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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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1

Deborah, Hamwi, and American Association of Critical-Care Nurses., eds. Acute care nurse practitioner: Clinical reference and certification review. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1999.

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2

Association, American Nurses', and Research in Marketing Inc, eds. The acute care nurse in transition. Washington, DC: American Nurses Association, 1996.

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3

Lee, Hooper-Kyriakidis Patricia, and Stannard Daphne, eds. Clinical wisdom and interventions in acute and critical care: A thinking-in-action approach. 2nd ed. New York: Springer Pub., 2011.

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4

Archibald, Carole. People with dementia in acute hospitals: A practice guide for clinical support workers. Stirling: University of Stirling, Dementia Services Development Centre, 2003.

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5

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides. Veterans and agent orange: Herbicide/dioxin exposure and acute myelogenous leukemia in the children of Vietnam veterans. 3rd ed. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2002.

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6

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1999.

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7

Veterans and agent orange: Update 2002. 4th ed. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2003.

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8

Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004. 5th ed. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2005.

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9

Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. 6th ed. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2007.

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10

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides. Veterans and Agent Orange: Health effects of herbicides used in Vietnam. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1994.

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11

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides. Veterans and Agent Orange: Length of presumptive period for association between exposure and respiratory cancer. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2004.

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12

Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1996.

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13

Kupcova, Oksana. The basics of the Latin language with medical terminology. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1058964.

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The textbook on the discipline "Fundamentals of the Latin language with medical terminology" contains lexical and grammatical exercises, control and measurement exercises, a Glossary and appendices aimed at developing grammatical, lexical and terminological knowledge and skills, and mastering the basic word-forming models of chemical, pharmaceutical and clinical terminology to the extent necessary for further educational activities. The materials of the manual are suitable both for classroom work under the guidance of a teacher, and for independent work of students during extracurricular time. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For first-year students on the basis of secondary General education and second-year students on the basis of basic General education of secondary medical professional educational organizations studying in the specialties "Nursing", "Medical care", "Midwifery", "Laboratory diagnostics". It can also be used for organizing and conducting classes in clubs or elective courses for students of the 10th and 11th grades of medical and biological-chemical profile in schools, lyceums, gymnasiums.
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14

AACN, Anna Gawlinski, and Deborah Hamwi. Acute Care Nurse Practitioner: Clinical Curriculum and Certification Review. Saunders, 1999.

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15

American Association of Critical-Care Nurses., ed. Acute and critical care clinical nurse specialists: Synergy for best practices. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Saunders, 2007.

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16

Bishop, Gillian, and Ken Hillman. Clinical Intensive Care and Acute Medicine. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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17

Bishop, Gillian, and Ken Hillman. Clinical Intensive Care and Acute Medicine. Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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18

Bishop, Gillian, and Ken Hillman. Clinical Intensive Care and Acute Medicine. Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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19

Bishop, Gillian, and Ken Hillman. Clinical Intensive Care and Acute Medicine. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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20

Bishop, Gillian, and Ken Hillman. Clinical Intensive Care and Acute Medicine. Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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21

Bishop, Gillian, and Ken Hillman. Clinical Intensive Care and Acute Medicine. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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22

Corrà, Ugo, and Bernhard Rauch. Acute care, immediate secondary prevention, and referral. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0021.

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Preventive cardiology (PC), as performed in various cardiac rehabilitation (CR) settings, is effective in reducing recurrent cardiovascular events after both acute coronary syndromes or myocardial revascularization. However, the need for newly structured PC programmes and processes to provide a continuum of care and surveillance from the acute to post-acute phases is evident. Phase I CR serves as a bridge between acute therapeutic interventions and phase II CR. After clinical stabilization, phase I CR ideally provides a multifaceted and multidisciplinary intervention, including post-acute clinical evaluation and risk assessment, general counselling, supportive counselling, early mobilization, discharge planning, and referral to phase II CR. All these are important and contribute to achieving the preventive target. All the interventions within phase I CR should be supervised and provided in a comprehensive manner involving several healthcare professionals. For explanatory purposes this chapter analyses and describes these components separately.
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23

Association, American Nurses', and American Association of Critical-Care Nurses., eds. Standards of clinical practice and scope of practice for the acute care nurse practitioner. Washington, DC (600 Maryland Ave., SW, Suite 100 West, Washington 20024-2571): American Nurses Pub., 1995.

