Journal articles: 'Clinical markers of language impairment'

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SIMON-CEREIJIDO, GABRIELA, and VERA F. GUTIÉRREZ-CLELLEN. "Spontaneous language markers of Spanish language impairment." Applied Psycholinguistics 28, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 317–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716407070166.

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Spanish-speaking (SS) children with language impairment (LI) present with deficits in morphology and verb argument structure. These language areas may be useful for clinical identification of affected children. This study aimed to evaluate the discrimination accuracy of spontaneous language measures with SS preschoolers to tease out what combination of grammatical measure(s) were responsible for the LI deficits, and to determine the role of verb argument structure and syntactic complexity in identifying SS children with LI. Two sets of experiments were conducted on the spontaneous language samples of SS preschoolers with and without LI using discriminant function analyses. The study found that (a) mean length of utterance in words (MLUW) and ungrammaticality index in combination are fair to good discriminators of preschoolers with LI; (b) a morphology model combining correct use of articles, verbs, and clitics fairly discriminates LI children but may miss children whose language has limited syntactic complexity; and (c) semantic–syntactic complexity measures, such as MLUW, theme argument omissions, and ditransitive verb use, should be considered in the assessment of Spanish LI. The children who were bilingual and Spanish dominant in the study were classified as accurately as the Spanish-only children.

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Redmond, Sean M. "Markers, Models, and Measurement Error: Exploring the Links Between Attention Deficits and Language Impairments." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 59, no. 1 (February 2016): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2015_jslhr-l-15-0088.

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Purpose The empirical record regarding the expected co-occurrence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and specific language impairment is confusing and contradictory. A research plan is presented that has the potential to untangle links between these 2 common neurodevelopmental disorders. Method Data from completed and ongoing research projects examining the relative value of different clinical markers for separating cases of specific language impairment from ADHD are presented. Results The best option for measuring core language impairments in a manner that does not potentially penalize individuals with ADHD is to focus assessment on key grammatical and verbal memory skills. Likewise, assessment of ADHD symptoms through standardized informant rating scales is optimized when they are adjusted for overlapping language and academic symptoms. Conclusion As a collection, these clinical metrics set the stage for further examination of potential linkages between attention deficits and language impairments.

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Poll, Gerard H., Stacy K. Betz, and Carol A. Miller. "Identification of Clinical Markers of Specific Language Impairment in Adults." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 53, no. 2 (April 2010): 414–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0016).

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Ash, Andrea C., and Sean M. Redmond. "Using Finiteness as a Clinical Marker to Identify Language Impairment." Perspectives on Language Learning and Education 21, no. 4 (November 2014): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/lle21.4.148.

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Intervention rates for children with language impairments vary widely across reports. Unfortunately, many language tests focus on areas of language that are not problematic for children with language impairments (LI). Over twenty years of research supports limitations in finiteness as a clinical marker of LI. However, speech language pathologists (SLPs) have been reluctant to include assessments of finiteness in clinical decisions for young school-age children. This article addresses the operational definition of finiteness which may have created a barrier to its clinical use. We recommend that SLPs include the Test of Early Grammatical Impairment as a primary measure of finiteness for identifying language impairment in children between 3 and 8 years of age because of its clinical flexibility and high levels of sensitivity and specificity.

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Park, Jisook, Carol A. Miller, and Elina Mainela-Arnold. "Processing Speed Measures as Clinical Markers for Children With Language Impairment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 58, no. 3 (June 2015): 954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2015_jslhr-l-14-0092.

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Purpose This study investigated the relative utility of linguistic and nonlinguistic processing speed tasks as predictors of language impairment (LI) in children across 2 time points. Method Linguistic and nonlinguistic reaction time data, obtained from 131 children (89 children with typical development [TD] and 42 children with LI; 74 boys and 57 girls) were analyzed in the 3rd and 8th grades. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses and likelihood ratios were used to compare the diagnostic usefulness of each task. A binary logistic regression was used to test whether combined measures enhanced diagnostic accuracy. Results In 3rd grade, a linguistic task, grammaticality judgment, provided the best discrimination between LI and TD groups. In 8th grade, a combination of linguistic and nonlinguistic tasks, rhyme judgment and simple response time, provided the best discrimination between groups. Conclusions Processing speed tasks were moderately predictive of LI status at both time points. Better LR+ than LR– values suggested that slow processing speed was more predictive of the presence than the absence of LI. A nonlinguistic processing measure contributed to the prediction of LI only at 8th grade, consistent with the view that nonlinguistic and linguistic processing speeds follow different developmental trajectories.

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O’Toole, Ciara, and Tina M. Hickey. "Diagnosing language impairment in bilinguals: Professional experience and perception." Child Language Teaching and Therapy 29, no. 1 (December 30, 2012): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265659012459859.

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Diagnosing specific language impairment (SLI) in monolingual children is a complex task, with some controversy regarding criteria. Diagnosis of SLI in bilinguals is made more complex by the lack of standardized assessments and poor understanding of clinical markers in languages other than English. There is an added complexity when one of the languages being acquired is an endangered one, where the domains of use and input are restricted, and where input is affected by convergence with the majority language. This article explores the challenge facing speech and language therapists and psychologists in diagnosing SLI in bilingual children acquiring Irish and English. Six speech and language therapists and four psychologists took part in semi-structured interviews exploring the impact of the bilingual environment, the nature of bilingual language impairment, current practices and the needs of these children. Thematic analysis was carried out and here three of the main themes emerging in the areas of assessment, the bilingual environment and characteristics of language impairment in this population are discussed. For assessment, an overriding theme was the requirement of standardized testing to secure additional educational and therapy resources for these children. However, because there are no standardized tests available in Irish, both professions end up translating existing English-based language and psychological assessments, using the norms provided to achieve standard scores. Both professions expressed strong dissatisfaction with this practice but saw little choice, given the Department of Education’s approach to allocation of supports. Language impairment in Irish was characterized by lexical difficulties, particularly with verbs and prepositions, tense errors, and significant borrowing and code-switching with English. Other themes that emerged were the growing influence of English as the children became older, which affected both attitudes to the minority Irish language as well as the content and structure of the language itself. The implications for service provision for bilingual populations in general are outlined.

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CASTILLA-EARLS, ANNY P., MARÍA ADELAIDA RESTREPO, ANA TERESA PÉREZ-LEROUX, SHELLEY GRAY, PAUL HOLMES, DANIEL GAIL, and ZIQIANG CHEN. "Interactions between bilingual effects and language impairment: Exploring grammatical markers in Spanish-speaking bilingual children." Applied Psycholinguistics 37, no. 5 (November 25, 2015): 1147–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716415000521.

