Academic literature on the topic 'Clinical systems for widespread diseases diagnosis and treatment'
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Journal articles on the topic "Clinical systems for widespread diseases diagnosis and treatment"
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Ben Salha, M., and N. B. Repina. "Clinical diagnostics of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia." I.P.Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald 24, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23888/pavlovj20164164-172.
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The article describes the prevalence, diagnosis and treatment undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (NDCTD). NDCTD: it is genetically heterogeneous group, which serves as the basis for the formation of various chronic diseases may cause dysplastic changes in the connective tissue of various organs and systems, but they are based on no clear genetic defect with a certain type of inheritance, are diagnosed when the patient has a set of features does not fit into any of differentiated diseases. Experience shows that such pathology is widespread. The incidence of NDCTD, according to some sources, among young adults up to 80%. If rigid criteria (six or more external fen) NDCTD detection rate is reduced to 20-25%, and the clinical significance of the identified anomalies increases.
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Akgönüllü, Semra, Monireh Bakhshpour, Ayşe Kevser Pişkin, and Adil Denizli. "Microfluidic Systems for Cancer Diagnosis and Applications." Micromachines 12, no. 11 (October 31, 2021): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12111349.
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Microfluidic devices have led to novel biological advances through the improvement of micro systems that can mimic and measure. Microsystems easily handle sub-microliter volumes, obviously with guidance presumably through laminated fluid flows. Microfluidic systems have production methods that do not need expert engineering, away from a centralized laboratory, and can implement basic and point of care analysis, and this has attracted attention to their widespread dissemination and adaptation to specific biological issues. The general use of microfluidic tools in clinical settings can be seen in pregnancy tests and diabetic control, but recently microfluidic platforms have become a key novel technology for cancer diagnostics. Cancer is a heterogeneous group of diseases that needs a multimodal paradigm to diagnose, manage, and treat. Using advanced technologies can enable this, providing better diagnosis and treatment for cancer patients. Microfluidic tools have evolved as a promising tool in the field of cancer such as detection of a single cancer cell, liquid biopsy, drug screening modeling angiogenesis, and metastasis detection. This review summarizes the need for the low-abundant blood and serum cancer diagnosis with microfluidic tools and the progress that has been followed to develop integrated microfluidic platforms for this application in the last few years.
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Iannitto, Emilio, and Claudio Tripodo. "How I diagnose and treat splenic lymphomas." Blood 117, no. 9 (March 3, 2011): 2585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-09-271437.
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Abstract The incidental finding of an isolated splenomegaly during clinical assessment of patients evaluated for unrelated causes has become increasingly frequent because of the widespread use of imaging. Therefore, the challenging approach to the differential diagnosis of spleen disorders has emerged as a rather common issue of clinical practice. A true diagnostic dilemma hides in distinguishing pathologic conditions primarily involving the spleen from those in which splenomegaly presents as an epiphenomenon of hepatic or systemic diseases. Among the causes of isolated splenomegaly, lymphoid malignancies account for a relevant, yet probably underestimated, number of cases. Splenic lymphomas constitute a wide and heterogeneous array of diseases, whose clinical behavior spans from indolent to highly aggressive. Such a clinical heterogeneity is paralleled by the high degree of biologic variation in the lymphoid populations from which they originate. Nevertheless, the presenting clinical, laboratory, and pathologic features of these diseases often display significant overlaps. In this manuscript, we present our approach to the diagnosis and treatment of these rare lymphomas, whose complexity has been so far determined by the lack of prospectively validated prognostic systems, treatment strategies, and response criteria.
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El-Rashidy, Nora, Shaker El-Sappagh, S. M. Riazul Islam, Hazem M. El-Bakry, and Samir Abdelrazek. "Mobile Health in Remote Patient Monitoring for Chronic Diseases: Principles, Trends, and Challenges." Diagnostics 11, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11040607.
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Chronic diseases are becoming more widespread. Treatment and monitoring of these diseases require going to hospitals frequently, which increases the burdens of hospitals and patients. Presently, advancements in wearable sensors and communication protocol contribute to enriching the healthcare system in a way that will reshape healthcare services shortly. Remote patient monitoring (RPM) is the foremost of these advancements. RPM systems are based on the collection of patient vital signs extracted using invasive and noninvasive techniques, then sending them in real-time to physicians. These data may help physicians in taking the right decision at the right time. The main objective of this paper is to outline research directions on remote patient monitoring, explain the role of AI in building RPM systems, make an overview of the state of the art of RPM, its advantages, its challenges, and its probable future directions. For studying the literature, five databases have been chosen (i.e., science direct, IEEE-Explore, Springer, PubMed, and science.gov). We followed the (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) PRISMA, which is a standard methodology for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. A total of 56 articles are reviewed based on the combination of a set of selected search terms including RPM, data mining, clinical decision support system, electronic health record, cloud computing, internet of things, and wireless body area network. The result of this study approved the effectiveness of RPM in improving healthcare delivery, increase diagnosis speed, and reduce costs. To this end, we also present the chronic disease monitoring system as a case study to provide enhanced solutions for RPMs.
