Books on the topic 'Clinical markers of language impairment'
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1
Thapar, Anita, and Stephanie van Goozen. Conduct disorder in ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0020.
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Conduct disorder (CD) is an important marker of ADHD clinical and cognitive impairment and neurodevelopmental multimorbidity. It is also predictive of poor psychiatric and functional outcomes. Although traditionally considered as a consequence of ADHD, association of ADHD and CD can be explained at multiple levels—in terms of enriched familial/genetic risks, higher levels of psychosocial adversity, a likely different pattern of cognitive and neural correlates that involve emotional processes components, earlier temperamental risk characteristics, and additional neurodevelopmental burden such as language impairments and lower cognitive ability. The presence of CD does not alter current ADHD guideline recommendations on treatment but should be taken into account when making decisions upon the intensity and nature of follow-up.
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Oram, Janis Elizabeth. Seeking cognitive markers of specific language impairment and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 2003.
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Leonard, Laurence B. Children with Specific Language Impairment. The MIT Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1810.001.0001.
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Children with Specific Language Impairment covers all aspects of SLI, including its history, possible genetic and neurobiological origins, and clinical and educational practice. Approximately five percent of all children are born with the disorder known as specific language impairment (SLI). These children show a significant deficit in spoken language ability with no obvious accompanying condition such as mental retardation, neurological damage, or hearing impairment. Children with Specific Language Impairment covers all aspects of SLI, including its history, possible genetic and neurobiological origins, and clinical and educational practice. The book highlights important research strategies in the quest to find the cause of SLI and to develop methods of prevention and treatment. It also explores how knowledge of SLI may add to our understanding of language organization and development in general. Leonard does not limit his study to English, but shows how SLI is manifested in speakers of other languages. Although his focus is on children, he also discusses adults who exhibited SLI as children, as well as parents of children with the disorder whose own language abilities became the object of study. Bradford Books imprint
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Sahlén, Birgitta, Kristina Hansson, Viveka Lyberg-Åhlander, and Jonas Brännström. Spoken Language and Language Impairment in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190880545.003.0006.
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Despite medical, technical, and pedagogical advances, the risk for language impairment is still much higher in deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children than in hearing peers. Research on linguistic, cognitive, and communicative development in DHH children has found a range of basic spoken language deficits. Twenty percent to 50% of deaf children still meet criteria for language impairment. Tests of nonword repetition and verb inflection are markers that improve early identification of children at risk for persistent language problems. DHH children are typically mainstreamed today, and poor listening conditions in the classroom severely jeopardize learning in children with weak perceptual and cognitive skills. In this chapter we report on our own and others’ studies exploring the interaction of factors, both external and internal to the child, that influence spoken language and communication. The focus is on intervention projects aiming to improve language learning environments through teacher education.
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Language Impairment and Psychopathology in Infants, Children, and Adolescents (Developmental Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry). Sage Publications, Inc, 2001.
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Language Impairment and Psychopathology in Infants, Children, and Adolescents (Developmental Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry). Sage Publications, Inc, 2001.
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7
Cummings, Louise. Clinical Pragmatics. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.001.
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Pragmatic disorders pose a barrier to effective communication in a significant number of children and adults. For nearly forty years, clinical investigators have attempted to characterize these disorders. This chapter examines the state of the art in clinical pragmatics, a subdiscipline of pragmatics that studies pragmatic disorders. The findings of recent empirical research in a range of clinical populations are reviewed. They include developmental pragmatic disorders found in autistic spectrum disorders, specific language impairment, intellectual disability and the emotional and behavioural disorders, as well as acquired pragmatic disorders in adults with left- or right-hemisphere damage, traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and the dementias. Techniques used by clinicians to assess and treat pragmatic disorders are addressed. In recent years, theoretical frameworks with a cognitive orientation have increasingly been used to explain pragmatic disorders. Two such frameworks—relevance theory and theory of mind—will be examined in this essay.
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Dollaghan, Christine. Communication Disorders: Language Impairments. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.13.
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A variety of communication disorders, including problems in hearing, speech, and language, can interfere with a child’s ability to understand and be understood by other people. Communication disorders sometime co-occur with other physical and neurodevelopmental abnormalities, but often their causes are unknown. The most prevalent of the idiopathic communication disorders is child language impairment (LI). LI is defined by significant deficits in understanding (receptive skills) or generating (expressive skills) meaningful linguistic content; it affects 5–8% of children. Best evidence on identifying LI supports a comprehensive multimethod and multisource assessment by a certified speech–language pathologist. With respect to intervention, evidence strongly favors treated over untreated children for expressive language goals; less conclusive evidence is available concerning treatment for receptive language skills. Despite increases in the evidence base, additional population-based and longitudinal investigations are needed concerning the accuracy of predictions and clinical decisions for children with LI.