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ABSTRACTThis study examines the interaction between language impairment and different levels of bilingual proficiency. Specifically, we explore the potential of articles and direct object pronouns as clinical markers of primary language impairment (PLI) in bilingual Spanish-speaking children. The study compared children with PLI and typically developing (TD) children matched on age, English language proficiency, and mother's education level. Two types of bilinguals were targeted: Spanish-dominant children with intermediate English proficiency (asymmetrical bilinguals), and near-balanced bilinguals. We measured children's accuracy in the use of direct object pronouns and articles with an elicited language task. Results from this preliminary study suggest language proficiency affects the patterns of use of direct object pronouns and articles. Across language proficiency groups, we find marked differences between TD and PLI, in the use of both direct object pronouns and articles. However, the magnitude of the difference diminishes in balanced bilinguals. Articles appear more stable in these bilinguals and, therefore, seem to have a greater potential to discriminate between TD bilinguals from those with PLI. Future studies using discriminant analyses are needed to assess the clinical impact of these findings.

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Timler, Geralyn R. "Use of the Children's Communication Checklist—2 for Classification of Language Impairment Risk in Young School-Age Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 23, no. 1 (February 2014): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2013/12-0164).

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Purpose Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at elevated risk for language impairment (LI). This study examined the feasibility of using the Children's Communication Checklist—2 (CCC–2; Bishop, 2006) to classify risk for LI in young children, ages 5–8 years, with ADHD. Method Parents of 32 children with ADHD and 12 typically developing peers completed the CCC–2. The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, Fourth Edition (Semel, Wiig, & Secord, 2003) and the Test of Narrative Language (Gillam & Pearson, 2004) were administered to diagnose LI. Language samples were collected to examine clinical markers of LI. Results CCC–2 General Communication Composite scores ≤ 85 correctly classified 10 participants with ADHD diagnosed with LI as defined by composite scores ≤ 85 on the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, Fourth Edition, or on the Test of Narrative Language. Five of these participants demonstrated 1 or more clinical markers of LI in language samples. Three additional participants, who received a General Communication Composite score ≤ 85 yet scored above 85 on the language tests, demonstrated CCC–2 profiles suggestive of pragmatic impairment. Sensitivity and specificity rates were 100% and 85.29%, respectively. CCC–2 scores and most measures were significantly correlated. Conclusion The results support the feasibility of using the CCC–2 as a screener to identify children with ADHD who are at elevated risk for LI and need referral for comprehensive assessment.

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Bedore, Lisa M., and Laurence B. Leonard. "Grammatical Morphology Deficits in Spanish-Speaking Children With Specific Language Impairment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 44, no. 4 (August 2001): 905–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2001/072).

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The focus of this study was the use of grammatical morphology by Spanish-speaking preschoolers with specific language impairment (SLI). Relative to both same-age peers and younger typically developing children with similar mean lengths of utterance (MLUs), the children with SLI showed more limited use of several different grammatical morphemes. These limitations were most marked for noun-related morphemes such as adjective-agreement inflections and direct object clitics. Most errors on the part of children in all groups consisted of substitutions of a form that shared most but not all of the target’s grammatical features (e.g., correct tense and number but incorrect person). Number errors usually involved singular forms used in plural contexts; person errors usually involved third person forms used in first person contexts. The pattern of limitations of the children with SLI suggests that, for languages such as Spanish, additional factors might have to be considered in the search for clinical markers for this disorder. Implications for evaluation and treatment of language disorders in Spanish-speaking children are also discussed.

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Bortolini, Umberta, Barbara Arfé, Cristina M. Caselli, Luisa Degasperi, Patricia Deevy, and Laurence B. Leonard. "Clinical markers for specific language impairment in Italian: the contribution of clitics and non‐word repetition." International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 41, no. 6 (January 2006): 695–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682820600570831.

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Stokes, Stephanie F., Anita M.-Y. Wong, Paul Fletcher, and Laurence B. Leonard. "Nonword Repetition and Sentence Repetition as Clinical Markers of Specific Language Impairment: The Case of Cantonese." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 49, no. 2 (April 2006): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2006/019).

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Demouy, Julie, Monique Plaza, Jean Xavier, Fabien Ringeval, Mohamed Chetouani, Didier Périsse, Dominique Chauvin, et al. "Differential language markers of pathology in Autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified and Specific Language Impairment." Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 5, no. 4 (October 2011): 1402–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.01.026.

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TSIMPLI, IANTHI MARIA, ELENI PERISTERI, and MARIA ANDREOU. "Narrative production in monolingual and bilingual children with specific language impairment." Applied Psycholinguistics 37, no. 1 (December 9, 2015): 195–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716415000478.

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ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to identify potential clinical markers of specific language impairment (SLI) in bilingual children with SLI by using the Greek version of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives. Twenty-one Greek-speaking monolingual and 15 bilingual children with SLI participated, along with monolingual (N = 21) and bilingual (N = 15) age-matched children with typical development. Results showed differences between typically development children and children with SLI in microstructure, while bilingual children with SLI were found to attain similar levels of performance, and even to outperform monolingual children with SLI, in macrostructure. It is suggested that the retelling coding scheme could permit differential diagnosis of SLI among bilingual children within the scope of narrative assessment.

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Gregory, Jenna M., Karina McDade, Thomas H. Bak, Suvankar Pal, Siddharthan Chandran, Colin Smith, and Sharon Abrahams. "Executive, language and fluency dysfunction are markers of localised TDP-43 cerebral pathology in non-demented ALS." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 91, no. 2 (September 12, 2019): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-320807.

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ObjectiveApproximately 35% of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) exhibit mild cognitive deficits in executive functions, language and fluency, without dementia. The precise pathology of these extramotor symptoms has remained unknown. This study aimed to determine the pathological correlate of cognitive impairment in patients with non-demented ALS.MethodsIn-depth neuropathological analysis of 27 patients with non-demented ALS who had undergone cognitive testing (Edinburgh Cognitive and Behaviour ALS Screen (ECAS)) during life. Analysis involved assessing 43 kDa Tar-DNA binding protein (TDP-43) accumulation in brain regions specifically involved in executive functions, language functions and verbal fluency to ascertain whether functional deficits would relate to a specific regional distribution of pathology.ResultsAll patients with cognitive impairment had TDP-43 pathology in extramotor brain regions (positive predictive value of 100%). The ECAS also predicted TDP-43 pathology with 100% specificity in brain regions associated with executive, language and fluency domains. We also detected a subgroup with no cognitive dysfunction, despite having substantial TDP-43 pathology, so called mismatch cases.ConclusionsCognitive impairment as detected by the ECAS is a valid predictor of TDP-43 pathology in non-demented ALS. The profile of mild cognitive deficits specifically predicts regional cerebral involvement. These findings highlight the utility of the ECAS in accurately assessing the pathological burden of disease.

