Relevant bibliographies by topics / Clitic Phrase

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Academic literature on the topic 'Clitic Phrase'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Clitic Phrase"

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Halicki, Eric. "Prosodic vowel lengthening in a spontaneous speech corpus of Vimeu Picard." Lingua Posnaniensis 57, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/linpo-2015-0004.

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Abstract The goal of this paper is to present findings about vowel lengthening at morpho-syntactically defined prosodic boundaries. The data come from a corpus of spontaneous speech from Vimeu Picard, a Gallo- Romance language. A total of 10 672 vowel durations are measured, and 5336 vowel ratios are calculated, providing data for the prosodic word, clitic group, phonological phrase, intonational phrase, and the utterance. A general increase in vowel duration is observed as one ascends the prosodic hierarchy, without adjusting for rate of speech. Significant differences in vowel ratio are found between the clitic group and all other phrases, the prosodic word and the intonational phrase, the phonological phrase and the intonational phrase, and the intonational phrase and the utterance. Contrary to what was expected, vowel ratios at the utterance edge were found to be significantly shorter than vowel ratios at the intonational phrase edge. This may be because pauses are greater for the utterance than for the intonational phrase.
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Iskandar, Denni, Mulyadi, and Iskandar Abdul Samad. "Morphosyntax Analysis of Acehnese Clitic." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 9, no. 4 (August 31, 2018): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.9n.4p.212.

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Clitic has challenged many grammatical theories because it is a combination between syntax and morphology. At most theory, clitization is considered as a phenomenon of phrase because the clan of its form is similar to affixes attached to whole phrase. Some experts claim that clitic is one form that is difficult to identify and classify. This qualitative research investigates the clitic of Acehnese in the perspective of morphosyntax. This research found that Acehnese consists of proclitic and enclitic. The function is to emphasize the topic being talked by the subject. In general, Acehnese clitic is a relatively complex personal pronoun because Acehnese’s pronominal system is identical with the content of morality (politeness and friendship). Each personal pronoun has its own proclitic and enclitic including the adjustment of clitic for variant personal pronouns which refers to the level of politeness. In addition to personal pronoun, the clitic in Acehnese is also used to refer to noun or nounphrase either to animals, plants, or other types of nouns.
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Cyrino, Sonia Maria Lazzarini. "On romance syntactic complex predicates: why Brazilian Portuguese is different." Estudos da Língua(gem) 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/el.v8i1.1120.

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I analyze clitic climbing as the effect of Romance syntactic complex predicate formation: the non-finite verb phrase moves to the specifier of the upper V. This movement forms a complex predicate so as to allow for a configuration where clitics can climb. Crucial for this movement is the presence of a defective C-T. The lack of clitic climbing in Brazilian Portuguese is but one consequence of a non-defective C-T system in these structures. As a consequence, we have the possibility for certain constructions to occur in the language; in fact, they are presented as additional evidence for the proposal.KEYWORDS: Clitic climbing. Syntactic complex predicates. ECM. Inflected infinitives. Brazilian Portuguese. Principles & Parameters Theory.
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Aoun, Joseph, and Elabbas Benmamoun. "Minimality, Reconstruction, and PF Movement." Linguistic Inquiry 29, no. 4 (October 1998): 569–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438998553888.

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We investigate the interaction of clitic left-dislocation (CLLD), wh-interrogatives, and topicalization in Lebanese Arabic. A wh-phrase or a topicalized phrase can be fronted across a CLLDed element derived by movement but not across a base-generated one. A CLLDed element cannot be fronted across another CLLDed element, a wh-phrase, or a topicalized phrase. These interception effects are accounted for only if Minimality is construed as a constraint on derivations rather than representations and if fronting of the CLLDed elements is seen to apply in the PF component. It is thus suggested that the mapping between overt Syntax and the Articulatory-Perceptual level is not trivial.
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Fresina, Claudio. "L'auxiliation en Italien." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 97–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.21.1.05fre.

