Academic literature on the topic 'Clitocybes'

Despite strong indications of antimycobacterial activities for clitocybins reported since 1945, no reports linking chemical structure and activity have been reported in the literature since then. In this study, we synthesized some clitocybin derivatives (also called 2-substituted-isoindolinones), and tested their activities and carried out some chemical derivations. Isoindolinones were prepared from methyl 2-formyl-3,5-dimethoxybenzoate and various primary aromatic amines. Compounds were evaluated for in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, as well as for cytotoxicity (CC50) on the Vero cell line. 4,6-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)isoindolin-1-one, 7, and 4-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-isoindol-1-one, 5, exhibited the highest antimycobacterial activities (minimum inhibitory concentration = 19.45 µM and 18.45 µM, respectively) and were non-toxic (CC50 = 30 µM and 29 µM, respectively).

In this paper taxonomic account of three species of Clitocybe viz., C. dilatata, C. hydrogramma and C. nebularis collected from various locations of Poonch district of Jammu and Kashmir have been presented. Of these, Clitocybe dilatata and C. hydrogramma are a new report from India while Clitocybe nebularis is being reported for the first time from Jammu and Kashmir.

The exploration have been done to collect and to know variety and existence of edible mushroom in Toraut Village, Boganinani Wartabone, National Park in North of Sulawesi. The result of identified found 12 mushroom at primary and secondary forest ecosystem. There are in genus of Clitocybe, Ganoderma, Fomes, Piptoporus, Daldinia, Heterobasidium, Phellinus, Polyporus, Auricularia, Trametes, Coltricia. Only 2 edible mushroom become one of the food source for local society, Clitocybe odora and Auricularia sp.

Pseudoomphalina kalchbrenneri is a Eurasian species. In North America the Pso. kalchbrenneri complex is represented by Pseudoomphalina anticostica sp. nov. and Pso. compressipes in the east and Pso. intermedia in the west. Pseudoomphalina farinacea and Pso. felleoides are later synonyms for Pso. compressipes. The somewhat similar Pseudolaccaria pachyphylla occupies a temperate band through Eurasia, confirmed by sequencing in both eastern and western North America. It differs from species of the Pso. kalchbrenneri complex by smaller size, finely granular pileus, non-decurrent gills, and lack of hymenial cystidia. All species of the Pso. kalchbrenneri complex are uncommon, and macroscopically similar. Pseudoomphalina kalchbrenneri and Pso. intermedia can be identified by their distribution (Europe and western North America, respectively) and lack of cystidia. The cystidiate eastern North American Pso. anticostica and Pso. compressipes can be differentiated by the smaller spores of the latter. Pseudoomphalina cokeri is the most ancestral species on the Pseudoomphalina lineage, while Clitocybe thujana and Agaricus apertus (Clitocybe/Clitocybula aperta) fall outside Pseudoomphalina and Pseudolaccaria. We add 21 new sequences to GenBank, including six types (Agaricus compressipes, Clitocybe felleoides, C. farinacea, C. intermedia, C. thujana, Agaricus apertus), and one new species (Pso. anticostica).

Suite à un criblage sur plusieurs espèces de champignons vis à vis de lignées tumorales murines et humaines, Lepista inversa a été particulièrement étudié. Sur le plan chimique l'étude de Lepista inversa a permis l'isolement d'adénosine et d'urée et l'isolement d'un composé cytotoxique, la clitocine. La fraction apolaire a permis l'analyse des composés volatils contenus dans le champignon et a mis en évidence le présence de composés chlorés. Des composés lipidique ont également été isolés et identifiés. Sur le plan biologique, après une étude de cytotoxicité in vitro, des essais anticancéreux in vivo ont été réalisés avec la clitocine sur le modèle murin.

