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1

Vaughan, Brett, Chris MacFarlane, and Prue Florentine. "Clinical education in the osteopathy program at Victoria University." International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 17, no. 3 (September 2014): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijosm.2013.10.010.

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Cullinane, Meabh, Stefanie A. Zugna, Helen L. McLachlan, Michelle S. Newton, and Della A. Forster. "Evaluating the impact of a maternity and neonatal emergencies education programme in Australian regional and rural health services on clinician knowledge and confidence: a pre-test post-test study." BMJ Open 12, no. 5 (May 2022): e059921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059921.

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IntroductionAlmost 78 000 women gave birth in the state of Victoria, Australia, in 2019. While most births occurred in metropolitan Melbourne and large regional centres, a significant proportion of women birthed in rural services. In late 2016, to support clinicians to recognise and respond to clinical deterioration, the Victorian government mandated provision of an emergency training programme, called Maternity and Newborn Emergencies (MANE), to rural and regional maternity services across the state. This paper describes the evaluation of MANE.Design and settingA quasi-experimental study design was used; the Kirkpatrick Evaluation Model provided the framework.ParticipantsParticipants came from the 17 rural and regional Victorian maternity services who received MANE in 2018 and/or 2019.Outcome measuresBaseline data were collected from MANE attendees before MANE delivery, and at four time points up to 12 months post-delivery. Clinicians’ knowledge of the MANE learning objectives, and confidence ratings regarding the emergencies covered in MANE were evaluated. The Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) assessed safety climate pre-MANE and 6 months post-MANE among all maternity providers at the sites.ResultsImmediately post-MANE, most attendees reported increased confidence to escalate clinical concerns (n=251/259). Knowledge in the non-technical and practical aspects of the programme increased. Management of perinatal emergencies was viewed as equally stressful pre-MANE and post-MANE, but confidence to manage these emergencies increased post-delivery. Pre-MANE SAQ scores showed consistently strong and poor performing services. Six months post-MANE, some services showed improvements in SAQ scores indicative of improved safety climate.ConclusionMANE delivery resulted in both short-term and sustained improvements in knowledge of, and confidence in, maternity emergencies. Further investigation of the SAQ across Victoria may facilitate identification of services with a poor safety climate who could benefit from frequent targeted interventions (such as the MANE programme) at these sites.
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Ranse, J., and S. Lenson. "(A111) Role, Resources, and Clinical and Educational Backgrounds of Nurses Who Participated in the Prehospital Response to the 2009 Bushfires in Victoria, Australia." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11001130.

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The bushfires of February 2009 in Victoria, Australia resulted in the deaths of 173 people and caused injuries to 414. Furthermore, > 2,030 houses and 3,500 structures were destroyed. The role and experience of nurses in this environment are not well understood, and little is known about the clinical and education background of nurses in this setting. This presentation will provide an overview of the bushfires and report on two research projects. The aims of these projects were to explore participant demographics and various aspects of nursing activities in the prehospital environment. These projects used volunteer nursing members of St John Ambulance Australia who responded to the Victorian fires. The first project used a retrospective, descriptive postal survey, and the second was descriptive and exploratory, using semi-structured interviews as a means of data collection. The survey highlighted that nurses had varying clinical and educational backgrounds. Males were overrepresented when compared to the national average of nurses. Most participants had taken disaster-related education, however, this varied in type and duration. Similarly, most had participated in training or mock disasters; however this usually was not related to bushfire emergencies. The qualitative findings identified two main themes having expansive roles and being prepared. These highlighted that nurses maintained a variety of roles, such as clinicians, emotional supporters, coordinators and problem solvers, and they were well prepared for these roles. This research provided insight into the characteristics and level of preparedness of nurses who responded to the 2009 Victorian bushfires in the prehospital environment. Additionally, it highlights the need for more structured education and training for nurse that is aligned with their role and deployment environment.
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Leach, Helen, and Jamie J. Coleman. "Osler Centenary Papers: William Osler in medical education." Postgraduate Medical Journal 95, no. 1130 (November 21, 2019): 642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135890.

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William Osler combined many excellent characteristics of a clinical educator being a scientific scholar, a motivational speaker and writer and a proficient physician. As we celebrate his life a century on, many of his educational ideals are as pertinent today as they were in those Victorian times. Osler’s contributions to modern medicine go beyond his legacy of quotable aphorisms to a doctor, educator and leader whose proponent use of bedside teaching, careful clinical methods, and clinicopathological correlation was a great inspiration for students and junior doctors. He was also a great advocate of patient-centred care—listening to and closely observing his patients, an important message for modern medicine as the reliance on investigations strains modern healthcare systems. This review of Osler’s contribution to medical education summarises his development as an educator and provides reflection on his influences to modern clinical education.
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Ting, D. K., B. Bailey, F. Scheuermeyer, T. M. Chan, and D. R. Harris. "P150: Emergency medicine resident perspectives on journal club as a community of practice and its impact on clinical medicine." CJEM 20, S1 (May 2018): S110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.348.

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Introduction: Despite revolutionary changes in the medical education landscape, journal club (JC) continues to be a ubiquitous pedagogical tool and is a primary way that residency programs review new evidence and teach evidence-based medicine. JC is a community of practice among physicians, which may help translate research findings into practice. Program representatives state that JC should have a goal of translating novel research into changes in clinical care, but there has been minimal evaluation of the success of JC in achieving this goal. Specifically, emergency medicine resident perspectives on the utility of JC remain unknown. Methods: We designed a multi-centre qualitative study for three distinct academic environments at the University of British Columbia (Vancouver, Victoria and Kelowna). Pilot testing was performed to generate preliminary themes and to finalize the interview script. An exploratory, semi-structured focus group was performed, followed by multiple one-on-one interviews using snowball sampling. Iterative thematic analysis directed data collection until thematic sufficiency was achieved. Analysis was conducted using a constructivist Grounded Theory method with communities of practice as a theoretical lens. Themes were compared to the existing literature to corroborate or challenge existing educational theory. Results: Pilot testing has revealed the following primary themes: (1) Only select residents are able to increase their participation in JC over the course of residency and navigate the transition from peripheral participant to core member; (2) These residents use their increased clinical experience to perceive relevance in JC topics, and; (3) Residents who remain peripheral participants identify a lack time to prepare for journal club and a lack of staff physician attendance as barriers to resident engagement. We will further develop these themes during the focus group and interview phases of our study. Conclusion: JC is a potentially valuable educational resource for residents. JC works as a community of practice only for a select group of residents, and many remain peripheral participants for the duration of their residency. Incorporation of Free Open-Access Medical Education resources may also decrease preparation time for residents and staff physicians and increase buy-in. To augment clinical impact, the JC community of practice may need to expand beyond emergency medicine and include other specialties.
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Curtis, Kate, Margaret Fry, Sarah Kourouche, Belinda Kennedy, Julie Considine, Hatem Alkhouri, Mary Lam, et al. "Implementation evaluation of an evidence-based emergency nursing framework (HIRAID): study protocol for a step-wedge randomised control trial." BMJ Open 13, no. 1 (January 2023): e067022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067022.