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This article is based on the results of a study dealing with the various classes of Italian verbs (modals, aspectuels, verbs of movement, progressives, avere da + infinitive) that attract the clitic pronouns from their base position. Their "climbing" is accounted for by excluding any sentence boundary in the domain of the clitic movement. Since this is exactly the traditional structure of the verb-auxiliary relationship, the following hypothesis is made: the verb phrases of a single sentence comprise, in addition to the main verb, an indefinite number of complementary verbs (the ones listed above plus the temporal/aspectual and passive auxiliaries). As a result, their distribution becomes unpredictable and is complicated further by the possible reiteration of certain verbs in the phrase. An account for this on the basis of structural rules is thus quite difficult. Therefore, it is proposed that the complementary verbs are freely generated in the base through a recurrent rule associated with some strategies of meaning interpretation.
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Chapman, Cassandra. "Investigating clitic doubling in Laurentian French: An experimental approach." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 59, no. 2 (July 2014): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100000256.

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Clitic doubling (CD) is a syntactic construction characterized by a clitic in the inflectional domain doubling a Determiner Phrase (DP) in the canonical object position. CD has been argued to occur in several Romance languages including Spanish (Jaeggli 1982, Hurtado 1984, Suñer 1988, Uriagereka 1995, among many others) and Romanian (Dobrovie-Sorin 1990). This phenomenon has also been well documented in Modern Greek (Philippaki-Warburton et al. 2004, Anagnostopoulou 2006, Tsakali 2008). For example, consider the following direct object CD constructions from Modern Greek (la), Romanian (lb), and Spanish (lc). We see that the DP in object position (sister to V) is doubled by a matching clitic in the inflectional domain.
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Ravinski, Christine. "Possessor Raising in Nuu-chah-nulth." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 52, no. 1-2 (July 2007): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100004230.

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AbstractNuu-chah-nulth possessor raising is semantically unrestricted and affects only subjects: subject agreement matches the person and number of the possessor (rather than the possessed subject), and the possessive-marking clitic attaches to the head of the clause (rather than to the possessum). Nuu-chah-nulth possessor raising is analyzed as a syntactic dependency between the possessive clitic in the main clause and the base-generated possessor position within DP. A Possessive Phrase can appear in either the DP or the clausal domain, and the possessive clitic may be generated in either position. When the possessive clitic is generated in the main clause, a possessor may raise out of subject position via feature-driven movement; the Minimal Link Condition prevents such movement from occurring out of object position.
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WINTNER, SHULY. "Definiteness in the Hebrew noun phrase." Journal of Linguistics 36, no. 2 (July 2000): 319–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700008173.

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This paper suggests an analysis of Modern Hebrew noun phrases in the framework of HPSG. It focuses on the peculiar properties of the definite article, including the requirement for definiteness agreement among various elements in the noun phrase, definiteness inheritance in construct-state nominals, the fact that the article does not combine with constructs and the similarities between construct-state nouns and adjectives. Central to our analysis is the assumption that the Hebrew definite article is an affix, rather than a clitic or a stand-alone word. Several arguments, from all levels of linguistic representation, are provided to justify this claim. Adopting the lexical hypothesis, we conclude that the article combines with nominals in the lexicon, and is no longer available for syntactic processes. This leads to an analysis of noun phrases as NPs, rather than as DPs; we show that such a view is compatible with accepted criteria for headedness. We provide an HPSG analysis that covers the above mentioned phenomena, correctly predicting the location of the definite article in constructs, accounting for definiteness agreement and definiteness inheritance constraints, and yielding similar structures for the two major ways of expressing genitive relations in Hebrew.
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PLUNKETT, BERNADETTE. "What's ‘what’ in French questions." Journal of Linguistics 36, no. 3 (November 2000): 511–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700008379.

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The analysis of French ‘what’ questions poses a number of difficulties. These questions exhibit numerous peculiarities, especially when they involve a subject wh-phrase. It is argued that the anomalous paradigm derives from three independent factors. The first is linked to the general status of matrix subject wh-phrases and the position they occupy at the interface levels. The second relates to the status of que ‘what’ as a phonological clitic. The third is argued to derive from the difference between strong quoi ‘what’ and weak que with respect to specificity. Once the interaction of these factors is taken into account, the unusual paradigm is completely explained.
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Malho, Alexandra, Susana Correia, and Sónia Frota. "Emergência de sândi consonântico em Português Europeu: uma abordagem prosódica." Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, no. 3 (September 29, 2017): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln3ano2017a11.

