Relevant bibliographies by topics / Clinical judgements

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Clinical judgements'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Clinical judgements"

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Lewis, Glyn, and Paul Williams. "Clinical judgement and the standardized interview in psychiatry." Psychological Medicine 19, no. 4 (November 1989): 971–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700005699.

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SYNOPSISThere has been little discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of allowing a psychiatrist to make clinical judgements about the presence or absence of symptoms in administering currently used standardized psychiatric interviews. This paper reports an examination of the value of clinical judgements in defining cases of minor psychiatric disorder, by studying existing data in which the Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS) was used. This comparison can be made because the first section of the CIS is largely self-report while interviewers are also instructed to use clinical judgement in the second section to decide on ratings. The results indicate that in the context of identifying minor psychiatric disorder the ratings requiring clinical judgement add little information to those based on self-report, may be less reliable and may lead to the biased assessment of anxiety and depression.
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BELL, IAN, and DAVID MELLOR. "Clinical judgements: Research and practice." Australian Psychologist 44, no. 2 (June 2009): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00050060802550023.

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Slavney, P. R., and G. A. Chase. "Clinical Judgements of Self-Dramatisation." British Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 6 (June 1985): 614–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.146.6.614.

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SummaryIt has been claimed that the diagnosis of histrionic personality disorder is inherently sexist. To estimate the extent to which psychiatrists are influenced by sexist prejudice in their judgements about self-dramatisation (the central trait in the histrionic cluster), we conducted a study in which male and female subjects rated the degree of self-dramatisation portrayed in videotaped vignettes. The results did not support the sexist hypothesis that dramatic behaviour would more often be attributed to a woman than to a man, especially by male raters.
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Faisal, Muhammad, Binish Khatoon, Andy Scally, Donald Richardson, Sally Irwin, Rachel Davidson, David Heseltine, et al. "A prospective study of consecutive emergency medical admissions to compare a novel automated computer-aided mortality risk score and clinical judgement of patient mortality risk." BMJ Open 9, no. 6 (June 2019): e027741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027741.

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ObjectivesTo compare the performance of a validated automatic computer-aided risk of mortality (CARM) score versus medical judgement in predicting the risk of in-hospital mortality for patients following emergency medical admission.DesignA prospective study.SettingConsecutive emergency medical admissions in York hospital.ParticipantsElderly medical admissions in one ward were assigned a risk of death at the first post-take ward round by consultant staff over a 2-week period. The consultant medical staff used the same variables to assign a risk of death to the patient as the CARM (age, sex, National Early Warning Score and blood test results) but also had access to the clinical history, examination findings and any immediately available investigations such as ECGs. The performance of the CARM versus consultant medical judgement was compared using the c-statistic and the positive predictive value (PPV).ResultsThe in-hospital mortality was 31.8% (130/409). For patients with complete blood test results, the c-statistic for CARM was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.69 to 0.81) versus 0.72 (95% CI: 0.66 to 0.78) for medical judgements (p=0.28). For patients with at least one missing blood test result, the c-statistics were similar (medical judgements 0.70 (95% CI: 0.60 to 0.81) vs CARM 0.70 (95% CI: 0.59 to 0.80)). At a 10% mortality risk, the PPV for CARM was higher than medical judgements in patients with complete blood test results, 62.0% (95% CI: 51.2 to 71.9) versus 49.2% (95% CI: 39.8 to 58.5) but not when blood test results were missing, 50.0% (95% CI: 24.7 to 75.3) versus 53.3% (95% CI: 34.3 to 71.7).ConclusionsCARM is comparable with medical judgements in discriminating in-hospital mortality following emergency admission to an elderly care ward. CARM may have a promising role in supporting medical judgements in determining the patient’s risk of death in hospital. Further evaluation of CARM in routine practice is required.
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Munford, Mary-Ann. "Clinical Judgements c Rayner Clinical Judgements Published by Michael Joseph 388pp £12.95 0-7181-3251-3." Nursing Standard 3, no. 43 (July 22, 1989): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.3.43.48.s56.

