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Journal articles on the topic 'Closed batch'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Stankevich, Elena P., Igor E. Tananko, and Vitalii I. Dolgov. "Analysis of Closed Queueing Networks with Batch Service." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Mathematics. Mechanics. Informatics 20, no. 4 (2020): 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1816-9791-2020-20-4-527-533.

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We consider a closed queuing network with batch service and movements of customers in continuous time. Each node in the queueing network is an infinite capacity single server queueing system under a RANDOM discipline. Customers move among the nodes following a routing matrix. Customers are served in batches of a fixed size. If a number of customers in a node is less than the size, the server of the system is idle until the required number of customers arrive at the node. An arriving at a node customer is placed in the queue if the server is busy. The batсh service time is exponentially distributed. After a batсh finishes its execution at a node, each customer of the batch, regardless of other customers of the batch, immediately moves to another node in accordance with the routing probability. This article presents an analysis of the queueing network using a Markov chain with continuous time. The qenerator matrix is constructed for the underlying Markov chain. We obtain expressions for the performance measures. Some numerical examples are provided. The results can be used for the performance analysis manufacturing systems, passenger and freight transport systems, as well as information and computing systems with parallel processing and transmission of information.

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2

Henderson, W., C. E. M. Pearce, P. G. Taylor, and N. M. van Dijk. "Closed queueing networks with batch services." Queueing Systems 6, no. 1 (December 1990): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02411465.

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3

Kao, Yu-Lung, Georg Fieg, and Jeffrey D. Ward. "Closed Operation of Multivessel Batch Reactive Distillation Processes." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 56, no. 13 (March 24, 2017): 3655–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04756.

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4

Barolo, Massimiliano, and Paolo Dal Cengio. "Closed-loop optimal operation of batch distillation columns." Computers & Chemical Engineering 25, no. 4-6 (May 2001): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(01)00635-4.

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5

Skouras, S., and S. Skogestad. "Time (energy) requirements in closed batch distillation arrangements." Computers & Chemical Engineering 28, no. 5 (May 2004): 829–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2004.02.021.

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6

Wittgens, Bernd, and Sigurd Skogestad. "Closed operation of multivessel batch distillation: Experimental verification." AIChE Journal 46, no. 6 (June 2000): 1209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690460613.

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7

Arrifa Asna, Widia, and Sumardiyono. "The Effect of Nutrient And CO2 Change to Spirullina sp. Growth Cultivation." Jurnal Kimia dan Rekayasa 1, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31001/jkireka.v1i1.8.

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Spirulina sp. is a microalgae recently being developed because of its functions and benefits. This study aimed to determine the optimum growth of Spirulina cultivation using nutrient variables, which were cultured in three different containers, namely open pond batch, closed pond batch and open pond continue. Spirulina sp. was cultivated using NPK fertilizer and urea with freshwater media and light obtained from TL lamps 20 watts. The growth was observed every 24 hours for the analysis process using count booths to determine the number of Spirulina cells. Growth density rate of Spirulina cells in the open pond container batch was 500 cells / ml, in the closed pond batch was 400 cells / ml and in the open pond continue was 290 cells / ml with the number of starter cells of 110 cells / ml. Abstrak Spirulina sp. merupakan jenis mikroalga yang sedang banyak dikembangkan akhir-akhir ini karena memiliki banyak fungsi dan manfaat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan optimum pada kultivasi Spirulina sp dengan menggunakan variabel nutrien yang dikultur dengan 3 wadah yang berbeda yakni open pond batch, closed pond batch dan open pond continue. Spirulina sp. dikultivasi menggunakan pupuk NPK dan urea menggunakan media air tawar serta cahaya didapatkan dari lampu TL 20 watt kemudian pertumbuhan diamati setiap 24 jam untuk proses analisa digunakan bilik hitung untuk mengetahui jumlah sel spirulina. Angka pertumbuhan kepadatan sel mikroalga Spirulina sp. pada wadah open pond batch 500 sel/ml, pada closed pond batch 400 sel/ml dan pada open pond continue 290 sel/ml dengan jumlah sel stater 110 sel/ml

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8

Alvarez, Jesus, Eduardo Castellanos-Sahagún, Carlos Fernández, and Salvador Aguirre. "OPTIMAL CLOSED-LOOP OPERATION OF BINARY BATCH DISTILLATION COLUMNS." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 38, no. 1 (2005): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20050703-6-cz-1902.01676.

