary activities against Clostridium perfringens. Structure–activity relationship analysis showed that prenylation modulated the activity of xanthones. The efficacy of AMG (4, 8, 20 mg/kg body weight) was also demonstrated in the broiler chicken necrotic enteritis model infected with Clostridium perfringens. In the models (n = 6 per group), feed supplementation of AMG maintained the homeostasis of the gut microbiome by reducing the colonization of clostridia and promoting the integrity of intestinal barriers via the upregulation of mucin expression. These results suggest that plant-derived xanthones may be a potential alternative to antibiotics for treating clostridial enteric infections in the clinic.

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Bueschel, Dawn, Richard Walker, Leslie Woods, John Kokai-Kun, Bruce McClane, and J. Glenn Songer. "Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens type A necrotic enteritis in a foal." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 213, no. 9 (November 1, 1998): 1305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1998.213.09.1305.

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Clostridium perfringens is the most common cause of clostridial enteric disease in domestic animals. Many individuals have suggested that isolation of C perfringens type A from a horse with enteric disease is of little importance, even when other likely causes are ruled out; however, it appears that enterotoxigenic C perfringens type A may cause enteric disease in horses.

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Maikanov, Balgabay, Raikhan Mustafina, Laura Auteleyeva, Jan Wiśniewski, Krzysztof Anusz, Tomasz Grenda, Krzysztof Kwiatek, Magdalena Goldsztejn, and Magdalena Grabczak. "Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium perfringens Occurrence in Kazakh Honey Samples." Toxins 11, no. 8 (August 13, 2019): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11080472.

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The aim of this study was to assess occurrence of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium perfringens in honey samples from Kazakhstan. Analyses were carried out using a set of PCR methods for identification of anaerobic bacteria, and detection of toxin genes of C. botulinum and C. perfringens. Among 197 samples, C. botulinum was noticed in only one (0.5%). The isolated strain of this pathogen showed the presence of the bont/A and ntnh genes. C. perfringens strains were isolated from 18 (9%) samples, and mPCR (multiplex PCR) analysis led to them all being classified as toxin type A with the ability to produce α toxin. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA genes showed occurrence in 4 samples of other anaerobes related to C. botulinum, which were C. sporogenes and C. beijerinckii strains. C. botulinum prevalence in honey samples from Kazakhstan in comparison to the prevalence in samples collected from the other regions seems to be less. The highest prevalence of Clostridium sp. was noticed in the East Kazakhstan province. Our study is the first survey on BoNT-producing clostridia and C. perfringens prevalence in Kazakh honey.

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Uzal, Francisco A., Mauricio A. Navarro, Javier Asin, and Eileen E. Henderson. "Clostridial Diseases of Horses: A Review." Vaccines 10, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020318.

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The clostridial diseases of horses can be divided into three major groups: enteric/enterotoxic, histotoxic, and neurotoxic. The main enteric/enterotoxic diseases include those produced by Clostridium perfringens type C and Clostridioides difficile, both of which are characterized by enterocolitis. The main histotoxic diseases are gas gangrene, Tyzzer disease, and infectious necrotic hepatitis. Gas gangrene is produced by one or more of the following microorganisms: C. perfringens type A, Clostridium septicum, Paeniclostridium sordellii, and Clostridium novyi type A, and it is characterized by necrotizing cellulitis and/or myositis. Tyzzer disease is produced by Clostridium piliforme and is mainly characterized by multifocal necrotizing hepatitis. Infectious necrotic hepatitis is produced by Clostridium novyi type B and is characterized by focal necrotizing hepatitis. The main neurotoxic clostridial diseases are tetanus and botulism, which are produced by Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum, respectively. Tetanus is characterized by spastic paralysis and botulism by flaccid paralysis. Neither disease present with specific gross or microscopic lesions. The pathogenesis of clostridial diseases involves the production of toxins. Confirming a diagnosis of some of the clostridial diseases of horses is sometimes difficult, mainly because some agents can be present in tissues of normal animals. This paper reviews the main clostridial diseases of horses.

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Saksena, Nitin K., and Nicole Truffaut. "Cloning of tetracycline-resistance genes from various strains of Clostridium perfringens and expression in Escherichia coli." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m92-036.

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One hundred strains of Clostridium perfringens and 52 strains of other Clostridia of human and animal origins were screened for tetracycline resistance. Fifty-six strains were resistant to tetracycline in the C. perfringens group. Ten strains were selected for their high level of resistance. In all of them, the tetracycline-resistance genes were found to be residing in large plasmids of about 50 kb, all showing homologies. Several tetracycline-resistance genes from plasmids of various strains of C. perfringens were cloned in plasmid pUC19 and the resistance was expressed in Escherichia coli. Hybridization analysis showed these genes to be homologous among themselves and also to tetP gene from the PCW3-type plasmid. Key words: tetracycline resistance, Clostridium perfringens, gene cloning, recombinant plasmids.