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Ylva Skånér, Lars-Erik Strender, Jo. "How do GPs use clinical information in their judgements of heart failure?: A Clinical Judgement Analysis study." Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 16, no. 2 (January 1998): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/028134398750003241.

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Cairns, Ruth, Clementine Maddock, Alec Buchanan, Anthony S. David, Peter Hayward, Genevra Richardson, George Szmukler, and Matthew Hotopf. "Reliability of mental capacity assessments in psychiatric in-patients." British Journal of Psychiatry 187, no. 4 (October 2005): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.4.372.

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BackgroundPrevious work on the reliability of mental capacity assessments in patients with psychiatric illness has been limited.AimsTo describe the interrater reliability of two independent assessments of capacity to consent to treatment, as well as assessments made by a panel of clinicians based on the same interview.MethodFifty-five patients were interviewed by two interviewers 1–7 days apart and a binary (yes/no) capacity judgement was made, guided by the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT-T). Four senior clinicians used transcripts of the interviews to judge capacity.ResultsThere was excellent agreement between the two interviewers for capacity judgements made at separate interviews (kappa=0.82). A high level of agreement was seen between senior clinicians for capacity judgements of the same interview (mean kappa=0.84)ConclusionsIn combination with a clinical interview, the MacCAT–T can be used to produce highly reliable judgements of capacity.
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Bech, P., A. Haaber, and C. R. B. Joyce. "Experiments on clinical observation and judgement in the assessment of depression: profiled videotapes and Judgement Analysis." Psychological Medicine 16, no. 4 (November 1986): 873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700011880.

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SynopsisVariations within and between observer-judges reduce the accuracy of clinical research. Judgement Analysis allows strategies to be developed and applied which reduce variation in judgement. The prediction that the removal of important sources of error variance by this means would reduce the likelihood of committing a Type 2 Error was supported by the application of Judgement Analysis to assessments by 15 psychiatrists of 92 patients in a clinical trial of 2 antidepressive treatments. The statistical significance of differences between the effect of the treatments on the severity of depression was increased, and significant differences appeared earlier. Ten stimulated patient profiles were also converted into narrative case histories, enacted by experienced psychiatrists or psychologists and videotaped. The participants' judgements of the overall severity of the depression were in good agreement with those they had made on the original cases. Videotapes so prepared help training to reduce variation in observation, just as Judgement Analysis can lead to reductions in the variation of judgement.
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Westbrook, David. "Can Therapists Predict Length of Treatment from Referral Letters? A Pilot Study." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 19, no. 4 (October 1991): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300014087.

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Seven experienced clinicians were asked to judge how many sessions patients in a clinical psychology out-patient clinic would take to complete treatment, using patient referral letters as their only data. Results showed the clinicians were very poor at making this judgement and generally did no better than chance. Their clinical predictions were compared with statistical data using a regression analysis of initial questionnaire measures. The regression equation did a little better on some judgements, but still failed to predict long-term treatment.
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Mason, Geraldine, and Christine Webb. "Researching children's nurses' clinical judgements about assessment data." Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing 1, no. 1 (March 1997): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1361-9004(97)80037-4.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clinical judgements"

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Bell, Ian Douglas, and ian bell@deakin edu au. "Improving clinical judgements." Deakin University. School of Psychology, 2003. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20070119.100737.