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9

Denes, Ferenc, Peter Lang, and Xavier Joulia. "Generalised closed double-column system for batch heteroazeotropic distillation." Separation and Purification Technology 89 (March 2012): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2012.01.042.

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10

Bhowmick, Madhumita, and Michael J. Semmens. "Batch studies on a closed loop air stripping process." Water Research 28, no. 9 (September 1994): 2011–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)90176-7.

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11

Vevelstad, Solrun Johanne, Andreas Grimstvedt, Aslak Einbu, Hanna Knuutila, Eirik Falck da Silva, and Hallvard F. Svendsen. "Oxidative degradation of amines using a closed batch system." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 18 (October 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.06.012.

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12

Hua, Xiangming, Sohrab Rohani, and Arthur Jutan. "Cascade closed-loop optimization and control of batch reactors." Chemical Engineering Science 59, no. 24 (December 2004): 5695–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2004.04.002.

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13

Martinez, Raul E., Sebastian Weber, and Kurt Bucher. "Quantifying the kinetics of olivine dissolution in partially closed and closed batch reactor systems." Chemical Geology 367 (February 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.12.017.

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14

Zhao, Shuo, Peng Bai, Xianghai Guo, Ke Tang, and Guangzhong Li. "Time requirements in closed and open batch distillation arrangements for separation of a binary mixture." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2014-0072.

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Abstract Batch time requirements are provided for the separation of binary zeotropic mixtures in two different multivessel columns (with and without vapor bypass), a non-cyclic two-vessel column and a regular batch column based on dynamic simulations. The first three columns are operated as closed (total reflux) systems and the regular batch column is operated as an open (partial reflux) system. We analyze the effects of feed composition, relative volatility and product specification on the time requirements. The multivessel arrangements perform better than the regular batch column, which requires from 4.00 to 34.67% more time to complete a given separation. The elimination of the vapor bypass in the multivessel column is impractical though it has a positive effect on the batch time requirements. Thus, the multivessel column, with the vapor stream bypassing the intermediate vessel, is proposed as the best candidate for a binary zeotropic mixture with low concentration of light component, low relative volatility and high product purity demand. Furthermore, an experimental multivessel column with vapor bypass is built and the corresponding experiments verify the simulations.

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15

Ben-Dati, Lika, Gur Mosheiov, and Daniel Oron. "Batch Scheduling on Two-Machine Flowshop with Machine-Dependent Setup Times." Advances in Operations Research 2009 (2009): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/153910.

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We study a batch scheduling problem on a 2-machine flowshop. We assume unit processing time jobs, batch availability, and machine-dependent setup times. The objective is to find a job allocation to batches of integer size and a batch schedule that minimize makespan. We introduce a very efficient closed form solution for the problem.

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16

Mitrophanov, Yuri Ivanovich, Ekaterina Sergeevna Rogachko, and Elena Petrovna Stankevich. "Dynamic Load Allocation in Closed Queueing Networks with Batch Movements." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Mathematics. Mechanics. Informatics 12, no. 1 (2012): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1816-9791-2012-12-1-22-28.

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17

Sharma, Ayush, Martin Jelemenský, Radoslav Paulen, and Miroslav Fikar. "Modeling and optimal operation of batch closed-loop diafiltration processes." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 122 (June 2017): 198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2017.04.016.

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18

Sun, Daolai, Fumiya Sato, Yasuhiro Yamada, and Satoshi Sato. "Solvent-Free Diels–Alder Reaction in a Closed Batch System." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 86, no. 2 (February 15, 2013): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.20120247.

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19

Chih, Mingchang. "An Insight into the Data Structure of the Dynamic Batch Means Algorithm with Binary Tree Code." Mathematics 7, no. 9 (August 30, 2019): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7090791.

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Batching is a well-known method used to estimate the variance of the sample mean in steady-state simulation. Dynamic batching is a novel technique employed to implement traditional batch means estimators without the knowledge of the simulation run length a priori. In this study, we reinvestigated the dynamic batch means (DBM) algorithm with binary tree hierarchy and further proposed a binary coding idea to construct the corresponding data structure. We also present a closed-form expression for the DBM estimator with binary tree coding idea. This closed-form expression implies a mathematical expression that clearly defines itself in an algebraic binary relation. Given that the sample size and storage space are known in advance, we can show that the computation complexity in the closed-form expression for obtaining the indexes c j ( k ) , i.e., the batch mean shifts s , is less than the effort in recursive expression.

