Relevant bibliographies by topics / Closest string problem

Academic literature on the topic 'Closest string problem'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Closest string problem"

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Chen, Zhi-Zhong, Bin Ma, and Lusheng Wang. "A three-string approach to the closest string problem." Journal of Computer and System Sciences 78, no. 1 (January 2012): 164–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcss.2011.01.003.

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Mousavi, Sayyed Rasoul. "A hybrid metaheuristic for Closest String Problem." International Journal of Computational Biology and Drug Design 4, no. 3 (2011): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcbdd.2011.041413.

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Kelsey, Tom, and Lars Kotthoff. "Exact Closest String as a Constraint Satisfaction Problem." Procedia Computer Science 4 (2011): 1062–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2011.04.113.

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Yuasa, Shota, Zhi-Zhong Chen, Bin Ma, and Lusheng Wang. "Designing and implementing algorithms for the closest string problem." Theoretical Computer Science 786 (September 2019): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2018.05.017.

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Chen, Zhi-Zhong, Bin Ma, and Lusheng Wang. "Randomized Fixed-Parameter Algorithms for the Closest String Problem." Algorithmica 74, no. 1 (October 28, 2014): 466–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00453-014-9952-y.

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Gomes, Fernando C., Cláudio N. Meneses, Panos M. Pardalos, and Gerardo Valdisio R. Viana. "A parallel multistart algorithm for the closest string problem." Computers & Operations Research 35, no. 11 (November 2008): 3636–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2007.04.002.

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Liu, Xiaolan, Shenghan Liu, Zhifeng Hao, and Holger Mauch. "Exact algorithm and heuristic for the Closest String Problem." Computers & Operations Research 38, no. 11 (November 2011): 1513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2011.01.009.

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Della Croce, F., and F. Salassa. "Improved LP-based algorithms for the closest string problem." Computers & Operations Research 39, no. 3 (March 2012): 746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2011.06.010.

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Della Croce, Federico, and Michele Garraffa. "The Selective Fixing Algorithm for the closest string problem." Computers & Operations Research 41 (January 2014): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2013.07.017.

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Hermelin, Danny, and Liat Rozenberg. "Parameterized complexity analysis for the Closest String with Wildcards problem." Theoretical Computer Science 600 (October 2015): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2015.06.043.

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Books on the topic "Closest string problem"

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Arditti, Irvine. Intervention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199355914.003.0006.

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Leader of the internationally renowned Arditti String Quartet, Irvine Arditti reflects on how he came to form the quartet, the virtues of working with living composers, and the distinction between composers’ and performers’ responsibilities. He closes with a reference to a prominent music critic who complained in print about the problems of trying to review new music when the performers are so persuasive that they make even bad music sound good.
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You, Jong-sung. Trust and Corruption. Edited by Eric M. Uslaner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.22.

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Trust and trustworthiness reinforce each other, while perceptions of fairness are closely linked to trust. Corruption in the form of untrustworthy behavior, a betrayal of entrusted power, and a breach of interactional or formal justice negatively affects people’s perceptions of fairness and generalized trust. Corruption can be understood as a collective action problem, and social trust can help solve such collective action problems. Empirical studies have found considerable evidence for the reciprocal causal relationship between social trust and corruption. On the one hand, there seems to be a vicious circle of low trust, high corruption, and high inequality, thus creating an inequality trap. On the other hand, there is a virtuous circle of high trust, low corruption, and low inequality, resulting in multiple equilibria. This relationship appears to be very strong in democracies, but not in authoritarian countries.
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Ng, Wing Chung. Urban Theater and Its Modern Crisis. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039119.003.0004.

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This chapter focuses on the downturn in the urban theater business from the late 1920s. It begins by considering the lull in theater activities during the sixteen-month-long boycott-strike in Hong Kong and the revival immediately thereafter. The two seasons from 1926 to 1928 were marked by strong competition and sustained profitability among the city companies. The ensuing downturn was stunning, to say the least; one disappointing season after another, long-established xiban gongsi closed down, opera troupes went bankrupt, and actors struggled with unemployment. Drawing on news reports and contemporary accounts provided in various entertainment publications, the chapter attempts to identify the sources of the problems confronting the Cantonese opera community in the late 1920s and the early 1930s and then examines its survival strategies.
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Ramakrishna, Kumar. Extremist Islam. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197610961.001.0001.