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Phillips, Kathryn A., Michael P. Douglas, Sarah Wordsworth, James Buchanan, and Deborah A. Marshall. "Availability and funding of clinical genomic sequencing globally." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 2 (February 2021): e004415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004415.
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The emergence of next-generation genomic sequencing (NGS) tests for use in clinical care has generated widespread interest around the globe, but little is known about the availability and funding of these tests worldwide. We examined NGS availability across world regions and countries, with a particular focus on availability of three key NGS tests—Whole-Exome Sequencing or Whole-Genome Sequencing for diagnosis of suspected genetic diseases such as intellectual disability disorders or rare diseases, non-invasive prenatal testing for common genetic abnormalities in fetuses and tumor sequencing for therapy selection and monitoring of cancer treatment. We found that these NGS tests are available or becoming available in every major region of the world. This includes both high-income countries with robust genomic programmes such as the USA and the UK, and growing availability in countries with upper-middle-income economies. We used exploratory case studies across three diverse health care systems (publicly funded/national (UK), publicly funded/provincial (Canada) and mixed private/public system (USA)) to illustrate the funding challenges and approaches used to address those challenges that might be adopted by other countries. We conclude by assessing what type of data and initiatives will be needed to better track and understand the use of NGS around the world as such testing continues to expand.
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Sharma, Atul, Mihaela Badea, Swapnil Tiwari, and Jean Louis Marty. "Wearable Biosensors: An Alternative and Practical Approach in Healthcare and Disease Monitoring." Molecules 26, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030748.
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With the increasing prevalence of growing population, aging and chronic diseases continuously rising healthcare costs, the healthcare system is undergoing a vital transformation from the traditional hospital-centered system to an individual-centered system. Since the 20th century, wearable sensors are becoming widespread in healthcare and biomedical monitoring systems, empowering continuous measurement of critical biomarkers for monitoring of the diseased condition and health, medical diagnostics and evaluation in biological fluids like saliva, blood, and sweat. Over the past few decades, the developments have been focused on electrochemical and optical biosensors, along with advances with the non-invasive monitoring of biomarkers, bacteria and hormones, etc. Wearable devices have evolved gradually with a mix of multiplexed biosensing, microfluidic sampling and transport systems integrated with flexible materials and body attachments for improved wearability and simplicity. These wearables hold promise and are capable of a higher understanding of the correlations between analyte concentrations within the blood or non-invasive biofluids and feedback to the patient, which is significantly important in timely diagnosis, treatment, and control of medical conditions. However, cohort validation studies and performance evaluation of wearable biosensors are needed to underpin their clinical acceptance. In the present review, we discuss the importance, features, types of wearables, challenges and applications of wearable devices for biological fluids for the prevention of diseased conditions and real-time monitoring of human health. Herein, we summarize the various wearable devices that are developed for healthcare monitoring and their future potential has been discussed in detail.
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Anisimova, Tatyana A., Lyudmila V. Andreeva, Venera P. Akimova, and Tatiana N. Kochemirova. "AN IMPORTED CASE OF TYPHOID FEVER IN CHUVASHIA." Acta medica Eurasica, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2413-4864-2020-4-19-24.
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Typhoid fever and paratyphoids are still a widespread topical problem, especially in connection with the possibility of imported cases from regions that are epidemically disadvantaged by the disease. The current relevance of typhoid fever problem in the Russian Federation is determined by its persistent sporadic morbidity. Reduced control over the sanitary and hygienic state of the environment, deterioration of the quality of water treatment in water supply and sewerage systems, and a number of other reasons can still result in an increase in the number of patients with typhoid-paratyphoid diseases. At the same time, a mild and subtle course of typhoid fever is a common cause of late disease diagnosis and late start of the patient's treatment. Methods of modern diagnosis and treatment of typhoid-paratyphoid disease are considered. The article describes a case of typhoid fever that was diagnosed in the Chuvash Republic in 2017 after a long period of epidemiological welfare. The aim of the study is to analyze an imported case of typhoid fever and characterize the current course of the disease in the period of sporadic morbidity. A retrospective analysis of the patient's history of typhoid fever was performed. The diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data. To confirm the diagnosis of typhoid fever, bacteriological methods to study blood, urine and feces were used. The study of this female patient's medical history showed that there were no typical symptoms characteristic of typhoid fever: subcutaneous fat was moderately expressed, on palpation submandibular lymph nodes were painless, mobile, of soft-elastic consistency up to 0.6 cm. Nasal breathing was not disturbed, breathing was vesicular, the RR was 16 movements per 1 min., heart tones were muted, rhythmic, the heart rate was 100 beats / min, BP – 120/75 mm Hg, temperature – 39°C. The tongue was dry, coated with a grayish-brown plaque with tooth marks on the edges. The pharynx was moderately hyperemic. The stomach was soft, painless, the liver and the spleen were not enlarged, Padalka’s symptom was negative. The patient reported fecal excretion with a tendency to constipation. There was no CVA tenderness on both sides. Thus, it is difficult to make a diagnosis of typhoid fever with sporadic morbidity. Modern clinical presentation of typhoid fever in moderate severity differs from the classic one. The patient had an atypical course of typhoid fever. Typhoid status was absent. The cutaneous coverings were normal, there was no rash. There was no congestive splenomegaly or Padalka's symptoms. No complications or relapses developed. The diagnosis was made only when the pathogen was seeded from the blood (hemoculture) and basing on clear epidemiological data.
