Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Clonage de génome dans la levure'
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Rideau, Fabien. "Clonage et modification du génome de Mycoplasma hominis dans la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0227/document.
Full textMycoplasma hominis is an opportunistic human pathogen responsible for genital and neonatal infections. Genetically modifying this bacterium is necessary to understand the virulence and infection mechanisms of this pathogen. There is currently no effective molecular tool to engineer the genome of this bacterium, limiting research on its pathogenicity and its peculiar metabolism based on arginine.New technologies have recently emerged in the field of Synthetic Biology (BS), offering new perspectives for the study of mycoplasmas by allowing large scale genome modifications and the production of mutant strains. Work at the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI, USA) has shown that the genome of related mycoplasmas can be cloned and manipulated in yeast before being transplanted into a recipient cell. The yeast serves as a temporary host to modify the genome of the bacterium. This innovative approach opens many perspectives in the development of functional genomics in mycoplasmas for which there are few effective genetic tools. The goal of this thesis was to adapt a number of BS tools to M. hominis for the first time, in order to create mutants deficient for a given function. To achieve this goal, the genome of the M. hominis type strain PG21 (665 kb) was cloned into the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Transformation-Associated Recombination cloning (TAR-cloning). Two yeast clones (B3-2 and B3-4) possessing the complete genome of M. hominis were validated by simplex PCR, multiplex PCR and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses. These yeast clones were then propagated in a selective medium for 180 generations (30 passages) to evaluate the stability of the bacterial genome in its host. This experiment showed that (i) the size of the genome of M. hominis did not change during the first passages, it decreased progressively from the tenth passage (≈60 generations), and (ii) the enriched genome areas in repeated sequence were preferentially lost. Thus, the genome of M. hominis was modified in the B3-4 clone at early passages using the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology. Yeast clones with a complete M. hominis PG21 genome with a deleted vaa gene, encoding a major adhesion protein, were produced using this approach. The final step of this approach was to transplant the modified genome into a recipient cell of M. hominis or Mycoplasma arthritidis, the species phylogenetically closest to M. hominis. As no M. hominis transformation protocol was available at the beginning of our work, this step constituted a major obstacle in the implementation of BS tools in this species. This barrier has been partially lifted since a method of transformation of M. hominis based on polyethylene glycol (PEG) and involving the plasposon pMT85 (plasmid carrying a transposon conferring resistance to tetracycline) has been developed in the laboratory. This transformation technique, developed for the reference strain M. hominis M132 (745 kb) still remains not very efficient; it is nevertheless reproducible and allowed to obtain M. hominis mutants of interest. The Mhom132_2390 gene, encoding the precursor of the P75 protein, a putative adhesin of M. hominis, was effectively mutated in transformant No. 28-2. Complete genome sequencing of other transformants revealed the insertion of multiple copies of the transposon and the presence of duplication and inversion of large DNA fragments within at least two M. hominis genomes.In conclusion, this data has opened the way for the development and transposition of existing genetic modification approaches to M. hominis, previously considered as a genetically intractable bacterium
Barret, Julien. "Clonage, ingénierie et transfert de grands fragments de génome chez Bacillus subtilis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0458.