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This portfolio explored issues that are relevant to the judgements routinely made by clinical psychologists. The first chapter provides a theoretical overview of relevant issues. In this chapter, firstly, the debate over the relative merits of ‘clinical’ and ‘statistical’ approaches to clinical judgement (Meehl, 1954) is reviewed. It is noted that, although much of the empirical evidence supports the greater accuracy of statistical approaches to making judgements (where appropriate methods exist), they are rarely routinely used, and clinical approaches to making judgements continue to dominate in the majority of clinical settings. Secondly, common sources of errors in clinical judgement are reviewed. These include the misuse of cognitive heuristics, the presence of clinicians’ biases, the limitations to human information-processing capacities and the over-reliance on clinical interviews. Finally, some of the basic strategies that can be useful to clinicians in improving the accuracy of clinical judgement are described. These include undertaking advanced level training programs, using quality instruments and procedures, being wary of over-reliance on theories, adhering to the scientist-practitioner approach and being selective in the distribution of professional efforts and time. In the subsequent chapters these strategies are explored further through four clinical case studies. These cases were collected during the university placement program and they have been selected to illustrate some of the approaches as clinician may use in attempting to optimise the accuracy of judgements necessary in the context of clinical psychological practice. The final chapter provides a brief overview and discussion of these cases in relation to the issues identified in Chapter One,
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Hollows, Anne. "Good enough judgements : a study of judgement making in social work with children and families." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367336.

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Miresco, Marc J. "Judgements of responsibility and mind brain dualism in clinical psychiatry." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97970.

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This thesis explores the phenomenon of mind-brain dualism in contemporary Western psychiatry from an anthropological and social psychological perspective. In a first chapter, it reports on an empirical study involving 127 staff psychiatrists and psychologists at McGill University who responded to a questionnaire based on clinical vignettes. Results revealed a latent process of judging patients' responsibility for illness, where the more a behavioural problem was seen as 'psychological,' the more the patients tended to be viewed as responsible and blameworthy for their symptoms, while behaviours with 'neurobiological' causes showed the opposite tendency. A second chapter reviews the history of psychosomatic medicine and argues that specific biomedical and psychological sick roles exist for patients that determine the ways in which their actions are judged, as well as how the functions of the rational mind are commonly understood. Insights from evolutionary psychology are used in a third chapter to speculate on new models of mental illness that may provide new contexts for negotiating mind-brain dualism and judgements of responsibility.
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Harvey-Cook, Jane Elizabeth. "Graduate recruitment at professional entry level : clinical judgements and empirically derived methods of selection." Thesis, City University London, 1995. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/7736/.

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This research provides evidence to support the argument that selection procedures dependent upon clinical judgements, being used in the chartered accountancy profession, may well provide results not significantly different from those obtained by chance. Research has suggested that personality type, choice of vocation and performance are predictable from personal histories (Holland, 1976; Owens and Schoenfeldt, 1979; Eberhardt and Muchinsky, 1982a; Super, 1980; Wernimont and Campbell, 1968) and using a predictive model approach to scoring biographical data (biodata) is explored here as a means of improving the selection function. Part I of this study develops predictive models for scoring the biodata of applicants to the profession. An original contribution is made by carefully comparing two empirical model-building methodologies: the generally accepted, non-parametric, Weighted Application Blank technique and the parametric, logistic regression technique. The validity of both are explicitly tested using information from a sample of 23 training offices from 22 medium size chartered accountancy firms. The sample trainees were all non-accounting graduates entrants entering between 1985 and 1987 (N=665). Evidence is provided of the superiority of the results of the parametric models, in terms of true predictive validity. Relevant theory and the important implications of the results for related biodata studies generally are discussed. The result of applying the models to applicants, rather than recruits, is examined in a pilot study. An original approach to scoring applications is presented. Specifically developed software is provided to minimise both processing time and error margins. The biodata logit scores of the applicants and their likely success as trainees as indicated by that score, are compared with the firm's decision whether to accept or reject. Severe problems inherent in the judgemental approach to selection are revealed and the superior performance of the model-based approach demonstrated. Part II addresses the crucial issue of long term validation of biodata models by scoring a sample of recruits from 3 representative firms' 1988-90 entrants (N=323). The evidence does not support criticism of long term validity, as the logit models demonstrate effective performance, measured interms of the probability of correct classification, successfully predicting the criteria on those entering the profession up to 5 years after subjects used in model development. It is suggested that poor methodology may be responsible for excessive loss of validity over time in other studies and their lack of use of hard data. In addition, original evidence is provided to support the hypothesis of the generalizability of such models (i) across organizations and (ii) across samples significantly different from the development sample. This evidence suggests that, not only may the models be used to score applicants accounting firms of different sizes (and are therefore not organization-specific) but they may be used to score accounting graduates, who differ considerably from the original development sample (indicating that they, are not sample specific). The appropriateness of using these models in a manner similar to psychometric tests is considered. An assessment of approximate net profit associated with successful, failing or partially successful trainees is made. Accounting graduate trainees are more financially viable than non-accounting graduates.
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Tate, Kerry. "An investigation into the effect of causal beliefs about depression on attitudes and clinical judgements." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2013. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/12368/.