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Radiuk, Pavlo, Olexander Barmak, and Iurii Krak. "An Approach to Early Diagnosis of Pneumonia on Individual Radiographs based on the CNN Information Technology." Open Bioinformatics Journal 14, no. 1 (November 19, 2021): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875036202114010093.
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Aim: This study investigates the topology of convolutional neural networks and proposes an information technology for the early detection of pneumonia in X-rays. Background: For the past decade, pneumonia has been one of the most widespread respiratory diseases. Every year, a significant part of the world's population suffers from pneumonia, which leads to millions of deaths worldwide. Inflammation occurs rapidly and usually proceeds in severe forms. Thus, early detection of the disease plays a critical role in its successful treatment. Objective: The most operating means of diagnosing pneumonia is the chest X-ray, which produces radiographs. Automated diagnostics using computing devices and computer vision techniques have become beneficial in X-ray image analysis, serving as an ancillary decision-making system. Nonetheless, such systems require continuous improvement for individual patient adjustment to ensure a successful, timely diagnosis. Methods: Nowadays, artificial neural networks serve as a promising solution for identifying pneumonia in radiographs. Despite the high level of recognition accuracy, neural networks have been perceived as black boxes because of the unclear interpretation of their performance results. Altogether, an insufficient explanation for the early diagnosis can be perceived as a severe negative feature of automated decision-making systems, as the lack of interpretation results may negatively affect the final clinical decision. To address this issue, we propose an approach to the automated diagnosis of early pneumonia, based on the classification of radiographs with weakly expressed disease features. Results: An effective spatial convolution operation with several dilated rates, combining various receptive feature fields, was used in convolutional layers to detect and analyze visual deviations in the X-ray image. Due to applying the dilated convolution operation, the network avoids significant losses of objects' spatial information providing relatively low computational costs. We also used transfer training to overcome the lack of data in the early diagnosis of pneumonia. An image analysis strategy based on class activation maps was used to interpret the classification results, critical for clinical decision making. Conclusion: According to the computational results, the proposed convolutional architecture may be an excellent solution for instant diagnosis in case of the first suspicion of early pneumonia.
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DOUGAN, S., B. G. EVANS, N. MACDONALD, D. J. GOLDBERG, O. N. GILL, K. A. FENTON, and J. ELFORD. "HIV in gay and bisexual men in the United Kingdom: 25 years of public health surveillance." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 2 (July 30, 2007): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807009120.
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SUMMARYIt is more than 25 years since the first case of AIDS was reported in the United Kingdom. In December 1981 a gay man was referred to a London hospital with opportunistic infections indicative of immunosuppression. National surveillance began the following year, in September 1982, with the notification of deaths and clinical reports of AIDS and Kaposi's sarcoma plus laboratory reports of opportunistic infections. Since then epidemiological surveillance systems have evolved, adapting to, and taking advantage of advances in treatments and laboratory techniques. The introduction of the HIV antibody test in 1984 led to the reporting of HIV-positive tests by laboratories and the establishment of an unlinked anonymous survey in 1990 measuring undiagnosed HIV infection among gay men attending sexual health clinics. The widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) since 1996 has averted many deaths among HIV-positive gay men and has also resulted in a large reduction in AIDS cases. This led to a need for an enumeration of gay men with HIV accessing NHS treatment and care services (1995 onwards), more clinical information on HIV diagnoses for epidemiological surveillance (2000 onwards) and the routine monitoring of drug resistance (2001 onwards). Twenty-five years after the first case of AIDS was reported, gay and bisexual men remain the group at greatest risk of acquiring HIV in the United Kingdom. Latest estimates suggest that in 2004, 26 500 gay and bisexual men were living with HIV in the United Kingdom, a quarter of whom were undiagnosed. In this review, we examine how national surveillance systems have evolved over the past 25 years in response to the changing epidemiology of HIV/AIDS among gay and bisexual men in the United Kingdom as well as advances in laboratory techniques and medical treatments. We also reflect on how they will need to continue evolving to effectively inform health policy in the future.
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Vieira, Fina, Mamadu Saliu Sanha, Fabio Riccardi, and Raffaella Colombatti. "SHORT TERM ADVANTAGES OF A PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP FOR TUBERCULOSIS IN GUINEA BISSAU: REDUCTION OF MORTALITY AND INCREASED DIAGNOSTIC CAPACITY." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 6, no. 1 (June 29, 2014): e2014049. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2014.049.