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ABEYTA, CARLOS, ANITA MICHALOVSKIS, and MARLEEN M. WEKELL. "Differentiation of Clostridium perfringens from Related Clostridia in Iron Milk Medium." Journal of Food Protection 48, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-48.2.130.

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The stormy fermentation reaction of Clostridium perfringens in iron milk medium was compared to that of several C. perfringens-like strains. These clostridia, C. barati, C. perenne, C. absonum, and C. paraperfringens are very similar to C. perfringens on the basis of certain biochemical reactions and, consequently, are often difficult to distinguish from C. perfringens. Furthermore, these related clostridia may also be present in foods. Results of this study demonstrate that after 18 h of incubation at 45°C, only C. perfringens gave a positive reaction in iron milk with inocula as low as 22 cells/g. Some of the other strains began to show only gas production at 18 h. After 24 to 42 h some strains gave positive results and after 72 h all were positive. Enumeration of C. perfringens from food samples in iron milk medium by a 3-tube most probable number (MPN) technique gave similar results to enumeration by plate count using Shahidi-Ferguson Perfringens (SFP) agar. Furthermore, a rapid positive response occurred after only 2 and 3 h incubation of iron milk inoculated with 108 and 107 cells/ml, respectively. The high selectivity, ease of identification and rapid growth of C. perfringens in iron milk make the iron milk MPN procedure a valuable assay for accurate enumeration and differentiation of C. perfringens from related Clostridia in food products.

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Songer, J. Glenn, and Francisco A. Uzal. "Clostridial Enteric Infections in Pigs." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 17, no. 6 (November 2005): 528–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870501700602.

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Clostridium perfringens types A and C and Clostridium difficile are the principal enteric clostridial pathogens of swine. History, clinical signs of disease, and gross and microscopic findings form the basis for a presumptive diagnosis of C. perfringens type-C enteritis. Confirmation is based on isolation of large numbers of type-C C. perfringens and/or detection of beta toxin in intestinal contents. Diagnosis of C. perfringens type-A infection, however, remains controversial, mostly because the condition has not been well defined and because type-A organisms and their most important major (alpha) toxin can be found in intestinal contents of healthy and diseased pigs. Isolation of large numbers of C. perfringens type A from intestinal contents, in the absence of other enteric pathogens, is the most reliable criterion on which to base a diagnosis. Recently, beta2 (CPB2) toxin-producing C. perfringens type A has been linked to disease in piglets and other animals. However, implication of CPB2 in pathogenesis of porcine infections is based principally on isolation of C. perfringens carrying cpb2, the gene encoding CPB2, and the specific role of CPB2 in enteric disease of pigs remains to be fully defined. Clostridium difficile can also be a normal inhabitant of the intestine of healthy pigs, and diagnosis of enteric infection with this microorganism is based on detection of its toxins in feces or intestinal contents.

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Chand, Mastian, Ellen Gutkin, Sang H. Kim, Carl Urban, and Melvin C. Hochman. "Clostridium perfringens Septicemia." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 20, no. 2 (March 2012): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ipc.0b013e318234c3bf.

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Wiles, Stephen B., and Carl H. Ide. "Clostridium perfringens Endophthalmitis." American Journal of Ophthalmology 111, no. 5 (May 1991): 654–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)73721-3.

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Titball, Richard W. "Clostridium perfringens vaccines." Vaccine 27 (November 2009): D44—D47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.047.

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Abu El-Asrar, Ahmed M., and Khalid F. Tabbara. "Clostridium perfringens endophthalmitis." Documenta Ophthalmologica 87, no. 2 (June 1994): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01204795.

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McClane, Bruce A., Philip C. Hanna, and Andrew P. Wnek. "Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin." Microbial Pathogenesis 4, no. 5 (May 1988): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0882-4010(88)90059-9.

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Alwan, Jabbar A., Ali A. Al-zaidy, and Kadhim H. Abbas. "Real-Time PCR for direct detection of Clostridium perfringens from horse with enterocolitis infection." Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36326/kjvs/2016/v7i14286.

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Clostridium perfringens is one of the most important causative agents of enterocolitis infection in horses. This bacterium capable to produce potential enterotoxin that cause diarrhea in horses. This study was aimed to molecular identification of Clostridium perfringens from horses infected by diarrhea by using Real-Time PCR technique. The Clostridium perfringens type C was identified by using specific primers for enterotoxin (CPE) gene that designed in this study using NCBI-Genbank data base (Genbank code: GQ225719.1) and primer3 plus for primer design. The results show that prevalence of infection by Clostridium perfringens type C was (40%) of 12 positive samples out of 30 fecal samples. This study demonstrated that the direct Real-Time PCR technique is a highly specific and rapid tool for the detection Clostridium perfringens.