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This book seeks to understand why, despite almost two decades of strong law enforcement and security force pressure since the October 2002 Bali terror attacks, terrorist networks in Southeast Asia motivated by violent extremist interpretations of Islam remain resilient and dangerous. Arguing that focusing on the physical threat posed by terrorism has failed to address the totality of the problem, the book—through detailed case studies of four Southeast Asian extremists—encourages a shift away from the threat groups themselves, to a focus on the wider ideological ecosystems of closely interlocking persons, places, and platforms that sustain such groups and their acolytes. Challenging controversial notions that Islam per se is a “religion of violence,” the book argues that the theological-ideological amalgam of what has been called “Salafabism” is the more useful lens for recognizing closed-minded extremist currents in Islam. It argues that supposedly nonviolent, soft Salafabist Islamists do not actually counter, but complement and potentially sustain, violent hard Salafabist, Salafi Jihadis—because both constituencies share a common extremist ideological DNA. That said, the book carefully distinguishes between relatively open-minded Salafabist radicals—whom governments and civil societies can co-opt and embrace—and the system-subverting, closed-minded Salafabist extremists of the aforementioned soft and hard varieties, who should rightly attract policy concern. The book concludes by outlining a comprehensive strategy for promoting theologically sound yet culturally authentic alternative narratives to Salafabist extremism—thereby defending the complex, richly textured tapestry of the moderate Islam Nusantara of Southeast Asia.
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Soulsby, Lord. Antimicrobial resistance: animal use of antibiotics. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0005.

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The evolution of resistance to microbes is one of the most significant problems in modern medicine, posing serious threats to human and animal health. The early work on the use of antibiotics to bacterial infections gave much hope that infectious diseases were no longer a problem, especially in the human field. However, as their use, indeed over use, progressed, resistance (both mono-resistance and multi-resistance), which was often transferable between different strains and species of bacteria, emerged. In addition, the situation is increasingly complex, as various mechanisms of resistance, including a wide range of β -lactamases, are now complicating the issue. The use of antibiotics in animals, especially those used for growth promotion, has come in for serious criticism, especially those where their use should be reserved for difficult human infections. To lend control, certain antibiotic growth promoters have been banned from use in the EU and the UK.It is now a decade since the UK House of Lords Science and Technology Committee (1998) highlighted concerns about antimicrobial resistance and the dangers to human health of resistant organisms derived from animals fed antibiotics for growth promotion or the treatment of infectious diseases. The concern expressed in the House of Lords report was similar to that in other major reports on the subject, for example from the World Health Organization, the Wellcome Foundation, the Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food and the Swann Report (1969) in which it was recommended that antibiotics used in human medicine should not be used as growth promoters in animals. At the press conference to launch the Lord’s Report it was emphasized that unless serious attention was given to dealing with resistance ‘we may find ourselves returning to a pre-antibiotic era’. The evolution of resistance is one of the significant problems in modern medicine, a much changed situation when the early work on antibiotics gave hope that infectious diseases were no longer a problem, especially in the human field. Optimism was so strong that the Surgeon General of the USA, William H Stewart, in 1969 advised the US Congress that ‘it is time to close the book on infectious diseases and to declare that work against the pestilence is over’. This comment was not only mistaken but it was also damaging to human health undertakings and also reduced funding for research on infectious diseases.Despite the widespread support for and dependence on antibiotics, resistance was increasingly reported worldwide and to recognize the global problem a group of medical workers established in 1981, at Tufts University, the Alliance for the Prudent use of Antibiotics (APUA). This now has affiliated chapters on over 60 countries, many in the developing world. APUA claims to be the ‘world’s leading organization conducting antimicrobial resistance research, education, capacity building and advocacy at the global and grass roots levels’.
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Kambouchner, Denis. Locke and Descartes on Free Will. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815037.003.0009.