Full textGenome engineering of microorganisms has become a standard in microbial biotechnology. In 2010, promising synthetic biology technologies using yeast as a platform for the assembly and engineering of synthetic bacterial genomes followed by their transplantation into a recipient cell have emerged. These technologies have led to the creation of the first synthetic cells and opened new avenues towards the construction of cells with fully controlled biological properties. Transferring these tools to microorganisms of industrial interest such as the Gram+ bacterium Bacillus subtilis (Bsu), a model in the biotechnology sector, would be a major step forward. This is precisely the aim of the ANR "Bacillus 2.0" project, which brings together two INRAE teams and aims to adapt all these synthetic biology tools to Bsu so as to be able to go from computer-aided design of semi-synthetic Bsu genomes to the production of new industrial strains. However, initial work on this project showed that the entire Bsu genome could not be cloned and maintained in yeast in its current state. These results threatened to call into question the feasibility of the entire project and, in particular, the relevance of using yeast as a platform for assembling the semi-synthetic Bsu genome.The goal of my thesis was to demonstrate that yeast remained a relevant host for the Bacillus 2.0 project. It was divided into 3 parts. In the first part, a genome cloning method recently developed in the laboratory, called CReasPy-Fusion, was progressively adapted to Bsu. The results obtained showed (i) the possible transfer of plasmid DNA between bacterial protoplasts and yeast spheroplasts, (ii) the efficiency of a CRISPR-Cas9 system carried by yeast cells to capture/modify this plasmid DNA during Bsu/yeast fusion, and then (iii) the efficiency of the same system to capture genomic fragments of about a hundred kb from three different strains. Fluorescence microscopy observations were also carried out revealing two types of interaction that would enable the transition from protoplast/spheroplast contact to cloned bacterial DNA in yeast. In the second part of my thesis, the CReasPy-Fusion method was used in an attempt to clone large Bsu genome fragments in yeast. Genomic fragments of up to ~1 Mb could be cloned in yeast, but their capture required the prior addition of a large number of ARS to the Bsu genome to stabilize the genetic constructs. The final part was the adaptation of the RAGE method to Bsu. This method allow the transfer, not of a whole genome, but of portions of bacterial genomes from yeast to the bacteria to be edited. Proof of concept was achieved by exchanging a 155 kb genome fragment with a reduced 44 kb version.In conclusion, the work carried out during this thesis has shown the relevance of using yeast as an engineering platform for large-scale modifications of the Bsu genome. On the one hand, we have shown that fragments of around 100 kb can be cloned in yeast, modified and transferred into a recipient cell to generate Bsu mutants. This strategy offers a real alternative to genome transplantation. On the other hand, we have shown that large fragments of the Bsu genome (up to 1 Mb) can also be cloned in yeast, provided they contain numerous ARS in their sequences. Thanks to these results, cloning a reduced Bsu genome in yeast has once again become an achievable goal
Breuils, Laure. "Clonage et caractérisation de récepteurs de type olfactif humains exprimés dans la langue." Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT2040.
Full textThe expression of olfactory like receptors (OLRs) in rat taste buds has been previously described, suggesting their involvement in taste perception as gustatory receptors. The aim of this work was to identify and characterize human OLRs expressed in human gustatory tissues. Nine OLRs genes and eight pseudogenes expressed in human adult and/or foetal tongue were identified by RT-PCR. Their murine orthologs were assigned: 5 are expressed in adult mouse tongue, among which 3 are expressed specifically in gustatory papillae. The latter were detected in sensory tissues and brain, but rarely in other organs. Nevertheless, one of them seems to be ubiquitously expressed. In situ hybridization experiments did not show a clear expression of these receptors in mouse taste buds. A cellular tool was constructed in order to identify the ligands of these receptors
Abderahmane, Nina Farida. "Rôle de l'interférence à ARN (RNAi) dans l'intégrité du génome chez la levure S. pombe." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://thares.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/2020GRALV022.pdf.
