Journal articles: 'Closed loops'

1

Goodaire, Edgar G., and D. A. Robinson. "Some Special Conjugacy Closed Loops." Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 33, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cmb-1990-013-9.

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2

Nagy, Péter T., and Karl Strambach. "Loops as Invariant Sections in Groups, and their Geometry." Canadian Journal of Mathematics 46, no. 5 (October 1, 1994): 1027–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-1994-059-8.

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AbstractWe investigate left conjugacy closed loops which can be given by invariant sections in the group generated by their left translations. These loops are generalizations of the conjugacy closed loops introduced in [13] just as Bol loops generalize Moufang loops. The relations of these loops to common classes of loops are studied. For instance on a connected manifold we construct proper topological left conjugacy closed loops satisfying the left Bol condition but show that any differentiable such loop must be a group. We show that the configurational condition in the 3-net corresponding to an isotopy class of left conjugacy closed loops has the same importance in the geometry of 3-nets as the Reidemeister or the Bol condition.

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3

Struys, Michel M. R. F., Eric P. Mortier, and Tom De Smet. "Closed loops in anaesthesia." Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology 20, no. 1 (March 2006): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2005.08.012.

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4

Yew, Boon K., Sree V. Chintapalli, Graham G. C. Upton, and Christopher A. Reynolds. "Conservation of closed loops." Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling 26, no. 3 (October 2007): 652–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmgm.2007.03.011.

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5

Ferreira, L. P., E. Ares, G. Peláez, A. Resano, C. J. Luis-Pérez, and B. Tjahjono. "Simulation of a Closed-Loops Assembly Line." Key Engineering Materials 502 (February 2012): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.502.127.

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The aim of the work presented in this paper describes the development of a decision support system based on a discrete-event simulation model of an automobile assembly line. The model focuses at a very specific class of production lines with a four closed-loop network configuration. One key characteristic in the closed-loop system is that the number of pallets inside the first three loops has been made constant. The impact of the number of pallets circulating on the first three closed-loops and of the proportion of four-door car bodies on the performance of the production line has been thoroughly investigated. This has been translated into the number of cars produced per hour, in order to improve the availability of the entire manufacturing system.

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6

Berezovsky, Igor N., and Edward N. Trifonov. "Flowering Buds of Globular Proteins: Transpiring Simplicity of Protein Organization." Comparative and Functional Genomics 3, no. 6 (2002): 525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cfg.223.

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Structural and functional complexity of proteins is dramatically reduced to a simple linear picture when the laws of polymer physics are considered. A basic unit of the protein structure is a nearly standard closed loop of 25–35 amino acid residues, and every globular protein is built of consecutively connected closed loops. The physical necessity of the closed loops had been apparently imposed on the early stages of protein evolution. Indeed, the most frequent prototype sequence motifs in prokaryotic proteins have the same sequence size, and their high match representatives are found as closed loops in crystallized proteins. Thus, the linear organization of the closed loop elements is a quintessence of protein evolution, structure and folding.

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7

Guda Blessed, Ibrahim Aliyu, James Agajo, Thiago Lima Sarmento, Cleverson Veloso Nahum, Lucas Novoa, Rebecca Aben-Athar, et al. "Network resource allocation for emergency management based on closed-loop analysis." ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies 3, no. 2 (September 22, 2022): 175–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.52953/hvpi8935.

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The telecommunication system being a critical pillar of emergency management, intelligent deployment and management of slices in an affected area will help emergency responders. Techniques such as automated management of Machine Learning (ML) pipelines across the edge and emergency responder devices, usage of hierarchical closed-loops, and offloading inference tasks closer to the edge can minimize latencies for first responders in case of emergencies. This study describes the major results from building a Proof of Concept (PoC) for network resource allocation for emergency management using a hierarchical autonomous Artificial Intelligence (AI)/ML-based closed-loops in the mobile network, organized by the Internal Telecommunication Union Focus Group on Autonomous Networks (ITU FG-AN). The background scenario for this PoC included the interaction between a higher closed-loop in the Operations Support System (OSS) and a lower closed-loop in Radio Access Network (RAN) to intelligently share RAN resources between the public and the emergency responder slice. Representation of closed-loop "controllers" in a declarative fashion (intent), triggering "imperative actions" in the "underlay" based on the intent, setup of a data pipeline between various components, and methods of "influencing" lower layer loops using specific logic/models, were some of the essential aspects investigated by various teams. The main conclusions are summarised in this paper, including the significant observations and limitations from the PoC as well as future directions.