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The chapter considers striking parallels in the evolution of Descartes’s and Locke’s thoughts and formulations with regard to the problem of free will, which, from almost opposite starting points, bring them closer together. The ‘family resemblance’ between them (also seen in Malebranche) is due to the recognition of the irreducibility and complexity of the problem concerning the determination of the will—a problem that cannot be solved with simplistic formulations such as ‘the will is necessitated’, or ‘the will is absolutely free’. Both Descartes and Locke carefully distinguish between various aspects of the question: whether the will can or cannot be compelled, whether it can resist the attractiveness of certain perceptions, whether the determination of the will obeys rules. When we examine their most carefully considered positions, what appears prima facie as an antinomy between the two doctrines must be significantly nuanced, to the point that the affinities prevail.
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Small, Mario Luis. Confidants. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661427.003.0002.

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This chapter reviews the literature that probed people’s decisions about whom to turn to when they need a confidant and discusses reasons for considering an alternative. It first provides a historical overview of research on the subject before analyzing how the claim that people will turn to those they are close to when they have important matters to discuss is linked to the ideas about the differences between strong and weak ties. It also cites three reasons to doubt the notion that people will turn to strong ties when seeking confidants as consistently as they say they do. The chapter concludes by explaining the rationale for studying the experiences of graduate students who were forced to make decisions about whom to talk to when they needed someone to talk to.
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Castles, Stephen. Immigration and Asylum: Challenges to European Identities and Citizenship. Edited by Dan Stone. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560981.013.0010.

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Many Europeans today perceive immigration as a major problem for society. Some claim that asylum seekers and low-skilled migrants are an economic burden and that ethnic diversity undermines the solidarity necessary for strong welfare states. Above all, a widespread discourse portrays Europe's new found cultural and religious complexity as a challenge to historical models of national identity and citizenship. Such concerns are far from new, but they have grown sharply. The trigger for the perception of a ‘migration crisis’ was the end of the Cold War. This article examines the history of migration, ethnicity, and racism, which has always been closely interwoven with nation-state formation, colonialism, and modernity. The ‘migration crisis’ of the early 1990s reveals itself as just one of several crucial turning points in Europe's migration history. Before discussing such epochal shifts, the article summarises pre-1945 experiences, with emphasis on developments since World War II, and also examines multiculturalism and social cohesion in Europe.
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Labonte, Melissa. R2P’s Status as a Norm. Edited by Alex J. Bellamy and Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.8.

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The shifting nature of the ‘wicked problems’ that the responsibility to protect (R2P) was formulated to address requires close examination its normative elements, including assessing its status as a norm and exploring whether and to what degree it may be new. Some of the norms expressed through R2P are well established and enjoy widespread acceptance and strong compliance pull, whereas others are new, which sets the scene for norm contestation, and ambiguous and selective implementation that often characterize a norm’s journey across and within its theoretical ‘life cycle’. Moreover, the constitutive and regulative effects R2P norms have had on policy outcomes and actor behaviour remain uneven and thus deserving of further analysis. The international community’s will and ability to deliver on the promise of civilian protection in mass atrocity cases through R2P continues to face considerable challenges even as some of its component norms experience greater acceptance, institutionalization, and consolidation.
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High, Mette M. Fear and Fortune. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501707544.001.0001.

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Mongolia over the last decade has seen a substantial and ongoing gold rush. The wide-spread mining of gold looks at first glance to be a blessing for a desperately poor and largely pastoralist country. Volatility and uncertainty as well as political and economic turmoil led many people to join the hopeful search for gold. This activity poses an intense moral problem; in the “land of dust,” disturbing the ground and extracting the precious metal is widely believed to have calamitous consequences. With gold retaining strong ties to the landscape and its many spirit beings, the fortune of the precious metal is inseparable from the fears that surround mining. This book considers the results of several years of fieldwork in Mongolia, time spent with the “ninjas,” as the miners are known locally, as well as the people who disapprove of their illegal activities and warn of the retribution that the land and its inhabitants may suffer as a result. As such, the book is a well-structured read on the Mongolian gold rush and the spirit forces that underpin it. It provides a uniquely up-close and personal view onto gold mining and its international circuitry, based on a sensitive study of Mongolian sociality, miners, religious knowledge and practice, and ways of envisioning and experiencing what counts as “value” in the Mongolian gold rush today.
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Book chapters on the topic "Closest string problem"

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Chimani, Markus, Matthias Woste, and Sebastian Böcker. "A Closer Look at the Closest String and Closest Substring Problem." In 2011 Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Algorithm Engineering and Experiments (ALENEX), 13–24. Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611972917.2.