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IntroductionPoor patient assessment results in undetected clinical deterioration. Yet, there is no standardised assessment framework for >29 000 Australian emergency nurses. To reduce clinical variation and increase safety and quality of initial emergency nursing care, the evidence-based emergency nursing framework HIRAID (History, Identify Red flags, Assessment, Interventions, Diagnostics, communication and reassessment) was developed and piloted. This paper presents the rationale and protocol for a multicentre clinical trial of HIRAID.Methods and analysisUsing an effectiveness-implementation hybrid design, the study incorporates a stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial of HIRAID at 31 emergency departments (EDs) in New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland. The primary outcomes are incidence of inpatient deterioration related to ED care, time to analgesia, patient satisfaction and medical satisfaction with nursing clinical handover (effectiveness). Strategies that optimise HIRAID uptake (implementation) and implementation fidelity will be determined to assess if HIRAID was implemented as intended at all sites.Ethics and disseminationEthics has been approved for NSW sites through Greater Western Human Research Ethics Committee (2020/ETH02164), and for Victoria and Queensland sites through Royal Brisbane & Woman’s Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee (2021/QRBW/80026). The final phase of the study will integrate the findings in a toolkit for national rollout. A dissemination, communications (variety of platforms) and upscaling strategy will be designed and actioned with the organisations that influence state and national level health policy and emergency nurse education, including the Australian Commission for Quality and Safety in Health Care. Scaling up of findings could be achieved by embedding HIRAID into national transition to nursing programmes, ‘business as usual’ ED training schedules and university curricula.Trial registration numberACTRN12621001456842.
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Thompson, Emma J., Miriam H. Beauchamp, Simone J. Darling, Stephen J. C. Hearps, Amy Brown, George Charalambous, Louise Crossley, et al. "Protocol for a prospective, school-based standardisation study of a digital social skills assessment tool for children: The Paediatric Evaluation of Emotions, Relationships, and Socialisation (PEERS) study." BMJ Open 8, no. 2 (February 2018): e016633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016633.

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BackgroundHumans are by nature a social species, with much of human experience spent in social interaction. Unsurprisingly, social functioning is crucial to well-being and quality of life across the lifespan. While early intervention for social problems appears promising, our ability to identify the specific impairments underlying their social problems (eg, social communication) is restricted by a dearth of accurate, ecologically valid and comprehensive child-direct assessment tools. Current tools are largely limited to parent and teacher ratings scales, which may identify social dysfunction, but not its underlying cause, or adult-based experimental tools, which lack age-appropriate norms. The present study describes the development and standardisation of Paediatric Evaluation of Emotions, Relationships, and Socialisation(PEERS®), an iPad-based social skills assessment tool.MethodsThe PEERS project is a cross-sectional study involving two groups: (1) a normative group, recruited from early childhood, primary and secondary schools across metropolitan and regional Victoria, Australia; and (2) a clinical group, ascertained from outpatient services at The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne (RCH). The project aims to establish normative data for PEERS®, a novel and comprehensive app-delivered child-direct measure of social skills for children and youth. The project involves recruiting and assessing 1000 children aged 4.0–17.11 years. Assessments consist of an intellectual screen, PEERS® subtests, and PEERS-Q, a self-report questionnaire of social skills. Parents and teachers also complete questionnaires relating to participants’ social skills. Main analyses will comprise regression-based continuous norming, factor analysis and psychometric analysis of PEERS® and PEERS-Q.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been obtained through the RCH Human Research Ethics Committee (34046), the Victorian Government Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (002318), and Catholic Education Melbourne (2166). Findings will be disseminated through international conferences and peer-reviewed journals. Following standardisation of PEERS®, the tool will be made commercially available.
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Ichinose, Yoshio. "Kenya Research Station and its Research Activities." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0807.

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The Institute of Tropical Medicine Kenya Research Station of Nagasaki University (NUITM) was established in 2005 with Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) funds. The station involves clinical and epidemiological research programs focusing on tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases based on education and research exchanges between Africa and Japan. This project is supported by about 22 Japanese staff members, including short-termers, in addition to 85 Kenyan staff members. It has at least 12 research groups studying the prevention of tropical and emerging diseases in collaboration with stakeholder institutions. The station also implements a JICA grassroots technical cooperation project since 2012. In April 2010, the Nagasaki University Africa Research Station was incorporated into the Kenya Research Station, enabling other faculties to conduct research in Kenya. The Nagasaki University School of Dentistry then started an oral health survey in Mbita and the Schools of Fisheries, Engineering, and Health Sciences have started joint research projects conserving and managing Lake Victoria basin water and fishery resources. Our aim is to develop a foundation enabling researchers from all different fields to conduct research for improving local community health and living standards. The NUITM was invited to become an associate member of the Japan Initiative for Global Research Network on Infectious Diseases (J-GRID) in 2011.
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Mukhida, K., and I. Mendez. "The Contributions of W.D. Stevenson to the Development of Neurosurgery in Atlantic Canada." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 26, no. 3 (November 1999): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100000317.