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Bedore, Lisa M., and Laurence B. Leonard. "Specific Language Impairment and Grammatical Morphology." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 41, no. 5 (October 1998): 1185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4105.1185.

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Discriminant function analysis was employed to determine if grammatical morpheme production could be used to classify preschool-age children with specific language impairment (SLI) and children with typically developing language skills. Three variables were included in the discriminant analysis: a finite verb morpheme composite, a noun morpheme composite, and mean length of utterance in morphemes. The children with SLI and age-matched controls were discriminated with high levels of accuracy, though the three variables did not yield identical classifications. Across two samples of typically developing children and children with SLI, the verb morpheme composite showed sensitivity exceeding 85% and specificity of 100%. In light of these results and growing evidence that problems with finite verb morphology continue into the school years in children with SLI, the verb morpheme composite was considered to hold promise as a clinical marker for SLI.

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Verma, Nishant, S. Natasha Beretvas, Belen Pascual, Joseph C. Masdeu, Mia K. Markey, and The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. "A Biomarker Combining Imaging and Neuropsychological Assessment for Tracking Early Alzheimer's Disease in Clinical Trials." Current Alzheimer Research 15, no. 5 (March 14, 2018): 429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205014666171106150309.

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Background: Combining optimized cognitive (Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale- Cognitive subscale, ADAS-Cog) and atrophy markers of Alzheimer's disease for tracking progression in clinical trials may provide greater sensitivity than currently used methods, which have yielded negative results in multiple recent trials. Furthermore, it is critical to clarify the relationship among the subcomponents yielded by cognitive and imaging testing, to address the symptomatic and anatomical variability of Alzheimer's disease. Method: Using latent variable analysis, we thoroughly investigated the relationship between cognitive impairment, as assessed on the ADAS-Cog, and cerebral atrophy. A biomarker was developed for Alzheimer's clinical trials that combines cognitive and atrophy markers. Results: Atrophy within specific brain regions was found to be closely related with impairment in cognitive domains of memory, language, and praxis. The proposed biomarker showed significantly better sensitivity in tracking progression of cognitive impairment than the ADAS-Cog in simulated trials and a real world problem. The biomarker also improved the selection of MCI patients (78.8±4.9% specificity at 80% sensitivity) that will evolve to Alzheimer's disease for clinical trials. Conclusion: The proposed biomarker provides a boost to the efficacy of clinical trials focused in the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stage by significantly improving the sensitivity to detect treatment effects and improving the selection of MCI patients that will evolve to Alzheimer’s disease.

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GAINOTTI, GUIDO, MONICA FERRACCIOLI, MARIA GABRIELLA VITA, and CAMILLO MARRA. "Patterns of neuropsychological impairment in MCI patients with small subcortical infarcts or hippocampal atrophy." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 14, no. 4 (June 25, 2008): 611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617708080831.

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We investigated whether MCI patients with hippocampal atrophy or multiple subcortical infarcts demonstrate neuropsychological patterns and markers considered typical of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and of vascular dementia (VD), respectively. An extensive neuropsychological battery, including tests of memory, visual-spatial and executive functions, language, attention, praxis and psychomotor speed, was administered to 36 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients with hippocampal atrophy and 41 MCI patients with multiple subcortical infarcts. Both groups of MCI patients were very mildly impaired and well matched in terms of MMSE scores. A clear, disproportionately severe, episodic memory disorder was observed in MCI patients with hippocampal atrophy. A less specific neuropsychological profile, consisting of impairment on an Action Naming task that is sensitive to frontal lobe lesions, was observed in MCI patients with multiple subcortical infarcts. In MCI patients, a disproportionately severe episodic memory impairment strongly points to an Alzheimer's type brain pathology, whereas the prevalence of executive deficits and other frontal lobe symptoms are a much weaker diagnostic marker of small vessel subcortical disease. (JINS, 2008, 14, 611–619.)

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Dale, Philip S., Mabel L. Rice, Kaili Rimfeld, and Marianna E. Hayiou-Thomas. "Grammar Clinical Marker Yields Substantial Heritability for Language Impairments in 16-Year-Old Twins." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61, no. 1 (January 22, 2018): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_jslhr-l-16-0364.

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Purpose There is a need for well-defined language phenotypes suitable for adolescents in twin studies and other large-scale research projects. Rice, Hoffman, and Wexler (2009) have developed a grammatical judgment measure as a clinical marker of language impairment, which has an extended developmental range to adolescence. Method We conducted the first twin analysis, along with associated phenotypic analyses of validity, of an abridged, 20-item version of this grammatical judgment measure (GJ-20), based on telephone administration using prerecorded stimuli to 405 pairs of 16-year-olds (148 monozygotic and 257 dizygotic) drawn from the Twins Early Development Study (Haworth, Davis, & Plomin, 2012). Results The distribution of scores is markedly skewed negatively, as expected for a potential clinical marker. Low performance on GJ-20 is associated with lower maternal education, reported learning disability (age 7 years), and low scores on language tests administered via the Twins Early Development Study (age 16 years) as well as General Certificate of Secondary Education English and Math examination performance (age 16 years). Liability threshold estimates for the genetic influence on low performance on GJ-20 are substantial, ranging from 36% with a lowest 10% criterion to 74% for a lowest 5% criterion. Conclusions The heritability of GJ-20 scores, especially at more extreme cutoffs, along with the score distribution and association with other indicators of language impairments, provides additional evidence for the potential value of this measure as a clinical marker of specific language impairment.

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Allison, Kristen M., Claire Cordella, Jenya Iuzzini-Seigel, and Jordan R. Green. "Differential Diagnosis of Apraxia of Speech in Children and Adults: A Scoping Review." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 2952–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00061.