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Raymer, Anastasia M., and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Aphasia Syndromes: Introduction and Value in Clinical Practice. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.20.
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Neurologic damage affecting the left cerebral hemisphere leads to impairments in comprehension and expression of language in the verbal modality (aphasia) and in the written modality (dyslexia and dysgraphia). Impairment patterns take various forms, differing in the fluency/nonfluency of verbal output and integrity of auditory comprehension, repetition, and word retrieval abilities. The divergent classifications of aphasia allow reflection on neural and psychological correlates of specific aspects of language processing in verbal and written modalities. Neurologic damage affecting the right cerebral hemisphere can lead to changes in social and prosodic communication, speaking to the role of the right hemisphere in language processing. Patterns of language breakdown following neurologic injury have implications for assessment and intervention for affected individuals. Whereas perspectives vary on interpretation of the language breakdown across disciplines, this volume’s purpose is to facilitate interactions across disciplines to improve the lives of those with aphasia and related communication disorders.
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Reilly, Jamie, and Nadine Martin. Semantic Processing in Transcortical Sensory Aphasia. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.6.
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Transcortical sensory aphasia (TCSA) has historically been regarded as a disconnection syndrome characterized by impaired access between words and otherwise intact core object knowledge. Yet, an extensive body of research has also demonstrated a range of associated nonverbal semantic deficits in TCSA, suggestive of a multimodal semantic impairment that transcends representational modality (i.e., language). Here we delineate the semantic impairment incurred in TCSA within a neurologically constrained model of semantic memory premised upon dynamic interactivity between stored knowledge (e.g., semantic features) and integrative processes that serve to bind this knowledge into cohesive object representations. We discuss practical implications for clinical aphasiology and outline considerations for the broader fields of cognitive neuropsychology and neurolinguistics.
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Jotterand, Fabrice. Cognitive enhancement of today may be the normal of tomorrow. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786832.003.0021.
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This chapter considers the use of cognitive enhancers in healthy individuals with cognitive deficits caused by mental impairment. The objectives of this analysis are twofold: (1) to outline some of the problems associated with the attempt to distinguish the concept of enhancement from therapy, and (2) to show the relevance of the distinction between two different categories of cognitive enhancement in the attempt to demonstrate why the notion of human enhancement might become part of the therapeutic language of tomorrow. The various conceptualizations of enhancement found in literature, especially as outlined by Chadwick and Agar, are examined in this chapter and the notion of the clinical ideal to evaluate the concept of enhancement in the context of clinical interventions is introduced. In the final section of the chapter, the implications of the clinical ideal in relation to the use of cognitive enhancers in people with mental impairment are considered.
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Voinescu, Alexandra, Nadia Wasi Iqbal, and Kevin J. Martin. Management of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0118_update_001.
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In all patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3–5, regular monitoring of serum markers of CKD-mineral and bone disorder, including calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and alkaline phosphatase, is recommended. Target ranges for these markers are endorsed by guidelines. The principles of therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism include control of hyperphosphataemia, correction of hypocalcaemia, use of vitamin D sterols, use of calcimimetics, and parathyroidectomy. of hyperphosphataemia is crucial and may be achieved by means of dietary P restriction, use of P binders, and P removal by dialysis. Dietary P restriction requires caution, as it may be associated with protein malnutrition. Aluminium salts are effective P binders, but they are not recommended for long-term use, as Aluminium toxicity (though from contaminated dialysis water rather than oral intake) may cause cognitive impairment, osteomalacia, refractory microcytic anaemia, and myopathy. Ca-based P binders are also quite effective, but should be avoided in patients with hypercalcaemia, vascular calcifications, or persistently low PTH levels. Non-aluminium, non-Ca binders, like sevelamer and lanthanum carbonate, may be more adequate for such patients; however, they are expensive and may have several side effects. Furthermore, comparative trials have failed so far to provide conclusive evidence on the superiority of these newer P binders over Ca-based binders in terms of preventing vascular calcifications, bone abnormalities, and mortality. P removal is about 1800–2700 mg per week with conventional thrice-weekly haemodialysis, but may be increased by using haemodiafiltration or intensified regimens, such as short daily, extended daily or three times weekly nocturnal haemodialysis. Several vitamin D derivatives are currently used for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. In comparison with the natural form calcitriol, the vitamin D analogue paricalcitol seems to be more fast-acting and less prone to induce hypercalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia, but whether these advantages translate into better clinical outcomes is unknown. Calcimimetics such as cinacalcet can significantly reduce PTH, Ca, and P levels, but they have failed to definitively prove any benefits in terms of mortality and cardiovascular events in dialysis patients. Parathyroidectomy is often indicated in CKD patients with severe persistent hyperparathyroidism, refractory to aggressive medical treatment with vitamin D analogues and/or calcimimetics. This procedure usually leads to rapid improvements in biochemical markers (i.e. significant lowering of serum Ca, P, and PTH) and clinical manifestations (such as pruritus and bone pain); however, the long-term benefits are still unclear.