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24

Barrera, Alvaro, Caroline Attard, and Rob Chaplin, eds. Oxford Textbook of Inpatient Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198794257.001.0001.

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Acute inpatient mental health care remains an irreplaceable part of some people’s mental health recovery pathway, either through the severity of their difficulties or the associated risks. It can often be a traumatic experience associated with distress and vulnerability both for patients and their relatives. Modern acute inpatient psychiatric care must undoubtedly be truly multidisciplinary and part of a wider community-based system. It must emphasize dignity, compassion, and well-being as well as addressing challenges such as involuntary admissions, cultural diversity, physical comorbidities, and the needs of relatives, just to name a few. The present textbook focuses on these and related issues in a way that is relevant to frontline clinicians dealing with them daily, with medical, nursing, and legal aspects going hand in hand with topics such as team leadership or multidisciplinary work. The textbook describes inpatient services as provided in England, so it describes work that takes place within a national health service free at the point of delivery, carried out by universal primary care as well as secondary mental health care services, both operating within clinical governance structures that seek quality improvement and accountability. Crucially, both the Mental Health Act and the Mental Capacity Act provide unique legal frameworks for the care of mental ill health. The editors hope that for readers in the UK and beyond, the textbook will provide a real-life system which can be questioned and problematized and, in that way, may help to orient clinical work.
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25

American Association of Critical-Care Nurses., ed. Scope of practice and standards of professional performance for the acute and critical care clinical nurse specialist. Aliso Viejo, CA: American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, 2002.

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26

Hourigan, Margaret. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROFESSIONAL, CLINICAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION NETWORKS EVOLVED BY NURSE MANAGERS IN DECENTRALIZED NURSING DEPARTMENTS IN ACUTE CARE HOSPITALS. 1989.

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27

Nelson, Bret P., ed. Acute Care Casebook. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190865412.001.0001.

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Acute Care Casebook provides a case-based approach to the broad practice of acute care medicine, covering a variety of common patient presentations and clinical environments. This book features over 70 illustrated cases, including presentations of trauma and medical illness in wilderness medicine, military and prehospital environments, pediatrics, emergency medicine, and intensive care unit and floor emergencies. Designed for students and trainees in medicine, nursing, emergency medical services, and other acute care specialties, this text guides readers through not only symptom evaluation and treatment but also the thought process and priorities of experienced clinicians. Each chapter features key diagnoses and management pearls from leading experts that will help prepare readers for any event, from stabilizing and transporting a trauma patient in the field, to managing postoperative complications in the intensive care unit.
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28

Chronic heart failure: National clinical guideline for diagnosis and management in primary and secondary care. London: Royal College of Physicians, 2003.

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29

Nurse's 5-Minute Clinical Consult: Procedures (Nurse's 5-Minute Clinical Consult). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.

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30

Nurse's 5-Minute Clinical Consult: Multisystem Disorders (Nurse's 5-Minute Clinical Consult). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.

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31

Nurse's 5-Minute Clinical Consult: Diagnostic Tests (Nurse's 5-Minute Clinical Consult). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.

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32

Nurse's 5-Minute Clinical Consult: Signs & Symptoms (Nurse's 5-Minute Clinical Consult). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.

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33

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins., ed. Nurse's 5-minute clinical consult. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.

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34

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins., ed. Nurse's 5-minute clinical consult. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.

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35

Nurse's 5-minute clinical consult. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.

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36

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins., ed. Nurse's 5-minute clinical consult. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.

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37

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins., ed. Nurse's 5-minute clinical consult. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.

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38

Nurse's 5-Minute Clinical Consult: Diseases. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.