Full textPreserving the integrity of genetic material is crucial to ensure cell survival and prevent tumor development. RNA Interference (RNAi) plays an important role in this context. This conserved process is well known to mediate sequence-specific transcriptional gene silencing via the induction of heterochromatin formation in a large variety of species. Through the various protective roles that this chromatin state has on the genome integrity, RNAi contributes to the preservation genomic stability. In parallel, RNAi has been involved also more directly in the cell response to genomic DNA damage in a variety of eukaryotes. In this case, it would participate to DNA damage signalization or repair. However, this function and the molecular mechanisms underlying its involvement remain poorly characterized, eventhough the function appears to be conserved from yeast to human.In this study, we explored the molecular function of RNAi in maintaining genomic stability, using the yeast Schizosacharomyces pombe as a model. In this organism, the key function of RNAi in the formation of heterochromatin has been extensively studied. The mechanism of action relies on the effector RITS complex (RNA Induced-Transcriptional Silencing), which is loaded with Dcr1produced small RNAs. These small RNAs guide RITS to the target regions in order to recruit the factors ensuring the deposition and maintenance of repressive epigenetic marks associated witth the formation of heterochromatin. RNAi has also been involved in the resolution of collisions between the replication and transcription machineries, occurring at hard-to-replicate genomic regions, like at regions containing highly repeated DNA. According to the current model, RNAi favors transcription termination thereby favouring replication fork progression (Zaratiegui et al., Nature, 2011 ; Castel et al., Cell, 2014).Our study first showed that RITS, and not just Dcr1, are involved in maintaining genomic stability in S. pombe. The combination of biochemical and microscopic approaches revealed physical connections between RITS and the DNA replication and repair processes. We studied in particular the implication of RNAi in the genomic stability of the rDNA region. Our data indicated that RNAi participates in the maintenance of the numerous rDNA units, thereby preventing major chromosomal rearrangements. This function requires RITS and Dcr1, but does not involve other factors essential for the formation of heterochromatin. Moreover, we identified that RNAi contributes to promote replication fork progression within a region close to the origin of replication of the ribosomal unit. The terminally-arrested replication forks constitute fragile structures which can cause genomic instability. In order to further explore this function of RNAi, we used a conditional and inducible fork barrier to block replication at a unique locus in the genome. A genetic assay based on this system, strongly suggest that RITS and Dcr1 manages the homologous recombination-dependent fork restart by acting specifically on the DNA resection step of this process. Altogether, our findings provide a better understanding of the RNAi molecular function in the cellular response to replicative stress. This aspect has been poorly explored by the current studies led in other eukaryotic models
Khan, Daulat Raheem. "Reprogrammation embryonnaire et somatique au moment de la mise en route du génome dans l’embryon bovin." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T060.
Full textIn natural fertilization, sperm and ovum unite to form a totipotent zygote. Initially, the zygote is transcriptionally inactive and after few cleavages (8-16-cell stage in bovine) embryonic genome activation (EGA) takes place and embryo shifts from maternal to embryonic control, the process called maternal to embryonic transition (MET). Likewise, in nuclear transplantation (cloning) a somatic cell nucleus achieves totipotency when placed in an enucleated oocyte, the process called “nuclear reprogramming”. In fact, nuclear reprogramming in cloning experiments is equivalent to MET; however, this process is afflicted with low efficiency. The objectives of this study in bovine were a) to explore the process of MET reprogramming of in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos and b) to estimate the efficiency of gene reprogramming after nuclear transfer in animal cloning. We hypothesized that the acquisition of a proper gene expression pattern could herald development potential of the embryos, which could be assessed as early as morula stage or after embryonic genome activation (EGA) in bovine. Here, we opted for a study plan consisting of two axes a) global gene expression analysis using an EGA-dedicated microarray and b) candidate gene expression profiling through qRT-PCR in the fertilized and cloned bovine embryos. Firstly, we optimized the protocol of mRNA amplification for transcriptome analysis which generates antisens-RNA (aRNA). Then we did transcriptomic