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The establishment of a neurosurgical department in Halifax in January 1948 marked the beginnings of the first dedicated neurosurgical service in Atlantic Canada. The development of neurosurgery in Halifax occurred in a receptive place and time. The Victoria General Hospital, the region’s largest tertiary care centre, and the Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine were in a period of growth associated with medical specialization and departmentalization, changes inspired in part by the Flexner Report of 1910. Atlantic Canadians during this period were increasingly looking to specialists for their medical care. Although this social environment encouraged the establishment of surgical specialty services, the development of neurosurgery in Halifax, as in other parts of Canada, was closely associated with the efforts of individual neurosurgeons, such as William D. Stevenson. After training with Kenneth G. McKenzie in Toronto, Stevenson was recruited to Halifax and established the first neurosurgical department in Atlantic Canada. From the outset and over his twenty-six years as Department Head at the Victoria General Hospital and Dalhousie University, Stevenson worked to maintain the department’s commitment to clinical practice, medical education, and research. Although Stevenson single-handedly ran the service for several years after its inception, by the time of his retirement in 1974 the neurosurgery department had grown to include five attending staff surgeons who performed over two thousand procedures each year. This paper highlights the importance of Stevenson’s contributions to the development of neurosurgery in Atlantic Canada within the context of the social and medical environment of the region.
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Tracy, Jane M. "People with an intellectual disability in the discourse of chronic and complex conditions: an invisible group?" Australian Health Review 33, no. 3 (2009): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah090478.

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TO THE EDITOR: Goddard et al, authors of ?People with an intellectual disability in the discourse of chronic and complex conditions: an invisible group??1 are to be congratulated for raising discussion about one of the most vulnerable groups in Australia with respect to their receipt of optimal health care. The authors conclude that ?developing interventions and strategies to increase the knowledge of health care workers . . . caring for people with intellectual disabilities will likely improve the health care needs of this population and their families?. In relation to this identified need for health professional education and training in the care of people with intellectual disabilities, we would like to draw the attention of your readers to some work undertaken by the Centre for Developmental Disability Health Victoria (CDDHV) to address this issue. The CDDHV works to improve the health and health care of people with developmental disabilities through a range of educational, research and clinical activities. In recent years there has been an increasing awareness of the need for health professional education in this area. Moreover, as people with disabilities often have chronic and complex health and social issues, focusing on their health care provides a platform for interprofessional education and a springboard for understanding the essential importance and value of interprofessional practice. Recently, the CDDHV has taken a lead role in developing a teaching and learning resource that focuses both on the health care of people with disabilities and on the importance and value of interprofessional practice. This resource promotes and facilitates interprofessional learning, and develops understanding of the health and health care issues experienced by people with disabilities and those who support them. ?Health and disability: partnerships in action? is a new video-based teaching and learning package, produced through an interprofessional collaboration between health professionals from medicine, nursing, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, paramedic practice, health science, social work, speech pathology, dietetics and dentistry. Those living with a disability are the experts on their own experience and so their direct involvement in and contribution to the education of health care professionals is essential. The collaboration between those featured in the video stories and health professionals has led to the development of a powerful resource that facilitates students and practitioners developing insights into the health and health care issues encountered by people with developmental disabilities. We also believe that through improving their understanding of, and health provision to, people with disabilities and those who support them, health professionals will acquire valuable attitudes, knowledge and skills applicable to many other patients in their practice population. Jane M Tracy Education Director Centre for Developmental Disability Health Victoria Melbourne, VIC
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Ride, Jemimah, Heather Rowe, Karen Wynter, Jane Fisher, and Paula Lorgelly. "Protocol for economic evaluation alongside a cluster-randomised controlled trial of a psychoeducational intervention for the primary prevention of postnatal mental health problems in first-time mothers." BMJ Open 4, no. 10 (October 2014): e006226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006226.

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IntroductionPostnatal mental health problems, which are an international public health priority, are a suitable target for preventive approaches. The financial burden of these disorders is borne across sectors in society, including health, early childhood, education, justice and the workforce. This paper describes the planned economic evaluation of What Were We Thinking, a psychoeducational intervention for the prevention of postnatal mental health problems in first-time mothers.Methods and analysisThe evaluation will be conducted alongside a cluster-randomised controlled trial of its clinical effectiveness. Cost-effectiveness and costs-utility analyses will be conducted, resulting in estimates of cost per percentage point reduction in combined 30-day prevalence of depression, anxiety and adjustment disorders and cost per quality-adjusted life year gained. Uncertainty surrounding these estimates will be addressed using non-parametric bootstrapping and represented using cost-effectiveness acceptability curves. Additional cost analyses relevant for implementation will also be conducted. Modelling will be employed to estimate longer term cost-effectiveness if the intervention is found to be clinically effective during the period of the trial.Ethics and disseminationApproval to conduct the study was granted by the Southern Health (now Monash Health) Human Research Ethics Committee (24 April 2013; 11388B). The study was registered with the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee (30 April 2013; CF12/1022-2012000474). The Education and Policy Research Committee, Victorian Government Department of Education and Early Childhood Development approved the study (22 March 2012; 2012_001472). Use of the EuroQol was registered with the EuroQol Group; 16 August 2012.Trial registration numberThe trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry on 7 May 2012 (registration number ACTRN12613000506796).
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Garvey, William, Rachel Schembri, Frank Oberklaid, and Harriet Hiscock. "A health-education intervention to improve outcomes for children with emotional and behavioural difficulties: protocol for a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 12, no. 6 (June 2022): e060440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060440.