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Maaji, E. C., S. N. G. Kia, and M. Bello. "Search for the Occurrence of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens in Pigs Within Zaria and Environs, in Kaduna State, Nigeria." Folia Veterinaria 64, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fv-2020-0012.

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AbstractAnimals have been known to be the main study subjects when investigating the epidemiology of zoonotic Gram-positive Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens. This cross-sectional study was aimed at determining the occurrence of C. difficile and C. perfringens in pigs as well as the associated risk factors within Zaria and environs, in Kaduna State of Nigeria. A pre-sampling survey led to the selection of Shika, Samaru and Ungwan Mangu in the pig farming communities of Zaria and environs in Kaduna North as the study sites. Rectal swabs from 132 pigs were obtained and anaerobically cultured in fluid thioglycolate and further grown on reinforced clostridia agar. The colonies obtained were sub-cultured in Clostridium difficile moxalactam norfloxacin agar and reinforced clostridia agar containing egg yolk tellurite. C. difficile was not detected. However, C. perfringens was detected at a prevalence of 16.7 % (22/132). Isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 13 antimicrobials. Only 1 isolate (4.55 %) demonstrated susceptibility to vancomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin. Of the bivariate analyses of the risk factors studied, only the type of piggery and pig management were statistically significant (P < 0.05) for C. perfringens. Therefore, it should be recognized that there is a need for pig farmers to be enlightened about this pathogen and its prevention through good management practices and hygiene.

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Donaldson, Mark T., and Jonathan E. Palmer. "Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile toxin A in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 215, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1999.215.03.358.

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Objective To determine prevalence of clostridial enterotoxins in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic, and to determine whether an association exists between detection of clostridial enterotoxins in feces and development of diarrhea as a complication of colic. Design Prospective case series and case-control study. Animals 174 horses with diarrhea, colic, or problems not related to the gastrointestinal tract. Procedure Horses were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: colic with diarrhea (group 1; n = 30); colic without diarrhea (group 2; 30); diarrhea without colic (group 3; 57); and control (group 4; 57). Feces were evaluated by use of ELISA to detect Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) and C difficile toxin A (TOXA). Frequency of detection of CPE or TOXA in groups 1 and 3 was compared with that in groups 2 and 4, respectively. Results Prevalence of enteric clostridiosis in horses in group 3 was 25%. Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin was detected in 9 of 57 (16%), TOXA in 8 of 57 (14%), and both toxins in 3 of 57 (5%) fecal samples collected from these horses. Neither toxin was detected in feces of the age-matched horses in group 4. Clostridial enterotoxins were detected in feces of 7 of 60 (12%) horses with colic (groups 1 and 2); however, a significant association was not found between detection of enterotoxins in feces and development of diarrhea as a complication of colic. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Clostridia are important etiologic agents of diarrhea in horses. Additionally, changes in intestinal flora of horses with colic may allow for proliferation of clostridia and elaboration of enterotoxins regardless of whether diarrhea develops. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:358–361)

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Bajpai, Vijeta, Aishwarya Govindaswamy, Sonu Kumari Agrawal, Rajesh Malhotra, and Purva Mathur. "Clostridium sordelli as a cause of gas gangrene in a trauma patient." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 11, no. 01 (January 2019): 094–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jlp.jlp_108_18.

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AbstractGas gangrene is a necrotic infection of the skin and soft tissue that is associated with high mortality and often necessitating amputation to control the infection. Clostridial myonecrosis is most often cause of gas gangrene and usually present in settings of trauma, surgery, malignancy, and other underlying immunocompromised conditions. The most common causative organism of clostridial myonecrosis is Clostridium perfringens followed by Clostridium septicum. Here, we are reporting an unusual case report of posttraumatic gas gangrene caused by Clostridium sordelli.

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Issimov, Arman, Torebek Baibatyrov, Aigul Tayeva, Shynar Kenenbay, Sholpan Abzhanova, Gulnara Shambulova, Gaukhar Kuzembayeva, et al. "Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens and Detection of Its Toxins in Meat Products in Selected Areas of West Kazakhstan." Agriculture 12, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091357.

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Objectives. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Clostridium perfringens in meat products at meat fairs in four cities of West Kazakhstan from April to October 2021. Methods. In total, 240 samples were collected and subsequently examined for the presence of Clostridium perfringens and its associated toxins using a standard culture method and multiplex PCR assay. Results. In the 240 samples, 67 (30%) tested positive for Clostridium perfringens. All isolates were classified as biotype A with the ability to produce α toxin. The prevalence of Clostridium perfringens was found in almost all types of meat products tested. Beef samples 20/40 (50%) were found the most contaminated with a pathogen, followed by minced lamb 16/40 (40%), ground beef 11/40 (27.5%), lamb 9/40 (22.5%), beef intestines 7/40 (17.5%) and lamb intestines 4/40 (10%). Conclusions. The outcomes of our study demonstrated the high contamination rate of Clostridium perfringens in local meat products. This study is also the first survey on Clostridium perfringens prevalence in meats in Kazakhstan. The findings in this report will enhance knowledge of epidemiology and help develop coordinated actions to prevent and control possible food poisoning outbreaks.