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20

Tananko, I. E., and N. P. Fokina. "Analysis of Closed Unreliable Queueing Networks with Batch Movements of Customers." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Mathematics. Mechanics. Informatics 13, no. 2(1) (2013): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1816-9791-2013-13-2-1-111-117.

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21

Jazayeri-Rad, H., and M. Shahbaznezhad. "Optimizing the Open-and Closed-Loop Operations of a Batch Reactor." Journal of Automation and Control Engineering 2, no. 1 (2014): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12720/joace.2.1.8-19.

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22

Gadêlha, Gabriela, Hermes Gadêlha, and Nicholas Hankins. "Water flux dynamics in closed-loop, batch-mode forward osmosis systems." Journal of Membrane Science 476 (February 2015): 457–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.11.056.

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23

Sun, Daolai, Fumiya Sato, Shin-ichi Yamauchi, Yasuhiro Yamada, and Satoshi Sato. "Liquid-Phase Cyclodimerization of 1,3-Butadiene in a Closed Batch System." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 86, no. 4 (April 15, 2013): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.20120333.

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24

Modla, G. "Pressure swing batch distillation by double column systems in closed mode." Computers & Chemical Engineering 34, no. 10 (October 2010): 1640–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2010.02.037.

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25

Soni, Abhishek S., and Robert S. Parker. "Closed-Loop Control of Fed-Batch Bioreactors: A Shrinking-Horizon Approach." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 43, no. 13 (June 2004): 3381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie030535b.

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26

Cao, Zhixing, Yi Yang, Hui Yi, and Furong Gao. "Priori Knowledge-Based Online Batch-to-Batch Identification in a Closed Loop and an Application to Injection Molding." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 55, no. 32 (August 5, 2016): 8818–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01900.

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27

Ritonja, Jožef. "Adaptive Control of CO2 Production during Milk Fermentation in a Batch Bioreactor." Mathematics 9, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 1712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9151712.

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The basic characteristic of batch bioreactors is their inability to inflow or outflow the substances during the fermentation process. This follows in the simple construction and maintenance, which is the significant advantage of batch bioreactors. Unfortunately, this characteristic also results in the inability of the current industrial and laboratory batch bioreactors to control fermentation production during the process duration. In some recent studies, it was shown that changing the temperature could influence the execution of the fermentation process. The presented paper shows that this phenomenon could be used to develop the closed-loop control system for the fermentation production control in batch bioreactors. First, based on theoretical work, experiments, and numerical methods, the appropriate structure of the mathematical model was determined and parameters were identified. Next, the closed-loop control system structure for batch bioreactor was proposed, and the linear and adaptive control system based on this structure and the derived and identified model were developed. Both modeling and adaptive control system design are new and represent original contributions. As expected, due to the non-linearity of the controlled plant, the adaptive control represents a more successful approach. The simulation and experimental results were used to confirm the applicability of the proposed solution.

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28

Bolmanis, Emils, Konstantins Dubencovs, Arturs Suleiko, and Juris Vanags. "Model Predictive Control—A Stand Out among Competitors for Fed-Batch Fermentation Improvement." Fermentation 9, no. 3 (February 22, 2023): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9030206.

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The fed-batch cultivation is in many ways a benchmark for fermentation processes, and it has been an attractive choice for the biotechnological production of various products in the past decades. The majority of biopharmaceuticals that are presently undergoing clinical trials or are available on the market are manufactured through fed-batch fermentations. A crucial process parameter in fed-batch cultivations is the substrate feed rate, which directly influences the overall process productivity, product quality and process repeatability; henceforth, effective control of this parameter is imperative for a successful fed-batch fermentation process. Two distinct control strategies can be distinguished—open-loop and closed-loop (feedback) control. Each of these methods has its own set of benefits, limitations and suitability for specific bioprocesses. This article surveys and compares the most popular open- and closed-loop methods for substrate feed rate control in fed-batch fermentations. Emphasis is placed on model-predictive feed rate control (MPC)—a stand out among other methods that offers a promising application perspective. The authors also demonstrate a practical example of the implementation of a robust, flexible MPC solution that is suitable for various cultures and runs on standard computer hardware, thus overcoming one of the main reported MPC drawbacks—high computational requirements.