analysis of the 4-cell and morulae derived from two genotypes having better and two genotypes having poorer in vitro embryonic development potentials. In addition, these oocytes were either matured in vivo or in vitro. We observed that the effect of individual genotype was more important than the effect of the phenotypic category (poorer or better) or conditions of oocyte maturation. Furthermore, we explored the expression patterns of 5 types of cloned embryos having different full term developmental potentials depending upon the donor cell line used. Their genes expression patterns closely resembled to the IVF morulae, except for few genes which present differences. These genes vary with the cell line used as somatic cell donor for SCNT and the number of these deregulated genes did not increase with the poorer developmental potential of the cloned embryos. The analysis of an eventual correlation between the potential for embryonic development to term and nature of the deregulated genes should be addressed. Secondly, we charted quantitative and/or qualitative spatio-temporal expression patterns of transcripts and proteins of pluripotency genes (OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG) and mRNA levels of some of their downstream targets in bovine oocytes and early embryos. Furthermore, to correlate expression patterns of these genes with term developmental potential, we used cloned embryos, instead of gene ablation, having similar in vitro but different full term development rates. We chose these genes to be analysed since pluripotency genes are implicated in mouse embryonic genome activation (EGA) and pluripotent lineage specification. Moreover, their expression levels have been correlated with embryonic term development. Our findings affirm: first, the core triad of pluripotency genes probably is not implicated in bovine EGA since their proteins were not detected during pre-EGA phase, despite the transcripts for OCT4 and SOX2 were present. Second, an earlier ICM specification of SOX2 and NANOG makes them better candidates of bovine pluripotent lineage specification than OCT4. Third, embryos with low term development potential have higher transcription rates; nevertheless, precarious balance between pluripotency genes is maintained. This balance presages normal in vitro development but, probably higher transcription rate disturbs it at later stage that abrogates term development
Helies-Toussaint, Cécile. "Expression des genes dans le testicule." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA11T012.
Full textBonneton, Manon. "Régulation de la télomérase par l'hélicase Pif1 chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae : implication dans la stabilité du génome." Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENSL0564.
Full textMost of eukaryotic organisms posses telomeres at the extremity of their linear chromosomes. Telomeres are formed by G-rich repetitive sequences, TG1-3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and of associated proteins. At each stage of replication, telomere length decreases. Telomerase is the reverse transcriptase that is involved in the re-synthesis of telomeres. In S. Cerevisiae, the enzyme is composed of the Est2 protein and of the TLC1 RNA. A few years ago, we described the est2-up34 mutation of the finger domain of Est2, which leads to elongated telomeres. This mutation also makes telomerase resistant to Pif1, a negative regulator of telomerase, which dissociates it from telomeric DNA. Here, we studied more precisely the relationship between Pif1 and telomerase, using the est2-up34 mutation as a tool. First, we analyzed the phenotypes of this mutation at a DSB site. We found that est2-up34 cells are deficient in repair, as GCR rate and sensitivity to genotoxic agents were both increased. The mutated telomerase was more recruited to a lesion, and seems to be insensitive to Rad52 competition. Moreover, est2-up34 mutation is epistatic to RAD24 deletion. We propose that the finger domain is involved in the inhibition of telomerase binding to a DSB, which demonstrate an uncharacterized role in the maintenance of genome stability. Second, we focused on the interaction between Pif1 and telomerase. We found that it exists outside of the nucleus, and is DNA independent. However, the complex formed by Pif1 and telomerase is addressed to DNA after DSB induction, which then could be involved in the regulation of telomerase at a break. Using several gene deletions, we faileds to detect any element required for this interaction. In fact, the complex only depends upon the presence of Est2, suggesting a direct interaction between both proteins. We proposed that Pif1 and the finger domain of telomerase interact to maintain genome stability
Guesdon, Gabrielle. "Développement de méthodes de clonage de génomes entiers chez la levure pour la construction de souches châssis semi-synthétiques de Bacillus subtilis." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022BORD0204.