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Purpose Despite having distinct etiologies, acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) and childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) share the same central diagnostic challenge (i.e., isolating markers specific to an impairment in speech motor planning/programming). The purpose of this review was to evaluate and compare the state of the evidence on approaches to differential diagnosis for AOS and CAS and to identify gaps in each literature that could provide directions for future research aimed to improve clinical diagnosis of these disorders. Method We conducted a scoping review of literature published between 1997 and 2019, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. For both AOS and CAS, literature was charted and summarized around four main methodological approaches to diagnosis: speech symptoms, quantitative speech measures, impaired linguistic–motor processes, and neuroimaging. Results Results showed that similar methodological approaches have been used to study differential diagnosis of apraxia of speech in adults and children; however, the specific measures that have received the most research attention differ between AOS and CAS. Several promising candidate markers for AOS and CAS have been identified; however, few studies report metrics that can be used to assess their diagnostic accuracy. Conclusions Over the past two decades, there has been a proliferation of research identifying potential diagnostic markers of AOS and CAS. In order to improve clinical diagnosis of AOS and CAS, there is a need for studies testing the diagnostic accuracy of multiple candidate markers, better control over language impairment comorbidity, more inclusion of speech-disordered control groups, and an increased focus on translational work moving toward clinical implementation of promising measures.

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Sharif, Massoud S., Emily B. Goldberg, Alexandra Walker, Argye E. Hillis, and Erin L. Meier. "The contribution of white matter pathology, hypoperfusion, lesion load, and stroke recurrence to language deficits following acute subcortical left hemisphere stroke." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 26, 2022): e0275664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275664.

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Aphasia, the loss of language ability following damage to the brain, is among the most disabling and common consequences of stroke. Subcortical stroke, occurring in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and/or deep white matter can result in aphasia, often characterized by word fluency, motor speech output, or sentence generation impairments. The link between greater lesion volume and acute aphasia is well documented, but the independent contributions of lesion location, cortical hypoperfusion, prior stroke, and white matter degeneration (leukoaraiosis) remain unclear, particularly in subcortical aphasia. Thus, we aimed to disentangle the contributions of each factor on language impairments in left hemisphere acute subcortical stroke survivors. Eighty patients with acute ischemic left hemisphere subcortical stroke (less than 10 days post-onset) participated. We manually traced acute lesions on diffusion-weighted scans and prior lesions on T2-weighted scans. Leukoaraiosis was rated on T2-weighted scans using the Fazekas et al. (1987) scale. Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) scans were evaluated for hyperintense vessels in each vascular territory, providing an indirect measure of hypoperfusion in lieu of perfusion-weighted imaging. We found that language performance was negatively correlated with acute/total lesion volumes and greater damage to substructures of the deep white matter and basal ganglia. We conducted a LASSO regression that included all variables for which we found significant univariate relationships to language performance, plus nuisance regressors. Only total lesion volume was a significant predictor of global language impairment severity. Further examination of three participants with severe language impairments suggests that their deficits result from impairment in domain-general, rather than linguistic, processes. Given the variability in language deficits and imaging markers associated with such deficits, it seems likely that subcortical aphasia is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome with distinct causes across individuals.

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Verhoeven, Ludo, Judit Steenge, and Hans van Balkom. "Verb morphology as clinical marker of specific language impairment: Evidence from first and second language learners." Research in Developmental Disabilities 32, no. 3 (May 2011): 1186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.01.001.

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Dubreuil-Piché, Sara, Jenna Lachance, and Chantal Mayer-Crittenden. "Nonword Repetition and Sentence Imitation as Clinical Markers for Primary Language Impairment in bilingual French-English- and English-French-speaking children in Northern Ontario." Diversity of Research in Health Journal 1 (June 21, 2017): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.28984/drhj.v1i0.19.

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Studies indicate that nonword repetition and sentence imitation are useful tools when assessing bilingual children. Bilingual children with primary language impairment (PLI) typically score lower on these two tasks than their typically developing counterparts. Studies show that bilingual children are not disadvantaged during nonword repetition if they have limited language exposure. However, since sentence imitation tasks are constructed with words from the target language, it is expected that it would be more influenced by previous language exposure. The goal of this article will be to review the influence of bilingual exposure on both tasks. This review provides the theoretical background for future studies that will compare the accuracy of both tasks when identifying PLI in bilingual children.

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Montgomery, James W. "Understanding the Language Difficulties of Children With Specific Language Impairments." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 11, no. 1 (February 2002): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2002/009).

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Many children with specific language impairment (SLI) demonstrate deficits in both verbal working memory (VWM) and language. Among child language researchers, the debate continues whether these two deficits are related. In this article, I take the position that there is indeed a connection between SLI and VWM. I review evidence suggesting that the lexical/morphological learning and sentence comprehension problems of many of these children are associated with deficient VWM abilities. Evidence is also reviewed for the possibility that deficient VWM provides a clinical marker of SLI. I end by offering various assessment and intervention techniques that may prove useful in SLI.

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Guzel, A., O. Demirhan, A. Pazarbasi, and B. Yuksel. "Parental Origin and Cell Stage Errors in X-Chromosome Polysomy 49, XXXXY." Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10034-009-0003-y.

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Parental Origin and Cell Stage Errors in X-Chromosome Polysomy 49, XXXXYPolysomy 49, XXXXY is a rare sex chromosome aneuploidy syndrome characterized by mental retardation, severe speech impairment, craniofacial abnormalities, multiple skeletal defects and genital abnormalities. We describe a patient with 49, XXXXY syndrome who had many characteristics of Fraccaro syndrome; language impairment, mongoloid slant, epicanthal folds, cryptorchidism, umbilical hernia and dysmyelinization in his brain. A GTG-banding technique was used for karyotype analysis of peripheral blood cell cultures. The parental origin of polysomy X was identified by using quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) with seven short tandem repeat (STR) markers specific for the X/Y-chromosome which revealed that all the X-chromosomes were of maternal origin. This report provides evidence for successive non disjunctions in maternal meiosis I and II.

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Kalnak, Nelli, Myriam Peyrard-Janvid, Hans Forssberg, and Birgitta Sahlén. "Nonword Repetition – A Clinical Marker for Specific Language Impairment in Swedish Associated with Parents’ Language-Related Problems." PLoS ONE 9, no. 2 (February 24, 2014): e89544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089544.

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Rice, Mabel L., and Kenneth Wexler. "Toward Tense as a Clinical Marker of Specific Language Impairment in English-Speaking Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 39, no. 6 (December 1996): 1239–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3906.1239.

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Wolfsgruber, Steffen, Luca Kleineidam, Jannis Guski, Alexandra Polcher, Ingo Frommann, Sandra Roeske, Eike Jakob Spruth, et al. "Minor neuropsychological deficits in patients with subjective cognitive decline." Neurology 95, no. 9 (July 7, 2020): e1134-e1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000010142.