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In European Portuguese, the domain for sandhi phenomena is the intonational phrase. Unlike the intonational phrase, the phonological phrase has been shown to be only relevant for rhythm and prominence-related phenomena (Frota, 2000, 2014). Fricative voicing between words (casa[ʒb]rancas, casa[ʃp]retas) and ressylabification before vowel-initial words (casa[zɐ]marelas) occur within the intonational phrase. In this study, we considered spontaneous productions of a Portuguese child (Luma), aged 2;04-4;00, to examine the acquisition of external consonantal sandhi. The data show that sandhi production varies according to the segmental (C#C, C#V, CFric, CVib, CLat) and prosodic context (clitic, prosodic word, position in prosodic structure). The data further confirm that sandhi occurs within the intonational phrase, supporting the analysis proposed for the adult grammar. This study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between the acquisition of the prosodic structure and the acquisition of sandhi phenomena.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clitic Phrase"

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Miller, Philip H. "Clitics and constituents in phrase structure grammar /." New York ; London : Garland, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37747868w.

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Mochi, Lucia <1993&gt. "Language intervention on clitic phrases and passive structures in an Italo-Bengali child with a learning disability. A mixed explicit/implicit approach using TUF and syntactic priming." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/14336.

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The present dissertation is a case study on an Italo-Bengali 8-year-old girl with suspected Learning Disability and severe problems related to the Italian language, especially in comprehension. The research project provides a general assessment of the participant’s Italian language skills in comprehension and production through standardized and non-standardized language tests. It continues with a language intervention which uses both explicit an implicit instruction of complex sentences like reflexive clitics phrases, direct object clitic phrases and passive structures. The explicit instruction phase involves sentence manipulation activities focused on syntactic movements and activities using the TUF method (Treatment of Underlying Forms). The implicit instruction phase involves priming sessions of the mentioned complex structures. Finally, a post-intervention assessment is carried out. The first chapter is dedicated to a literature review on bilingualism and SLI. The second chapter discusses theoretical issues related to explicit instruction in complex structures and syntactic priming as implicit learning. The third chapter deals with the participant and the study. A final discussion follows, in which an interpretation of the collected data and a comparison with previous findings are provided.
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Fabre, Murielle. "The Sentence as a cognitive object. The Neural underpinnings of syntactic complexity in Chinese and French." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCF039.