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Biological explanations of depression have been found to increase professional perceptions of the effectiveness of medical treatments and reduce the perceptions of the effectiveness of psychological therapy. Studies in lay populations have shown that biological explanations reduce perceptions of self-efficacy and control over depression symptoms. There is a lack of research examining the impact of causal models on clinicians’ attitudes. The current study aimed to explore whether clinicians’ causal models of a client’s depression can be biased by aetiological labelling and, in turn, whether clinicians’ causal models impact clinical judgements and attitudes. An experimental design was utilised, with one independent variable (labelling of the client’s depression) with three levels (biological, psychosocial and neutral). Outcomes measured causal beliefs, treatment effectiveness, control, clinical attitudes and perceived stigma in relation to a client vignette. Observational data were analysed to explore the effects of clinicians’ primary causal models on the outcome variables. Over 200 trainee clinical psychologists, across England, Scotland and Wales, took part in an online survey, presented using surveymonkey®. Where appropriate data were analysed using ANOVA. There was a small effect of the manipulation; labelling the depression as biological increased biological causal attributions and increased perceptions of the effectiveness of medical treatments. The exploratory analysis demonstrated substantial effects of strongly endorsing biological causal beliefs on judgements of medical treatments and client engagement. The results suggest that clinicians’ causal models of a client’s depression may bias clinical judgements. These findings are preliminary and further research is needed.
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Van, den Berg Rick. "The integration of patient cues, nursing knowledge and clinical judgements by Intensive Care Unit nurses in simulated situations of urgency." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20985.pdf.

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van, den Berg Rick. "The integration of patient cues, nursing knowledge and clinical judgements by Intensive Care Unit nurses in simulated situations of urgency." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10072.

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Nurses who work in critical care areas must learn how to make effective clinical judgements about patients under a variety of conditions. The process of making clinical judgements includes attending to cues from the patient and integrating prior nursing knowledge. The study examined this process within the context of simulated patient instability, in which there is minimal time for the nurse to reflect upon the judgements made. Registered Nurses from four Intensive Care Units (ICU) within the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton were randomly selected and invited to participate in the study and twenty-four nurses participated. The study employed a 'think aloud' method and verbal protocol analysis to examine the number and types of patient cues from six case studies, that were attended to by the nurses. The relationship between cue recognition, domain-specific knowledge and clinical judgements was examined. Nurses verbalized a low percentage of the available patient cues, knowledge, and clinical judgements. A significant and moderately positive correlation was found between cue recognition and knowledge verbalized, knowledge verbalized and clinical judgements made and cue recognition and clinical judgements made. The number of knowledge items verbalized were positively correlated with the level of ICU (tertiary or secondary), with higher levels of knowledge items verbalized found in the nurses working in the two tertiary level ICUs. The results of this study have implications for all nurses as well as those in advanced practice roles. Case reviews, as part of ongoing education, can encourage the nurses to examine and improve their clinical judgements. Teaching nurses to become reflective practitioners would provide them with tools to examine and improve their own process of making clinical judgements. Ensuring that nurses have current nursing knowledge can provide a stronger basis for their clinical judgements. Areas for further research are described.
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Coulter, Margaret Anne. "Nurses' early recognition of medical patients in transition states from acute to critical illness or cardiac arrest : the cue composition of clinical judgements." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411482.