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IntroductionOne in seven (14%) children aged 4–17 years old meet criteria for a mental illness over a 12-month period. The majority of these children have difficulty accessing clinical assessment and treatment despite evidence demonstrating the importance of early intervention. Schools are increasingly recognised as universal platforms where children with mental health concerns could be identified and supported. However, educators have limited training or access to clinical support in this area.Methods and analysisThis study is a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial of a co-designed health and education model aiming to improve educator identification and support of children with emotional and behavioural difficulties. Twelve Victorian government primary schools representing a range of socio-educational communities will be recruited from metropolitan and rural regions, with half of the schools being randomly allocated to the intervention. Caregivers and educators of children in grades 1–3 will be invited to participate. The intervention is likely to involved regular case-based discussions and paediatric support.Ethics and disseminationInformed consent will be obtained from each participating school, educator and caregiver. Participants are informed of their voluntary participation and ability to withdrawal at any time. Participant confidentiality will be maintained and data will be secured on a password protected, restricted access database on the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute server. Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed journals and conference presentations. Schools and caregivers will be provided with a report of the study outcomes and implications at the completion of the study.Trial registration numberACTRN12621000652875.
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Cowan, Rachael Mary, Charlotte Louise Ganderton, Jillianne Cook, Adam Ivan Semciw, David Michel Long, and Tania Pizzari. "Does Menopausal Hormone Therapy, Exercise, or Both Improve Pain and Function in Postmenopausal Women With Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome? A 2 × 2 Factorial Randomized Clinical Trial." American Journal of Sports Medicine 50, no. 2 (December 13, 2021): 515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465211061142.

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Background: Greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS) is a debilitating chronic condition, most prevalent in postmenopausal women. A positive association between high estrogen levels and tendon health may exist, and postmenopausal women have reduced estrogen. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) may reduce the incidence of tendon abnormality, particularly when combined with exercise. Purpose: To determine the effect of MHT and exercise on tendon pain and function in postmenopausal women with GTPS. Study Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: Postmenopausal women (N = 132; n = 12, lost to follow-up) with GTPS were randomized into MHT and placebo transdermal cream groups combined with tendon-specific or sham exercise. All groups received education about avoiding gluteal tendon compression and load management throughout 12 weeks of intervention. The primary outcome was the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment for gluteal tendinopathy (VISA-G), and secondary outcomes were measured at baseline and at 12 and 52 weeks. The Global Rating of Change was assessed at 12 and 52 weeks. A linear mixed-effects model was used to assess differences. Body mass index (BMI) was included as a covariate. Results: All participant groups improved over time (baseline vs 12 weeks, P < .001; baseline vs 52 weeks, P < .001). There was no difference among exercise groups measured by all outcomes (VISA-G: baseline, P = .97, mean difference [MD] = 0.10; 12 weeks, P = .49, MD = 2.15; 52 weeks, P = .32, MD = −3.08). There was a significant interaction effect between cream and BMI; therefore, the population was stratified by BMI levels (<25, <30, ≥30). The MHT groups (with exercise and education) had significantly better VISA-G outcomes (baseline, P = .04, MD = −11.20, 95% CI = −21.70 to −0.70; 12 weeks, P < .001, MD = −20.72, 95% CI = −31.22 to −10.22; 52 weeks, P = .002, MD = −16.71, 95% CI = −27.21 to −6.22) and secondary measure scores as compared with placebo at all time points when BMI was <25. Conclusion: MHT or placebo combined with tendon-specific or sham exercise plus education reduced pain and increased function for this population. For women with a BMI <25, MHT with any exercise plus education was better than placebo. A targeted exercise or sham exercise strategy is effective when prescribed with education about avoiding gluteal tendon compression and load management. Registration: ACTRN12614001157662 (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry).
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Kennedy, Amber L., Beverley J. Vollenhoven, Richard J. Hiscock, Catharyn J. Stern, Susan P. Walker, Jeanie L. Y. Cheong, Jon L. Quach, et al. "School-age outcomes among IVF-conceived children: A population-wide cohort study." PLOS Medicine 20, no. 1 (January 24, 2023): e1004148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004148.

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Background In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a common mode of conception. Understanding the long-term implications for these children is important. The aim of this study was to determine the causal effect of IVF conception on primary school-age childhood developmental and educational outcomes, compared with outcomes following spontaneous conception. Methods and findings Causal inference methods were used to analyse observational data in a way that emulates a target randomised clinical trial. The study cohort comprised statewide linked maternal and childhood administrative data. Participants included singleton infants conceived spontaneously or via IVF, born in Victoria, Australia between 2005 and 2014 and who had school-age developmental and educational outcomes assessed. The exposure examined was conception via IVF, with spontaneous conception the control condition. Two outcome measures were assessed. The first, childhood developmental vulnerability at school entry (age 4 to 6), was assessed using the Australian Early Developmental Census (AEDC) (n = 173,200) and defined as scoring <10th percentile in ≥2/5 developmental domains (physical health and wellbeing, social competence, emotional maturity, language and cognitive skills, communication skills, and general knowledge). The second, educational outcome at age 7 to 9, was assessed using National Assessment Program–Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) data (n = 342,311) and defined by overall z-score across 5 domains (grammar and punctuation, reading, writing, spelling, and numeracy). Inverse probability weighting with regression adjustment was used to estimate population average causal effects. The study included 412,713 children across the 2 outcome cohorts. Linked records were available for 4,697 IVF-conceived cases and 168,503 controls for AEDC, and 8,976 cases and 333,335 controls for NAPLAN. There was no causal effect of IVF-conception on the risk of developmental vulnerability at school-entry compared with spontaneously conceived children (AEDC metrics), with an adjusted risk difference of −0.3% (95% CI −3.7% to 3.1%) and an adjusted risk ratio of 0.97 (95% CI 0.77 to 1.25). At age 7 to 9 years, there was no causal effect of IVF-conception on the NAPLAN overall z-score, with an adjusted mean difference of 0.030 (95% CI −0.018 to 0.077) between IVF- and spontaneously conceived children. The models were adjusted for sex at birth, age at assessment, language background other than English, socioeconomic status, maternal age, parity, and education. Study limitations included the use of observational data, the potential for unmeasured confounding, the presence of missing data, and the necessary restriction of the cohort to children attending school. Conclusions In this analysis, under the given causal assumptions, the school-age developmental and educational outcomes for children conceived by IVF are equivalent to those of spontaneously conceived children. These findings provide important reassurance for current and prospective parents and for clinicians.
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HUGHES, K. L., and I. MILNE. "Early history of veterinary education in Victoria." Australian Veterinary Journal 69, no. 12 (December 1992): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1992.tb09917.x.