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En associant les récentes techniques de neuro-imagerie (IRMf et Potentiels Evoqués) à la finesse des analyses syntaxiques des approches typologiques et formelles, cette recherche pluridisciplinaire se penche sur la question de la représentation des structures hiérarchiques qui caractérisent l’unité-phrase à travers les langues. La façon dont le cerveau humain représente, construit et l'esprit comprend les diverses structures de phrase, est en effet une des plus importantes questions qui restent encore largement irrésolues dans l’organisation cérébrale du langage. En nous appuyant sur la diversité des langues dans leur organisation syntaxique de l’unité-phrase, nous avons pu isoler différentes dimensions de cette complexité grâce aux propriétés syntaxiques du français dans la formation des questions, ainsi qu'aux spécificités des articulations Topique-Commentaire en chinois mandarin. Suite à une étude du marquage intonationel de la hiérarchie entre Topique et Commentaire, nous avons pu enregistrer les réponses cérébrales (PE) à ce type de constructions en contexte, et ainsi découvrir l’influence de sa signature prosodique sur son traitement en temps réel. Nos deux études d’IRMf apportent quand à elles un éclairage sur les bases neurales de deux dimensions de la complexité syntaxique de la phrase : sa structure hiérarchique et les transformations structurelles dont elle témoigne en cas de dislocation de ses éléments. La première étude, sur les interrogatives en français, met en lumière les corrélats cérébraux de différents types de movements syntaxiques, la seconde, sur les différents phénomènes topicaux du chinois, révèle les représentations et processus qui sont liés à l’activation par le Topique de l’interface entre l’unité-phrase et le niveau du discours
Combining fine-grained linguistic analyses — from both typological and formal approaches to syntax — with neuro-imaging techniques (fMRI and ERP), this pluri-disciplinary research aims at investigating experimentally the issue of the hierarchical nature and complexity of the linguistic representation of sentence structure and its processing strategies across languages, specifically focusing on the case of Chinese Topic-Comment articulations and on French Interrogative constructions. The question of how the brain achieves sentence structure representation, building and understanding is often seen as one of the most important and unsolved issues of the neural organization of language. Leveraging on cross-linguistic invariance and variability in sentence hierarchical structure organization and building, we found in Chinese and French two exceptional testing grounds to isolate different syntactic complexity dimensions of the sentence-unit encoding. While the on-line auditory comprehension of sentence hierarchical structure in case of minimal intonational cues is investigated thanks to ERP recordings of Topic-Comment articulations in Chinese, two fMRI studies isolate two different syntactic complexity dimensions, respectively reflecting the sentence’s hierarchy and syntactic transformations. The first study, on French interrogative, seeks to isolate the neural correlates of different syntactic movement types. The second study, on Chinese sentence-discourse interface and Topics types, enables us to distinguish word-order surface complexity factors from syntactic movement transformations
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Werle, Adam. "Word, Phrase, and Clitic Prosody in Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian." 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/30.

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I investigate the phonology of prosodic clitics--independent syntactic words not parsed as independent prosodic words--in Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian. I ask, first, how clitics are organized into prosodic structures, and second, how this is determined by the grammar. Following Zec (1997, 2005), I look at several clitic categories, including negation, prepositions, complementizers, conjunctions, and second-position clitics. Based on a reanalysis of word accent (Browne and McCawley 1965, Inkelas and Zec 1988, Zec 1999), I argue that in some cases where a preposition, complementizer, or conjunction fails to realize accent determined by a following word, it is not a proclitic-- that is, prosodified with the following word--but rather a free clitic parsed directly by a phonological phrase. Conversely, the second-position clitics are not always enclitic--that is, prosodified with a preceding word--but are sometimes free. Their second-position word order results not from enclisis, but from the avoidance of free clitics at phrase edges, where they would interfere with the alignment of phonological phrases to prosodic words. Regarding the determination of clisis by the grammar, I argue for an interface constraint approach (Selkirk 1995, Truckenbrodt 1995), whereby prosodic structures are built according to general constraints on their well-formedness, and on their interface to syntactic structures. I contrast this with the subcategorization approach , which sees clisis as specified for each clitic (Klavans 1982, Radanovic-Kocic 1988, Zec and Inkelas 1990). The comparison across clitic categories provides key support for the interface constraint approach, showing that their prosody depends on their syntactic configurations and phonological shapes, rather than on arbitrary subcategorizations. Prosodic differences across categories are a derivative effect of their configuration in the clause, and of the division of the clause into phonological phrases. The relevance of phonological phrases consists in how their edges discourage some kinds of clisis, blocking, for example, proclisis of complementizers and conjunctions to their complements. Free clisis is disfavored at phrase edges, producing the second-position effect. Thus, the interface constraint approach leads to a unified account of word, phrase, and clitic prosody.
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BIDESE, Ermenegildo. "Der verlust der Verb-Zweit-Regel und die Entwicklung der Clitic Phrase in der Geschichte des Zimbrischen. Empirische daten und theoretische analysen." Doctoral thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/337829.