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39

Nurse's 5-Minute Clinical Consult: Treatments. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.

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40

Gallagher, Ellen Lloyd. A STUDY OF PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY AND LEVEL OF EGO DEVELOPMENT IN CLINICAL NURSE SPECIALISTS, NURSE MANAGERS, AND STAFF NURSES IN THE ACUTE CARE SETTING. 1988.

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41

Cadogan, Mike. Emergency Medicine: Emergency and Acute Medicine: Diagnosis and Management 5th Edition. Hodder, 2007.

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42

Gevaert, Sofie A., Eric Hoste, and John A. Kellum. Acute kidney injury. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0068.

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Acute kidney injury is a serious condition, occurring in up to two-thirds of intensive care unit patients, and 8.8-55% of patients with acute cardiac conditions. Renal replacement therapy is used in about 5-10% of intensive care unit patients. The term cardiorenal syndrome refers to combined heart and kidney failure; three types of acute cardiorenal syndrome have been described: acute cardiorenal syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 1, acute renocardiac syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 3, and acute cardiorenal syndrome type 5 (cardiac and renal injury secondary to a third entity such as sepsis). Acute kidney injury replaced the previously used term ‘acute renal failure’ and comprises the entire spectrum of the disease, from small changes in function to the requirement of renal replacement therapy. Not only failure, but also minor and less severe decreases, in kidney function are of clinical significance both in the short and long-term. The most recent definition for acute kidney injury is proposed by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes clinical practice guidelines workgroup. This definition is a modification of the RIFLE and AKIN definitions and staging criteria, and it stages patients according to changes in the urine output and serum creatinine (see Tables 68.1 and 68.2). Acute kidney injury is a heterogeneous syndrome with different and multiple aetiologies, often with several insults occurring in the same individual. The underlying processes include nephrotoxicity, and neurohormonal, haemodynamic, autoimmune, and inflammatory abnormalities. The most frequent cause for acute kidney injury in intensive cardiac care patients are low cardiac output with an impaired kidney perfusion (cardiogenic shock) and/or a marked increase in venous pressure (acute decompensated heart failure). Predictors for acute kidney injury in these patients include: baseline renal dysfunction, diabetes, anaemia, and hypertension, as well as the administration of high doses of diuretics. In the intensive cardiac care unit, attention must be paid to the prevention of acute kidney injury: monitoring of high-risk patients, prompt resuscitation, maintenance of an adequate mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and intravascular volume (avoidance of both fluid overload and hypovolaemia), as well as the avoidance or protection against nephrotoxic agents. The treatment of acute kidney injury focuses on the treatment of the underlying aetiology, supportive care, and avoiding further injury from nephrotoxic agents. More specific therapies have not yet demonstrated efficacy. Renal replacement therapy is indicated in life-threatening changes in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, but there are also arguments for more early initiation.
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43

Gevaert, Sofie A., Eric Hoste, and John A. Kellum. Acute kidney injury. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0068_update_001.