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Chen, Zhi-Zhong, Bin Ma, and Lusheng Wang. "A Three-String Approach to the Closest String Problem." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 449–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14031-0_48.

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Chen, Zhi-Zhong, Bin Ma, and Lusheng Wang. "Randomized and Parameterized Algorithms for the Closest String Problem." In Combinatorial Pattern Matching, 100–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07566-2_11.

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Yuasa, Shota, Zhi-Zhong Chen, Bin Ma, and Lusheng Wang. "Designing and Implementing Algorithms for the Closest String Problem." In Frontiers in Algorithmics, 79–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59605-1_8.

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Arbib, Claudio, Giovanni Felici, Mara Servilio, and Paolo Ventura. "Optimum Solution of the Closest String Problem via Rank Distance." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 297–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45587-7_26.

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Hermelin, Danny, and Liat Rozenberg. "Parameterized Complexity Analysis for the Closest String with Wildcards Problem." In Combinatorial Pattern Matching, 140–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07566-2_15.

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Dalpasso, Marcello, and Giuseppe Lancia. "New Modeling Ideas for the Exact Solution of the Closest String Problem." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 105–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99133-7_8.

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Faro, Simone, and Elisa Pappalardo. "Ant-CSP: An Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm for the Closest String Problem." In SOFSEM 2010: Theory and Practice of Computer Science, 370–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11266-9_31.

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Bahredar, Faranak, Hossein Erfani, H. Haj Seyed Javadi, and Nafiseh Masaeli. "A Meta Heuristic Solution for Closest String Problem Using Ant Colony System." In Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, 549–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14883-5_70.

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Huan, Hoang Xuan, Dong Do Duc, and Nguyen Manh Ha. "An Efficient Two-Phase Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm for the Closest String Problem." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 188–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34859-4_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Closest string problem"

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Babaie, Maryam, and Seyed Rasoul Mousavi. "A Memetic Algorithm for closest string problem and farthest string problem." In 2010 18th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iraniancee.2010.5507004.

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Vilca, Omar, and Rosiane De Freitas. "An efficient algorithm for the Closest String Problem." In I Encontro de Teoria da Computação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/etc.2016.9850.

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The closest string problem that arises in computational molecular biology and coding theory is to find a string that minimizes the maximum Hamming distance from a given set of strings, the CSP is NP-hard problem. This article proposes an efficient algorithm for this problem with three strings. The key idea is to apply normalization for the CSP instance. This enables us to decompose the problem in five different cases corresponding to each position of the strings. Furthermore, an optimal solution can be easily obtained in linear time. A formal proof of the algorithm will be presented, also numerical experiments will show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
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Liu, Wen, Yong-bin Wang, and Yi-zhen Cao. "Research on Secure Multi-Party Closest String Problem." In 2011 7th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wicom.2011.6040160.

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Julstrom, Bryant A. "A data-based coding of candidate strings in the closest string problem." In the 11th annual conference companion. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1570256.1570275.

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Nienkotter, Andreas, and Xiaoyi Jiang. "Distance-preserving vector space embedding for the closest string problem." In 2016 23rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2016.7899854.

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Liu, Xiaolan, Mauch Holger, Zhifeng Hao, and Guangchao Wu. "A Compounded Genetic and Simulated Annealing Algorithm for the Closest String Problem." In 2008 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2008.171.

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Tanaka, Shunji. "A heuristic algorithm based on Lagrangian relaxation for the closest string problem." In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics - SMC. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2010.5641888.