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Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is widespread in Africa, but weak health systems in developing countries, often display poor quality of care with delays in case identification, irrational therapy and drug shortage, clinical mismanagement, unnecessary expenditures for patients, reduced adherence and increased mortality. Public-private partnership has demonstrated to increase TB case detection, but less is known about its effects on quality of care, mortality and costs for hospitalized TB patients. Methods: Clinical outcomes and costs for TB patients at the TB National Reference Center of Bissau, in Guine Bissau, West Africa were determined during the first 5 months of the public-private management and compared to the ones of previous years when the hospitals was under direct Government’s management. Results: 215 (2009) and 194 (2013) patients were admitted, respectively. Improvement (p<0.05) was observed in mortality reduction (21% vs 6%), analysis prescription and diagnosis (39% vs 100%), cause of death determination (50% vs 85%), treatment abandonment (15 vs 1). Direct costs for patients during TB diagnostic pathway and inpatient care were significantly reduced, 475 vs 0 USD. Conclusions: Public-private partnerships displays important short term benefits in National TB reference centers, even in post-conflict and low-resource countries. Further studies could aid in determining the overall long term benefits of this type of cooperation and the specific characteristic of TB and concomitant hematologic and infectious diseases in TB admitted patients.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clinical systems for widespread diseases diagnosis and treatment"
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Денисов, Микола Олександрович. "Підвищення ефективності незображуючих волоконно- оптичних систем для мінімально інвазивної клінічної медицини." Doctoral thesis, Київ, 2016. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/16317.
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Дисертація присвячена вирішенню наукової проблеми підвищення
ефективності незображуючих волоконно-оптичних систем (НВОС) для
мінімально інвазивної клінічної медицини.
Розроблено узагальнені принципи структурно-функціональної організації
незображуючих волоконно-оптичних систем для мінімально інвазивної клінічної
медицини, в основі яких лежать узагальнені класифікації НВОС та волоконно-
оптичного інструменту (ВОІ); оригінальну математичну модель розповсюдження
оптичного випромінювання всередині біотанини та математичну модель
флуоресцентного сигналу від неї; нові математичні моделі та технічні рішення
побудови оригінальних базових функціональних модулів з оцінюванням і
оптимізацією їх ефективності за запропонованими кількісними показниками з
метою цілеспрямованого створення діагностичних та лікувальних систем і
наступним їх впровадженням у виробництво та клінічну практику.
Books on the topic "Clinical systems for widespread diseases diagnosis and treatment"
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Weissman, Jacqueline, and Lisa Emrick. Diseases of Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0061.
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Mitochondrial disorders are a group of inherited diseases of energy metabolism caused by impairment of mitochondrial function-primarily disorders of the oxidative phosphorylation system but also the more recently described disorders of mitochondrial transport and fission. This review will focus on primary disorders of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The neurologic system is one of the most profoundly affected by mitochondrial dysfunction and the effects can be varied and widespread. This has led to these diseases being commonly called mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. The heterogeneity of clinical presentation, laboratory findings, neuroimaging findings, pathologic findings, and genetic findings in these diseases make diagnosis extremely difficult. Treatment for mitochondrial disorders is currently lacking a solid evidence base but this is a rapidly expanding area of research.
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Schofield, C. J. American trypanosomosis (Chagas disease). Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0050.
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American trypanosomosis is due to infection with Trypanosoma cruzi (Protozoa, Kinetoplastidae). This is a widespread parasite of small mammals and marsupials throughout most of the Americas, roughly from the Great Lakes of North America (approx. 42 ° N) to southern Argentina (approx. 46 ° S). It is mainly transmitted by blood-sucking bugs of the subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) which are widespread in the Americas, but rare in the Old World. Except in some research laboratories, and infected immigrants from Latin America, T.cruzi has not been reported from the Old World, although closely-related trypanosome species are commonly found in Old and New World bats.Human infection with T.cruzi is generally known as Chagas disease, taking the name of Brasilian clinician Carlos Justiniano das Chagas who first described it from patients in central Brasil (Chagas 1909). Chagas isolated and described the parasite, correctly deduced most of its life-cycle and clinical symptoms associated with the infection, identified the insect vectors and some of the reservoir hosts, and also trialed initial attempts to control it. He was nominated at least twice for the Nobel prize in medicine (Coutinho and Dias 2000; Lewinsohn 2003).Although difficult to treat, Chagas disease can be controlled by measures to halt transmission, primarily by eliminating domestic populations of the insect vectors, together with serological screening to avoid transmission by blood donation from infected donors. Since 1991, a series of multinational initiatives have used this approach to halt transmission over vast regions of the areas previously endemic for the human infection. Estimated prevalence of the human infection has declined from the 1990 estimate of 16–18 million people infected, to the current estimate of just over 7 million infected (OPS 2006; Schofield & Kabayo 2008). Prevalence is expected to decline further, and control strategies are now being adjusted to develop a sustainable system of disease surveillance, focal vector control, and specific treatment for any new cases (Schofield et al. 2006; WHO 2007). Guidance for diagnosis and treatment is also required for non-endemic countries, where recent years have seen increasing migration from Latin America such that cases of chronic Chagas disease have now been reported from amongst Latin American migrants in Europe, USA and Canada, and Japan, together with some congenital cases and transmission from infected blood donors and by organ transplant.