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Ahlzen, Rolf. "Understanding clinical judgement and its relation to literary experience." Thesis, Durham University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521791.

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Flores, Sepulveda Luis Jose. "Clinical judgement in the era of evidence based medicine." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/clinical-judgement-in-the-era-of-evidence-based-medicine(d05f12b7-05fd-45a2-b1ff-78060d1d8520).html.

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“Evidence Based Medicine” (EBM) urges that medical recommendations be based on the best research evidence, rather than on clinical judgement. While I strongly endorse attention to relevant research evidence, I argue that the related downplaying of clinical judgement is a step backwards. This is because actual models of EBM encourage physicians to focus exclusively on research probabilities and so to neglect relevant information about patients. I call this feature of EBM the “Problem of Extra Information” (PEI), and contend that it leads to predictions and prescriptions based on the wrong probabilities. The PEI has been largely neglected by EBM, which has construed the challenge of clinical care as a matter of developing better research evidence, and of reminding physicians to attend to patients’ preferences and values. And although meritorious attempts have been made to connect research with individuals through sophisticated methodological improvements, these only address the PEI partially, and do not eliminate the need for clinical discretion. In this dissertation I contend that, in response to the PEI, clinical medicine requires a more Discretionary Approach (DA). This approach recognizes that the objective probabilities that matter for clinical recommendations are those in the reference class defined by everything the physician knows about the patient, and argues that the central role for judgment in clinical practice is to estimate these probabilities. So understood, the DA has two main advantages over the EBM approach: prudential adequacy and evidential flexibility. My defence of the DA consists of addressing criticisms of the role ascribed to judgment and clinical experience within this approach. The final two chapters of this doctoral dissertation complement my arguments with two meta-analytical empirical studies: one which compares “therapeutic guidelines based on evidence” with “usual care” with respect to patients’ outcomes, and another which examines the relative predictive performance of statistical models and physicians’ judgment in the context of diagnosis and prognosis. These studies refute previous evidence cited against judgment and vindicate the plausibility of the Discretionary Approach to clinical care.
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Books on the topic "Clinical judgements"

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Rayner, Claire. Clinical judgements. Bath: Chivers, 1991.

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Rayner, Claire. Clinical judgements. London: M. Joseph, 1989.

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Rayner, Claire. Clinical judgements. Bath: Chivers, 1990.

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Willington, Gary Leslie. Homophobia in clinical psychology and bias in clinical judgement. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1995.

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Montgomery, Kathryn. How doctors think: Clinical judgement and the practice of medicine. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2005.

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Clinical guidelines and the law: Negligence, discretion, and judgement. Oxon, OX, UK: Radcliffe Medical Press, 1998.

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Montgomery, Kathryn. How doctors think: Clinical judgement and the practice of medicine. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

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1957-, Stancombe John, ed. Clinical judgement in the health and welfare professions: Extending the evidence base. Buckingham: Open University Press, 2003.

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author, Hoque Mizanul, Kessel Belinda author, and General Medical Council (Great Britain), eds. Situational judgement test for the Foundation Years Programme. 2nd ed. North Charleston, SC: CreateSpace, 2013.

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Cooper, Kim D. Virtual clinical excursions -- general hospital for Harkreader and Hogan: Fundamentals of nursing: Caring and clinical judgement. 3d edition. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Clinical judgements"

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Bridges, Susan M., Claire M. Wyatt-Smith, and Michael G. Botelho. "Clinical Assessment Judgements and ‘Connoisseurship’: Surfacing Curriculum-Wide Standards Through Transdisciplinary Dialogue." In The Enabling Power of Assessment, 81–98. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3045-1_6.

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Maurer, W., and D. Commenges. "Choice and analysis of judgement criteria." In Methods in Clinical Trials in Neurology, 29–55. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08943-7_3.