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29

Kar, Sounak, Robin Rehrmann, Arpan Mukhopadhyay, Bastian Alt, Florin Ciucu, Heinz Koeppl, Carsten Binnig, and Amr Rizk. "On the Throughput Optimization in Large-Scale Batch-Processing Systems." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 48, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3453953.3453982.

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We analyze a data-processing system with n clients producing jobs which are processed in batches by m parallel servers; the system throughput critically depends on the batch size and a corresponding sub-additive speedup function that arises due to overhead amortization. In practice, throughput optimization relies on numerical searches for the optimal batch size which is computationally cumbersome. In this paper, we model this system in terms of a closed queueing network assuming certain forms of service speedup; a standard Markovian analysis yields the optimal throughput in w n4 time. Our main contribution is a mean-field model that has a unique, globally attractive stationary point, derivable in closed form. This point characterizes the asymptotic throughput as a function of the batch size that can be calculated in O(1) time. Numerical settings from a large commercial system reveal that this asymptotic optimum is accurate in practical finite regimes.

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30

Zhao, Biao, Chongxiang Zhao, Chongda Wang, and Chul B. Park. "Poly(vinylidene fluoride) foams: a promising low-k dielectric and heat-insulating material." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 12 (2018): 3065–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc00547h.

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31

Zhang, Yong Xing, and Jian Xin Zhang. "A GPVSC Controller for Batch Dyeing Process Based on Integrated Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 433-435 (October 2013): 1065–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.433-435.1065.

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Traditional textile dyeing industry, which is always based on open-loop control strategy, has the problem of high energy consumption and serious pollution because it is difficult to deal with the direct control problem of the dyeing process. Based on the multi-variable dyeing uptake rate integration model, this paper proposed a closed loop control system using Generalized Prediction Variable Structure Control (GPVSC) algorithm. The integrated model is used as the soft measurement method of the whole closed loop control system, which can solve the problem that it is hard to measure dyeing uptake rate directly during the batch dyeing process. In the aspect of control algorithm, the Generalized Prediction Controller (GPC) was combined with Variable Structure Control (VSC), where the temperature was selected as the control variable, which achieved the control of the dyeing uptake rate during the batch dyeing process. Simulation results show that the algorithm could exactly track and control the dyeing uptake rate during the batch dyeing process.

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32

Boyarovich, Yu S. "Stationary distribution of the closed queuing network with batch transitions of customers." Automation and Remote Control 70, no. 11 (November 2009): 1836–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0005117909110071.

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33

Woodward, Michael E. "Size-limited batch movement in product-form closed discrete-time queueing networks." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 25, no. 1 (June 1997): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/258623.258683.

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34

Sun, Daolai, Fumiya Sato, Yasuhiro Yamada, and Satoshi Sato. "ChemInform Abstract: Solvent-Free Diels-Alder Reaction in a Closed Batch System." ChemInform 44, no. 21 (May 2, 2013): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201321026.

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35

Cao, Zhixing, Ridong Zhang, Jingyi Lu, and Furong Gao. "Online identification for batch processes in closed loop incorporating priori controller knowledge." Computers & Chemical Engineering 90 (July 2016): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2016.04.025.

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36

Grassia, P., S. P. Usher, and P. J. Scales. "Closed-form solutions for batch settling height from model settling flux functions." Chemical Engineering Science 66, no. 5 (March 2011): 964–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2010.12.002.

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37

Radhika, Gandu, Akash Kumar Burolia, Pandiyan Kuppusamy Raghu Raja, Seshagiri Rao Ambati, Dipesh S. Patle, and Uday Bhaskar Babu Gara. "Energy saving in batch distillation for separation of ternary zeotropic mixture integrated with vapor recompression scheme: dynamics and control." Chemical Product and Process Modeling 16, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cppm-2020-0045.

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Abstract In this work, tight composition control and in parallel the operation is integrated with vapor recompression scheme (VRC) is proposed to achieve energy savings and maximum product at a specified high purity for the separation of ternary zeotropic mixture in batch distillation. Firstly, the model representing a ternary system of hexanol/octanol/decanol has been simulated to analyze the open-loop and close-loop dynamics of the process. Secondly, the open-loop and closed-loop operations are integrated with single stage VRC scheme to achieve energy savings. Single stage VRC is operated at very high compression ratio (CR) due to the large temperature difference of the top and bottom streams in batch distillation column. To further improve the thermodynamic efficiency of single stage VRC, double stage compression without intercoolers between the stages of VRC is proposed. Two control schemes have been implemented for constant composition, namely proportional integral (PI) controller and nonlinear gain scheduling proportional integral (GSPI) with and without VRC in closed-loop. The results shows that double stage VRC with GSPI algorithm provides better performance than conventional in terms of energy, product amount and Integral Square Error (ISE).