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Torgerson,, Paul R., C. N. L. Macpherson, and D. A. Vuitton. Cystic echinococcosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0060.
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Cystic echinococcosis (CE)\cystic hydatid disease is one of the most widespread and important global helminth zoonoses. The parasite Echinococcus granulosus is maintained in a wide spectrum of intermediate hosts, including sheep, goats, camels, cattle, pigs and equines. A number of wild intermediate hosts occur, including cervids in the northern part of the North American continent and Eurasia, marsupials in Australia and wild herbivores in East and southern Africa. The application of a range of molecular techniques to the characterization of the parasite has confirmed the existence of mostly host-adapted strains and genotypes of the parasite and several new species have been proposed. The ubiquitous domestic dog serves as the most important definitive host for the transmission of the parasite throughout its wide geographical range.A wide range of diagnostic techniques, including necropsy, arecoline purgation, coproantigen ELISA and DNA based tests are available for detecting E. granulosus infection in the definitive host. In intermediate animal hosts, diagnosis at post mortem still remains the most reliable option. In humans, imaging techniques including ultrasound, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or computer aided tomography (CAT-scan provide not only a method of diagnosis but also reveal important clinical information on the location, condition, number and size of the hydatid cysts in man. Of these ultrasound is the most widely used diagnostic technique and is the only imaging technique for screening of populations in rural areas, where the disease is most common. A classification system has been developed which can be used to assess the likely development of a cyst and hence guide the clinician in treatment options for the patient. Treatment relies on surgery and/or percutaneous interventions, especially ‘Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, Re-aspiration’ (PAIR) and/or antiparasitic treatment with albendazole (and alternatively mebendazole).CE is largely a preventable disease. Successful elimination programmes have focused on frequent periodic treatments of dogs with anthelmintics and the control of slaughter of domestic livestock. In many regions elimination or even control remains a problem as the parasite is endemic over vast areas of low income countries where there may be limited resources for control. In some areas, such as former communist administered countries, the parasite is resurgent. New tools are becoming available to control the parasite, including a highly effective vaccine in sheep which prevents the infection in sheep and breaks the transmission cycle. In addition cost effective methods are being developed which may be appropriate in low income countries where financial resources are not available for intensive control programmes that have been successful in high income countries.
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Guidelines for the Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika. Pan American Health Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275124871.
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Evidence-based guidelines are one of the most useful tools for improving public health and clinical practice. Their purpose is to formulate interventions based on strong evidence of efficacy, avoid unnecessary risks, use resources efficiently, reduce clinical variability and, in essence, improve health and ensure quality care, which is the purpose of health systems and services. These guidelines were developed following the GRADE methodology, with the support of a panel of clinical experts from different countries, all convened by the Pan American Health Organization. By responding to twelve key questions about the clinical diagnosis and treatment of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, evidence-based recommendations were formulated for pediatric, youth, adult, older adult, and pregnant patients who are exposed to these diseases or have a suspected or confirmed diagnosis of infection. The purpose of the guidelines is to prevent progression to severe forms of these diseases and the fatal events they may cause. The recommendations are intended for health professionals, including general, resident, and specialist physicians, nursing professionals, and medical and nursing students, who participate in caring for patients with suspected dengue, chikungunya, or Zika. They are also intended for health unit managers and the executive teams of national arboviral disease prevention and control programs, who are responsible for facilitating the process of implementing these guidelines.
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Mignon, B., and M. Monod. Zoonotic infections with dermatophyte fungi. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0077.
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Dermatophytes are highly specialized pathogenic fungi which are the most common agents of superficial mycoses. These fungi grow exclusively in the stratum corneum, nails or hair utilising them as sole nitrogen and carbon sources. Dermatophyte species are recognized and classified as antropophilic, zoophilic, or geophilic, depending on their major reservoir in nature (humans, animals, and soil, respectively). Zoophilic dermatophytes may result in zoonoses when humans are exposed to these organisms and dermatophytosis is considered to be one of the most common zoonotic diseases. The majority of zoonotic dermatophytoses are caused by four species: Microsporum canis (usually derived from pet animals, particularly cats and dogs), Trichophyton verrucosum (usually derived from cattle), Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii (usually derived from cats and dogs) and Arthroderma benhamiae (usually derived from guinea-pigs). Infection results most often from direct contact with an infected animal, but may be also acquired indirectly through contact with a contaminated environment. While clinical disease is rarely serious, the lesions can result in disfigurement and pain. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical appearance and diagnostic procedures, e.g. direct microscopic examination of scales, hair or nail and fungal culture. Specific treatment is generally required to resolve lesions, and this may be prolonged depending on the fungal species and the host status. Identifying animals as the source of infection for people can help in the prevention of recurrence or new infections, especially in children, by adequately treating affected pets and their environments. Immunoprophylaxis is an attractive means of controlling infection in animals, and the development and widespread use of efficacious T. verrucosum vaccines in certain countries has already proved valuable in the management of cattle ringworm.