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CHAMBERLIN, WE. "Early history of veterinary education in Victoria." Australian Veterinary Journal 70, no. 3 (March 1993): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1993.tb03298.x.

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Russell, Colin, Maree Roberts, Timothy G. Williamson, Jane McKercher, Simon E. Jolly, and John McNeil. "Clinical categorization for elective surgery in Victoria." ANZ Journal of Surgery 73, no. 10 (October 2003): 839–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1445-2197.2003.02797.x.

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Svensson, Jane. "Antenatal education classes in victoria: What the women said." Australian Journal of Midwifery 14, no. 4 (December 2001): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1445-4386(01)80006-9.

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Malliaras, Peter, David Connell, Anders Ploug Boesen, Rebecca S. Kearney, Hylton B. Menz, Dylan Morrissey, Shannon E. Munteanu, Karin G. Silbernagel, Martin Underwood, and Terry P. Haines. "Efficacy of high-volume injections with and without corticosteroid compared with sham for Achilles tendinopathy: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, no. 4 (October 2021): e001136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001136.

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IntroductionAchilles tendinopathy (AT) is a common and disabling musculoskeletal condition. First-line management involving Achilles tendon loading exercise with, or without, other modalities may not resolve the problem in up to 44% of cases. Many people receive injections. Yet there are no injection treatments with demonstrated long-term efficacy. The aim of the trial is to examine the 12-month efficacy of high-volume injection (HVI) with corticosteroid and HVI without corticosteroid versus sham injection among individuals with AT.Methods and analysisThe trial is a three-arm, parallel group, double-blind, superiority randomised controlled trial that will assess the efficacy of HVI with and without corticosteroid versus sham up to 12 months. We will block-randomise 192 participants to one of the three groups with a 1:1:1 ratio, and both participants and outcome assessors will be blinded to treatment allocation. All participants will receive an identical evidence-based education and exercise intervention. The primary outcome measure will be the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment – Achilles (VISA-A) at 12 months post-randomisation, a validated, reliable and disease-specific measure of pain and function. Choice of secondary outcomes was informed by core outcome domains for tendinopathy. Data will be analysed using the intention-to-treat principle.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained via the Monash University Human Ethics Committee (no: 13138). The study is expected to be completed in 2024 and disseminated via peer review publication and conference presentations.Trial registration numberAustralia and New Zealand Clinical trials registry (ACTRN12619001455156)
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Duncan, Nigel. "Kevin Kerrigan and Victoria Murray,A Student Guide to Clinical Legal Education and Pro Bono." Law Teacher 45, no. 3 (December 2011): 379–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03069400.2011.621608.

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Kolnhofer-Derecskei, Anita. "How did the COVID-19 restrictions impact higher education in Victoria?" Multidiszciplináris kihívások, sokszínű válaszok, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 50–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33565/mksv.2022.01.03.

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This paper aims to observe how the Australian COVID-19 restrictions influenced higher education, teachers’ and students’ lives. Before the pandemic, the higher education sector was the largest serviced based sector in Australia and overly depended on international students’ fee income. The academic year of 2020 started as usual with 141703 higher education enrolments of overseas students, mainly students from Asia. However, they did not arrive due to the strict border closure. Travel restrictions were put in place from China from 1 February 2020, later from other countries worldwide. That significantly affected international students' travel from Asia directly before the start of the new academic year. Consequently, many institutions have transitioned from campus-based courses to online delivery. Besides, numerous academic lecturers and professional staff have been invited to the expression of interest in a voluntary and, of course, involuntary redundancy program. Most vacant positions have been frozen, and various saving programs have been implied. Owing to the toughest rules and strictest restrictions, Australian borders remained closed for over 600 days. Melbourne was under six lockdowns totalling 265 days since March 2020, which resulted in the author’s experience of three semester-long remote teaching at one of the biggest and most prominent universities in Melbourne without any personal contact with international students. The author lived and worked in Melbourne during the COVID-19 era, so this study is based on her perspectives and experiences extended with a wide empirical evaluation of secondary data about the Australian academic sector between 2020 and 2021.
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Aldridge, Robyn, Wendy Cutchie, Fiona Townsing, Sarah Hay, Bernadette White, Peri Dyson, Theresa Bowditch, et al. "P127 3Centres Collaboration clinical practice guidelines – towards uniform clinical practice in Victoria." Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women's Cardiovascular Health 1 (October 2010): S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2210-7789(10)60293-0.

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Gedo, John E. "Book Reviews: The Bourgeois Experience-Victoria to Freud, Vol. 1 Education of the Senses." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 35, no. 1 (February 1987): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000306518703500113.

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Stearn, Margaret. "Queen Victoria and chloroform." Women's Health Medicine 2, no. 4 (July 2005): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/wohm.2005.2.4.8.

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MONTGOMERY, I. W., and K. L. HUGHES. "Veterinary education in Victoria. The re-establishment of the Melbourne Veterinary School." Australian Veterinary Journal 62, no. 12 (December 1985): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1985.tb14118.x.

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Campbell, Angela P., Constance E. Ogokeh, Geoffrey A. Weinberg, Julie A. Boom, Janet A. Englund, John V. Williams, Natasha B. Halasa, et al. "178. Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza-associated Hospitalizations and Emergency Department (ED) Visits Among Children in the United States in the 2019–2020 Season." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S217—S218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.488.