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Feller, Julian A. "Will Our Focus on Techniques and Technology to Improve Patient Outcomes Be at the Expense of a Loss of Clinical Judgement?" In The Future of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, 57–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28976-8_22.

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Richter, Marlise, and Kholi Buthelezi. "Stigma, Denial of Health Services, and Other Human Rights Violations Faced by Sex Workers in Africa: “My Eyes Were Full of Tears Throughout Walking Towards the Clinic that I Was Referred to”." In Sex Work, Health, and Human Rights, 141–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64171-9_8.

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AbstractAn ethical and forward-looking health sector response to sex work aims to create a safe, effective, and non-judgemental space that attracts sex workers to its services. Yet, the clinical setting is often the site of human rights violations and many sex workers experience ill-treatment and abuse by healthcare providers. Research with male, female, and transgender sex workers in various African countries has documented a range of problems with healthcare provision in these settings, including: poor treatment, stigmatisation, and discrimination by healthcare workers; having to pay bribes to obtain services or treatment; being humiliated by healthcare workers; and, the breaching of confidentiality. These experiences are echoed by sex workers globally. Sex workers’ negative experiences with healthcare services result in illness and death and within the context of the AIDS epidemic act as a powerful barrier to effective HIV and STI prevention, care, and support. Conversely positive interactions with healthcare providers and health services empower sex workers, affirm sex worker dignity and agency, and support improved health outcomes and well-being. This chapter aims to explore the experiences of sex workers with healthcare systems in Africa as documented in the literature. Findings describe how negative healthcare workers’ attitudes and sexual moralism have compounded the stigma that sex workers face within communities and have led to poor health outcomes, particularly in relation to HIV and sexual and reproductive health. Key recommendations for policy and practice include implementation of comprehensive, rights-affirming health programmes designed in partnership with sex workers. These should be in tandem with structural interventions that shift away from outdated criminalized legal frameworks and implement violence prevention strategies, psycho-social support services, sex worker empowerment initiatives, and peer-led programmes.
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"J Judgement / 69." In Clinical Leadership, 73–78. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315847023-16.

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Martin, Finbarr C., Abdulrazzak Abyad, Hidenori Arai, Marcel Arcand, Hashim Hasan Balubaid, B. Lynn Beattie, Yitshal N. Berner, et al. "Eating and drinking in later life." In Oxford Textbook of Geriatric Medicine, 1215–28. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198701590.003.0158.

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Food and drink are vital to life and have a special place in human culture: providing and receiving food has significance beyond sustaining body physiology. Sudden premature death is becoming less common and people experiencing a slow decline before death with frailty and/or dementia is more common. When patients develop swallowing difficulties and disinterest in food and drink, this presents challenges to healthcare workers and families. Should medically assisted (artificial) nutrition and hydration be started? Evidence suggests that it usually makes little or no impact on physical comfort or clinical outcomes but its emotional and cultural role may be great and ethical decision-making must take this into account. In the chapter we discuss various cultural, ethical, and legal perspectives on this situation and the judgements and practical decisions that arise, specifically focusing on those different standpoints from parts of the world where Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism are predominant.
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Peter J., Neumann, Cohen Joshua T., and Ollendorf Daniel A. "The Path Forward." In The Right Price, 240–46. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197512883.003.0011.

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Factors interfering with market-based alignment of drug prices and value make explicit value assessment necessary. The widely used quality-adjusted life year serves as a starting point because it accounts for both quality and length of life. Cost estimates could improve by accounting for drug price changes accompanying the loss of market exclusivity. Consistent use of a societal perspective when relevant would also improve value assessments. Prices should sometimes reflect government contributions to development, although such adjustments make the most sense when government facilitates late-stage research. The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review, a private group with a leading role in US value assessment, should make its analyses transparent and defer to payers regarding judgements about value. Finally, payers should embrace value-based pricing. They may not always get the lowest prices, but aligning price and value will mean society expends its resources efficiently and improves the population’s overall health.
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Hall, John N. "Questionnaire, rating, and behavioural methods of assessment." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 94–98. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0013.