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ObjectiveTo determine the nature and extent of minor neuropsychological deficits in patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and their association with CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer disease (AD).MethodWe analyzed data from n = 449 cognitively normal participants (n = 209 healthy controls, n = 240 patients with SCD) from an interim data release of the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Longitudinal Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Study (DELCODE). An extensive neuropsychological test battery was applied at baseline for which we established a latent, 5 cognitive domain factor structure comprising learning and memory, executive functions, language abilities, working memory, and visuospatial functions. We compared groups in terms of global and domain-specific performance and correlated performance with different CSF markers of AD pathology.ResultsWe observed worse performance (Cohen d = ≈0.25–0.5, adjusted for age, sex differences with analysis of covariance) in global performance, memory, executive functions, and language abilities for the SCD group compared to healthy controls. In addition, worse performance in these domains was moderately (r = ≈0.3) associated with lower CSF β-amyloid42/40 and CSF β-amyloid42/phosphorylated tau181 in the whole sample and specifically in the SCD subgroup.ConclusionsWithin the spectrum of clinically unimpaired (i.e., before mild cognitive impairment) cognitive performance, SCD is associated with minor deficits in memory, executive function, and language abilities. The association of these subtle cognitive deficits with AD CSF biomarkers speaks to their validity and potential use for the early detection of underlying preclinical AD.

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Zhu, Zili, Qingze Zeng, Ruiting Zhang, Xiao Luo, Kaicheng Li, Xiaopei Xu, Minming Zhang, Yunjun Yang, and Peiyu Huang. "White Matter Free Water Outperforms Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Total Score in Predicting Cognitive Decline in Persons with Mild Cognitive Impairment." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 86, no. 2 (March 22, 2022): 741–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-215541.

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Background: Vascular pathology is an important partner of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Both total cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) score and white matter free water (FW) are useful markers that could reflect cerebral vascular injury. Objective: We aim to investigate the efficacy of these two metrics in predicting cognitive declines in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: We enrolled 126 MCI subjects with 3D T1-weighted images, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images, T2* images, diffusion tensor imaging images, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and neuropsychological tests from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database. The total CSVD score and FW values were calculated. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were applied to explore the association between vascular and cognitive impairments. Linear mixed effect models were constructed to investigate the efficacy of total CSVD score and FW on predicting cognitive decline. Results: FW was associated with baseline cognition and could predict the decline of executive and language functions in MCI subjects, while no association was found between total CSVD score and cognitive declines. Conclusion: FW is a promising imaging marker for investigating the effect of CSVD on AD progression.

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Rice, Mabel L., J. Bruce Tomblin, Lesa Hoffman, W. Allen Richman, and Janet Marquis. "Grammatical Tense Deficits in Children With SLI and Nonspecific Language Impairment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 47, no. 4 (August 2004): 816–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2004/061).

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The relationship between children’s language acquisition and their nonverbal intelligence has a long tradition of scientific inquiry. Current attention focuses on the use of nonverbal IQ level as an exclusionary criterion in the definition of specific language impairment (SLI). Grammatical tense deficits are known as a clinical marker of SLI, but the relationship with nonverbal intelligence below the normal range has not previously been systematically studied. This study documents the levels of grammatical tense acquisition (for third-person singular -s, regular and irregular past tense morphology) in a large, epidemiologically ascertained sample of kindergarten children that comprises 4 groups: 130 children with SLI, 100 children with nonspecific language impairments (NLI), 73 children with low cognitive levels but language within normal limits (LC), and 117 unaffected control children. The study also documents the longitudinal course of acquisition for the SLI and NLI children between the ages of 6 and 10 years. The LC group did not differ from the unaffected controls at kindergarten, showing a dissociation of nonverbal intelligence and grammatical tense marking, so that low levels of nonverbal intelligence did not necessarily yield low levels of grammatical tense. The NLI group’s level of performance was lower than that of the SLI group and showed a greater delay in resolution of the overgeneralization phase of irregular past tense mastery, indicating qualitative differences in growth. Implications for clinical groupings for research and clinical purposes are discussed.

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Ahmed, Samrah, and Peter Garrard. "Spoken discourse in Alzheimer' disease: a review." Linguistica 52, no. 1 (December 31, 2012): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.52.1.9-25.

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In its typical form, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) manifests with early impairment in episodic memory. Evidence suggests that language deficits also occur early on in the disease process, and can be detected at the preclinical stage, suggesting that language could constitute an important diagnostic marker for disease. Additionally, a number of variant clinical presentations of AD are recognised, due to an atypical distribution of pathology at onset, including a minority of patients presenting with a slowly progressive language impairment. We review language performance in typical and atypical presentations of AD, and describe a series of recent, novel findings examining the language phenotype of typical AD.

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ROBERTS, JENNY A., MABEL L. RICE, and HELEN TAGER–FLUSBERG. "Tense marking in children with autism." Applied Psycholinguistics 25, no. 3 (June 2004): 429–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716404001201.

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A recent large-scale study identified a subgroup of children with autism who had a language profile similar to that found among children with specific language impairment (SLI), including difficulties with nonsense word repetition, an ability that has been implicated as one clinical marker for SLI. A second clinical marker for English-speaking children with SLI is high rates of omission of grammatical morphemes that mark tense in obligatory contexts. This study used experimental probes designed to elicit third person and past tense morphology with a large heterogeneous sample of children with autism. The subgroup of children with autism who were language impaired showed high rates of omission of tense marking on the experimental tasks. In addition, some of the children with autism made performance errors that were specific to the autistic population, such as echolalia. These findings further refine the characteristics of language impairment found in a subgroup of children with autism.

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Rice, Mabel L. "Specific language impairments: In search of diagnostic markers and genetic contributions." Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 3, no. 4 (1997): 350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2779(1997)3:4<350::aid-mrdd10>3.0.co;2-u.

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Jacobson, Peggy, and David Livert. "English past tense use as a clinical marker in older bilingual children with language impairment." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 24, no. 2 (January 25, 2010): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02699200903437906.

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Bortolini, Umberta, M. Cristina Caselli, Patricia Deevy, and Laurence B. Leonard. "Specific language impairment in Italian: the first steps in the search for a clinical marker." International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 37, no. 2 (January 2002): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682820110116758.

