Journal articles: 'Clinical experiment'

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Tuffs, Annette. "Germany: Ethics of clinical experiment questioned." Lancet 340, no. 8822 (September 1992): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)92312-4.

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Xu, Hui Yu, Zhi Wei Chen, and Jie Guan. "Study on Clinical Immunology and Inspection through Creating Virtual Lab." Advanced Materials Research 268-270 (July 2011): 1473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.268-270.1473.

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Because the present science and technology development, clinical epidemic studies and inspection of experiment teaching improved, the emergence of a new model of experimental teaching, such as network visual media experiment, the experimental process with virtual laboratory way vivid show in the student, arouse the students' interest in learning, deepened the student to experiment of understanding. His paper mainly introduced how to use Windows Moviemaker software product virtual laboratory introduction Clinical immunology and test experimental teaching form obsolete, the enthusiasm of students to do the experiments is not high; the experimental teaching means of a single, involved the experiment content is not much, lack the overall ensign, the affect of test is not well; the experiment lesson is insufficient; laboratory equipment is insufficient, cannot satisfy the needs of the students. Now, in view of the above problems there is a new model of experimental teaching, such as network visual media experiment, the experimental process with virtual laboratory way vivid mage display in the student and arouse the students' interest in learning, deepened the student to experiment of understanding[1,2]. This paper mainly introduced how to use Windows Moviemaker software production virtual laboratory.

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Hey, Spencer Phillips. "Complex Underdetermination and the Units of Clinical Translation." THEORIA. An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science 30, no. 2 (June 20, 2015): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/theoria.12697.

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What makes a high-quality biomarker experiment? The success of personalized medicine hinges on the answer to this question. Unfortunately, as many commentators have now emphasized, the quality of most biomarker experiments to date has been quite low. Although the technical side of this problem has received considerable attention, the philosophical issues remain largely unexplored. In this paper, I argue that understanding what constitutes a high-quality biomarker experiment requires some fundamental shifts in how we think about the epistemology, ontology, and methodology of clinical translation.

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Benhidjeb, Tahar, Michael Stark, Isabel Gerntke, Ospan Mynbaev, and Kai Witzel. "Transoral thyroidectomy—from experiment to clinical implementation." Translational Cancer Research 6, S1 (February 2017): S174—S178. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tcr.2017.01.23.

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Vašků, J., P. Urbánek, M. Dostál, and Jan Vašků. "The Applicability of Experimental Experience with the Total Artificial Heart to its Clinical Use." International Journal of Artificial Organs 15, no. 5 (May 1992): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889201500510.

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Long-term experiments with the total artificial heart (TAH) are a source of valuable knowledge for later clinical application. Our observations result from 66 long-term experiments on calves and one goat ranging from 30 to 314 days, which have shown the main possible complications in the early period (one month) and later in the experiment. Problems until the second month of pumping concern the clinical pendant of the TAH as a bridge for transplantation, i.e. surgical problems, blood coagulation disorders, infection etc. Later problems are high venous pressure or arterial hypertension, infection with septic thromboembolization, mineralization of the driving diaphragm, etc., and are more closely comparable to the conditions of permanent clinical use of the TAH. Faultless surgery, device function and the regimen of pumping are essential factors in every long-term experiment, just as in clinical application. Infection is a threat throughout any experiment, as in clinical cases. The TNS-BRNO-VII/clin/80 TAH has been implanted in six patients.

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Udvarhelyi, G. B. "The hopkins experiment." Acta Neurochirurgica 124, no. 2-4 (June 1993): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01401141.

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KAYGIN, MEHMET ALİ, ÖZGÜR DAĞ, MUTLU ŞENOCAK, ÜMİT ASLAN, ADEM KIYMAZ, AHMET AYDIN, and BİLGEHAN ERKUT. "Our Endovasculer Clinical Experiment in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms." Damar Cerrahi Dergisi 21, no. 3 (2012): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.9739/uvcd.2012-31376.

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Muslin, V. P., and O. V. Pohorielov. "Meldonium and neuroprotection. Theory, experiment and clinical practice." Medicni perspektivi (Medical perspectives) 23, no. 2 (June 25, 2018): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26641/2307-0404.2018.2.133951.

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Lamb, S. M., and T. J. David. "Playing with fire: an experiment in clinical budgeting." BMJ 290, no. 6468 (February 23, 1985): 650–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.290.6468.650.

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Wen, Qinli. "Application of Animal Experiment in Surgical Teaching." General Surgery 2, no. 1 (September 13, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/gs.v2i1.1433.

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<p>Animal experiment of surgical science is the basic operation for medical students to fully contact with clinical surgery for the first time. This paper reveals the importance of animal experiment teaching in surgical science from the characteristics of medical specialty in our school. It aims to arouse medical students’ interest in surgical experiments.</p>

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Miller, JoAnn. "An Arresting Experiment." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 18, no. 7 (July 2003): 695–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260503251130.

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This study looks at the experiences and perceptions that domestic violence victims reported with Mills's power model. The victims' partners were the primary research participants in an arrest experiment. The following were empirically examined: the occurrence of violence following suspect arrest, victim perceptions of personal and legal power, victim satisfaction with the police, and victim perceptions of safety following legal intervention. Race and two victim resource measures (i.e., employment status and income advantage) explained variance in perceptions of independence. A police empowerment scale was used to measure legal power. It was found that arrest affected the probability of reoccurring domestic violence. Suspect arrest and the victim's perceptions of legal power were related to perceptions of safety following police intervention. The study concludes with some implications for domestic violence research, programs, and perspectives.