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Mazumdar, Arya, Yury Polyanskiy, and Barna Saha. "On Chebyshev radius of a set in Hamming space and the closest string problem." In 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2013.6620457.

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Srinath, Suchethan M., and William J. Emblom. "Cup Forming: A Study in Quasi-Automatic Strain Based Control." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65783.

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Force-based closed-loop control of stamp forming processes have in the past been investigated in order to improve the formability of sheet metal when forming automotive body panels. Previous researchers have controlled local forces and wrinkling using active draw beads and variable blank holder forces. However, it has been recognized that strain-based control in critical locations may be more effective. This study is an initial examination of strain-based control. In order to simplify the problem of strain control, cup forming was utilized and a quasi-automatic proportional control system was utilized. Both finite element analysis and experimental results were examined. It was demonstrated that control at the punch nose resulted in better strain control than at the die shoulder. For this study, two approaches were considered for control. For the first approach, if the effective strains were within +/−0.005 of the target strain, the process was said to be in control while the second approach used a factor of 10% deviation from the target strain to be in control. It was shown that the second method resulted in improved control. However, a third approach, which was a synthesis of the first two approaches resulted in very close agreement between the target strains and the strains from the controlled simulations.
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Chung, C. H., and C. A. Tan. "Active Vibration Control of the Axially Moving String by Wave Cancellation." In ASME 1993 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1993-0216.

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Abstract Active vibration control of an axially moving string by wave cancellation is presented. The control problem is formulated in the frequency domain. An exact, closed-form expression for the transfer function of the closed-loop system, consisting of the flexible structure, a feedback control law and the dynamics of the sensing and actuation devices, is derived. It is shown that all vibration modes can be stabilized and that the controlled system has no resonance. Moreover, the designed controller is applicable to the control of the string transverse vibration under various kinds of loading and constraint conditions. Results for the response of the controlled string under different excitations are presented and discussed along with the wave propagation and cancellation characteristics.
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Reports on the topic "Closest string problem"

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Fallik, Elazar, Robert Joly, Ilan Paran, and Matthew A. Jenks. Study of the Physiological, Molecular and Genetic Factors Associated with Postharvest Water Loss in Pepper Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593392.bard.

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The fruit of pepper (Capsicum annuum) commonly wilts (or shrivels) during postharvest storage due to rapid water loss, a condition that greatly reduces its shelf life and market value. The fact that pepper fruit are hollow, and thus have limited water content, only exacerbates this problem in pepper. The collaborators on this project completed research whose findings provided new insight into the genetic, physiological, and biochemical basis for water loss from the fruits of pepper (Capsicum annuum and related Capsicum species). Well-defined genetic populations of pepper were used in this study, the first being a series of backcross F₁ and segregating F₂, F₃, and F₄ populations derived from two original parents selected for having dramatic differences in fruit water loss rate (very high and very low water loss). The secondly population utilized in these studies was a collection of 50 accessions representing world diversity in both species and cultivar types. We found that an unexpectedly large amount of variation was present in both fruit wax and cutin composition in these collections. In addition, our studies revealed significant correlations between the chemical composition of both the fruit cuticular waxes and cutin monomers with fruit water loss rate. Among the most significant were that high alkane content in fruit waxes conferred low fruit water loss rates and low permeability in fruit cuticles. In contrast, high amounts of terpenoids (plus steroidal compounds) were associated with very high fruit water loss and cuticle permeability. These results are consistent with our models that the simple straight chain alkanes pack closely together in the cuticle membrane and obstruct water diffusion, whereas lipids with more complex 3-dimensional structure (such as terpenoids) do not pack so closely, and thus increase the diffusion pathways. The backcross segregating populations were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with water loss (using DART markers, Diversity Arrays Technology LTD). These studies resulted in identification of two linked QTLs on pepper’s chromosome 10. Although the exact genetic or physiological basis for these QTLs function in water loss is unknown, the genotypic contribution in studies of near-isogenic lines selected from these backcross populations reveals a strong association between certain wax compounds, the free fatty acids and iso-alkanes. There was also a lesser association between the water loss QTLs with both fruit firmness and total soluble sugars. Results of these analyses have revealed especially strong genetic linkages between fruit water loss, cuticle composition, and two QTLs on chromosome 10. These findings lead us to further speculate that genes located at or near these QTLs have a strong influence on cuticle lipids that impact water loss rate (and possibly, whether directly or indirectly, other traits like fruit firmness and sugar content). The QTL markers identified in these studies will be valuable in the breeding programs of scientists seeking to select for low water loss, long lasting fruits, of pepper, and likely the fruits of related commodities. Further work with these newly developed genetic resources should ultimately lead to the discovery of the genes controlling these fruit characteristics, allowing for the use of transgenic breeding approaches toward the improvement of fruit postharvest shelf life.
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Dubcovsky, Jorge, Tzion Fahima, and Ann Blechl. Molecular characterization and deployment of the high-temperature adult plant stripe rust resistance gene Yr36 from wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699860.bard.