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Acute kidney injury is a serious condition, occurring in up to two-thirds of intensive care unit patients, and 8.8-55% of patients with acute cardiac conditions. Renal replacement therapy is used in about 5-10% of intensive care unit patients. The term cardiorenal syndrome refers to combined heart and kidney failure; three types of acute cardiorenal syndrome have been described: acute cardiorenal syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 1, acute renocardiac syndrome or cardiorenal syndrome type 3, and acute cardiorenal syndrome type 5 (cardiac and renal injury secondary to a third entity such as sepsis). Acute kidney injury replaced the previously used term ‘acute renal failure’ and comprises the entire spectrum of the disease, from small changes in function to the requirement of renal replacement therapy. Not only failure, but also minor and less severe decreases, in kidney function are of clinical significance both in the short and long-term. The most recent definition for acute kidney injury is proposed by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes clinical practice guidelines workgroup. This definition is a modification of the RIFLE and AKIN definitions and staging criteria, and it stages patients according to changes in the urine output and serum creatinine (see Tables 68.1 and 68.2). Acute kidney injury is a heterogeneous syndrome with different and multiple aetiologies, often with several insults occurring in the same individual. The underlying processes include nephrotoxicity, and neurohormonal, haemodynamic, autoimmune, and inflammatory abnormalities. The most frequent cause for acute kidney injury in intensive cardiac care patients are low cardiac output with an impaired kidney perfusion (cardiogenic shock) and/or a marked increase in venous pressure (acute decompensated heart failure). Predictors for acute kidney injury in these patients include: baseline renal dysfunction, diabetes, anaemia, and hypertension, as well as the administration of high doses of diuretics. In the intensive cardiac care unit, attention must be paid to the prevention of acute kidney injury: monitoring of high-risk patients, prompt resuscitation, maintenance of an adequate mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and intravascular volume (avoidance of both fluid overload and hypovolaemia), as well as the avoidance or protection against nephrotoxic agents. The treatment of acute kidney injury focuses on the treatment of the underlying aetiology, supportive care, and avoiding further injury from nephrotoxic agents. More specific therapies have not yet demonstrated efficacy. Renal replacement therapy is indicated in life-threatening changes in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, but there are also arguments for more early initiation.
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44

Fichtner, Alexander, and Franz Schaefer. Acute kidney injury in children. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0239.

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In the past few decades, the overall incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in paediatric patients has increased and the aetiological spectrum has shifted from infection-related and intrinsic renal causes towards secondary forms of AKI related to exposure to nephrotoxic drugs and complex surgical, oncological, and intensive care manoeuvres. In addition, neonatal kidney impairment and haemolytic uraemic syndrome continue to be important specific paediatric causes of AKI raising unique challenges regarding prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The search for new biomarkers is a current focus of research in paediatric as in adult AKI research.Pharmacological intervention studies to prevent or attenuate AKI have provided positive evidence only for the prophylactic use of theophylline in severely depressed neonates, whereas dopamine and loop diuretics did not demonstrate any efficacy. Preliminary findings support a dose-dependent renoprotective action of fenoldopam in infants undergoing cardiac surgery.Critical issues in the management of AKI in children include fluid handling, maintenance of adequate nutrition, and the choice of renal replacement therapy modality. Observational studies have suggested an adverse impact of fluid overload and late start of renal replacement therapy, and a randomized clinical trial revealed detrimental effects of aggressive fluid bolus therapy in volume-depleted children.Technological advances have made it possible to apply continuous replacement therapies in children of all ages, including preterm neonates, using appropriately sized catheters, filters, tubing, and flow settings adapted to paediatric needs. However, the majority of children with AKI worldwide are still treated with peritoneal dialysis, and comparative studies demonstrating superiority of extracorporeal techniques over peritoneal dialysis are lacking.The outcomes of paediatric AKI are comparable to adult patients. In critically ill children, mortality risk increases with each stage of AKI; mortality rates typically range between 15% and 30% for all AKI stages and 30% to 60% in children requiring renal replacement therapy. Chronic kidney disease develops in approximately 10% of children surviving AKI.
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45

Crouch OBE, Robert, Alan Charters, Mary Dawood, and Paula Bennett, eds. Oxford Handbook of Emergency Nursing. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688869.001.0001.

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The Oxford Handbook of Emergency Nursing is a comprehensive text for nursing and allied health professionals who are providing emergency and urgent care in a variety of settings. It is a quick reference text that can be consulted easily, whilst providing care for the whole range of adult and child presentations. Each chapter covers a distinct physiological system and its associated emergency presentations. Other chapters cover specific issues in the emergency care of patients, e.g. major trauma. A detailed skills chapter provides an overview of the many clinical skills required when caring for patients with acute illness or injuries.
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46

Creed, Fiona, and Christine Spiers, eds. Care of the Acutely Ill Adult. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198793458.001.0001.