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Simon, Tracey G., Joanna Bradley, Adisa Jones, and Gerardo Carino. "Massive Intravascular Hemolysis From Clostridium perfringens Septicemia." Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 29, no. 6 (September 9, 2013): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885066613498043.

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We describe the case of a patient with hemolysis-associated Clostridium perfringens septicemia and review all similar cases published in the literature since 1990, with specific focus on the relationship between treatment strategy and survival. We searched PubMed for all published cases of C. perfringens-associated hemolysis, using the medical subject terms “clostridia,” “clostridial sepsis,” and/or “hemolysis.” All case reports, case series, review articles, and other relevant references published in the English literature since 1990 were included in this study. There were no exclusion criteria. Each case was examined with respect to presenting features of illness, antibiotic regimen, time-to-antibiotic therapy, additional interventions, complications, and patient survival. These variables were entered into a data set and then systematically analyzed with the aid of a statistician, using serial t tests and chi-square analyses. Since 1990, 50 patients of C. perfringens septicemia with hemolysis have been reported. Median age was 61 years (range 31-84), and 58% were male. Mortality was 74%, with a median time to death of 9.7 hours (range 0-96 hours). Of the patients, 35 (70%) were treated medically, while 15 (30%) received antibiotics and surgery. Surgical intervention was associated with significantly improved survival (risk ratio [RR] 0.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10, 0.53) as was the use of a combination of penicillin and clindamycin (RR of death 0.46, 95% CI 0.25, 0.83). Four patients utilizing hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) have been reported, and all patients survived. In cases of clostridial sepsis with hemolysis, strong predictors of survival include early initiation of appropriate antibiotics as well as surgical removal of infected foci. The HBOT may also be associated with survival. The disease often progresses rapidly to death, so rapid recognition is critical for the patient survival.

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Kronfeld, Hanna, Nicole Kemper, and Christina S. Hölzel. "Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of C. perfringens Isolates from Dairy Cows with a Pathological Puerperium." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 4 (April 4, 2022): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9040173.

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Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) forms part of the intestinal microbiome, but is also a known pathogen in histotoxic infections. The significance of the pathogen as a cause of uterine infections in cattle has been little studied so far. Here, we analyzed the association between a pathological puerperium in cattle and the detection of C. perfringens in a prospective longitudinal study. Clostridium perfringens were only found in vaginal and uterine samples of diseased cattle, and were absent in healthy controls. Isolates (n = 21) were tested for the production of major toxins (alpha-, beta-, epsilon-toxin) by ELISA and for the potential of production of major (alpha-, beta-, iota-toxin) and minor toxins (beta2 toxin) by PCR. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility was also tested phenotypically by microdilution. Despite the frequent use of tetracycline treatment in cows suffering from puerperal disorders, no isolate showed phenotypic tetracycline resistance. Most isolates did not release major amounts of toxin. The strict association of C. perfringens with puerperal disease, together with the absence of major toxins might hint towards a major role of other or unknown clostridial virulence factors in uterine disease.

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Bryant, Christopher S., Latoya Perry, Jay P. Shah, Sanjeev Kumar, and Gunter Deppe. "Life-Threatening Clostridial Sepsis in a Postmenopausal Patient with Degenerating Uterine Leiomyoma." Case Reports in Medicine 2010 (2010): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/541959.

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Clostridium perfringensis a fulminant infection that affects patients with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Fortunately,C. perfringens-associated sepsis and death in the gynecologic patient is rarely encountered. We report a case of intrauterineC. perfringenspresenting as life-threatening sepsis in a postmenopausal patient.

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Neut, Christel, Jayant Pathak, Charles Romond, and Henri Beerens. "Rapid Detection of Clostridium perfringens: Comparison of Lactose Sulfite Broth with Tryptose-Sulfite-Cycloserine Agar." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, no. 5 (September 1, 1985): 881–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.5.881.

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Abstract The lactose sulfite (LS) medium recommended for the detection and identification of Clostridium perfringens in foods was compared with a reference method using tryptose-sulfite-cycloserine (TSC) agar for the enumeration of this organism in a variety of foods and food ingredients. C. perfringens was detected and enumerated in 17 of the 54 samples examined with LS broth, but its presence could be confirmed in only 9 of the samples with TSC agar. In only 2 instances, C. perfringens was detected on TSC agar but not in LS broth. A positive response (FeS + and gas +) in LS broth incubated at 46°C always corresponded to the presence of C. perfringens; whereas the black colonies formed on TSC agar incubated at 37°C were frequently found to be Clostridium species other than C. perfringens. Thus, because of its highly selective nature, LS broth was superior to TSC agar for enumerating and confirming the small numbers of C. perfringens that were present in a majority of the samples. This was especially true when other Clostridia were also present. Besides its greater selectivity and sensitivity, LS broth had the additional advantages of requiring less work and giving confirmed results within 24-48 h compared with 3 days for the TSC agar method.