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Baddour, Larry M., John C. O'Horo, Mark J. Enzler, and Rahul Kashyap, eds. Mayo Clinic Infectious Disease Case Review. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190052973.001.0001.
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This textbook addresses many of the current-day illnesses seen by primary care clinicians and infectious diseases specialists. A case presentation format is used for all 54 chapters, and this framework serves as a wonderful educational tool that mirrors, in many respects, the objectives of a “case conference” format. The dozens of authors from different areas of our specialty have ensured that a robust clinical examination of specific infection syndromes has been included. In addition, the Question and Answer section solidifies the educational benefits for all levels and types of clinicians who seek an understanding of disease diagnosis, management, and prevention. A well-recognized characteristic of infectious diseases specialists is our focus on epidemiology, and this trait has served us well in developing successful clinical careers. Perhaps our compulsive investigation of a patient’s illness has been key in the desire of our colleagues from other specialties to “get infectious diseases involved.” This focus is evident in each chapter so that the reader will have a deeper understanding of the epidemiology of illness and its impact on early, pathogen-based diagnoses. Advances in the microbiology laboratory have clearly been influential in the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases. Automated systems have revolutionized laboratory activities, and even work areas in the laboratory have evolved. This textbook addresses many of these laboratory tools and how to interpret laboratory test results, which now are often available in almost warp speed. As a result, the duration of empiric (and possibly incorrect) therapy is shortened with the subsequent initiation of specific treatment, to the benefit of the individual patient.
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Cheng, Jianguo, ed. Neuropathic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190298357.001.0001.
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Neuropathic pain is a category of chronic pain disorders that are most common, debilitating, costly, and difficult to treat. It is a significant challenge to individuals suffering from it, healthcare providers, and society at large. This book is written by expert clinicians and investigators from multiple disciplines to provide the most comprehensive and updated information on neuropathic pain disorders that are commonly encountered in clinical practice. It strives to reflect the current understanding of the concepts, classification, mechanisms, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of neuropathic pain. Following chapters addressing these topics in general terms are chapters devoted to specific neuropathic pain disorders consequent to lesions or diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems. These chapters take a case-based format to stimulate situation-guided thinking, predicting, and learning. The textbook serves to inform best practices and stimulate innovative investigations to advance patient care, as well as the science behind it.
Book chapters on the topic "Clinical systems for widespread diseases diagnosis and treatment"
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Vikram, Holenarasipur R. "Emerging Fungal Infections." In Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases Board Review, 182–89. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199827626.003.0021.
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Emerging fungal infections include zygomycosis, fusariosis, Pseudallescheria boydii infection, and dematiaceous fungal infections. Zygomycosis is usually acquired through inhalation, ingestion, or cutaneous exposure. Fusarium species are filamentous fungi widely distributed on plants and in soil. Water distribution systems and soil of potted plants in hospitals can lead to disseminated fusariosis in immunocompromised patients. Pseudallescheria boydii is a hyaline filamentous fungus found worldwide in soil, sewage, polluted water, decaying vegetation, and manure of farm animals. It is usually acquired by inhalation or transcutaneous exposure. Dematiaceous fungi are widespread in the environment in soil, wood, and decomposing organic debris. They are common in tropical and subtropical countries. Diagnosis and treatment of individual organisms are also reviewed.
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Dudley, Christopher. "Cholesterol embolism." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Jeremy Dwight, 3688–90. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0372.
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Cholesterol embolism occurring after vascular surgery or intra-arterial angiographic procedures is not uncommon, but is often unrecognized. The clinical features mimic several conditions, including contrast nephropathy and systemic vasculitis, and—if misdiagnosed—can result in the inappropriate use of powerful immunosuppressive drugs. A high index of suspicion is required when an elderly patient with widespread vascular disease develops a non-specific systemic illness with progressive renal impairment, particularly after vascular surgery or arteriography. Biopsy of affected tissue, especially skin or kidney, is diagnostic—showing biconvex, needle-shaped cholesterol clefts within the lumen of arteries or arterioles. Treatment is supportive and the prognosis is often poor.
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Dudley, Christopher. "Cholesterol embolism." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 2966–68. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.161403_update_002.