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La ricerca qui presentata ha il seguente titolo: „La perdita della regola del Verbo Secondo e lo sviluppo della Clitic Phrase nella storia del Cimbro. Dati empirici ed analisi teoriche“. Con il primo punto del titolo s’intende descrivere il tema principale del lavoro: si tratta, da una parte, della perdita graduale, nella diacronia di questa varietà germanica in isolamento, della proprietà sintattica del Verbo Secondo (= V2), la quale caratterizza, com’è noto, le lingue germaniche con l’eccezione dell’inglese, dall’altra, del mutamento della sintassi degli elementi pronominali come fenomeno direttamente correlato alla perdita del V2. Il secondo punto del titolo fa riferimento alla struttura del lavoro di tesi, organizzato in due sezioni principali: la prima presenta in modo empirico-descrittivo i dati della sintassi del Cimbro e ne ricostruisce l’evoluzione sintattica, la seconda propone un’analisi che tenta di spiegare in modo teoricamente adeguato la ricostruzione diacronica emersa dai dati empirici. Mentre la presentazione empirica dei dati del Cimbro fa uso degli strumenti descrittivi messi a disposizione dall’analisi per campi sintattici o zone (Felderanalyse), strumenti usati tradizionalmente per la comprensione dei dati della sintassi del Tedesco (cf. WÖLLSTEIN-LEISTEN; HEILMANN & STEPAN 1997 e TOMASELLI 2004a come pure la bibliografia ivi riportata), la parte analitica prende come quadro teorico di riferimento la teoria linguistica generativa, accogliendo anche le proposte teoriche formulate nella seconda metà degli anni ’90. Così, le due sezioni principali del lavoro, pur naturalmente rimandando l’una all’altra, possono essere, tuttavia, prese anche singolarmente. La questione principale di questa tesi si può riassumere nella seguente domanda: “Quali cambiamenti sintattici rappresentano, nello sviluppo storico di questa varietà germanica in contesto di isolamento e di solo contatto linguistico con varietà romanze, quei decisivi punti di svolta, i quali ne hanno allontanato sempre più la sintassi da quella germanica originaria avvicinandola a quella romanza?”
The investigation presented here has the following title: "The Loss of the Verb-Second-Rule and the Development of the Clitic Phrase in the History of Cymbrian. Empirical Data and Theoretical Analysis." The first part of the title describes the primary theme of the work. It treats on the one hand the progressively complete loss of the syntactic characteristic of the Verb-Second-Rule (= V2) in the history of Cymbrian, that is characteristic for Germanic languages with the exception of English. On the other hand it treats the change in the projection of the Clitic Phrase as a counterpart to the loss of V2. The second part of the title is directed toward the structure of this study which is also divided into two parts. The first is devoted to the empirical-descriptive presentation of the data for Cymbrian syntax and its diachronic reconstruction. The second part presents an analysis which theoretically-appropriate clarifies the reconstruction of the diachrony. The empirical presentation of Cymbrian data is based on the classically instrument for the description of German’s syntax, i.e. "field analysis" (cf. WÖLLSTEIN- LEISTEN; HEILMANN & STEPAN 1997 and TOMASELLI 2004, as well as the literature listed there). The analytical portion of the study is carried out using the framework of the generative linguistic theory as it was discussed and developed in the second half of the 1990s. Obviously the two major sections are related to one another, but each can stand alone. The primary formulation of the question for this study can thus be formulated as follows: "Which syntactic changes represent crucial turning points along the path of the historical development of that Germanic variety in Romance surroundings, which caused this language to shift even more clearly from Germanic to Romance?"
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Books on the topic "Clitic Phrase"

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Werle, Adam. Word, phrase, and clitic prosody in Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian. Amherst, Mass: University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009.

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Miller, Philip H. Clitics and constituents in phrase structure grammar. New York: Garland, 1992.

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Miller, Philip H. Clitics and constituents in phrase structure grammar =: Clitica en constituenten in herschrijfgrammatica : (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands). [Utrecht]: [Rijksuniversiteit], 1991.

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Avgustinova, Tania. Word order and clitics in Bulgarian. Saarbrücken: German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, 1997.

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Roberts, Ian G. Agreement and head movement: Clitics, incorporation, and defective goals. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2010.

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Adriano, Paulino Soma. A crise normativa do Português em Angola: Cliticização e regência verbal : que atitude normativa para o professor e o revisor? Luanda: Mayamba, 2015.