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Neut, Christel, Jayant Pathak, Charles Romond, and Henri Beerens. "Rapid Detection of Clostridium perfringens: Comparison of Lactose Sulfite Broth with Tryptose- Sulfite-Cycloserine Agar." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, no. 5 (September 1, 1985): 881–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.5.884.

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Abstract The lactose sulfite (LS) medium recommended for the detection and identification of Clostridium perfringens in foods was compared with a reference method using tryptose-sulfite-cycloserine (TSC) agar for the enumeration of this organism in a variety of foods and food ingredients. C. perfringens was detected and enumerated in 17 of the 54 samples examined with LS broth, but its presence could be confirmed in only 9 of the samples with TSC agar. In only 2 instances, C. perfringens was detected on TSC agar but not in LS broth. A positive response (FeS + and gas +) in LS broth incubated at 46°C always corresponded to the presence of C. perfringens; whereas the black colonies formed on TSC agar incubated at 37°C were frequently found to be Clostridium species other than C. perfringens. Thus, because of its highly selective nature, LS broth was superior to TSC agar for enumerating and confirming the small numbers of C. perfringens that were present in a majority of the samples. This was especially true when other Clostridia were also present. Besides its greater selectivity and sensitivity, LS broth had the additional advantages of requiring less work and giving confirmed results within 24-48 h compared with 3 days for the TSC agar method

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Huang, I.-Hsiu, and Mahfuzur R. Sarker. "Complementation of a Clostridium perfringens spo0A Mutant with Wild-Type spo0A from Other Clostridium Species." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 9 (September 2006): 6388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02218-05.

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ABSTRACT To evaluate whether C. perfringens can be used as a model organism for studying the sporulation process in other clostridia, C. perfringens spo0A mutant IH101 was complemented with wild-type spo0A from four different Clostridium species. Wild-type spo0A from C. acetobutylicum or C. tetani, but not from C. botulinum or C. difficile, restored sporulation and enterotoxin production in IH101. The ability of spo0A from C. botulinum or C. difficile to complement the lack of spore formation in IH101 might be due, at least in part, to the low levels of spo0A transcription and Spo0A production.

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Gale, Christina, Eduardo Velazquez, and Daniel Sperling. "The role of Clostridium perfringens in neonatal diarrhoea and the importance of effective control." Livestock 27, no. 3 (May 2, 2022): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.3.120.

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Neonatal diarrhoea is a large economic and animal health problem on pig farms worldwide. There are numerous factors involved in the disease, one of which being the pathogen Clostridum perfringens. Various types of Clostridium perfringens exist, including Type A (CpA), which produces toxins that have pathogenic effects on the pig. The alpha (CPA) and beta2 toxins (CPB2) are suggested as contributors to the virulence of the pathogen as they result in damage and changes to the gastrointestinal tract of the pig. Therefore, performance losses can be observed as well as the clinical diarrhoea seen on farm. It is important that this pathogen is controlled, which can be achieved via implementation of good hygiene and management practices, including a vaccination protocol for breeding stock. Correct diagnosis of the pathogen, types and toxins will ensure that the correct vaccine is put onto the farm, therefore providing the best protection. Vaccination has been shown to be effective in reducing the impact of Clostridium perfringens on farm.

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El-Helw, H. A., M. M. Taha, Elham F. El-Sergany, Ebtesam, E. Z. Kotb, A. S. Hussein, and Y. A. Abdalla. "Identifying the Virulent Factors of Clostridium perfringens Locally Isolated from Different Species." World's Veterinary Journal 10, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj74.

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Clostridium perfringens incriminated in many diseases among different species of animals due to its ability to produce many virulence factors. In the current study, 135 intestinal samples were collected from different animal species of different localities in Egypt. Samples were subjected to isolation and identification (morphologically and biochemically) for obtaining Clostridium perfringens isolates (n=26, 19.25%). The PCR was carried out to elucidate the virulence factors. It was indicated that all the 26 Clostridium perfringens isolates had CPA gene and Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE gene), whereas 23% of isolates of chicken and cattle intestinal samples contained CPA, Net B, and CPE genes as virulence factors. Consequently, those isolates are highly recommended to be used in the preparation of enterotoxemia and necrotic enteritis vaccines as they are more virulent strains.

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Koubaissi, Salwa A., Reem G. Al Assaad, Ziad Itani, and Imad Bouakl. "Black Urine and Methemoglobinemia in the Setting of Sepsis Due to Clostridium Perfringens." Clinical Medicine Insights: Case Reports 13 (January 2020): 117954762098189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179547620981894.