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Eicher, John D., Angela M. Montgomery, Natacha Akshoomoff, David G. Amaral, Cinnamon S. Bloss, Ondrej Libiger, Nicholas J. Schork, et al. "Dyslexia and language impairment associated genetic markers influence cortical thickness and white matter in typically developing children." Brain Imaging and Behavior 10, no. 1 (May 9, 2015): 272–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11682-015-9392-6.

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Bougea, Anastasia, Nikolaos Spantideas, Petros Galanis, George Gkekas, and Thomas Thomaides. "Optimal treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: myths and reality. A critical review." Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease 6 (January 2019): 204993611983822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2049936119838228.

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Background: The aim of this study was to review the clinical data on the effectiveness of the pharmacotherapy of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs). Methods: A literature search of PubMed was performed (from January 1996 to October 2018) using the terms: ‘HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders’, ‘HIV-associated dementia’, ‘mild neurocognitive disorder (MND)’, ‘asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI)’, ‘adjuvant therapies’, ‘antiretroviral treatment (cART)’, ‘neurotoxicity’, ‘cART intensification’, ‘fluid markers’, ‘cerebrospinal fluid’, ‘protease inhibitors’, ‘nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor’, ‘nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors’, and ‘integrase strand transfer inhibitors’. Additional references were identified from a review of literature citations. All English language clinical studies of adjunctive therapies and neuronal markers were selected in order to evaluate a closer relationship between the early involvement and the onset of cognitive decline. We identified 407 relevant studies, of which 248 were excluded based on abstract analysis. Finally, we analyzed 35 articles, organizing the results by cART, adjuvant and neuronal markers (total of 7716 participants). Results: It is important to inform clinicians about the importance of accurate phenotyping of HIV patients, incorporating an array of markers relevant to HAND pathophysiology, in order to assess the individual’s risk and potential response to future personalized antiretroviral treatment Conclusion: So far, no clinical trials of HAND therapies are effective beyond optimal suppression of HIV replication in the central nervous system. Combination of validated neuronal markers should be used to distinguish between milder HAND subtypes and improve efficiency of clinical trials, after strict control of confounders.

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Mukku, Shiva Shanker Reddy, Ajit Bhalchandra Dahale, Nagalakshmi Rajavoor Muniswamy, Krishna Prasad Muliyala, Palanimuthu Thangaraju Sivakumar, and Mathew Varghese. "Geriatric Depression and Cognitive Impairment—An Update." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 43, no. 4 (January 21, 2021): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0253717620981556.

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Background: Depression and cognitive impairment often coexist in older adults. The relation between depression and cognitive impairment is complex. The objective of this article is to review recent literature on cognitive impairment in older adults with depression and provide clinicians an update. Methods: We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Psych Info for the articles published in the English language related to late-life depression (LLD)/geriatric depression and cognitive impairment. We considered original research articles, relevant systematic reviews, chapters, and important conceptual articles published in the last 9 years (2011–2019). We selected relevant articles for this narrative review. Conclusion: The concept pseudodementia, indicating depression with cognitive impairment mimicking dementia, is now seen only as a historical concept. The current literature strongly agrees with fact that cognitive deficits often exist in LLD. The cognitive deficits in depression were initially seen as trait marker; however, some recent studies suggest that cognitive deficits persist even in the remission phase. There is heterogeneity among the studies in terms of the nature of the cognitive deficits, but higher number of studies reported impairment in attention and executive function. LLD with cognitive deficits is at a higher risk of progression to dementia. In older adults, depression with cognitive impairments requires a comprehensive evaluation. Electroencephalography, event-related potentials, fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography, amyloid positron emission tomography, and CSF amyloid will supplement clinical evaluation in differentiating functional depressive disorder with cognitive impairment from depression with an underlying degenerative condition.

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Leonard, Laurence B., Carol Miller, and Erika Gerber. "Grammatical Morphology and the Lexicon in Children With Specific Language Impairment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 42, no. 3 (June 1999): 678–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4203.678.

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We examined the use of grammatical morphology by preschool-age English-speaking children with specific language impairment (SLI) as a function of their lexical diversity. Relative to a group of normally developing (ND) preschoolers, these children's use of finite-verb morphology lagged behind expectations based on the number of different verbs they used. Noun-related morphology fell below expectations based on overall lexical diversity. Differences between the ND children and children with SLI were also seen for the slope of the increases in finite-verb morphology as a function of lexical diversity, with shallower slopes in the SLI data. The findings of this study add to existing evidence suggesting that a measure of finite grammatical-morphology use has promise as a clinical marker of SLI in English.

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Laures-Gore, Jacqueline, Dalia Cahana-Amitay, and Tony W. Buchanan. "Diurnal Cortisol Dynamics, Perceived Stress, and Language Production in Aphasia." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 5 (May 21, 2019): 1416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-l-18-0276.

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Purpose The current study investigated diurnal cortisol dynamics in adults with and without aphasia, along with subjective reports of stress and measures of language production. Dysregulation of cortisol, a common biomarker of stress, is associated with cognitive dysfunction in different clinical populations. However, little is known about the consequences of stress-induced cortisol disturbances for stroke survivors, including those with aphasia. Method Nineteen participants with aphasia and 14 age-matched neurotypical adults were tested. Saliva samples were collected from participants to assess the cortisol awakening response, a marker of the integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Participants also completed 2 subjective stress questionnaires. Language was evaluated using 3 short, picture description narratives, analyzed for discourse (dys)fluency and productivity markers. Results In contrast to neurotypical participants, adults with aphasia did not show the predictable cortisol awakening response. Participants with aphasia also showed an unusual heightened level of cortisol upon awakening. Additionally, neurotypical participants demonstrated an association between intact language performance and the cortisol awakening response, whereas the participants with aphasia did not, although they did perceive the language tasks as stressful. Conclusion This study indicates that the functionality of the HPA axis, as indexed by cortisol, contributes to optimal language performance in healthy adults. The absence of an awakening response among participants with aphasia suggests that stroke leads to dysregulation of the HPA axis, although the degree to which this impairment affects language deficits in this population requires further investigation.

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Taha, Juhayna, Vesna Stojanovik, and Emma Pagnamenta. "Sentence Repetition as a Clinical Marker of Developmental Language Disorder: Evidence From Arabic." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 12 (December 13, 2021): 4876–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00244.