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8

Guo, Hui Xin. "Design Optimization for the Robustness of Dimensional Tolerance by Using Evidence Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 483 (December 2013): 434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.483.434.

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The design optimization of tolerance is researched to improve the robustness of plane dimension chain. The nonlinear functional relationship between the closed loop and the component loops of a dimension chain is formulated. The tolerances of component loops are regarded as design variables. The total manufacturing costs of the component loops and the success rate of assembly of the closed loop are treated as constraint conditions. Then, a robust design optimization model is established to minimize the variance of the closed loop and to make the mean value of the closed loop approach to target value. The evidence theory is used to deal with the constraint condition on the success rate of assembly. The dimension chain of a gear box is taken as an example to illustrate the proposed method and the example shows that the proposed method is effective.

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9

Kinyon, Michael K., Kenneth Kunen, and J. D. Phillips. "Diassociativity in Conjugacy Closed Loops." Communications in Algebra 32, no. 2 (March 2004): 767–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/agb-120027928.

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10

Lynch, David K. "Optics: Reflections on closed loops." Nature 316, no. 6025 (July 1985): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/316216a0.

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11

Kincaid, Zachary, Jason Breck, John Cyphert, and Thomas Reps. "Closed forms for numerical loops." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 3, POPL (January 2, 2019): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3290368.

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12

Kinyon, Michael K., and Kenneth Kunen. "Power-associative, conjugacy closed loops." Journal of Algebra 304, no. 2 (October 2006): 679–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalgebra.2006.01.034.

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13

Todinov, Michael T. "Closed parasitic flow loops and dominated loops in networks." International Journal of Operational Research 36, no. 4 (2019): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijor.2019.10025749.

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Todinov, Michael T. "Closed parasitic flow loops and dominated loops in networks." International Journal of Operational Research 36, no. 4 (2019): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijor.2019.104057.

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15

Lazarević, Mihailo, Nikola Živković, and Darko Radojević. "Open-closed Iterative Learning Control Algorithm for Exoskeleton Rehabilitation Purposes." MATEC Web of Conferences 292 (2019): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929201010.

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The paper designs an appropriate iterative learning control (ILC) algorithm based on the trajectory characteristics of upper exosk el eton robotic system. The procedure of mathematical modelling of an exoskeleton system for rehabilitation is given and synthesis of a control law with two loops. First (inner) loop represents exact linearization of a given system, and the second (outer) loop is synthesis of a iterative learning control law which consists of two loops, open and closed loop. In open loop ILC sgnPDD2 is applied, while in feedback classical PD control law is used. Finally, a simulation example is presented to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed advanced open-closed iterative learning control scheme.

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16

Kunen, Kenneth. "The structure of conjugacy closed loops." Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 352, no. 6 (February 16, 2000): 2889–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9947-00-02350-3.

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17

Drápal, Aleš. "Structural interactions of conjugacy closed loops." Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 360, no. 02 (February 1, 2008): 671–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9947-07-04131-1.

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18

Gençaslan, Mustafa, Paul H. E. Meijer, Mustafa Keskin, and A. H. L. Levelt. "Closed critical loops in phase diagrams." Journal of Supercritical Fluids 7, no. 2 (June 1994): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0896-8446(94)90047-7.

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19

Wang, Jingtao, Mikhail A. Anisimov, and Jan V. Sengers. "Closed Solubility Loops in Liquid Mixtures." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 219, no. 9 (September 2005): 1273–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.2005.219.9.1273.

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20

Drápal, Aleš. "On extraspecial left conjugacy closed loops." Journal of Algebra 302, no. 2 (August 2006): 771–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalgebra.2006.04.018.

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21

Froehlich, Donell P., and Barbara J. Glawe. "Parametric Analysis of Horizontal Air and Liquid Earth Loops." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 113, no. 2 (May 1, 1991): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929956.

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Equations and parameter characteristics were examined for both closed and open-earth loops. Analysis and graphs are presented on the heat exchange effectiveness of air and liquid earth loops and how the heat transfer is affected by major parameters such as: pipe diameter, soil thermal conductivity, fluid velocity, and fluid type. The open loop will produce more heat per unit length of pipe while the closed produces more total system heat. However, final loop selection is based on many factors that are both site and system specific.

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22

Langwieser, Johanna, Andrea Schweighuber, Alexander Felgel-Farnholz, Christian Marschik, Wolfgang Buchberger, and Joerg Fischer. "Determination of the Influence of Multiple Closed Recycling Loops on the Property Profile of Different Polyolefins." Polymers 14, no. 12 (June 15, 2022): 2429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14122429.