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Clostridium Perfringens is an anaerobic gram-positive bacillus able to produce different types of toxins and can cause septicemia. The mechanism is through translocation from a previously colonized gastrointestinal or genital tract. Massive intravascular hemolysis induced by this bacterium is a rare presentation reported in only 7% to 15% of cases of Clostridium Perfringens bacteremia with a mortality rate reaching 90%.We present the case of a middle-aged man with metastatic melanoma having black-colored urine as the first sign of massive hemolysis along with mild methemoglobinemia. Despite timely management, the patient progressed into septic shock with severe hypoxia and passed away. Postmortem, blood cultures grew clostridium perfringens. Black-colored urine and blood samples, sepsis-induced mild methemoglobinemia and acute massive hemolysis should raise concern for Clostridium Perfringens sepsis in the appropriate clinical settings.

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Baldwin, L., A. Henderson, M. Wright, and M. Whitby. "Spontaneous Clostridium Perfringens Lung Abscess Unresponsive to Penicillin." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 21, no. 1 (February 1993): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9302100131.

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Clostridial necrotising pneumonia is a rare complication of aspiration, bronchial tumour or foreign body, pulmonary infarction, trauma and debilitating medical conditions. Although spontaneous clostridial pneumonia has been reported previously, close scrutiny of those case reports suggests that most of the patients had a recognised predisposing cause. We report a case of true spontaneous Clostridium perfringens pneumonia complicated by septic shock, pneumothorax and pulmonary necrosis. The patient responded poorly to conventional treatment with benzylpenicillin, and although the addition of metronidazole produced dramatic resolution of the sepsis, lobectomy was required to effect cure.

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Tontis, Achilles, and Maja Sute. "Clostridium Perfringens-Typ D." veterinär spiegel 13, no. 01 (January 2003): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1239396.

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Caudron, Anne, Franck Grados, Youcef Boubrit, Jean-Michel Coullet, Dominique Merrien, and Yves Domart. "Spondylodiscite à Clostridium perfringens." Revue du Rhumatisme 75, no. 3 (March 2008): 312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rhum.2007.04.016.

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Katz, Douglas S., Erol Aksoy, and Burke A. Cunha. "Clostridium perfringens emphysematous cystitis." Urology 41, no. 5 (May 1993): 458–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(93)90508-8.

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Santamaría Marín, A., C. Monroy Gómez, I. Clemente Tomé, and A. Pinardo Zabala. "Espondilodiscitis por Clostridium perfringens." Revista Clínica Española 214, no. 5 (June 2014): 286–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rce.2014.02.015.

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HOLVOET A, VERHAEGHE L, DECOCK S, ARTS J, and VAN HOOTEGEM P. "Leverabces met Clostridium perfringens." Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, no. 19 (2011): 948–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47671/tvg.67.19.2001055.

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Balario, Mario, Fernanda Gonçalves, Felipe Leal, Isabel Cosentino, Júlia Vignoli, Nathalia Silvia, Felipe Brandão, et al. "Outbreak of abomasal bloat in goat kidsdue to Clostridium ventriculi and Clostridium perfringens type A." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 15, no. 2 (July 30, 2022): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24070/bjvp.1983-0246.v15i2p99-104.

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We described an outbreak of abomasal bloat in goat kids. Increased mortality with a history of abdominal bloating, dullness, and death was reported. Postmortem exanimation revealed dehydration, pale mucosa, ascites, abomasal tympanism and intestinal meteorism and congestion, and emphysematous abomasitis. Cytological evaluation from abomasum revealed gram-positive bacteria with a cuboid shape suggestive of Clostridium ventriculi, gram-positive bacilli suggestive of Clostridium perfringens, and ovoid basophilic yeasts. C. ventriculi and C. perfringens type A were confirmed by anaerobic culture and molecular tests. Histopathological findings revealed emphysematous abomasitis, necrosis of the gastric and intestinal walls, gastroenteritis, and intestinal thromboembolism. The possible associated factor was erroneous use of the milk replacer associated with inadequate kid management. Finally, the prophylactic measures suggested such as hygiene care, proper use of milk replacer, clostridial vaccination plan, and a good colostrum management were able to control the outbreak.

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Guo, Jiang, Changqing Li, and Xuesong Gao. "Liver abscess after microwave ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma caused by Clostridium perfringens." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 16, no. 01 (January 31, 2022): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.13756.