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Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat. Virulent races that appeared within the last decade caused drastic cuts in yields. The incorporation of genetic resistance against this pathogen is the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution to this problem. However, race specific seedling resistance genes provide only a temporary solution because fungal populations rapidly evolve to overcome this type of resistance. In contrast, high temperature adult plant (HTAP) resistance genes provide a broad spectrum resistance that is partial and more durable. The cloning of the first wheat HTAP stripe rust resistance gene Yr36 (Science 2009, 323:1357), funded by our previous (2007-2010) BARD grant, provided us for the first time with an entry point for understanding the mechanism of broad spectrum resistance. Two paralogous copies of this gene are tightly linked at the Yr36 locus (WKS1 and WKS2). The main objectives of the current study were to characterize the Yr36 (WKS) resistance mechanism and to identify and characterize alternative WKSgenes in wheat and wild relatives. We report here that the protein coded by Yr36, designated WKS1, that has a novel architecture with a functional kinase and a lipid binding START domain, is localized to chloroplast. Our results suggest that the presence of the START domain may affect the kinase activity. We have found that the WKS1 was over-expressed on leaf necrosis in wheat transgenic plants. When the isolated WKS1.1 splice variant transcript was transformed into susceptible wheat it conferred resistance to stripe rust, but the truncated variant WKS1.2 did not confer resistance. WKS1.1 and WKS1.2 showed different lipid binding profiling. WKS1.1 enters the chloroplast membrane, while WKS1.2 is only attached outside of the chloroplast membrane. The ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity of the recombinant protein of TmtAPXwas found to be reduced by WKS1.1 protein in vitro. The WKS1.1 mature protein in the chloroplast is able to phosphorylate TmtAPXprotein in vivo. WKS1.1 induced cell death by suppressing APX activity and reducing the ability of the cell to detoxify reactive oxygen. The decrease of APX activity reduces the ability of the plant to detoxify the reactive H2O2 and is the possible mechanism underlying the accelerated cell death observed in the transgenic plants overexpressing WKS1.1 and in the regions surrounding a stripe rust infection in the wheat plants carrying the natural WKS1.1 gene. WKS2 is a nonfunctional paralog of WKS1 in wild emmer wheat, probably due to a retrotransposon insertion close to the alternative splicing site. In some other wild relatives of wheat, such as Aegilops comosa, there is only one copy of this gene, highly similar to WKS2, which is lucking the retrotransposon insertion. WKS2 gene present in wheat and WKS2-Ae from A. showed a different pattern of alternative splice variants, regardless of the presence of the retrotransposon insertion. Susceptible Bobwhite transformed with WKS2-Ae (without retrotansposon insertion in intron10), which derived from Aegilops comosaconferred resistance to stripe rust in wheat. The expression of WKS2-Ae in transgenic plants is up-regulated by temperature and pathogen infection. Combination of WKS1 and WKS2-Ae shows improved stripe rust resistance in WKS1×WKS2-Ae F1 hybrid plants. The obtained results show that WKS1 protein is accelerating programmed cell death observed in the regions surrounding a stripe rust infection in the wheat plants carrying the natural or transgenic WKS1 gene. Furthermore, characterization of the epistatic interactions of Yr36 and Yr18 demonstrated that these two genes have additive effects and can therefore be combined to increase partial resistance to this devastating pathogen of wheat. These achievements may have a broad impact on wheat breeding efforts attempting to protect wheat yields against one of the most devastating wheat pathogen.
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3

Malej, Matt, and Fengyan Shi. Suppressing the pressure-source instability in modeling deep-draft vessels with low under-keel clearance in FUNWAVE-TVD. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40639.