Le phénomène de résistance de Plasmodium falciparum aux antipaludiques actuels mis sur le marché oblige à une recherche continue de nouvelles molécules. Dans cette thèse, des travaux de pharmacomodulation ont été menés sur des séries d'indolones et des recherches de nouvelles structures actives ont été conduites à partir d'extraits naturels actifs. Les variations structurales entreprises sur la série des indolone-N-oxydes (INOD) ont permis une faible amélioration de la solubilité par introduction de groupement aminochlorhydrate, une activité antiplasmodiale maintenue par introduction de groupements encombrants en position 6 et une conservation de l'activité antipaludique lorsque la fonction nitrone (O-N=C) est réduite (N=C) conduisant à la nouvelle série des 2-aryl-3H-indol-3-ones (IND). Les essais in vivo menés sur cette nouvelle série aboutissent à des activités comparables à ceux de la série INOD. Le composé 6-(4-chlorophényl)-7H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-one-5-oxyde demeure le meilleur candidat actuellement. Les perspectives d'amélioration de la stabilité et de la biodisponibilité nécessitent désormais d'introduire un groupement encombrant en position 7 afin de ralentir la bioréductibilité des INOD in vivo. Les isoindolinones (clitocybines) ne présentent pas d'activités antipaludiques (ni antituberculeuses) et sont fortement cytotoxiques. Des extraits d'une plante malgache présentent des activités antipaludiques in vivo et encouragent l'isolement des alcaloïdes actifs
The problem of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to antimalarial drugs requires a continuous search for new active molecules. In this thesis, indolone series were pharmacomodulated and extraction of plants were made to find new active structures. The structural changes of indolone-N-oxide series (INOD) allowed a small improvement of solubility by substitution with aminochloride group, an antiplasmodial activity maintained by substitution with bulky groups at position 6, an antimalarial activity conserved when the nitrone function (O-N=C) is reduced giving the new series of 2-aryl-3H-indol-3-ones (IND). Comparable antimalarial activities were observed between the two series (INOD and IND). The compound 6-(4-chlorophenyl)-7H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-one-5-oxide is the best lead now. To improve stability and biodisponibility of INOD in perspective, the substitution with bulky group at position 7 could slow their bioreductibiliy in vivo. Isoindolinones (clitocybins) don't have antimalarial activities (no antituberculosis activity also) and are highly cytotoxic. Extracts of Madagascan plant have antimalarial activity in vivo and promote the isolation of active alkaloids

碩士
大仁科技大學
食品科技研究所
100
The Clitocybe maxima is also named as “wine glasses mushroom”. It’s a crisp and well-tasted new edible and medicinal mushroom, and which have a few physiological effects. They shall be explored and developed for their economical values. Much sawdust could be used for the cultivation of mushrooms artificially at present, and the spent substrate should make overload and harm to the wood industry and environment in some levels. This study explored the optimization for the production of biomass in the liquid culture and the yield of fruiting bodies and biological efficiency in the solid-state culture. Some compounds of physiological activities were determined, including trehalose, ergosterol, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) during cultivation. The optimal cereal-based substrates for the production of GABA in the solid-state culture were also studied by using Response Surface Methodology. The results showed that the optimal coditions for the biomass production in the liquid culture were C/N 60, 23 ℃, and pH 6.5. The biomass reached to the highest production (5.35 mg, dry weight) for culturing 20 days in the growth curve. The highest yield should be obtained in the substrate containing brown rice 30g, 1% peptone, and 1% yeast extract. The trehalose of fruiting body reached to the highest amount of 310.90 mg/g for culturing 30 days, while the ergosterol was 4.34 mg/g. The yield and biological efficiency of fruiting body was 17.9 g and 59.57%, respectively. The production of GABA was 14.2 mg/g in the optimal cereal-based substrate, containing 5% glucose and 0.5% glutamate for culturing 27 days. In addition to the harvest of edible fruiting bodies, some compounds of physiological activities from the spent substrate and fruiting bodies of Clitocybe maxima might be also obtained. Therefore, the solid-state culture of Clitocybe maxima with the cereal-based substrate might be able to utilize totally.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
農園生產系所
98
Clitocybe maxima Gaertn. et G. Mey.: Fr. is an innovative mushroom belong to the group of Basidiomycetes. It has great potential to cultivate in southern Taiwan for the high temperatures weather. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fine conditions for mycelium growth and mushroom production. The results showed that the mycelium grew the best at the temperature of 25~30℃. In medium pH trials, pH 6 present the best mycelium growth followed in order by the pH of 6.8, 7, 5, 8, 9, 10, and 4. The best media for spawn was made of sorghum grains followed in order by the grains of wheat, oat, and sawdust, coffee residue. The mycelium would completely spread over the cultivation bag when media in bags inoculated with spawn after 45~60 days, their mean fresh weight of Glitocybe maxima was 450 g per bag. In the trials of appropriate temperature for fruiting body initiation, the day-requirement at 30℃ were shorter than those of 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36℃, and the highest yield (around 500 gram per bag) were obtained as well. In casing substrate trials, mushroom extrusion in medium of peat moss mixed with recycled casing substrate need shorter time and obtained the highest yield. The thickness of casing substrate would be better at 8cm for mushroom production than those of 4, 10, 12, 14cm. In the trials of antioxidant capacity, fruiting body of Clitocybe maxima were dried with different method. The results showed that the antioxidant capacity is increased with the methanol extract concentration increasing. Treatment with freeze drying, 121℃ 15 min and 30 min have the higher antioxidant capacity than 40 and 80℃ treatment. Keywords: Clitocybe maxima Gaertn. et G. Mey.: Fr., cultivation bag, casing , antioxidant