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The earliest forms of psychiatric assessment were based on direct interviews with patients, on reported observations by those who knew the patient, and on direct observations by attendants—later nurses—in the care setting. Attempts to codify these forms of assessment had begun over 90 years ago, as illustrated by the ‘Behavior Chart’ of Kempf. The present range of structured psychiatric assessment methods grew from the 1950s in association with the introduction of neuroleptic medication and the development of psychiatric rehabilitation programmes. The two most frequently used types of systematic and structured assessment used in both clinical practice and research continue to be questionnaires and ratings. Their value lies in the systematic coverage of relevant content, and the potential for comparing scores across individuals and groups and over time. This section covers assessment methods that are appropriate for both self-report by patients and others—questionnaires—and observations and judgements made by others about the patient and their immediate circumstances—rating methods. This section will also briefly describe behavioural approaches to assessment of clinical relevance. Questionnaires offer the respondent a preset range of written questions covering the area of clinical interest, such as depression. The questions are usually completed by marking one of a set of provided response categories (forced-choice questions), but may be completed by the patient writing their own response in free text. Self-report and ‘self-monitoring’ methods are similar to the latter form of questionnaire, in that the patient completes a diary or pre-marked sheets. These are more open-ended, and any associated thoughts of the patient may be included. Self-report measures are used widely in cognitive behavioural interventions. Ratings are judgements about the quality or characteristics of a defined attribute or behaviour, completed subjectively, or on the basis of direct observation of the behaviour in question. While questionnaires are usually self-completed, ratings may be completed by one person with respect to another person. In psychiatric practice, ratings include those made by professional staff, often a nurse or care worker, or by a family member or informal carer, about a patient. Ratings and behavioural measures have a special use in the assessment of disturbed or bizarre behaviour, where the patient may have little insight or knowledge of the nature or degree of their disturbance, which may pose a major ongoing management problem, or a barrier to their placement in the community. An example of such a measure is the Aberrant Behavior Checklist. This is a 58-item behavioural rating scale completed by an informant, with the content covering five subscales: irritability, agitation, and crying; social withdrawal and lethargy; stereotyped behaviour; hyperactivity and non-compliance; and inappropriate speech.
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9

Summerfield, Julian, and Michael Yousif. "Descriptive Psychopathology." In Oxford Assess and Progress: Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199665662.003.0010.

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Psychopathology is ‘the systematic study of abnormal experience, cog­nition and behaviour; the study of the products of a disordered mind’ (Sims, 2002). Descriptive psychopathology refers to a particular approach to the assessment and understanding of the signs and symptoms of men­tal disorder and forms the basis of clinical psychiatry. The term descriptive in this context refers to a necessarily value- and theory-free interpreta­tion of the mental and behavioural phenomena a patient presents with. For students of medicine and psychiatry, it is essential to understand the significance of this and the rationale behind it. Psychiatry is unique among the medical specialties in that there are few objective clinical signs and no biomarkers (at least in vivo) which indicate the presence or otherwise of specific mental disorders. Contrast this with bodily disorders whose features are physical and objective; they lend themselves to being measurable, quantifiable, and therefore reliable to assess. Features of mental disorders present through behaviour and experience (thoughts, feelings, perceptions); they are internal and essen­tially subjective. This renders psychopathological phenomena elusive to clinical assessment in the way physical disorders are, leaving psychiatry in somewhat of a quandary; how to establish a reliable and valid system of assessing subjective phenomena? Furthermore, there needs to be a safeguard against the undue influence of bias caused by personal value judgements when interpreting subjective phenomenon. A chest X-ray showing a lobe consolidation or a blood test showing anaemia is open to far less interpretation than a person complaining of low mood or hearing voices. A further challenge in addition to that posed by the subjective nature of psychopathological phenomena is that of the absence of established aetiological mechanisms of mental disorders. Whether they are caused by physical changes in the brain or are social phenomena caused by experience (or some combination) remains contentious. Indeed, this debate continues to strike at the very concept of mental disorder. Therefore, clinical assessment of a person presenting with mental disorder must enable accessing and understanding the patient’s inner world; it must be based on a system that is value-free so as to avoid the undue influence of the personal beliefs of the clinician; and it obvi­ously cannot be reliant on thus-far absent aetiology.
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10