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In a circular economy, polymeric materials are used in multiple loops to manufacture products. Therefore, closed-loops are also envisaged for the mechanical recycling of plastics, in which plastic is used for products that are in turn collected and reprocessed again and again to make further products. However, this reprocessing involves degradation processes within the plastics, which become apparent through changes in the property profile of the material. In the present paper, the influence of multiple recycling loops on the material properties of four different polyolefins was analyzed. Two different closed-loop cycles with industrially sized processing machines were defined, and each polyolefin was processed and reprocessed within the predefined cycles. For the investigation of the effect of the respective loops, samples were taken after each loop. The samples were characterized by high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a quadru-pole time-of-flight MS, high-temperature gel permeation chromatography, melt flow rate measurements, infrared spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis, and tensile tests. With increasing number of processing loops, the tested polyolefins showed continuous material degradation, which resulted in significant changes in the property profiles.

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23

Zhong, Deyun, Liguan Wang, Jinmiao Wang, and Mingtao Jia. "An Efficient Mine Ventilation Solution Method Based on Minimum Independent Closed Loops." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 10, 2020): 5862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13225862.

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In this paper, according to the analysis of optimum circuits, we present an efficient ventilation network solution based on minimum independent closed loops. Our main contribution is optimizing the circuit dividing strategy to improve the iteration convergence and the efficiency of a single iteration. In contrast to a traditional circuit, a minimum closed loop may contain one or more co-tree branches but fewer high-resistance branches and fan branches. It is helpful in solving the problem of divergence or slow convergence for complex ventilation networks. Moreover, we analyze the dividing rules of closed loops and improve the dividing algorithm of minimum independent closed loops. Compared with the traditional Hardy Cross iteration method, the improved solution method has better iteration convergence and computation efficiency. The experimental results of real-world mine ventilation networks show that the improved solution method converges rapidly within a small number of iterations. We also investigate the influence of network complexity, iterative precision, and initial airflow on the iteration convergence.

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24

Kung, W., and R. D. Kamien. "Topological constraints at the Theta-point: Closed loops at two loops." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 64, no. 3 (November 2003): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/epl/i2003-00177-6.

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25

Alagoz, Baris Baykant, Aleksei Tepljakov, Eduard Petlenkov, and Celaleddin Yeroglu. "Multi-Loop Model Reference Proportional Integral Derivative Controls: Design and Performance Evaluations." Algorithms 13, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a13020038.

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Due to unpredictable and fluctuating conditions in real-world control system applications, disturbance rejection is a substantial factor in robust control performance. The inherent disturbance rejection capacity of classical closed loop control systems is limited, and an increase in disturbance rejection performance of single-loop control systems affects the set-point control performance. Multi-loop control structures, which involve model reference control loops, can enhance the inherent disturbance rejection capacity of classical control loops without degrading set-point control performance; while the classical closed Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control loop deals with stability and set-point control, the additional model reference control loop performs disturbance rejection control. This adaptive disturbance rejection, which does not influence set-point control performance, is achieved by selecting reference models as transfer functions of real control systems. This study investigates six types of multi-loop model reference (ML-MR) control structures for PID control loops and presents straightforward design schemes to enhance the disturbance rejection control performance of existing PID control loops. For this purpose, linear and non-linear ML-MR control structures are introduced, and their control performance improvements and certain inherent drawbacks of these structures are discussed. Design examples demonstrate the benefits of the ML-MR control structures for disturbance rejection performance improvement of PID control loops without severely deteriorating their set-point performance.

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26

Nikitina, Tatiana, and Christopher L. Woodcock. "Closed chromatin loops at the ends of chromosomes." Journal of Cell Biology 166, no. 2 (July 12, 2004): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200403118.

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The termini of eukaryotic chromosomes contain specialized protective structures, the telomeres, composed of TTAGGG repeats and associated proteins which, together with telomerase, control telomere length. Telomere shortening is associated with senescence and inappropriate telomerase activity may lead to cancer. Little is known about the chromatin context of telomeres, because, in most cells, telomere chromatin is tightly anchored within the nucleus. We now report the successful release of telomere chromatin from chicken erythrocyte and mouse lymphocyte nuclei, both of which have a reduced karyoskeleton. Electron microscopy reveals telomere chromatin fibers in the form of closed terminal loops, which correspond to the “t-loop” structures adopted by telomere DNA. The ability to recognize isolated telomeres in their native chromatin conformation opens the way for detailed structural and compositional studies.