Full textAbstract:
Cholesterol embolism occurring after vascular surgery or intra-arterial angiographic procedures is not uncommon, but is often unrecognized. The clinical features mimic a number of conditions, including contrast nephropathy and systemic vasculitis, and—if misdiagnosed—can result in the inappropriate use of powerful immunosuppressive drugs. A high index of suspicion is required when an elderly patient with widespread vascular disease develops a nonspecific systemic illness with progressive renal impairment, particularly after vascular surgery or arteriography. Biopsy of affected tissue, especially skin or kidney, is diagnostic—showing biconvex, needle-shaped cholesterol clefts within the lumen of arteries or arterioles. Treatment is supportive and the prognosis is often poor....
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Madhavan Nair, Lekha, Rejnish Ravi Kumar, Malu Rafi, Farida Nazeer, Kainickal Cessal Thommachan, and Kunnambath Ramadas. "Chemotherapy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma." In Pharynx - Diagnosis and Treatment. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98550.
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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a unique disease entity among head and neck cancers due to its epidemiology and clinical behavior. Non-keratinizing or undifferentiated carcinoma is the most common histological type in endemic areas. Radiotherapy is the treatment for early-stage disease. With the widespread use of IMRT, loco-regional control has improved significantly in locally advanced diseases. But distant metastasis continues to be the most common pattern of failure. To address this issue, chemotherapy has been incorporated into radiotherapy in various settings; as concurrent, induction, and adjuvant. The initial trials of concurrent chemotherapy incorporated adjuvant chemotherapy also and the magnitude of benefit contributed by each treatment was not clear. Later trials proved that adjuvant chemotherapy was not beneficial. Induction chemotherapy when added to concurrent chemoradiation resulted in improvement in Failure Free Survival, Overall Survival, and Distant Metastasis Free Survival. Thus, induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiation became the standard of care for locally advanced disease (stage III and IVA). The role of chemotherapy in stage II disease is still evolving. Metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma is treated by platinum doublet chemotherapy, Cisplatin-gemcitabine is the standard regimen.
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Golemati, Spyretta, Stavroula Mougiakakou, John Stoitsis, Ioannis Valavanis, and Konstantina S. Nikita. "Clinical Decision Support Systems." In Clinical Knowledge Management, 251–70. IGI Global, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-300-5.ch014.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter introduces the basic principles of Clinical Decision Support (CDS) systems. CDS systems aim to codify and strategically manage biomedical knowledge to handle challenges in clinical practice using mathematical modelling tools, medical data processing techniques and Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods. CDS systems cover a wide range of applications, from diagnosis support to modelling the possibility of occurrence of various diseases or the efficiency of alternative therapeutic schemes, using not only individual patient data but also data on risk factors and efficiency of available therapeutic schemes stored in databases. Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems can enhance the diagnostic capabilities of physicians and reduce the time required for accurate diagnosis. Modern Therapeutic Decision Support (TDS) systemsmake use of advanced modelling techniques and available patient data to optimise and individualise patient treatment. CDS systems aim to improve the overall health of the population by improving the quality of healthcare services, as well as by controlling the cost-effectiveness of medical examinations and treatment.
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Hahn, Erin E., and Patricia A. Ganz. "Implementing the Survivorship Care Plan." In Psycho-Oncology, edited by Phyllis N. Butow and Wendy W. T. Lam, 760–66. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190097653.003.0095.
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There are many challenges associated with ensuring quality care for cancer survivors. Cancer patients often require treatment by multiple specialists (surgeons, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists) due to the use of multimodal therapies. After treatment has ended, cancer patients may be at risk for serious long-term and late effects of their disease and treatment. Unfortunately, the oncology care system often fails to provide education and guidance to patients at the end of active cancer treatment, in contrast to the more standardized communication at the time of diagnosis and initial treatment planning. Delivering high-quality, coordinated care during the posttreatment phase is critical to ensure the best possible patient outcomes. One of the proposed first steps in accomplishing this is the widespread implementation of cancer treatment summaries and survivorship care planning, a key recommendation of the 2006 Institute of Medicine report, From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in Transition. This has been embraced by a number of leading organizations, including the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the Commission on Cancer. Survivorship care has also become an international priority, with organizations such as the U.K. National Cancer Survivorship Initiative and Organization of European Cancer Institutes championing the importance of survivorship care. This chapter provides an overview of the development and use of treatment summaries and survivorship care planning and briefly reviews research on care plans and the health policy impact of survivorship care plans as they relate to quality improvement activities that are underway.
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Acosta, Maria T. "Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Cognitive and Behavioral Phenotype: Diagnosis and Treatment." In Cognitive and Behavioral Abnormalities of Pediatric Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195342680.003.0045.