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C, Moore John. Reduced constructions in Spanish. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.

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Crysmann, Berthold. Constraint-based coanalysis: Portuguese cliticisation and morphology-syntax interaction in HPSG. Saarbrücken [Germany]: DFKI, 2002.

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(Japan), Kokusai Nihongo Fukyū Kyōkai. Japanese for professionals. New York: Kodansha USA, 2012.

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Downing, Laura J., and Al Mtenje. Tonal Phonology: Lexical Tone Patterns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724742.003.0006.

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Like the vast majority of Bantu languages, Chichewa is a tone language. The chapter begins with a brief introduction to the Chichewa tone system. The lexical tone patterns for noun and verb stems are taken up next. Lexical tones do not always surface on their input sponsor syllable due to the application of tone processes such as tone doubling, tone plateauing, and final retraction. These processes, all conditioned by phrase penult lengthening, are defined and illustrated in detail in this chapter, along with the OCP-motivated process, Meeussen’s Rule. The tonal properties of clitics and clitic-like nominal modifiers are shown to motivate the process of tone shift. The phonetics of tone and the accentual properties of the Chichewa tone system are discussed in the concluding sections.
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Book chapters on the topic "Clitic Phrase"

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Cardinaletti, Anna, and Lori Repetti. "Phrase-level and word-level syllables: Resyllabification and prosodization of clitics." In Phonological Domains, 79–104. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110219234.2.79.

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Cardinaletti, Anna, and Lori Repetti. "Phrase-level and word-level syllables: Resyllabification and prosodization of clitics." In Phonological Domains, 79–104. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110217100.2.79.

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Dikken, Marcel den. "Clitic climbing without climbing: On Emonds' Phrase Mate Condition on clitic placement." In Eurotyp, edited by Henk van Riemsdijk. Berlin, New York: DE GRUYTER MOUTON, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110804010.375.

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Bošković, Željko. "On the syntax and prosody of Verb Second and Clitic Second." In Rethinking Verb Second, 503–35. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844303.003.0021.

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This chapter argues that V2 and clitic second should not be unified structurally. Second-position clitics do not all occur in a fixed position high in the clause (they can, in fact, occur rather low in the structure), differing from the verb in V2 in this respect, and second-position clitic systems are incompatible with the presence of definite articles in the language, in contrast to V2. Clitic second and V2 clauses also differ with respect to their mobility, the latter being immobile. Clitic second and V2 are, however, shown to share important prosodic properties, which is taken to indicate that the two should be unified at least to some extent prosodically (with clitic second, the second position is in fact defined prosodically: clitics are second within their intonational phrase). Factoring out the prosodic properties of V2 is also shown to simplify the syntax of V2. From this perspective, the chapter provides accounts of a number of properties of V2, including the root/embedded clause asymmetry regarding the productivity of V2, the non-pickiness of the V2 requirement (where just about anything can satisfy it), and the role of the freedom of word order in the historical development of syntactic V2, where all these are ultimately traced to the presence of a prosodic requirement. The chapter also provides a labelling-based account of the immobility of V2 clauses.
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"Clitics are phrasal affixes." In A-Morphous Morphology, 198–223. Cambridge University Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511586262.009.

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Mreła, Aleksandra, and Oleksandr Sokołov. "Formal Methods for Assessing Patient Satisfaction in a Patient-Doctor Relationship." In Advances in Healthcare Information Systems and Administration, 201–19. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3946-9.ch011.

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When patients visit a doctor, they not only expect to be cured, but also to feel that they are taken care of. The patients like to be treated like guests, sit in a nice place during waiting for a doctor and feel that they are taken care of seriously at the reception desk. All these factors are important for the patients but the relationship with doctors seems to be the most valid. When the patients can choose a clinic where they want to make an appointment with a doctor, the owners and managers of the clinics try to persuade people to choose their clinic. Hence more and more often managers of the clinics try to find out the opinion of the patients, so scientists carried out the research on this phenomenon and called it Patient Satisfaction. This chapter presents the application of fuzzy sets and fuzzy relations to gather and analyze the information from patients and compute their contentment. Using classical logic is less appropriate because the patients can only choose two values: they are satisfied or dissatisfied. Fuzzy logic let the patients choose more phrases for their opinions.
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Nicolae, Alexandru. "Inversion as a residual old Romance V2 grammar." In Word Order and Parameter Change in Romanian, 10–62. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807360.003.0002.