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27

Zeng, Meng Xiong, and Wen Ouyang. "CNC Servo System Base on PMSM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 331 (July 2013): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.331.267.

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The paper study object is the CNC servo system, and it presented three closed-loops control strategy based on PMSM. Through dynamic mathematical model of current loop, rotational speed loop and position loop were established and simplified. The closed-loop regulator was designed. The system was corrected by the controller. The simulation, tuning and calculation of the closed-loop were carried in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results indicated that the system design was correct, and the desired effect of control was achieved.

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28

STEINHAUSER, MATTHIAS. "TOWARDS ANALYTIC (g - 2)μ AT FOUR LOOPS." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 35 (January 2014): 1460417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514604177.

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In this contribution we present recent four-loop results for the muon anomalous magnetic moment based on analytic methods. In particular, fermionic corrections involving two or more closed electron loops or at least one tau lepton loop are discussed.

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29

Ehring, D. "Closed causal loops, single causes, and asymmetry." Analysis 46, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/46.1.33.

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30

Deibert, R., and R. Isermann. "Examples for Fault Detection in Closed Loops." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 25, no. 10 (June 1992): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)50827-7.

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31

Deibert, R., and R. Isermann. "Examples for fault detection in closed loops." Annual Review in Automatic Programming 17 (January 1992): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0066-4138(09)91039-4.

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32

Drápal, Aleš. "Conjugacy closed loops and their multiplication groups." Journal of Algebra 272, no. 2 (February 2004): 838–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalgebra.2003.06.011.

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33

Frenkel, Zakhar M., and Edward N. Trifonov. "Closed Loops of TIM Barrel Protein Fold." Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 22, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 643–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2005.10507032.

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34

Chintapalli, Sree V., Christopher J. R. Illingworth, Graham J. G. Upton, Sophie Sacquin-Mora, Philip J. Reeves, Hani S. Mohammedali, and Christopher A. Reynolds. "Assessing the effect of dynamics on the closed-loop protein-folding hypothesis." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 91 (February 6, 2014): 20130935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0935.

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The closed-loop (loop-n-lock) hypothesis of protein folding suggests that loops of about 25 residues, closed through interactions between the loop ends (locks), play an important role in protein structure. Coarse-grain elastic network simulations, and examination of loop lengths in a diverse set of proteins, each supports a bias towards loops of close to 25 residues in length between residues of high stability. Previous studies have established a correlation between total contact distance (TCD), a metric of sequence distances between contacting residues (cf. contact order), and the log-folding rate of a protein. In a set of 43 proteins, we identify an improved correlation ( r 2 = 0.76), when the metric is restricted to residues contacting the locks, compared to the equivalent result when all residues are considered ( r 2 = 0.65). This provides qualified support for the hypothesis, albeit with an increased emphasis upon the importance of a much larger set of residues surrounding the locks. Evidence of a similar-sized protein core/extended nucleus (with significant overlap) was obtained from TCD calculations in which residues were successively eliminated according to their hydrophobicity and connectivity, and from molecular dynamics simulations. Our results suggest that while folding is determined by a subset of residues that can be predicted by application of the closed-loop hypothesis, the original hypothesis is too simplistic; efficient protein folding is dependent on a considerably larger subset of residues than those involved in lock formation.

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35

Trapp, Sabrina, Henning Schroll, and Fred Hamker. "Open and closed loops: A computational approach to attention and consciousness." Advances in Cognitive Psychology 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/acp-0096-y.

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36

Ichihara, Kazuhiro, and Makoto Ozawa. "Accidental surfaces in knot complements." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 09, no. 06 (September 2000): 725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216500000414.

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It is well known that for many knot classes in the 3-sphere, every closed incompressible surface in their complements contains an essential loop which is isotopic into the boundary of the knot exterior. In this paper, we investigate closed incompressible surfaces in knot complements with this property. We show that if a closed, incompressible, non-boundary-parallel surface in a knot complement has such loops, then they determine the unique slope on the boundary of the knot exterior. Moreover, if the slope is non-meridional, then such loops are mutually isotopic in the surface. As an application, a necessary and sufficient condition for knots to bound totally knotted Seifert surfaces is given.

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37

Menezes, Richard, Ranjeet Kamble, Anagha Joshi, and Kalpesh Chaudhari. "Closed loop small bowel obstruction due to paracaecal internal herniation: a lesson in rarity." BMJ Case Reports 11, no. 1 (December 2018): e227461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-227461.