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Cardinale, Daniela, and Carlo Maria Cipolla. Anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity: epidemiology, surveillance, prophylaxis, management, and prognosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0290.
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Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is of considerable concern, as it may compromise the clinical effectiveness of treatment, affecting both quality of life and overall survival in cancer patients, independently of the oncological prognosis. It is probable that anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is a unique and continuous phenomenon starting with myocardial cell injury, followed by progressive left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) decline that, if disregarded and not treated progressively leads to overt heart failure. The main strategy for minimizing anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is early detection of high-risk patients and prompt prophylactic treatment. According to the current standard for monitoring cardiac function, cardiotoxicity is usually detected only when a functional impairment has already occurred, precluding any chance of its prevention. At present, anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity can be detected at a preclinical phase, very much before the occurrence of heart failure symptoms, and before the LVEF drops by measurement of cardiospecific biochemical markers or by Doppler myocardial and deformation imaging. The role of troponins in identifying subclinical cardiotoxicity and treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, in order to prevent LVEF reduction is an effective strategy that has emerged in the last 15 years. If cardiac dysfunction has already occurred, partial or complete LVEF recovery may still be achieved if cardiac dysfunction is detected early after the end of chemotherapy and heart failure treatment is promptly initiated.
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Neary, John, and Neil Turner. The patient with haematuria. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0046.
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Haematuria is a common presenting feature of diseases of the kidney or the renal tract. It is also common in screening tests, single dipstick tests being positive in perhaps 5% of individuals. Age and whether the blood is visible (macroscopic) or non-visible (microscopic) impact largely on whether the explanation is likely to be broadly urological or nephrological. Origins are most commonly simple or urological. Macroscopic bleeding is rare in renal disease, and urine colour is then usually more rather smoky than red except when there is very acute inflammation. The chief urological causes are neoplasia, infection, stones, and trauma. Some traditionally medical conditions may cause simple bleeding; examples include cystic kidney diseases, papillary necrosis and macro- or microvascular ischaemic lesions. The major concern to nephrologists is that even non-visible haematuria may be a pointer to inflammatory or destructive glomerular processes. The presence of casts or dysmorphic red cells is a pointer to glomerular disease; more important in clinical practice are the three other key markers of renal disease: proteinuria, renal impairment in the absence of urinary tract obstruction, and hypertension. In the general population, microscopic haematuria does associate with a long-term increased risk of end-stage renal failure, so after negative investigations, occasional long-term checks are indicated. The case for population screening for haematuria appears weak.
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Gelfand, Michele J., Chi-yue Chiu, and Ying-yi Hong, eds. Handbook of Advances in Culture and Psychology, Volume 8. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190079741.001.0001.
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Volume 8 of the Handbook of Advances in Culture and Psychology showcases contributions from internationally renowned culture scholars who span the discipline of culture and psychology and related disciplines and represent diversity in the theory and study of culture within psychology. The volume includes cutting-edge contributions on culture and memory, with memory as a constructive process at the intersection of person and world; culture and emotion, with emotions as dynamically and socioculturally constructed relationship engagements; culture and language, along with literacy development and impairment across cultures; the psychological foundations of rituals and how children learn and use ritual behaviors; the evolution and development of cultural-clinical psychology over the course of the past several decades; and the social-personality processes underlying multiculturalism and bicultural identity integration.
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Cheillan, David, and Frédéric Sedel. Disorders of Creatine Metabolism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0010.
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Creatine is a physiological guanidino compound playing a major role in energy metabolism in muscle and implicated in neurotransmission in brain. The three disorders of creatine metabolism (AGAT and GAMT deficiencies and the X-linked creatine transporter defect) are a group of inborn errors of metabolism characterized by a depletion of creatine that could be easily diagnosed by mesasurement of guanidinoacetate and creatine in body fluid or cranial MRS spectroscopy. The main clinical features of these paediatric disorders are intellectual disability and speech delay and some adult patients have been described with severe language impairment and mental retardation. Although the X-linked creatine transporter defect is currently not treatable, the clinical symptoms of the two disorders of creatine synthesis should be improved by creatine supplementation emphasizing the importance of an early diagnostic.
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Bosch, Annet M., and Elaine Murphy. Galactosemia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0002.