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The new edition of Care of the Acutely Ill Adult enables nursing staff to develop an in-depth understanding of the knowledge required to care for patients whose condition is deteriorating. The book emphasizes the importance of systematic assessment, interpretation of clinical signs of deterioration, and the need to escalate the patient in a timely manner. Current evidence-based practice and up-to-date guidelines are included in each systems-based chapter and case studies are used throughout the book to enable nurses to apply knowledge to patient scenarios. In recognition of the dynamic nature of acute care delivery, new chapters have been included that focus on pain management and planning for care when recovery is unlikely. This book remains an essential purchase for any nurse working in an acute care setting.
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47

Medicare: Payments for clinical laboratory test services are too high : report to congressional committees. [Washington, D.C.]: The Office, 1991.

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48

Soto-Rivera, Carmen L., and Michael S. D. Agus. Endocrine Disorders in Pediatric Critical Care. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199918027.003.0016.

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This chapter focuses in pediatric endocrine disorders that can present acutely and warrant intensive care. Because most of the symptoms associated with endocrine diseases are nonspecific, a broad index of suspicion and knowledge of the details of hormonal regulation are essential for accurate diagnosis and timely management. The chapter includes important information on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and management of potentially life-threatening endocrine disorders, including diabetes insipidus, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, acute primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency, disorders of calcium homeostatis, thyroid storm, and diabetic ketoacidosis. For treatment of these disorders, the authors discuss the use of vasopressin (aqueous pitressin), desmopressin, hydrocortisone, calcitonin, bisphosphonates, methimazole, iodide therapy, and insulin.
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49

Barthélémy, Romain, Etienne Gayat, and Alexandre Mebazaa. Pathophysiology and clinical assessment of the cardiovascular system (including pulmonary artery catheter). Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0014.

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Haemodynamic instability in acute cardiac care may be related to various mechanisms, including hypovolaemia and heart and/or vascular dysfunction. Although acute heart failure patients are often admitted for dyspnoea, many mechanisms can be involved, including left ventricular diastolic and/or systolic dysfunction and/or right ventricular dysfunction. Many epidemiological studies show that clinical signs at admission, morbidity, and mortality differ between the main scenarios of acute heart failure: left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, right ventricular dysfunction, and cardiogenic shock. Although echocardiography often helps to assess the mechanism of cardiac dysfunction, it cannot be considered as a monitoring tool. In some cases (in particular, in cases of refractory shock secondary to both vascular and heart dysfunction or in cases of refractory haemodynamic instability associated with severe hypoxaemia), pulmonary artery catheter can help to assess and monitor cardiovascular status and to evaluate response to treatments. Last, macro- and microvascular dysfunctions are also important determinants of haemodynamic instability.
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50

Subhas, Kamalakkannan, and Martin Smith. Intensive care management after neurosurgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0369.

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The post-operative management of neurosurgical patients is directed towards the prevention, prompt detection, and management of surgical complications, and other factors that put the brain or spinal cord at risk. Close monitoring is required in the first 6–12 post-operative hours as deterioration in clinical status is usually the first sign of a potentially fatal complication. The majority of patients do not require complex monitoring or management beyond the first 12 hours after elective surgery, although prolonged intensive care unit management may be required for those who develop complications, or after acute brain injury. Cardiovascular and respiratory disturbances adversely affect the injured or ‘at risk’ brain, and meticulous blood pressure control and prevention of hypoxia are key aspects of management. Hypertension is particularly common after intracranial neurosurgery and may cause complications, such as intracranial bleeding and cerebral oedema, or be a consequence of them. A moderate target for glycaemic control (7.0–10 mmol/L) is recommended, avoiding hypoglycaemia and large swings in blood glucose concentration. Pain, nausea, and vomiting occur frequently after neurosurgery, and a multimodal approach to pain management and anti-emesis is recommended. Adequate analgesia not only ensures patient comfort, but also avoids pain-related hypertension. Disturbances of sodium and water homeostasis can lead to serious complications, and a structured approach to diagnosis and management minimizes adverse outcomes. Post-operative seizures must be brought rapidly under control because of the risks of secondary cerebral damage and/or progression to status epilepticus.
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