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This chapter focuses on ‘inversion’ in the verbal domain (i.e. verb–auxiliary and verb–pronominal clitic linearizations) and shows that old Romanian inversion represents the residual instantiation of an old Romance V2 grammar by means of a word order pattern widespread in the Balkan languages – the so-called ‘Long Head Movement’ pattern. Prior to its complete jettison, residual V2 is reanalysed as a focus-marking strategy. Patterns of pronominal cliticization, the structure of auxiliary-based analytic constructions, verb-initial structures, the height (V-to-I vs V-to-C movement) and strategy (head vs phrasal movement) of V-raising in Romanian, the syntax of adverbial clitics, as well as quantitative analyses of the distribution of V-to-C movement vs V-to-I movement are addressed in the analysis of the V2 phenomenon with reference to old Romanian.
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Kirby, John R. "EXPLANATION OF CLIMATIC PHRASES IN THE POEM." In Identifying Brúnanburh: ón dyngesmere – the sea of noise, 6–7. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1zcm1rp.4.

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Bond, Oliver, Felicity Meakins, and Rachel Nordlinger. "Prominent possessor indexing in Gurindji." In Prominent Internal Possessors, 80–106. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812142.003.0003.

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In Gurindji (Ngumpin-Yapa; Australia) bound forms that index the morphosyntactic features of predicate arguments can also index possessors. In prominent alienable possession constructions, internal possessors that are structural dependents of their possessive phrase are indexed for person and number when sufficiently discourse-prominent (e.g. when contrastively focussed), but otherwise do not trigger agreement. In contrast, possessors in inalienable possession constructions are always indexed by agreement clitics. This chapter proposes that examples of this type are not only semantically different from constructions with phrase-internal alienable possessors, but are also structurally different. While Gurindji presents us with genuine examples of prominent internal possessors, inalienable possessors in Gurindji are neither internal nor external possession in a syntactic sense, but rather are best seen as a third type of possession characterized by apposition.
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Taraldsen, Tarald. "Some remarks on J. Emonds: How clitics license null phrases." In Eurotyp, edited by Henk van Riemsdijk. Berlin, New York: DE GRUYTER MOUTON, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110804010.399.

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Conference papers on the topic "Clitic Phrase"

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Hamad, Pakhshan. "12th International Conference on Educational Studies and Applied Linguistics." In 12th International Conference on Educational Studies and Applied Linguistics. Salahaddin University-Erbil, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31972/vesal12.04.

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The present study attempts to find out the distinctiveness of juncture(pauses within words, phrases and sentences) in English and central Kurdish. Juncture is the relationship between one sound and the sounds that immediately precede and follow it. It is a morphophonemic phenomenon with double signification , a suprasegmental phoneme which changes the meaning and is important for phonological descriptions of languages. The aim of this study is to see how juncture affects the meaning of words , phrases and sentences. Slow or rapid speech can also determine the use of juncture which marks the break between sounds and the phonological boundary of words, phrases or sentences. However, the ambiguity of meaning resulting from the placement of juncture can be solved by context. Stress placement on certain words also affects the use of juncture and leads to a change in meaning. In this study, English and Central Kurdish junctures were identified within words, phrases and sentences. Based on the data collected and presented, it was found out that juncture in English is distinctive at all levels , namely , simple words, phrases and sentences .In Central Kurdish, however, juncture is distinctive in compound words and sentences. As for the sentence level, because Kurdish is an agglutinative language, there are cases where the pause or juncture is closely related to the morphological structure of the words and the personal clitics and prefixes added to the end. As for the implications of the results in the field of practice , teachers must take these into consideration while teaching stress , intonation and other aspects of connected speech.
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