博士
國立中興大學
植物病理學系所
99
The cultural filtrates of 27 edible mushrooms were screened for antimicrobial activity against the following plant pathogens: Colletotrichum higginsianum, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, Pythium aphanidermatum, Phytophthora capsici, Rhizoctonia solani, Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, Erwinia chrysanthemi, Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The culture filtrates of Lentinula edodes and Clitocybe nuda were able to completely inhibit conidial germination of C. higginsianum. Three samples contained substances that had the capacity to completely inhibit conidial germination of A. brassicicola were Ganoderma lucidum, L. edodes and C. nuda. The culture filtrates of Coprinus comatus, L. edodes, Tremella aurantialba and C. nuda showed complete suppression of spore germination of P. capsici. Only the culture filtrate of C. nuda moderately inhibited spore germination of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae. The paper-disc agar-diffusion method was used to test the effect of mushroom culture filtrates on the growth of plant pathogenic bacteria. Four culture filtrates strongly inhibited the growth of A. avenae subsp. citrulli. Only the culture filtrate of Agrocybe cylindracea showed a clear inhibition zone against P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. The culture filtrates of A. cylindracea, Grifola frondosa and L. edodes showed various sizes of growth inhibition zones against R. solanacearum. None of the culture filtrates were able to inhibit mycelial growth of C. higginsianum, R. solani, P. aphanidermatum, and F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae. The culture filtrates of L. edodes and C. nuda showed the strongest inhibitory effects against X. campestris pv. campestris. The culture filtrate of C. nuda strongly inhibited certain plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The culture filtrates of five strains of C. nuda displayed various degrees of antimicrobial activity against the plant pathogenic fungi and/or bacteria tested. The culture filtrate of C. nuda strain LA82 very effectively reduced the disease incidence of Phytophthora blight of pepper, which is caused by P. capsici, and the leaf spot of pepper, which is caused by X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria. The inhibitory substance in the C. nuda strain LA82 culture filtrate was stable at low and high pH values and at high temperatures. The inhibitory substance was dialyzable in membrane tubing with a molecular weight cut-off of 1000 but not of 500 or 100. The substance was also exchangeable by anion but not cation exchange resins, indicating that the inhibitor has a molecular weight between 1000 and 100 and is negatively charged. The inhibitor is a hydrophilic compound but is not a protein. Approximately 2 L of 21-day-old culture filtrates of C. nuda strain LA82 was concentrated under a vacuum to yield a 10-gram residue. After the residue was extracted with 95% (v/v) ethanol, the resulting extract showed antifungal activity. This ethanol extract was concentrated under a vacuum to give a residue. The crude extract was chromatographically separated on a Sephadex LH-20 column and eluted with 50% (v/v) methanol in water in two fractions (Frs.1-2). Fr.2, which showed significant activity, was chromatographically separated on a silica gel column with n-hexane-acetone (2:1, v/v) to generate eight subfractions (Frs.2.1-8). Fr.2-3, which showed strong antifungal activity, was further purified by silica gel column chromatography and identified as two compounds by one-dimensional (1H NMR, 13C NMR) and two-dimentional (HMQC, HMBC) nuclear magnetic resonance and Mass spectral methods. Compound 1, 2-methoxy-5-methyl-6-methylenemethoxy-p-benzoquinone, was a yellow powder with a molecular formula of C10H12O4. Compound 2, 6-6’-bis (2H-pyran-3-carbaldehyde) ether, was a yellow oil with a molecular formula of C12H10O5. The two compounds have not been reported prior to this study. Seven culture substrates were tested for their ability to support the growth of cucumber seedlings. BVB No. 4 peat moss was more suitable than other agricultural substrates, but it was innocuous to P. aphanidermatum. Spent blewit mushroom compost (SBMC) was the most effective substrate for the suppression of Pythium damping-off in cucumber. Mixing SBMC with BVB at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v) was suitable for the growth of cucumber and was capable of reducing the incidence of Pythium damping-off in cucumber. A new container medium (SBMB) was formulated using SBMC, BVB and lime. The SBMB medium was suitable for the growth of cucumber and suppression of P. aphanidermatum. The suppressive effect of the SBMB medium on damping-off of cucumber seedlings caused by P. aphanidermatum was not reduced after it was treated with steam at 100℃ for 30 min. The disease incidence of cucumber seedlings in autoclaved SBMB increased from 42% to 56%, indicating the involvement of the biotic factor in the suppressiveness of SBMB. The decrease of disease incidence from 96% in the control to 56% in autoclaved SBMB also shows that importance of abiotic factor in the suppressing effect of SBMB. Isolated microorganisms from the SBMC medium were tested for antagonistic activity against P. aphanidermatum. Seven isolated fungi showed suppressive effects against P. aphanidermatum, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing showed that two such fungi were Aspergillus fumigatus and Schizophyllum commune. One actinomyce and eight isolated bacteria also showed inhibitory effects against P. aphanidermatum, and the 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that Streptomyces sp., Bacillus aryabhattai and Bacillus subtilis had the highest inhibition capacities. The bioformulated container medium formulated by using SBMB inoculated with B. aryabhattai very effectively reduced the disease incidence of Pythium damping-off in cucumber and enhanced the growth of crops. Results of this study suggest that a combination of biotic and abiotic factors is responsible for the suppressing effect of the bioformulated container medium. The majort abiotic factors of inhibitory activity of the SBMB medium against P. aphanidermatum originated from the SBMC component because it was able to moderately inhibit this organism. The ethanol extract of the SBMC medium inhibited zoospore germination of P. aphanidermatum. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the inhibitory substances in the SBMC medium showed the presence of a peak at the retention time of 23.1 min, the same as PDB culture filtrate of C. nuda strain LA82. The culture filtrate of C. nuda strain LA82 also showed strong inhibition against the zoospore germination of P. aphanidermatum. The SBMB medium developed in this study for the control of Pythium damping-off of cucumber is environmentally friendly and has the potential to be developed into a commercial product.