Full textOne of the major challenges in the synthetic biology (BS) field, is to provide new solutions to global issues (therapeutic/sanitary or climatic), in particular through the construction of useful, efficient and environmentally friendly production strains.The well-characterized, non-pathogenic, Gram+ bacterium Bacillus subtilis (Bsu), is widely used in industry as a biotechnological workhorse. Recent studies have established that mutant strains with modified genomes are able to produce larger amounts of recombinant proteins. This suggests that the production of rationally designed Bsu chassis could be an important step in the improvement of valuable strains for industrial purposes.This work was performed within the Bacillus 2.0's ANR project, which aims at applying SB tools for Bsu, and at developing an effective pipeline for the high-throughput construction of versatile Bsu chassis strains. Selected SB technologies for the pipeline include (i) the synthetic genome design, (ii) the in-yeast DNA assembly methods using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, (iii) the from-yeast whole genome isolation and transplantation (GT) to a recipient bacteria cell and, (iv) the characterization of recombinant strains.The objectives of this thesis were to ensure the feasibility of these methods using a Gram+ bacterium, by showing, in particular, that it was possible to clone and maintain in S. cerevisiae the genome of a minimal Bsu strain, MPG192 (2.86 Mbp) and to modify it using the large repertoire of yeast genetic tools. Our first attempts to clone the entire Bsu genome into yeast using already described methods failed. Using a TAR-Cloning approach, we then attempted to clone large DNA fragments obtained by restriction of the Bsu genome. In a first experiment, five out of seven fragments were cloned. Difficulties to clone the largest fragment (1.50 Mbp), are presumably related to its size, and/or the lack of ARS elements. Concerning the other fragment, several factors have been proposed to explain the cloning failure: again, an insufficient number of ARS elements, but also, the presence of many repeated sequences (7 ribosomal operons), and/or the deleterious expression of these genes. Finally with other experiments, the whole 2.86 Mb genome was cloned in 21 pieces ranging from 6 kbp to 515 kbp. As TAR-Cloning imposes constraints in the choice of restriction sites, a new cloning method, called CReasPy-Fusion, was developed. This method allows the simultaneous cloning and engineering of mega-sized genome in yeast using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, after direct bacterial cell to yeast spheroplast cell fusion. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated that the method can be used to capture a piece of genome, or to clone and edit the whole genome from six different Mycoplasma species. This method was then adapted to Bsu, showing for the first-time yeast spheroplast and Gram+ protoplast cell fusion. A fragment of ~150 kb has been successfully cloned in yeast.Even if, the entire Bsu genome has not yet been cloned in yeast, several critical elements have been identified. First of all, this work underlines the importance of the cloning method to be adopted depending on the organism of interest. Then, it emphasizes the existence of both biological and technical factors that explain current difficulties and that will have to be taken into account in subsequent experiments. Finally, it enabled the development of the new in-yeast cloning method called CReasPy-Fusion which expands the catalog of technics already described. Through its versatility, it opens up prospects for the capture of large genome fragments, the suppression of problematic loci, and to support the assembly of synthetic fragments
KUNIC, BARBARA. "Genes codants pour la cytochrome p450 reductase du champignon rhizopus nigricans. Clonage par l'expression dans la levure et caracterisation." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112088.
Full textLahondès, Raynald de. "Étude de la protéine Sap1 et de son implication dans le changement de type sexuel chez la levure Schizosaccharomyces pombe." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077258.
Full textHeude, Martine. "Facteurs physiologiques et génétiques impliqués dans le maintien de l'intégrité du génome mitochondrial après irradiation de la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112200.