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Clostridium perfringens causes pyogenic liver abscesses, which are rare but rapidly fatal infections. These abscesses often occur in patients with immunodeficiency due to malignancy, liver cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, or organ transplantation. The identification of gram-positive bacilli in septicemia, the presence of gas-forming liver damage and intravascular hemolysis are manifestations of Clostridium perfringens infection. Clostridioides toxin A hydrolyzes phospholipids in erythrocyte membranes, causing spherocytosis and subsequent intravascular hemolysis, resulting in rapid deterioration and a high mortality rate. A 62-year-old man with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma complained of a high fever and abdominal pain one day after microwave ablation. Abdominal computed tomography revealed gas-containing lesions in the liver. His condition was complicated with massive hemolysis. Laboratory examinations revealed low hemoglobin, high serum lactate dehydrogenase, and elevated indirect bilirubin levels, suggesting massive intravascular hemolysis. Although aggressive treatment was applied, he died within 16 hours after onset of the infection. After the patient died, a blood culture indicated Clostridium perfringens positivity. Clostridium perfringens-induced septicemia with massive hemolysis is rare but rapidly leads to a severe prognosis. It is important to identify Clostridium perfringens infection early and initiate effective treatment, especially abscess aspiration, which should be performed as soon as possible.

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Goldsztejn, Magdalena, Tomasz Grenda, Nina Kozieł, Magdalena Sapała, Małgorzata Mazur, Zbigniew Sieradzki, Beata Król, and Krzysztof Kwiatek. "Potential determinants of Clostridium spp. occurrence in Polish silage." Journal of Veterinary Research 64, no. 4 (November 6, 2020): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2020-0075.

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AbstractIntroductionSilage quality deteriorates with Clostridium spp. contamination, and if consumed, such silage jeopardises herd health and productivity. Minimising its occurrence reduces economic and animal welfare risks. The study investigated the influence of environmental and technological determinants on the Clostridium genus’ occurrence in silage.Material and MethodsAnalyses were conducted on 305 silage samples directly collected from farms located in all Polish provinces. Cultures and isolates were evaluated phenotypically and examined for occurrence of Clostridium spp., particularly C. perfringens and C. botulinum using PCR techniques. The results were statistically analysed using the ᵡ2 test for continuous and Student’s t-test for non-continuous values.ResultsThe most influential effect on Clostridium spp. occurrence is exerted by factors potentially associated with primary production, like the type of fertilisation and the contamination level of the ensiled feed material. Clostridium spp. was detected in 232 (76%) samples, and C. perfringens strains, predominantly toxinotype A, in 79 (26%). C. botulinum occurrence was not detected.ConclusionsDeterioration of silage by clostridia could be prevented by a properly conducted ensiling process with the addition of starter cultures, but the presence of spores mainly depends on primary production and the extent of contamination of the feed material.

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Kao, Mary J., Madhuchhanda Roy, Josephine Harter, and Ryan J. Spencer. "Uterine Sarcoma Presenting with Sepsis from Clostridium perfringens Endometritis in a Postmenopausal Woman." Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8217296.

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Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic gram positive rod that is found in normal vaginal and cervical flora in 1–10% of healthy women. Uterine infection with Clostridium perfringens is seen rarely but is often related to underlying uterine pathology and can progress quickly to sepsis. Early recognition of sepsis, prompt treatment with antibiotics, and source control with surgical management allow for optimal chance of recovery. We present a case of a postmenopausal woman who presented with sepsis, vaginal bleeding, and back pain who was found to have Clostridium perfringens infection in the setting of undifferentiated uterine sarcoma.

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Smith, Anthony M., Juno Thomas, and Pieter J. H. Mostert. "Fatal case of Clostridium perfringens enteritis and bacteraemia in South Africa." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 05 (March 4, 2011): 400–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1602.

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Clostridium perfringens is an important anaerobic pathogen causing foodborne and non-foodborne gastrointestinal diseases in humans and animals. This pathogen is also the more common Clostridium species associated with bacteraemia. We report on a fatal case of C. perfringens infection in an adult with type 2 diabetes.

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Harika, D. Navya Sesha, T. Uma Maheswara Rao, P. Sireesha, D. Jithendra, and Satya Sundeep Pandu. "A rare case of gas under diaphragm due to spontaneous perforation of uterus due to gas gangrene of uterus with clostridium perfringens infection presenting as intestinal perforation." International Surgery Journal 6, no. 8 (July 25, 2019): 3009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20193362.

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Uterine perforation is an uncommon, perforation due to clostridium perfringens is very rare, but potentially serious complication of uterine gangrene is due to clostridial infection, uterine manipulation, evacuation of retained products, termination of pregnancy, during coil insertion and hysteroscopic procedures. We report a 60 year old female patient presented with abdominal pain, constipation and Fever with features of septic shock. X-ray showed free gas under both domes of diaphragm. CT showed gas under diaphragm and hollow viscus perforation. This report aims to alert surgeons to the possibility that perforation of uterus due to gangrene with clostridium perfringens infection also shows air under diaphragm apart from routine causes. Correct diagnosis and treatment is essential for the survival of the patients with gas under diaphragm due to gas gangrene of uterus.

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Awad, Milena M., and Julian I. Rood. "Perfringolysin O Expression in Clostridium perfringens Is Independent of the Upstream pfoR Gene." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 7 (April 1, 2002): 2034–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.7.2034-2038.2002.