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Abstract Background The 2019–20 influenza season was predominated by early onset B/Victoria viruses followed by A(H1N1)pdm09 virus circulation. Over 95% of circulating B/Victoria viruses were subclade V1A.3, different from the Northern Hemisphere vaccine strain. Annual estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) are important because of frequent changes in circulating and vaccine viruses. Methods We assessed VE among children 6 months–17 years old with acute respiratory illness and &lt;10 days of symptoms enrolled during the 2019–20 influenza season at 7 pediatric hospitals (ED patients &lt; 5 years at 3 sites) in the New Vaccine Surveillance Network. Combined mid-turbinate/throat swabs were tested for influenza virus using molecular assays. We estimated age-stratified VE from a test-negative design using logistic regression to compare odds of vaccination among children testing positive versus negative for influenza, adjusting for age in years, enrollment month, and site. For these preliminary analyses, vaccination status was by parental report. Results Among 2022 inpatients, 324 (16%) were influenza positive: 38% with influenza B/Victoria alone and 44% with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 alone (Table). Among 2066 ED children, 653 (32%) were influenza positive: 45% with influenza B/Victoria alone and 43% with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 alone. VE was 62% (95% confidence interval [CI], 51%–70%) against any influenza-related hospitalizations, 68% (95% CI, 55%–78%) for A(H1N1)pdm09 and 55% (95% CI, 35%–69%) for B/Victoria. VE by age group for any influenza-related hospitalizations was 57% (95% CI, 40%–69%) among children 6 months to &lt; 5 years and 66% (95% CI, 49%–77%) among children 5–17 years. VE was 53% (95% CI, 42%–62%) against any influenza-related ED visits, 46% (95% CI, 28%–60%) for A(H1N1)pdm09 and 54% (95% CI, 39%–66%) for B/Victoria. VE by age group was 52% (95% CI, 37%–63%) among children 6 months to &lt; 5 years and 42% (95% CI, 16%–60%) among children 5–17 years. Conclusion Influenza vaccination in the 2019–20 season provided substantial protection against laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated hospitalizations and ED visits associated with the two predominantly circulating influenza viruses among children, including against the emerging B/Victoria virus V1A.3 subclade. Disclosures Janet A. Englund, MD, AstraZeneca (Scientific Research Study Investigator)GSK group of companies (Scientific Research Study Investigator)Meissa vaccines (Consultant)Merck (Scientific Research Study Investigator)Sanofi Pasteur (Consultant) John V. Williams, MD, GlaxoSmithKline (Advisor or Review Panel member)IDConnect (Advisor or Review Panel member)Quidel (Advisor or Review Panel member) Natasha B. Halasa, MD, MPH, Genentech (Other Financial or Material Support, I receive an honorarium for lectures - it’s a education grant, supported by genetech)Karius (Consultant)Moderna (Consultant)Quidel (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support)Sanofi (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support) Christopher J. Harrison, MD, GSK (Grant/Research Support, Infant menigiciccal B conjugate vaccine trial)Merck (Research Grant or Support, Infant pneumococcal conjugate vaccine trial)
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Tan Tanny, Sharman P., Naveen Wijekoon, Maurizio Pacilli, and Ramesh M. Nataraja. "Clinical state of the paediatric acute scrotum in south‐eastern Victoria." ANZ Journal of Surgery 89, no. 12 (September 11, 2019): 1615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ans.15399.

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Gifford, S., and P. Zimmet. "A community approach to diabetes education in Australia — The Region 8 (Victoria) Diabetes Education and Control Program." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2, no. 2 (January 1986): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8227(86)80067-5.

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Azer, Sarah, Munad Khan, Nathan Hoag, Riteesh Bookun, Nathan Lawrentschuk, Richard Grills, and Damien Bolton. "Interns’ perceptions of exposure to urology during medical school education in Victoria, Australia." ANZ Journal of Surgery 87, no. 1-2 (January 2017): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ans.13769.

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Mitchell, Jennifer. "Accredited Clinical Coder Examination — April 1997." Health Information Management 27, no. 2 (June 1997): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183335839702700208.

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On 19 April 1997, 52 candidates sat for the second Accredited Clinical Coder (ACC) examination at 12 sites across Australia and in New Zealand. Eighteen, or 35%, of the candidates who sat for the exam gained accreditation. This result was similar to the pass rate of 32% for the first ACC examination, in September 1996. The most successful group of candidates had health information management (HIM) qualifications (14 out of 18, or 78%), and the single largest successful group was HIMs from Victoria (8 out of 18, or 44%).
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Dauphinee, W. D. "Clinical education." Academic Medicine 65, no. 9 (September 1990): S68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199009000-00046.

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Wattimury, Samuel Michael, and Kurniawati Kurniawati. "Pembangunan Berkelanjutan pada Kawasan Benteng Nieuw Victoria Menggunakan Konsep Triple Bottom Line (TBL)." PANALUNGTIK 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.55981/panalungtik.2022.79.

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Fort Nieuw Victoria is one of the cultural heritages in Ambon City, however, up until now it still functions as the headquarters of the Pattimura Regional Military Command XVI which has caused the function of the fort as a cultural heritage building to be invisible, in the attempt of restoring the Fort Nieuw Victoria's function as a cultural heritage building, the Ambon City government has coordinated with the Ministry of Education and Culture, the Ministry of Defense, also the TNI Commander, unfortunately until recently the city government has not prepared a final model for the development of the cultural heritage building. This paper aimed to provide input on the sustainable development of the Fort Nieuw Victoria area. Using qualitative methods through a descriptive approach is expected to answer the problems and reaching the purpose of this paper. The results of this study show that by using the triple bottom line concept, in the sustainable development at Fort Nieuw Victoria it’s not only as tourist destination to increase local revenue (economic side), but also make it a green open space as a provider of oxygen for urban communities (ecology), and can be used as a space of education, recreation, a gathering place for young people (social side)
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Abdullah, Siti Aisyah Binti, and Noraini Mohamed Hassan. "PERKEMBANGAN LATIHAN PERGURUAN DI NEGERI-NEGERI MELAYU BERSEKUTU: NORMAL CLASS, 1906-1917." SEJARAH 26, no. 2 (December 21, 2017): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol26no2.2.