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A 40-year-old man presented to the emergency department of our tertiary hospital with acute abdominal pain since 1 day, which responded to conservative measures initially. On further investigation and abdominal CT, he was diagnosed with closed loop small bowel obstruction with an encapsulated lesion with small bowel loops within, in the right iliac fossa, which was initially missed. On exploration, the patient had a sac in the right iliac fossa (paracaecal incarcerated internal hernia) with distended bowel loops within, the sac was excised after reduction of the contents. Postoperative recovery was uneventful.

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38

Zhang, Lingjie, Xuhong Miao, and Ailan Wan. "Calculation and Analysis of Horizontal and Vertical Lapping Angles in Tricot Warp Knitting." Autex Research Journal 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2018-0045.

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Abstract The lapping angle, which affects the style and quality of production, has been studied as a parameter of weft knitting. But the importance of the lapping angle has not been considered during the warp-knitting cycle. This paper shows that the lapping angle exists in the process of warp knitting and can be divided into horizontal and vertical lapping angles. Models for the lapping angles of closed and open loops were devised, and the lapping angles (horizontal and vertical lapping angles) of closed and open loops were calculated and analyzed. Furthermore, the paper seeks to investigate the factors that influence the lapping angle of tricot warp-knitted fabrics and summarize the rules. Moreover, the vertical lapping angle can affect the loop coverage. Results reveal that the decrease in number of underlaps and an increase in take-off density enables loops of the front guide bar to show on the face of the fabric. Moreover, it is also advantageous for an apparent front loop visibility when the front guide bar knits in open loop.

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39

Chen, Yuanlong, and Xiaoying Wu. "Chaos on Discrete Neural Network Loops with Self-Feedback." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020 (November 30, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3528684.

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In this paper, the complex dynamical behaviors in a discrete neural network loop with self-feedback are studied. Specifically, an invariant closed set of the system of neural network loops is built and the subsystem restricted on this invariant closed set is topologically conjugate to a two-sided symbolic dynamical system which has two symbols. In the end, some illustrative numerical examples are given to demonstrate our theoretical results.

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40

Xia, Dun Zhu, Cheng Yu, Shou Rong Wang, and Hong Sheng Li. "Microelectromechanical Hybrid Gyroscope Design of Closed-Loop Detection Circuit Based on FPGA." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.172.

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This paper presents a new microelectromechanical hybrid gyroscope (MHG) with three equilibrium rings. This structure can eliminate the error caused by the double rotation frequency of the driving shaft successfully. The MHG kinematic equations with three equilibrium rings are derived in this paper. Meanwhile, a new digital design and simulation of the MHG closed-loop detection circuit are proposed based on FPGA. The noise interference is weakened by using differential mode signal detection and the resources of FPGA are decreased by the loop diode demodulation in this paper. The cross axis coupling of the decoupled system is about 2.4%. The phase margin is 70deg and the magnitude margin is 22db after correction. The transcient response simulation is tested when the inputs are sinusoidal functions. The bandwidth and scale factors of x-axis and y-axis closed loops are analyzed in the paper. The bandwidth can reach about 70Hz and the scale factors of x-axis and y-axis closed loops are 0.1467V/o/s and -0.1467V/o/s respectively.

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41

Wu, Zhaohao, Lin Bi, Deyun Zhong, Ju Zhang, Qiwang Tang, and Mingtao Jia. "Orebody Modeling Method Based on the Coons Surface Interpolation." Minerals 12, no. 8 (August 6, 2022): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12080997.

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This paper presents a surface modeling method for interpolating orebody models based on a set of cross-contour polylines (geological polylines interpreted from the raw geological sampling data) using the bi-Coons surface interpolation method. The method is particularly applicable to geological data with cross-contour polylines acquired during the geological and exploration processes. The innovation of this paper is that the proposed method can automatically divide the closed loops and automatically combine the sub-meshes. The method solves the problem that it is difficult to divide closed loops from the cross-contour polylines with complex shapes, and it greatly improves the efficiency of modeling based on complex cross-contour polylines. It consists of three stages: (1) Divide closed loops using approximate planes of contour polylines; each loop is viewed as a polygon combined with several polylines, that is the n-sided region. (2) After processing the formed n-sided regions, Coons surface interpolation is improved to complete the modeling of every single loop (3) Combine all sub-meshes to form a complete orebody model. The corresponding algorithm was implemented using the C++ programing language on 3D modeling software. Experimental results show that the proposed orebody modeling method is useful for efficiently recovering complex orebody models from a set of cross-contour polylines.