Full textRepair mechanisms acting on the mitochondrial genome of yeast have been looked for, by studying the effects of different physiological and genetic factors, known to interfere with nuclear repair, on the induction of mitochondrial rho- mutants by UV (254nm) or ionizing (Ɣ-rays) radiations. Liquid holding cells in non-nutrient medium after UV-irradiation, before plating on nutrient medium, favours nuclear repair and modulates rho- mutant induction. Data are presented, supporting the hypothesis that mechanisms act in UV-irradiated liquid held cells, when treated in exponential phase of growth, to restore the integrity of the mitochondrial genome. Their efficiency is dependent upon de novo nuclear-directed and mitochondrial protein synthesis and upon mitochondrial DNA synthesis during the liquid holding period. The comparison between the patterns of loss of mitochondrial genetic markers among spontaneous and induced rho- mutants let us to postulate a common mechanism generating these mutants. The comparison between rho- mutant induction by UV-or Ɣ-ray irradiation among strains differing at the level of genes controlling different nuclear repair systems demonstrated that nuclear genetic determinants are involved in both nuclear repair and maintenance of intact mitochondrial genomes. Nevertheless, the pathways of nuclear and mitochondrial repair are not identical and their regulation is at least partially different
Mselli-Lakhal, Laïla. "Construction de vecteurs lentiviraux défectifs pour la réplication : étude du transport des ARN et des séquences impliquées dans l'encapsidation du génome du virus de l'arthrite et de l'encéphalite caprine (CAEV)." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO1T058.
Full textBidard, Frédérique. "Clonage et analyse d'un gène de floculation FLOS de "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" : introduction du caractère floculant dans des levures oenologiques." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20043.
Full textSANSEAU, PHILIPPE. "Analyse de grands fragments d'ADN de truite et de pleurodele par electrophorese en champs pulses et clonage dans des chromosomes artificiels de levure." Rennes 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990REN10108.
Full textMathieu-Daude, Françoise. "Mode de reproduction de "Trypanosoma brucei" dans ses populations naturelles : implications taxonomiques et épidémiologiques." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20284.
Full textLancrey, Astrid. "Assemblage de répétitions de la séquence 601 dans le génome de Saccharomyces cerevisiae pour dicter l'espacement des nucléosomes in vivo." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0001/document.
Full textNucleosome positioning along eukaryotic genomes is crucial as it influences DNA accessibility for DNA binding proteins involved in DNA replication, transcription and repair. It is now accepted that both nucleosome preferences for some DNA sequences and remodeling factors play an important role in nucleosome positioning in vivo. However their relative importance remains a matter of debate. To investigate the role played by DNA sequence in nucleosome positioning in a cellular context we developped a strategy to assemble tandem DNA repeats of a nucleosome positioning sequence directly into Saccharomyces cerevisiae’s genome. This method is assisted by CRISPR/Cas9 and overlapping oligonucleotides and it turned out to be very efficient as it allowed to synthetize about 15 kilobases of tandem DNA repeats inside a yeast chromosome. Using this apporoach we obtained three yeast strains differing by the DNA linker length separating two consecutive monomeres of the 601 nucleosome positioning sequence. We chose three lengths of linker (20, 50 and 90 pb) for two reasons. First, they are compatible with the formation of a 30 nm chromatin fiber in vitro, and second, nucleosome repeat length of 167, 197 and 237 pb are found in eukaryotic genomes. We then verified if nucleosomes are effectively positioned according to the theoretic DNA linker lengths we designed in the “601” repeated region. To that goal we performed MNase-seq analysis to deduce nucleosomes dyads positions in the repeats. Interestingly our results show that the 601 sequence is not able to dictate strong nucleosomes positioning differing from the natural nucleosome repeat length of about 165 pb along the repeats in an in vivo context. We further investigated positions of dyads in the same three strains after inactivating the gene coding for the chromatin remodeler Chd1, which could potentially be responsible of the nucleosomes organization in the repeated area. Our results show no effect of Chd1, indicating that the “601” sequence has no positionning effect in vivo or that other trans-acting factors are implicated in nucleosome positioning in the engineered repeats. Finally, this work provides a new fast and simple approach for synthetic DNA repeats construction inside the yeast genome and could easily be applied for other synthetic chromatin engineering approaches
Lubat, Vincent. "Approches biologiques et moléculaires dans l'étude des Myxosporidies, du PKX et des Marteilia : impacts en aquaculture." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20282.
Full textLILJELUND, PATRICIA. "Recherche et etude de mutants intervenant dans la biosynthese des pyrimidines chez saccharomyces cerevisiae." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13011.
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