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This paper examines how the British administration of the Federated Malay States (FMS) developed Normal Class to improve teacher training in English schools from 1906 to 1917. The 1902 Education Act, which made significant provisions for secondary and technical education and led to the rapid growth of training colleges in England and Wales, had an effect on the development of teacher training for English schools in the FMS. Following the suggestion of R.J. Wilkinson, Normal Classes for the training of assistant teachers commenced in January 1905 at the Victoria Institution. Initially, students from Victoria Institution and the Methodist Boy’s School were used to test the effectiveness of Normal Class. The success of Normal Class at Victoria Institution led to the opening of more such classes in the states of Perak, Melaka and Penang. Teacher training was emphasized to not only improve the quality of education in English schools but also to attract foreign investors to advance the economy especially of urban areas. This article focuses on the implementation of Normal Classes in Selangor and Perak. It has been found that, prior to the First World War, Normal Classes in Kuala Lumpur turned out to be more successful than in Perak. Teacher training in Kuala Lumpur, the administrative centre of the FMS, was desired to increase the number of local officials capable of speaking English in government departments. There was also considerable demand among capitalists for Normal Classes in English schools.
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Teive, Hélio A. G., Guilherme Ghizoni Silva, and Renato P. Munhoz. "Wittgenstein, medicine and neuropsychiatry." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 69, no. 4 (August 2011): 714–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2011000500026.

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A historical review is presented of the link between Ludwig Wittgenstein, considered the most important philosopher of the 20th century, and medicine, particularly neurology and psychiatry. Wittgenstein worked as a porter at Guy's Hospital in London, and then as a technician at the Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle. He wrote about his important insights into language, and neuroscience. It has been suggested that he had Asperger syndrome and a possible movement disorder (mannerisms).
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35

Hawley, Philippa, Doris Barwich, and Lisa Kirk. "Implementation of the Victoria Bowel Performance Scale." Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 42, no. 6 (December 2011): 946–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.02.021.

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36

Gan, Hui K., Mark A. Rosenthal, Lawrence Cher, Michael Dally, Katharine Drummond, Michael Murphy, and Vicky Thursfield. "Management of glioblastoma in Victoria, Australia (2006–2008)." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 22, no. 9 (September 2015): 1462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2015.03.029.

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37

Spector, Nancy D., and Amy J. Starmer. "Hospital Medicine and Clinical Education." Pediatric Clinics of North America 66, no. 4 (August 2019): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(19)30060-4.

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38

Gezmish, Mahmut, and Long T. Truong. "Estimating the Potential of Electric Vehicles for Travelling to Work and Education in Melbourne, Victoria." Future Transportation 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp1030040.

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This paper aims to estimate the potential of electric vehicles (EVs) in Melbourne, Victoria, using the Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity (VISTA) data. The investigation of whether EVs with different all-electric ranges (AERs) can replace car travel to work and education is the focus of this paper. The results showed that EVs would be able to replace most car travel to work (68.5% to 97.1%) and car travel to education (71.9% to 96.9%), with AERs increasing from 40 km to 100 km, assuming car drivers are willing to use an EV. It is estimated that the average operating cost savings per person would be up to AUD 3.12 and AUD 2.79 each day, regarding travel to work and education, respectively. Considering both travel to work and education, EVs could replace up to 33.8 million kilometres of car travel, consuming around 7.6 GWh and resulting in a reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of about 610 tons each day.
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39

Wong, Shinen, and Heather Tan. "Frames for the Future: Developing Continuing Education & Professional Development Programs for Spiritual Care Practitioners: A Perspective from Victoria, Australia." Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling: Advancing theory and professional practice through scholarly and reflective publications 71, no. 4 (December 2017): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1542305017742348.

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This article examines the educational issues in ongoing professional education for spiritual care practitioners. A meta-evaluation of registration and evaluation data over four years (between 2013 and 2016) of one such monthly program conducted by Spiritual Health Victoria (Australia) will be examined. Recommendations are made to support healthcare managers and spiritual care educators in designing and developing continuing education programs for spiritual care practitioners in a variety of other professional health and care contexts.
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St Geme, J. W. "General clinical education." Academic Medicine 61, no. 9 (September 1986): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-198609000-00011.

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41

Hall, Lisa. "Navigating the Rural Clinical Education Pathway in the Time of a Pandemic: Opportunities and Challenges." Australian and International Journal of Rural Education 31, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.47381/aijre.v31i1.294.

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The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has changed everything about the world we live in, in 2020. It is having obvious impacts on the way we teach and the way we learn. In Victoria, Monash Rural Health Bendigo is one of the few places that has managed to continue clinical health education and clinical placements throughout 2020 - albeit in modified forms. Monash Rural Health Bendigo provides clinical years education to a cohort of between 100 and 130 Third, Fourth- and Fifth-Year Monash Medical students in a rural setting. It is largely an 'apprentice based' model of learning where the students get access to rural clinical sites and rural health experts as well as a state-of-the-art clinical skills and simulation lab to undertake the clinical years of their medical degree. But what happens to this kind of model during a pandemic induced shut down such as was experienced in 2020? This paper explores the challenges but also opportunities for students pursuing a rural health pathway in the midst of a public health emergency. It examines the findings of the COVID-19 Educational Evaluation conducted in Bendigo throughout 2020 and reveals the advantages but also the unanticipated consequences of students choosing to study rurally in the midst of a global pandemic.
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Atallah, Álvaro Nagib. "Essential clinical epidemiology in clinical education." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 116, no. 4 (July 1998): 1745–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31801998000400001.

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43

Foster, Richard. "Multi-disciplinary practice in a community law environment: new models for clinical legal education." International Journal of Clinical Legal Education 19 (July 8, 2014): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijcle.v19i0.40.

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<p>The Monash-Oakleigh Legal Service (MOLS) is a community legal service auspiced by Monash University, Melbourne Australia, and partly funded by Victoria Legal Aid. MOLS was principally established to provide practical legal education to Monash law students over 30 years ago, but has since evolved to focus also on serving community legal needs. Incorporated within MOLS is the Family Law Assistance Program (FLAP) which, as the name suggests, deals exclusively with family law matters. FLAP students attend the Family Court each week with lawyers who provide assistance to clients in a duty lawyer capacity, as well as operating four clinical sessions each week within MOLS.</p><p>Like many community legal services, most MOLS clients experience a form of disadvantage and resultant financial difficulty. Consequently, MOLS deals with a range of legal matters including: criminal law, family law, tenancy and neighbourhood disputes, and a number of credit, debt, and<br />bankruptcy issues.</p><p>In July 2010, the Multi-Disciplinary Clinic (MDC) was established at MOLS to provide a holistic service to clients by involving students from three academic disciplines to deal with client issues. Later, in December 2010 (the commencement of the university’s summer semester), students from one other discipline were included in FLAP and a third discipline was also adopted in the following semester.</p>
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44

Haux, R., F. J. Leven, J. R. Moehr, and D. J. Protti. "Health and Medical Informatics Education." Methods of Information in Medicine 33, no. 03 (1994): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1635023.