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42

Berger, M. A. "The Small-Scale Structure of Coronal Loops." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 144 (1994): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s025292110002529x.

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AbstractHow do we model coronal loops which contain a rich internal structure? Coronal loops usually lie close to the equilibrium state, but equilibrium fields are generally nonlinear, three-dimensional, and contain intense current layers. Nevertheless, it is important to study highly structured loops. Small reconnection events (microflares and nanoflares) which simplify the structure may be the primary source of heat in the closed corona. The magnetic energy released during a reconnection event can be estimated if one knows the equilibrium energy before and after the event. Furthermore, structured or tangled fields dissipate wave energy more efficiently than smooth fields. Here we present a method for studying tangled fields. Lower bounds can be placed on the energy of the equilibrium field, given a measure of the topological complexity known as the crossing number. These bounds provide an estimate of the energy generated in a coronal loop due to random photospheric motions. This calculation is used to estimate the heating rate in Parker’s topological dissipation model.

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43

Drápal, Aleš, and Michael Kinyon. "Buchsteiner loops: Associators and constructions." Journal of Algebra and Its Applications 14, no. 04 (February 2015): 1550050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219498815500504.

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Let Q be a Buchsteiner loop. We describe the associator calculus in three variables, and show that |Q| ≥ 32 if Q is not conjugacy closed. We also show that |Q| ≥ 64 if there exists x ∈ Q such that x2 is not in the nucleus of Q. Furthermore, we describe a general construction that yields all proper Buchsteiner loops of order 32. Finally, we produce a Buchsteiner loop of order 128 that has both nilpotency class 3 and an abelian inner mapping group.

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44

Tepljakov, Aleksei, Baris Baykant Alagoz, Emmanuel Gonzalez, Eduard Petlenkov, and Celaleddin Yeroglu. "Model Reference Adaptive Control Scheme for Retuning Method-Based Fractional-Order PID Control with Disturbance Rejection Applied to Closed-Loop Control of a Magnetic Levitation System." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 11 (June 6, 2018): 1850176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618501761.

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This study demonstrates the utilization of model reference adaptive control (MRAC) for closed-loop fractional-order PID (FOPID) control of a magnetic levitation (ML) system. Design specifications of ML transportation systems require robust performance in the presence of environmental disturbances. Numerical and experimental results demonstrate that incorporation of MRAC and FOPID control can improve the disturbance rejection control performance of ML systems. The proposed multiloop MRAC–FOPID control structure is composed of two hierarchical loops which are working in conjunction to improve robust control performance of the system in case of disturbances and faults. In this multiloop approach, an inner loop performs a regular closed-loop FOPID control, and the outer loop performs MRAC based on Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) rule. These loops are integrated by means of the input-shaping technique and therefore no modification of any parameter of the existing closed-loop control system is necessary. This property provides a straightforward design solution that allows for independent design of each loop. To implement FOPID control of the ML system, a retuning technique is used which allows transforming an existing PID control loop into an FOPID control loop. This paper presents the simulation and experimental results and discusses possible contributions of multiloop MRAC–FOPID structure to disturbance rejection control of the ML system.

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Romakina, L. N. "Finite Closed 5-Loops of Extended Hyperbolic Plane." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Mathematics. Mechanics. Informatics 11, no. 1 (2011): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1816-9791-2011-11-1-38-49.

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Fanghella, P., and C. Galletti. "Kinematics of Robot Mechanisms with Closed Actuating Loops." International Journal of Robotics Research 9, no. 6 (December 1990): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/027836499000900602.

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Walker, M. W. "Adaptive control of manipulators containing closed kinematic loops." IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation 6, no. 1 (1990): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/70.88113.

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Berezovsky, Igor N., Valery M. Kirzhner, Alla Kirzhner, Vladimir R. Rosenfeld, and Edward N. Trifonov. "Closed loops: persistence of the protein chain returns." Protein Engineering, Design and Selection 15, no. 12 (December 2002): 955–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/15.12.955.

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Csörgő, Piroska, and Aleš Drápal. "Left conjugacy closed loops of nilpotency class two." Results in Mathematics 47, no. 3-4 (May 2005): 242–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03323028.

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Sederberg, T. W., H. N. Christiansen, and S. Katz. "Improved test for closed loops in surface intersections." Computer-Aided Design 21, no. 8 (October 1989): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4485(89)90058-4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Closed loops'

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