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There are three known inherited disorders of galactose metabolism: classic galactosemia (galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency), galactokinase deficiency, and uridine diphosphate galactose 4-epimerase deficiency. Classic galactosemia presents in the newborn period with liver and renal impairment and failure to thrive. Acute symptoms resolve when lactose is excluded from the diet, but long-term complications are frequent and include neurocognitive and social difficulties, speech and language problems, motor problems, and premature ovarian insufficiency. Patients with galactokinase deficiency develop cataracts, while the clinical spectrum of uridine diphosphate galactose 4-epimerase deficiency is broad, from a benign condition to a severe disorder similar to classic galactosemia. All are autosomal recessive conditions. Diagnosis is by measurement of enzyme activity in erythrocytes, confirmed by mutation analysis of the specific genes, GALT, GALK, or GALE.
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Abrahams, Sharon, and Christopher Crockford. Cognitive and behavioural dysfunction in ALS and its assessment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757726.003.0008.
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Cognitive and behavioural dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) occurs in up to half of patients with a spectrum from ALS with no cognitive or behavioural impairment to ALS with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). ~ 15% have a full blown ALS-FTD syndrome, while ~ 35% show milder and specific deficits on verbal fluency, executive and language functions and social cognition. Patients may show a behavioural syndrome that ranges from mild specific difficulties to changes that fulfil diagnostic criteria for behavioural variant-FTD. Apathy is the most prevalent symptom, but disinhibition, perseveration, loss of sympathy/empathy, and change in eating behaviour are also described. The importance of assessment is increasingly recognized. A distinction is made between brief assessment tools useful within ALS clinics and more extensive neuropsychological assessment by a qualified clinical neuropsychologist. Newly developed assessments specifically designed for ALS are available and will make valuable contribution to clinical care.
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Mason, Peggy. The Brain in a Physician’s Life. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0028.
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With the knowledge acquired from this book, the brain regions responsible for each of the symptoms suffered by Jean-Dominique Bauby can be identified. It is also possible to understand why thought, language, and memory were unaffected in Bauby. Bauby’s narrative is used to launch a consideration of the role of embodiment in affective experience. The experience of Clive Wearing who, after a bout of encephalitis, was left without the ability to make new declarative memories is introduced to illustrate the highly personal and individual nature of people’s reactions to disease or clinical impairment. The impact of disease does not stop with the patient but extends to the patient’s loved ones and caregivers. This is particularly true of patients with dementia or those in an altered state of consciousness. Finally the reader is encouraged to use their understanding of the nervous system to provide compassionate care for patients.
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Bhaumik, Sabyasachi, and Regi Alexander, eds. Oxford Textbook of the Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198794585.001.0001.
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Intellectual Disability (ID), a lifelong condition characterized by an impairment of intellectual functioning and deficits in adaptive skills is part of a spectrum of developmental disorders which also includes other conditions like autism and ADHD. While psychiatric problems are three to four times more common in those with ID, diagnosing it can be fraught with difficulties due to associated communication problems, atypical presentations, overlap with physical conditions, and experience of marginalization and abuse. In addition, treatment approaches may be different and the potential for treatment-related side effects greater. With a range of international experts authoring its chapters and providing the up-to-date evidence base in assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental health problems in people with ID, this book will be useful not just for the trainee doctor in psychiatry, but also for those in allied professions like general practice, nursing, psychology, speech and language therapy, social work, and occupational therapy as well as family members and carers and all those involved in any way with organizing or delivering care and treatment for people with intellectual disability and mental health problems. Throughout, the book addresses issues that are of relevance to those on the frontline and hence most chapters offer examples of clinical issues that come up in day to day practice. There are also a number of single response multiple choice questions that will serve as an aid to learning.
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Munshi, Sunil K., and Rowan Harwood, eds. Stroke in the Older Person. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198747499.001.0001.
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Stroke in the Older Person will inform the readers about every aspect of stroke disease and traverses the entire stroke pathway. It explores all aspects of stroke and in particular those singular features of stroke that afflict older people. Nearly three-quarters of all strokes occur in people over the age of sixty-five. Each chapter is a synthesis of up-to-date work and practical approaches, relevant to stroke physicians, geriatricians, neurologists, researchers, doctors of all grades, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech and language therapists, advanced nurse practitioners, and neuropsychologists. The important themes addressed are the patient’s perspective, epidemiology, aetiopathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnostic work-up including imaging, primary and secondary prevention, thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, and all aspects of rehabilitation. It addresses transient ischaemic attack (TIA), atrial fibrillation, intracerebral haemorrhage, carotid revascularization, nutrition, and stroke mimics, dysphagia, the burden of cerebrovascular disease in the community, cognitive impairment, ethical and moral dilemmas including do not attempt resuscitation (DNAR), advanced directives, and end-of-life care. Stroke predominantly affects older people but there is a great shortage of literature in this age group. The editors have put together an excellent collection of chapters written by frontline clinicians or well-known academicians in their field. Special attention has been paid to make the book very readable, with plenty of practical tips. Only through a greater awareness of every aspect of stroke in older people can we make progress and treat our older people with the excellent care and dignity that they deserve.