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Abstract:Health and medical informatics education has meanwhile gained considerable importance for medicine and for health care. Specialized programs in health/medical informatics have therefore been established within the last decades.This special issue of Methods of Information in Medicine contains papers on health and medical informatics education. It is mainly based on selected papers from the 5th Working Conference on Health/Medical Informatics Education of the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA), which was held in September 1992 at the University of Heidelberg/Technical School Heilbronn, Germany, as part of the 20 years’ celebration of medical informatics education at Heidelberg/Heilbronn. Some papers were presented on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the health information science program of the School of Health Information Science at the University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Within this issue, programs in health/medical informatics are presented and analyzed: the medical informatics program at the University of Utah, the medical informatics program of the University of Heidelberg/School of Technology Heilbronn, the health information science program at the University of Victoria, the health informatics program at the University of Minnesota, the health informatics management program at the University of Manchester, and the health information management program at the University of Alabama. They all have in common that they are dedicated curricula in health/medical informatics which are university-based, leading to an academic degree in this field. In addition, views and recommendations for health/medical informatics education are presented. Finally, the question is discussed, whether health and medical informatics can be regarded as a separate discipline with the necessity for specialized curricula in this field.In accordance with the aims of IMIA, the intention of this special issue is to promote the further development of health and medical informatics education in order to contribute to high quality health care and medical research.
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Roberts, Jane H. "Diploma in clinical education." BMJ 330, no. 7500 (May 14, 2005): s199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7500.s199.

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46

Bailit, Howard L., Tryfon J. Beazoglou, Allan J. Formicola, and Lisa Tedesco. "Financing Clinical Dental Education." Journal of Dental Education 71, no. 3 (March 2007): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.0022-0337.2007.71.3.tb04281.x.

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47

Bailit, Howard L., Tryfon J. Beazoglou, Allan J. Formicola, and Lisa A. Tedesco. "Financing Clinical Dental Education." Journal of Dental Education 72 (February 2008): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.0022-0337.2008.72.2_suppl.tb04489.x.

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48

Silvers, A., A. Licina, and L. Jolevska. "A Clinical Audit of An Office-Based Anaesthesia Service for Dental Procedures in Victoria." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 46, no. 4 (July 2018): 404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x1804600410.

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There is an increasing number of specialties performing office-based procedures, with many different providers practising in this field. Office Based Anaesthesia Solutions is a private enterprise designed to be a high-quality general anaesthesia and sedation service delivering care across 18 dental practices in Victoria. We undertook a criterion-based audit of our practice standards and outcomes. Following ethics approval, we retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients managed by our service between March 2014 and July 2017. We collected demographic data, information about anaesthesia technique, and surgical features. We assessed our findings against the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) day surgery policy documents. During the specified period, we provided anaesthesia or sedation for 1,323 patients. Their ages ranged from two to 93 years (mean [standard deviation] 33.3 [18.6] years). Ninety-three percent of patients were American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification 1 or 2. Patient demographics were in line with ANZCA day surgical policy documents. Total intravenous anaesthesia was used in 1,054 of the 1,096 documented general anaesthesia cases. There were three unplanned hospital transfers (annual incidence 0.07%). As this was the first Australian criteria-based audit of office-based anaesthesia (OBA) for dental procedures, we cannot compare our findings directly to previous studies. However, we feel that our patient demographics fell within acceptable ANZCA day procedure standards and our adverse event rate was both very low and similar to other published international adverse event rates. Our audit indicates that with careful screening processes, patient selection and medical governance, OBA is a viable model of care for patients undergoing dental procedures.
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Edward, Karen-leigh, Lyn Walpole, Gavin Lambert, Sarah Phillips, Alessandra Galletti, Jane Morrow, Jeffrey Gow, and Janet Hiller. "Competencies and skill development in maternity care services in Victoria - A qualitative study." Nurse Education in Practice 39 (August 2019): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2019.08.001.

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Lee, Peter, Angela L. Brennan, Dion Stub, Diem T. Dinh, Jeffrey Lefkovits, Christopher M. Reid, Ella Zomer, and Danny Liew. "Estimating the economic impacts of percutaneous coronary intervention in Australia: a registry-based cost burden study." BMJ Open 11, no. 12 (December 2021): e053305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053305.

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ObjectivesIn this study, we sought to evaluate the costs of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) across a variety of indications in Victoria, Australia, using a direct per-person approach, as well as to identify key cost drivers.DesignA cost-burden study of PCI in Victoria was conducted from the Australian healthcare system perspective.SettingA linked dataset of patients admitted to public hospitals for PCI in Victoria was drawn from the Victorian Cardiac Outcomes Registry (VCOR) and the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset. Generalised linear regression modelling was used to evaluate key cost drivers. From 2014 to 2017, 20 345 consecutive PCIs undertaken in Victorian public hospitals were captured in VCOR.Primary outcome measuresDirect healthcare costs attributed to PCI, estimated using a casemix funding method.ResultsKey cost drivers identified in the cost model included procedural complexity, patient length of stay and vascular access site. Although the total procedural cost increased from $A55 569 740 in 2014 to $A72 179 656 in 2017, mean procedural costs remained stable over time ($A12 521 in 2014 to $A12 185 in 2017) after adjustment for confounding factors. Mean procedural costs were also stable across patient indications for PCI ($A9872 for unstable angina to $A15 930 for ST-elevation myocardial infarction) after adjustment for confounding factors.ConclusionsThe overall cost burden attributed to PCIs in Victoria is rising over time. However, despite increasing procedural complexity, mean procedural costs remained stable over time which may be, in part, attributed to changes in clinical practice.
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