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38

Boucherie, Richard J., and Matteo Sereno. "On closed support T-Invariants and the traffic equations." Journal of Applied Probability 35, no. 2 (June 1998): 473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1032192862.

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The traffic equations are the basis for the exact analysis of product form queueing networks, and the approximate analysis of non-product form queueing networks. Conditions characterising the structure of the network that guarantees the existence of a solution for the traffic equations are therefore of great importance. This note shows that the new condition stating that each transition is covered by a minimal closed support T-invariant, is necessary and sufficient for the existence of a solution for the traffic equations for batch routing queueing networks and stochastic Petri nets.

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39

Boucherie, Richard J., and Matteo Sereno. "On closed support T-Invariants and the traffic equations." Journal of Applied Probability 35, no. 02 (June 1998): 473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200015096.

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The traffic equations are the basis for the exact analysis of product form queueing networks, and the approximate analysis of non-product form queueing networks. Conditions characterising the structure of the network that guarantees the existence of a solution for the traffic equations are therefore of great importance. This note shows that the new condition stating that each transition is covered by a minimal closed support T-invariant, is necessary and sufficient for the existence of a solution for the traffic equations for batch routing queueing networks and stochastic Petri nets.

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40

Micke, André, Peter Struve, Milan Kočiřík, and Arlette Zikánová. "Theoretical Treatment of Rapid Sorption Kinetics Measured in Batch Arrangement." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 59, no. 5 (1994): 989–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19940989.

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Universal solution of a family of sorption kinetic models which are based on superposition principle has been developed to describe sorption experiments in a closed system. The models account for the interactions of a sorbate sorbent system with the apparatus which arise (i) from the mass balance condition in a closed system and (ii) from a finite rate of sorbate supply to the sorbent, the latter effect being of importance particularly in rapid nonstationary kinetic processes. Theoretical uptake curves for the intracrystalline sorption kinetics in zeolite crystals are exemplified using numerical solution of the corresponding Volterra integral equations which represent kinetic models of the overall transient sorption process in the apparatus. The approach appears to be promising for treatment of sorption kinetics in multicomponent systems.

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41

Yi, Andrew Peng. "Principles and Case Studies of Fed Batch Fermentation and Continuous Fermentation." Journal of Clinical and Nursing Research 6, no. 2 (March 15, 2022): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jcnr.v6i2.3712.

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Modern fermentation processes include a variety of fermentation methods, such as fed batch fermentation and continuous fermentation. This paper will focus on the principles and case studies of these two methods. Fed batch fermentation originates from fractionation fermentation with closed culture and adjustment of the pH value of the carbon source, to which the process of feeding the carbon source to the cell culture in a controlled manner has been added. This type of fermentation is more commonly used compared to the other. Continuous fermentation is also a closed fermentation system, which can operate without restrictions by continuous or intermittent addition of fresh nutrient media to the fermenter; however, it is susceptible to contamination by stray bacteria and metabolic inconvenience.

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42

Ma, Mingjun, and Kurt A. Rosentrater. "Techno-economic Analysis (TEA) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a Low Temperature Closed-Cycle Grain Drying System." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 6 (May 15, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n6p52.

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The aim of this study was to understand the environmental and economic impact of the low temperature closed-cycle grain drying system by using techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA). For TEA, three scales including small (60 bu/batch), medium (600 bu/batch) and large (6000 bu/batch) were chosen for analysis the total annual drying cost and unit drying cost. For LCA, the greenhouse gasses (GHG) emission was the only environmental impact that considered in this study, since the electricity was the only energy source for this drying system. The TEA result shows that the drying costs for one bushel of corn were $0.62, $0.49, $0.46 for the small, medium and large scales of this drying system, respectively, and the drying cost could potentially be lower than grain elevators. The LCA results indicate that greenhouse gas emissions will increase along with the expansion of the drying system since the electricity comes from a local coal-based electricity plant, which potentially makes this drying system’s greenhouse gas emissions higher than other types of drying systems. Farmers can use this method to make decisions when handling their grain.