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Purpose: Research on the typical and impaired grammatical acquisition of Arabic is limited. This study systematically examined the morphosyntactic abilities of Arabic-speaking children with and without developmental language disorder (DLD) using a novel sentence repetition task. The usefulness of the task as an indicator of DLD in Arabic was determined. Method: A LITMUS (Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings) sentence repetition task was developed in Palestinian Arabic (LITMUS-SR-PA-72) and administered to 30 children with DLD ( M = 61.50 months, SD = 11.27) and 60 age-matched typically developing (TD) children ( M = 63.85 months, SD = 10.16). The task targeted grammatical structures known to be problematic for Arabic-speaking children with DLD (language specific) and children with DLD across languages (language independent). Responses were scored using binary, error, and structural scoring methods. Results: Children with DLD scored below TD children on the LITMUS-SR-PA-72, in general, and in the repetition of language-specific and language-independent structures. The frequency of morphosyntactic errors was higher in the DLD group relative to the TD group. Despite the large similarity of the type of morphosyntactic errors between the two groups, some atypical errors were exclusively produced by the DLD group. The three scoring methods showed good diagnostic power in the discrimination between children with DLD and children without DLD. Conclusions: Sentence repetition was an area of difficulty for Palestinian Arabic–speaking children with DLD. The DLD group demonstrated difficulties with language-specific and language-independent structures, particularly complex sentences with noncanonical word order. Most grammatical errors made by the DLD group resembled those of the TD group and were mostly omissions or substitutions of grammatical affixes or omissions of function words. SR appears to hold promise as a good indicator for the presence or absence of DLD in Arabic. Further validation of these findings using population-based studies is warranted. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16968043

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Konig, Alexandra, Aharon Satt, Alex Sorin, Ran Hoory, Alexandre Derreumaux, Renaud David, and Phillippe H. Robert. "Use of Speech Analyses within a Mobile Application for the Assessment of Cognitive Impairment in Elderly People." Current Alzheimer Research 15, no. 2 (January 3, 2018): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205014666170829111942.

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Background: Various types of dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) are manifested as irregularities in human speech and language, which have proven to be strong predictors for the disease presence and progress ion. Therefore, automatic speech analytics provided by a mobile application may be a useful tool in providing additional indicators for assessment and detection of early stage dementia and MCI. Method: 165 participants (subjects with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), MCI patients, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mixed dementia (MD) patients) were recorded with a mobile application while performing several short vocal cognitive tasks during a regular consultation. These tasks included verbal fluency, picture description, counting down and a free speech task. The voice recordings were processed in two steps: in the first step, vocal markers were extracted using speech signal processing techniques; in the second, the vocal markers were tested to assess their ‘power' to distinguish between SCI, MCI, AD and MD. The second step included training automatic classifiers for detecting MCI and AD, based on machine learning methods, and testing the detection accuracy. Results: The fluency and free speech tasks obtain the highest accuracy rates of classifying AD vs. MD vs. MCI vs. SCI. Using the data, we demonstrated classification accuracy as follows: SCI vs. AD = 92% accuracy; SCI vs. MD = 92% accuracy; SCI vs. MCI = 86% accuracy and MCI vs. AD = 86%. Conclusions: Our results indicate the potential value of vocal analytics and the use of a mobile application for accurate automatic differentiation between SCI, MCI and AD. This tool can provide the clinician with meaningful information for assessment and monitoring of people with MCI and AD based on a non-invasive, simple and low-cost method.

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Rujas, Irene, Sonia Mariscal, Eva Murillo, and Miguel Lázaro. "Sentence Repetition Tasks to Detect and Prevent Language Difficulties: A Scoping Review." Children 8, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8070578.

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Sentence repetition tasks (SRTs) have been widely used in language development research for decades. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in studying performance in SRTs as a clinical marker for language impairment. What are the characteristics of SRTs? For what purposes have SRTs been used? To what extent have they been used with young children, in different languages, and with different clinical populations? In order to answer these and other questions, we conducted a scoping review. Peer reviewed studies published in indexed scientific journals (2010–2021) were analyzed. A search in different databases yielded 258 studies. Research published in languages other than English or Spanish, adult samples, dissertations, case studies, artificial models, and theoretical publications were excluded. After this exclusion, 203 studies were analyzed. Our results show that most research using SRT were conducted with English monolingual speakers older than 5 years of age; studies with bilingual participants have mostly been published since 2016; and SRTs have been used with several non-typical populations. Research suggests that they are a reliable tool for identifying language difficulties and are specifically suitable for detecting developmental language disorder.

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Girbau, Dolors. "The Non-word Repetition Task as a clinical marker of Specific Language Impairment in Spanish-speaking children." First Language 36, no. 1 (January 27, 2016): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723715626069.

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Balmus, Ioana-Miruna, Alin Ciobica, Roxana Cojocariu, Alina-Costina Luca, and Lucian Gorgan. "Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Neurological Deficiencies: Is There A Relationship? The Possible Relevance of the Oxidative Stress Status." Medicina 56, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56040175.

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Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders, exhibiting complex and controversial pathological features. Both oxidative stress and inflammation-related reactive oxygen species production may be involved in IBS pathological development. Thus, we focused on several aspects regarding the causes of oxidative stress occurrence in IBS. Additionally, in the molecular context of oxidative changes, we tried to discuss these possible neurological implications in IBS. Methods: The literature search included the main available databases (e.g., ScienceDirect, Pubmed/Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar). Articles in the English language were taken into consideration. Our screening was conducted based on several words such as “irritable bowel syndrome”, “gut brain axis”, “oxidative stress”, “neuroendocrine”, and combinations. Results: While no consistent evidence suggests clear pathway mechanisms, it seems that the inflammatory response may also be relevant in IBS. The mild implication of oxidative stress in IBS has been described through clinical studies and some animal models, revealing changes in the main markers such as antioxidant status and peroxidation markers. Moreover, it seems that the neurological structures involved in the brain-gut axis may be affected in IBS rather than the local gut tissue and functionality. Due to a gut-brain axis bidirectional communication error, a correlation between neurological impairment, emotional over-responsiveness, mild inflammatory patterns, and oxidative stress can be suggested. Conclusions: Therefore, there is a possible correlation between neurological impairment, emotional over-responsiveness, mild inflammatory patterns, and oxidative stress that are not followed by tissue destruction in IBS patients. Moreover, it is not yet clear whether oxidative stress, inflammation, or neurological impairments are key determinants or in which way these three interact in IBS pathology. However, the conditions in which oxidative imbalances occur may be an interesting research lead in order to find possible explanations for IBS development.

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Corey-Bloom, Jody. "The ABC of Alzheimer's Disease: Cognitive Changes and Their Management in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias." International Psychogeriatrics 14, S1 (February 2002): 51–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610203008664.