Penaresidin A 3, isolated from the Okinawan marine sponge Penares sp., is a potent activator of actomyosin ATPase. B. V. Subba Reddy of the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology prepared (Tetrahedron Lett. 2014, 55, 49) the azetidine ring of 3 by mesyl­ation of the hydroxy sulfonamide 2, derived from 1, followed by cyclization. Allokainic acid 6 has become a useful tool for neurological studies. Radomir N. Saicic of the University of Belgrade found (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 34) that the Tsuji–Trost cyclization of 4 to 5 proceeded with high diastereoselectivity, presumably by way of the enamine of the aldehyde. Floris P. J. T. Rutjes of Radboud University Nijmegen prepared (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 2038) the starting material 7 for (−)-sedacryptine 9 via an enantioselective Mannich addition. The reagent of choice for the Aza–Achmatowicz rearrangement of 7 to 8 proved to be mCPBA. The intriguing tricyclic alkaloid (−)-lepistine 12 was isolated from the mushroom Clitocybe fasciculate. En route to the first-ever synthesis of 12, Satoshi Yokoshima and Tohru Fukuyama of Nagoya University cyclized (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 2862) the gly­cidol-derived sulfonamide 10 to the azacycle 11. (+)-Septicine 15 is the biogenetic precursor to the phenanthrene alkaloid (+)-tylophorine. Stephen Hanessian of the Université de Montréal prepared (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 232) 15 by condensing the proline-derived ketone 13 with the aldehyde 14. Mingji Dai of Purdue University elaborated (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 3922) the amine 16 to the enone 17 by intramolecular Mannich alkylation followed by methylenation and allylic oxidation. Condensation with the sulfoxide 18 then delivered lyconadin C 19.