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Neurofibromatosis type 1 (Nf1) is a neurocutaneous disorder with a prevalence of approximately 1 in 2,500–3,500 individuals (Ferner et al. 2007). The physical manifestations of Nf1, such as café au lait spots, axillary freckling, iris hamartomas (Lisch nodules), osseous lesions (sphenoid wing dysplasia, pseudoarthrosis), and benign as well as malignant neural tumors (neurofibromas, optic gliomas), are well recognized (Castle et al. 2003; Ferner et al. 2007). National Institutes of Health (NIH) criteria are currently used for clinical diagnosis (1988) (Table 31.1). The clinical severity of this disorder is quite variable, and approximately 20% of children with Nf1 will later have considerable physical complications (Castle et al. 2003; Ferner et al. 2007; Williams et al. 2009). Other clinical manifestations are abnormalities of the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine systems, facial and body disfigurement, cognitive deficit, and malignancies of the peripheral nerve sheath and central nervous system. The tumors that occur in Nf1 are dermal and plexiform neurofibromas, optic gliomas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), pheochromocytomas, and rhabdomyosarcomas (Castle et al. 2003). Children with Nf1 have an increased risk of developing myeloid disease, particularly juvenile chronic myeloid leukemia. Some 30%–40% of Nf1 patients develop plexiform neurofibromas (Szudek, Evans, and Friedman 2003). Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are present in 5%–10% of cases (Evans et al. 2002), often in preexisting plexiform neurofibromas (Castle et al. 2003). Although many see the predisposition to cancer as the major concern regarding Nf1, some of the more prevalent features are not directly related to tumors (Acosta, Gioia, and Silva 2006). Cognitive dysfunction, academic difficulties, and school failure, occur in 40%–80% (Hyman, Arthur, and North 2006; Krab et al. 2008; North et al. 1997). These complications affect the day-to-day life of these children, and are the largest cause of lifetime morbidity in the pediatric Nf1 population (Acosta et al. 2006). These deficits impact on long-term adaptation to society (Acosta et al. 2006; Barton and North 2007; Krab et al. 2008; Krab et al. 2009).
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Goletsis, Yorgos, Themis P. Exarchos, Nikolaos Giannakeas, Markos G. Tsipouras, and Dimitrios I. Fotiadis. "Integration of Clinical and Genomic Data for Decision Support in Cancer." In Encyclopedia of Healthcare Information Systems, 768–76. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-889-5.ch097.
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In this article, we address decision support for cancer by exploiting clinical data and identifying mutations on tumour suppressor genes. The goal is to perform data integration between medicine and molecular biology by developing a framework where clinical and genomic features are appropriately combined in order to handle cancer diseases. The constitution of such a decision support system is based on (a) cancer clinical data and (b) biological information that is derived from genomic sources. Through this integration, real time conclusions can be drawn for early diagnosis, staging and more effective cancer treatment.
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Biney, Robert Peter, Thabisile Mpofana, and Ella Anle Kasanga. "Free Radicals in Oxidative Stress, Aging, and Neurodegenerative Disorders." In Advances in Medical Diagnosis, Treatment, and Care, 48–75. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5282-6.ch003.
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Free radicals are intricately woven into the fabric of oxidative stress and are significant in the development of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). This chapter examines free radicals in the context of neurodegeneration and provides overview of the multiple roles they play in the pathophysiology and clinical progression of varying NDs including Pick's disease (PiD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), prion diseases (PrD), traumatic brain injury, and aging. The molecular mechanisms of degeneration in Huntington's disease (HD) are also examined with respect to free radicals. Different antioxidant systems and their mechanisms of action are briefly reviewed in addition to the role of diet in aging. The effectiveness of selected synthetic drugs and natural products used in oxidative stress is also reviewed. Lastly, the chapter examines challenges associated with the use of antioxidants and how promising future directions like the endocannabinoid system is being pursued in the race to effectively manage NDs.
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Bhutta, Zeeshan Ahmad, Muhammad Shoaib, Ayesha Kanwal, Ambreen Ashar, Ashar Mahfooz, Huma, Rizwan Ahmed, Moazam Ali, Muhammad Fakhar-e.-Alam Kulyar, and Kun Li. "Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery System." In Advancements in Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, 97–133. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8908-3.ch005.
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Nanomedicine and nano drug delivery systems are pretty new but swiftly evolving sciences that use nanoscale materials as diagnostic tools for the controlled delivery of therapeutic agents to specific sites. Nanotechnology offers many benefits in the treatment of chronic human diseases by providing accurate medicines to specific target areas. Recently, nanomedicines (chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, immunotherapeutic agents, etc.) have found many important uses in the treatment of various diseases. This chapter summarizes the latest developments in nanomedicine and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems and describes the discovery and use of nanomaterials to improve the efficacy of new and old drugs (such as natural products) and diagnosis by disease marker molecule. It also discusses the potential and challenges of nanomedicines in delivering medicines from synthetic/natural sources for their clinical applications. Moreover, this chapter also includes the trends and prospects in nanomedicine.
Conference papers on the topic "Clinical systems for widespread diseases diagnosis and treatment"
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Jiang, Zehui, Jun Zhang, Junyong Wang, and Xia Liu. "Evaluation and Optimization of Hierarchical Diagnosis and Treatment Model of Chronic Diseases Based on Clinical Pathway." In 2018 3rd International Conference on Smart City and Systems Engineering (ICSCSE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icscse.2018.00126.
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