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43

Ahmad Tarmizi, Nur Aliah, and Norhafezah Kasmuri. "Reduction of Primary Microplastic in Nitrifying Medium Under Closed System." Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology 30, no. 2 (March 18, 2022): 1601–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/pjst.30.2.41.

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Currently, microplastic is considered a major concern worldwide and noteworthy among the researcher and authorities. Microplastic has spread ubiquitously in the environment, particularly in the aquatic system, due to its tiny size. This microplastic is indispensable to treat since it poses hazards to marine life, human, and soil-plant. This research paper aims to investigate the performance of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polystyrene (PS) microplastic in a closed system. This microplastic has been biodegraded in the batch culture system using a colony of bacteria acquired from landfill leachate as a carbon source. The percentage of microplastic removal after the incubation period (7, 14, and 21 days) was determined. Moreover, the analysis of chemical properties, morphology surfaces of microplastic, and ammonia-nitrogen for each batch culture were evaluated. The findings revealed that all microplastic could be degraded after the incubation period. However, PE microplastic showed the highest percentage weight loss (8.8%) compared with other microplastic. Analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrates that the chemical structure of each polymer has changed, which involved the formation of C=O in PP and PE. The observation by scanning electron microscope indicated the alteration on the surface in each microplastic, such as fractures and rough surfaces. Besides that, PP microplastic indicated the maximum ammonia-nitrogen removal after 16 days incubation period (97.41%). This method can be applied in the leachate treatment system to achieve a higher quality of effluent. Furthermore, extending the incubation period for microplastic biodegradation can attain better optimal results in further research.

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44

Yang, Q. Z., R. S. Ng, G. J. Qi, H. C. Low, and Y. P. Zhang. "Economic Viability of Nickel Recovery from Waste Catalyst." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 765–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.765.

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This paper investigates the economic viability of a closed-loop process for nickel recovery from roasted catalytic wastes. The effects of process parameters and market factors that drive the bottom-line profitability of nickel recovery are identified and analyzed using a cost and revenue evaluation model developed in the study. The main factors include the production batch size, material cost, and nickel selling price. With a nickel market value higher than S$18.85 per kg, the process is economically viable even with a batch size as small as 50 kg/batch. Given that the current nickel selling price at the metal exchange market has reached around S$24-28/kg, the economic feasibility of the process is confirmed.

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Mesbah, Ali, Adrie E. M. Huesman, Herman J. M. Kramer, and Paul M. J. Van den Hof. "A Comparison of Nonlinear State Estimators for Closed-loop Control of Batch Crystallizers." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 43, no. 5 (2010): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20100705-3-be-2011.00064.

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Ševčík, Peter, and Ľubica Adamčíková. "Stirring rate effect in the closed, batch Belousov–Zhabotinsky system with oxalic acid." Journal of Chemical Physics 91, no. 2 (July 15, 1989): 1012–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.457225.

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Skouras, S., and S. Skogestad. "Separation of ternary heteroazeotropic mixtures in a closed multivessel batch distillation–decanter hybrid." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 43, no. 3 (March 2004): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0255-2701(03)00126-0.

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Petruczok, Christy D., Nan Chen, and Karen K. Gleason. "Closed Batch Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ultrathin, Functional, and Conformal Polymer Films." Langmuir 30, no. 16 (April 17, 2014): 4830–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la500543d.

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Kolar-Anic, Ljiljana, Slavica Blagojevic, Natasa Pejic, Nebojsa Begovic, Stevan Blagojevic, and Slobodan Anic. "New evidence of transient complex oscillations in a closed, well-stirred belousov-zhabotinsky system." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 71, no. 6 (2006): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0606605k.

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Some new experimental evidence of complex irregular oscillations in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction realized in a batch reactor is presented. The results were obtained under relatively low cerium and malonic acid concentrations. One-dimensional maps were used for general discussion, and particularly, for the influence of noise on the evolution of the oscillations.

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Van Dijk, Nico M. "An LCFS finite buffer model with finite source batch input." Journal of Applied Probability 26, no. 2 (June 1989): 372–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3214042.

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Queueing systems are studied with a last-come, first-served queueing discipline and batch arrivals generated by a finite number of non-exponential sources. A closed-form expression is derived for the steady-state queue length distribution. This expression has a scaled geometric form and is insensitive to the input distribution. Moreover, an algorithm for the recursive computation of the normalizing constant and the busy source distribution is presented. The results are of both practical and theoretical interest as an extension of the standard Poisson batch input case.

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