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Cognitive decline, commonly first recognized as memory impairment, is a typical feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuropathological changes in the cerebral cortex and limbic system lead to deficits in learning, memory, language, and visuospatial skills. The precise nature of cognitive dysfunction reflects the distribution of pathological changes in AD. These will vary along the disease severity continuum and may also depend on where the disease sits in the spectrum of dementia. For example, AD-related disorders such as Lewy body dementia (LBD) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) also show symptoms of cognitive decline and share several pathological features, including degeneration of cortical cholinergic and striatal dopaminergic neurons. In vascular dementia (VaD), there is often an unequal distribution of cognitive deficit, with severe impairment in some functions and relative sparing of others. Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors, which help restore acetylcholine levels in the brain, are licensed for the symptomatic treatment of AD and have shown additional benefit in related dementias. Physiological correlates of cholinergic function/dysfunction in the brain include regional cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism, and cerebrospinal fluid levels of ChE enzymes. These variables represent valuable markers of the clinical efficacy of ChE inhibitors. However, direct assessment of cognitive improvement, stabilization or decline is usually considered the key efficacy parameter in clinical studies of ChE inhibitors in AD and related dementias. Large-scale, placebo-controlled clinical studies of ChE inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in treating the cognitive impairments associated with AD. Randomized comparative studies of ChE inhibitors are now under way to directly compare symptomatic efficacy and effects on disease progression. Clinical trial data of the cognitive effects of ChE inhibitors in AD, LBD, PDD, and VaD are discussed in detail in this article. The benefits of long-term treatment on symptomatic improvement in cognition and further potential disease-modifying effects are highlighted.

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Kleemans, Tijs, Eliane Segers, and Ludo Verhoeven. "Naming speed as a clinical marker in predicting basic calculation skills in children with specific language impairment." Research in Developmental Disabilities 33, no. 3 (May 2012): 882–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.12.007.

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Bošnjak, D., P. Makarić, I. Kekin, T. Sabo, M. Živković, A. Savić, A. Silić, et al. "Neurocognitive status in different stages of psychosis: Changes from the first episode psychosis to remission." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2109.

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IntroductionNeurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia is associated with functional disability and poorer quality of life, and is the most resistant of all schizophrenia symptoms to current psychopharmacotherapy.ObjectivesTo compare the differences in neurocognitive status during the acute phase of first psychotic episode and stable symptomatic remission.AimsTo investigate the pattern of neurocognitive impairment in patients with first episode psychosis during acute phase and stable remission phase.MethodsWe performed a longitudinal study, including 150 patients with first episode of psychosis at two time points: during their hospitalization at Zagreb university hospital centre or university psychiatric hospital Vrapče, at acute phase of illness and after 12–18 months, during stable remission. Assessment included detailed clinical interview, clinical rating of neuropsychiatric symptoms using standardized psychiatric scales, self-assessment scales and comprehensive neurocognitive testing.ResultsWhile our preliminary results (n = 40) showed statistically significant improvement in various neurocognitive domains, including visuo-learning abilities, verbal learning, executive functions, attention and processing speed, initial impairment in semantic and phonetic fluency observed in acute psychosis remained unchanged in remission as well.ConclusionsAlthough our results showed improvement in most of cognitive domains during time, language abilities remained unchanged. This further confirms the hypothesis that language impairment is a trait marker of psychotic disorder.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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De Looze, Celine, Finnian Kelly, Lisa Crosby, Aisling Vourdanou, Robert F. Coen, Cathal Walsh, Brian A. Lawlor, and Richard B. Reilly. "Changes in Speech Chunking in Reading Aloud is a Marker of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease." Current Alzheimer Research 15, no. 9 (July 11, 2018): 828–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205015666180404165017.

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Background: Speech and Language Impairments, generally attributed to lexico-semantic deficits, have been documented in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigates the temporal organisation of speech (reflective of speech production planning) in reading aloud in relation to cognitive impairment, particularly working memory and attention deficits in MCI and AD. The discriminative ability of temporal features extracted from a newly designed read speech task is also evaluated for the detection of MCI and AD. Method: Sixteen patients with MCI, eighteen patients with mild-to-moderate AD and thirty-six healthy controls (HC) underwent a battery of neuropsychological tests and read a set of sentences varying in cognitive load, probed by manipulating sentence length and syntactic complexity. Results: Our results show that Mild-to-Moderate AD is associated with a general slowness of speech, attributed to a higher number of speech chunks, silent pauses and dysfluences, and slower speech and articulation rates. Speech chunking in the context of high cognitive-linguistic demand appears to be an informative marker of MCI, specifically related to early deficits in working memory and attention. In addition, Linear Discriminant Analysis shows the ROC AUCs (Areas Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves) of identifying MCI vs. HC, MCI vs. AD and AD vs. HC using these speech characteristics are 0.75, 0.90 and 0.94 respectively. Conclusion: The implementation of connected speech-based technologies in clinical and community settings may provide additional information for the early detection of MCI and AD.

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Buiza, Juan J., María J. Rodríguez-Parra, and José A. Adrián. "Trastorno Específico del Lenguaje: Marcadores psicolingüísticos en semántica y pragmática en niños españoles." Anales de Psicología 31, no. 3 (September 16, 2015): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.3.180091.

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<p>The aim of this study is to determine which semantics and pragmatics markers best discriminate Spanish-speaking children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) from children with typical language development. This study analyzes the performance of 31 Spanish-speaking children with SLI on a battery of 9 psycholinguistic tasks. The performance of the SLI children was compared with that of two subgroups of controls: aged-matched (CA) and linguistically matched (CL).</p><p>The data show that the SLI group performed more poorly than the CA subgroup on most of the tasks (8/9). However, the SLI group performance only was significantly worse that of the CL subgroup on one of the tasks. A first Discriminant Analysis SLI vs CA established canonical function with Sensitivity 93,5% and Specificity 87,1%. A second Discriminant Analysis SLI vs CL identified a canonical function with Sensitivity 77,4% and Specificity only 54,8%. One semantic task (Definition of words) and another pragmatic task (Scene language) appear to be the best variables for establishing an SLI profile in this psycholinguistics areas. Discuss the implications of these findings for the clinical diagnosis and speech-language pathology.</p>

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Dispaldro, Marco, Laurence B. Leonard, and Patricia Deevy. "Clinical markers in Italian-speaking children with and without specific language impairment: a study of non-word and real word repetition as predictors of grammatical ability." International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 48, no. 5 (July 5, 2013): 554–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12032.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Clinical markers of language impairment'

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