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This Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Note (CHETN) documents the development through verification and validation of three instability-suppressing mechanisms in FUNWAVE-TVD, a Boussinesq-type numerical wave model, when modeling deep-draft vessels with a low under-keel clearance (UKC). Many large commercial ports and channels (e.g., Houston Ship Channel, Galveston, US Army Corps of Engineers [USACE]) are traveled and affected by tens of thousands of commercial vessel passages per year. In a series of recent projects undertaken for the Galveston District (USACE), it was discovered that when deep-draft vessels are modeled using pressure-source mechanisms, they can suffer from model instabilities when low UKC is employed (e.g., vessel draft of 12 m¹ in a channel of 15 m or less of depth), rendering a simulation unstable and obsolete. As an increasingly large number of deep-draft vessels are put into service, this problem is becoming more severe. This presents an operational challenge when modeling large container-type vessels in busy shipping channels, as these often will come as close as 1 m to the bottom of the channel, or even touch the bottom. This behavior would subsequently exhibit a numerical discontinuity in a given model and could severely limit the sample size of modeled vessels. This CHETN outlines a robust approach to suppressing such instability without compromising the integrity of the far-field vessel wave/wake solution. The three methods developed in this study aim to suppress high-frequency spikes generated nearfield of a vessel. They are a shock-capturing method, a friction method, and a viscosity method, respectively. The tests show that the combined shock-capturing and friction method is the most effective method to suppress the local high-frequency noises, while not affecting the far-field solution. A strong test, in which the target draft is larger than the channel depth, shows that there are no high-frequency noises generated in the case of ship squat as long as the shock-capturing method is used.
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4

Financial Stability Report - First Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.1sem.eng-2020.

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In the face of the multiple shocks currently experienced by the domestic economy (resulting from the drop in oil prices and the appearance of a global pandemic), the Colombian financial system is in a position of sound solvency and adequate liquidity. At the same time, credit quality has been recovering and the exposure of credit institutions to firms with currency mismatches has declined relative to previous episodes of sudden drops in oil prices. These trends are reflected in the recent fading of red and blue tonalities in the performance and credit risk segments of the risk heatmaps in Graphs A and B.1 Naturally, the sudden, unanticipated change in macroeconomic conditions has caused the appearance of vulnerabilities for short-term financial stability. These vulnerabilities require close and continuous monitoring on the part of economic authorities. The main vulnerability is the response of credit and credit risk to a potential, temporarily extreme macroeconomic situation in the context of: (i) recently increased exposure of some banks to household sector, and (ii) reductions in net interest income that have led to a decline in the profitability of the banking business in the recent past. Furthermore, as a consequence of greater uncertainty and risk aversion, occasional problems may arise in the distribution of liquidity between agents and financial markets. With regards to local markets, spikes have been registered in the volatility of public and private fixed income securities in recent weeks that are consistent with the behavior of the international markets and have had a significant impact on the liquidity of those instruments (red portions in the most recent past of some market risk items on the map in Graph A). In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to those vulnerabilities, this Report presents a stress test that evaluates the resilience of credit institutions in the event of a hypothetical scenario thatseeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The scenario assumes a hypothetical negative growth that is temporarily strong but recovers going into the middle of the coming year and has extreme effects on credit quality. The results suggest that credit institutions have the ability to withstand a significant deterioration in economic conditions in the short term. Even though there could be a strong impact on credit, liquidity, and profitability under the scenario being considered, aggregate capital ratios would probably remain at above their regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. In this context, the recent measures taken by both Banco de la República and the Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia that are intended to help preserve the financial stability of the Colombian economy become highly relevant. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system’s security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth functioning of the payment system. Juan José Echavarría Governor
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