"Harnessing emotion to inform clinical judgement." In Reflection for Nursing Life, 104–20. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315766324-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Clinical judgements"

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Clark, A., M. Burton, U. Nazir, and L. Thomas. "COVID 19 Testing Cannot Replace Clinical Judgement." In American Thoracic Society 2021 International Conference, May 14-19, 2021 - San Diego, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2021.203.1_meetingabstracts.a4110.

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Ramsahai, James Michael, Jodie Simpson, Alistair Cook, Peter G. Gibson, Vanessa M. Mcdonald, Christopher Grainge, and Peter Wark. "Managing T2-High Inflammation in Severe Asthma - Are Biomarkers Better Than Clinician Judgement?" In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.2282.

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3

Muñoz, David. "New strategies in proprioception’s analysis for newer theories about sensorimotor control." In Systems & Design 2017. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/sd2017.2017.6903.

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Abstract Human’s motion and its mechanisms had become interesting in the last years, where the medecine’s field search for rehabilitation methods for handicapped persons. Other fields, like sport sciences, professional or military world, search to distinguish profiles and ways to train them with specific purposes. Besides, recent findings in neuroscience try to describe these mechanisms from an organic point of view. Until now, different researchs had given a model about control motor that describes how the union between the senses’s information allows adaptable movements. One of this sense is the proprioception, the sense which has a quite big factor in the orientation and position of the body, its members and joints. For this reason, research for new strategies to explore proprioception and improve the theories of human motion could be done by three different vias. At first, the sense is analysed in a case-study where three groups of persons are compared in a controlled enviroment with three experimental tasks. The subjects belong to each group by the kind of sport they do: sedentary, normal sportsmen (e.g. athletics, swimming) and martial sportmen (e.g. karate, judo). They are compared thinking about the following hypothesis: “Martial Sportmen have a better proprioception than of the other groups’s subjects: It could be due to the type of exercises they do in their sports as empirically, a contact sportsman shows significantly superior motor skills to the members of the other two groups. The second via are records from encephalogram (EEG) while the experimental tasks are doing. These records are analised a posteriori with a set of processing algorithms to extract characteristics about brain’s activity of the proprioception and motion control. Finally , the study tries to integrate graphic tools to make easy to understand final scientific results which allow us to explore the brain activity of the subjects through easy interfaces (e.g. space-time events, activity intensity, connectivity, specific neural netwoks or anormal activity). In the future, this application could be a complement to assist doctors, researchers, sports center specialists and anyone who must improve the health and movements of handicapped persons. Keywords: proprioception, EEG, assesment, rehabilitation.References: Röijezon, U., Clark, N.C., Treleaven, J. (2015). Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 1: Basic science and principles of assessment and clinical interventions. ManualTher.10.1016/j.math.2015.01.008. Röijezon, U., Clark, N.C., Treleaven, J. (2015). Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 2: Clinical assessment and intervention. Manual Ther.10.1016/j.math.2015.01.009. 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Neural efficency of experts’ brain during judgement of actions: A high -resolution EEG study in elite and amateur karate athletes. Behav. Brain. Res. 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.10.034. Jain, S., Gourab, K., Schindler-Ivens, S., Schmit, B.D. (2012). EEG during peddling: Evidence for cortical control of locomotor tasks. Clin. Neurophysiol.10.1016/j.clinph.2012.08.021. Behmer Jr., L.P., Fournier, L.R. (2013). Working memory modulates neural efficiency over motor components during a novel action planning task: An EEG study. Behav. Brain. Res. 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.031.
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