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ABSTRACT The pathogenesis of Clostridium perfringens-mediated gas gangrene or clostridial myonecrosis involves the extracellular toxins alpha-toxin and perfringolysin O. Previous studies (T. Shimizu, A. Okabe, J. Minami, and H. Hayashi, Infect. Immun. 59:137-142, 1991) carried out with Escherichia coli suggested that the perfringolysin O structural gene, pfoA, was positively regulated by the product of the upstream pfoR gene. In an attempt to confirm this hypothesis in C. perfringens, a pfoR-pfoA deletion mutant was complemented with isogenic pfoA+ shuttle plasmids that varied only in their ability to encode an intact pfoR gene. No difference in the ability to produce perfringolysin O was observed for C. perfringens strains carrying these plasmids. In addition, chromosomal pfoR mutants were constructed by homologous recombination in C. perfringens. Again no difference in perfringolysin O activity was observed. Since it was not possible to alter perfringolysin O expression by mutation of pfoR, it was concluded that the pfoR gene product is unlikely to have a role in the regulation of pfoA expression in C. perfringens.

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Canard, B., and S. T. Cole. "Genome organization of the anaerobic pathogen Clostridium perfringens." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 86, no. 17 (September 1989): 6676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.17.6676.

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A physical map of the genome of Clostridium perfringens, an important human pathogen, has been established by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Recognition sites for six rare-cutting endonucleases were situated on a single circular chromosome of approximately 3.6 million base pairs thus defining 50 arbitrary genetic intervals of between 10 and 250 kilobase pairs. This considerably facilitated the chromosomal localization of some 24 genes and loci for which probes were available and allowed the construction of the genome map of a clostridial species.

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Thi, TN, H. Vu-Khac, and TN Duc. "Characterisation of Clostridium perfringens isolated from chickens in Vietnam." Veterinární Medicína 66, No. 10 (September 8, 2021): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/209/2020-vetmed.

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The objective of this study was isolating and characterising Clostridium perfringens from chickens in Vietnam and identifying virulence factors involved with enteritis. Five hundred thirty-one faecal and sixty-eight intestinal samples were collected from healthy and diseased chickens for the C. perfringens isolation. The presence of virulence factors was determined by multiplex PCR. The netB gene of the selected isolates was sequenced and checked for its expression by SDS-PAGE. Two hundred seventy-two C. perfringens isolates were collected. All of them were shown to be positive for the cpa gene. The netB gene was detected in 26.56% of the C. perfringens isolates from the healthy chickens, while 43.45% of the isolates from the faeces and 45% of the isolates from the intestinal samples were positive for this gene in the diseased birds. All eight isolates positive to netB from the diseased chickens showed 100% identity in the netB sequence and produced the NetB toxin in vitro, whereas only two out of eight healthy chicken-derived isolates produced this toxin. Nine out of ten chickens experimentally infected with the C. perfringens netB-positive isolate showed typical signs of enteritis. The cpa gene was the most prevalent virulence factor identified in the bacteria C. perfringens, but the netB gene could be a major player responsible for necrotic enteritis progression in chickens.

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Anderson, Chris M., Jeffrey D. Kerby, William B. Perry, and Donald L. Sorrells. "Pneumoretroperitoneum in Two Patients with Clostridium perfringens Necrotizing Pancreatitis." American Surgeon 70, no. 3 (March 2004): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480407000315.

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Pancreatic gas gangrene is an uncommon and often fatal complication of acute pancreatitis, due to the sporulating anaerobe Clostridium perfringens. C. perfringens is a normal constituent of colonic flora, but infects the pancreas by either transmural spread from the colon or via the biliary tree. Only three reported cases in the world literature describe acute pancreatitis with pneumoretroperitoneum and clostridial infection. Two separate cases, at the same institution, of acute pancreatitis complicated by C. perfringens were analyzed. The records of patients were reviewed for admission history, laboratory and radiology results, intensive care support, surgical intervention, and outcome. Retroperitoneal air was visualized early in the clinical course of both patients by computed tomography. Early surgical debridement, drainage, parental antibiotics, and re-exploration resulted in an uncomplicated recovery. Early computed tomography in patients with suspected necrotizing pancreatitis contributes to early intervention and may advantageously enhance survival.

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Diancourt, Laure, Jean Sautereau, Alexis Criscuolo, and Michel Popoff. "Two Clostridium perfringens Type E Isolates in France." Toxins 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030138.

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Clostridium perfringens type E is a less frequently isolated C. perfringens type and has not previously been reported in France. We have characterized two recent type E isolates, C. perfringens 508.17 from the intestinal content of a calf that died of enterotoxemia, and 515.17 from the stool of a 60-year-old woman, subsequent to food poisoning, which contained the plasmid pCPPB-1 with variant iota toxin and C. perfringens enterotoxin genes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Clostridium perfringens'

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