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Lee, Geun Hyeong, and Soo-Yong Shin. "Federated Learning on Clinical Benchmark Data: Performance Assessment." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 10 (October 26, 2020): e20891. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/20891.

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Background Federated learning (FL) is a newly proposed machine-learning method that uses a decentralized dataset. Since data transfer is not necessary for the learning process in FL, there is a significant advantage in protecting personal privacy. Therefore, many studies are being actively conducted in the applications of FL for diverse areas. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and performance of FL using three benchmark datasets, including a clinical benchmark dataset. Methods To evaluate FL in a realistic setting, we implemented FL using a client-server architecture with Python. The implemented client-server version of the FL software was deployed to Amazon Web Services. Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST), Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-III (MIMIC-III), and electrocardiogram (ECG) datasets were used to evaluate the performance of FL. To test FL in a realistic setting, the MNIST dataset was split into 10 different clients, with one digit for each client. In addition, we conducted four different experiments according to basic, imbalanced, skewed, and a combination of imbalanced and skewed data distributions. We also compared the performance of FL to that of the state-of-the-art method with respect to in-hospital mortality using the MIMIC-III dataset. Likewise, we conducted experiments comparing basic and imbalanced data distributions using MIMIC-III and ECG data. Results FL on the basic MNIST dataset with 10 clients achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.997 and an F1-score of 0.946. The experiment with the imbalanced MNIST dataset achieved an AUROC of 0.995 and an F1-score of 0.921. The experiment with the skewed MNIST dataset achieved an AUROC of 0.992 and an F1-score of 0.905. Finally, the combined imbalanced and skewed experiment achieved an AUROC of 0.990 and an F1-score of 0.891. The basic FL on in-hospital mortality using MIMIC-III data achieved an AUROC of 0.850 and an F1-score of 0.944, while the experiment with the imbalanced MIMIC-III dataset achieved an AUROC of 0.850 and an F1-score of 0.943. For ECG classification, the basic FL achieved an AUROC of 0.938 and an F1-score of 0.807, and the imbalanced ECG dataset achieved an AUROC of 0.943 and an F1-score of 0.807. Conclusions FL demonstrated comparative performance on different benchmark datasets. In addition, FL demonstrated reliable performance in cases where the distribution was imbalanced, skewed, and extreme, reflecting the real-life scenario in which data distributions from various hospitals are different. FL can achieve high performance while maintaining privacy protection because there is no requirement to centralize the data.

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Murton, Olivia, Robert Hillman, and Daryush Mehta. "Cepstral Peak Prominence Values for Clinical Voice Evaluation." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 29, no. 3 (August 4, 2020): 1596–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00001.

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Purpose The goal of this study was to employ frequently used analysis methods and tasks to identify values for cepstral peak prominence (CPP) that can aid clinical voice evaluation. Experiment 1 identified CPP values to distinguish speakers with and without voice disorders. Experiment 2 was an initial attempt to estimate auditory-perceptual ratings of overall dysphonia severity using CPP values. Method CPP was computed using the Analysis of Dysphonia in Speech and Voice (ADSV) program and Praat. Experiment 1 included recordings from 295 patients with medically diagnosed voice disorders and 50 vocally healthy control speakers. Speakers produced sustained /a/ vowels and the English language Rainbow Passage. CPP cutoff values that best distinguished patient and control speakers were identified. Experiment 2 analyzed recordings from 32 English speakers with varying dysphonia severity and provided preliminary validation of the Experiment 1 cutoffs. Speakers sustained the /a/ vowel and read four sentences from the Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice protocol. Trained listeners provided auditory-perceptual ratings of overall dysphonia for the recordings, which were estimated using CPP values in a linear regression model whose performance was evaluated using the coefficient of determination ( r 2 ). Results Experiment 1 identified CPP cutoff values of 11.46 dB (ADSV) and 14.45 dB (Praat) for the sustained /a/ vowels and 6.11 dB (ADSV) and 9.33 dB (Praat) for the Rainbow Passage. CPP values below those thresholds indicated the presence of a voice disorder with up to 94.5% accuracy. In Experiment 2, CPP values estimated ratings of overall dysphonia with r 2 values up to .74. Conclusions The CPP cutoff values identified in Experiment 1 provide normative reference points for clinical voice evaluation based on sustained /a/ vowels and the Rainbow Passage. Experiment 2 provides an initial predictive framework that can be used to relate CPP values to the auditory perception of overall dysphonia severity based on sustained /a/ vowels and Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice sentences.

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Pagani, Silvia, Michela Balconi, Matteo Sozzi, Stefania Bianchi-Marzoli, Lisa Melzi, and Massimo Corbo. "Repetition-priming effect: a cognitive task for the definition of a clinical assessment." Neuropsychological Trends, no. 15 (April 2014): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7358/neur-2014-015-paga.

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This research aims to study how semantic priming words can influence behavioral measures (RTs, accuracy), to develop an experimental paradigm to differentiate visual neglect and hemianopia. 69 experimental subjects were involved in four experiments. In each experiment target words were preceded by word primes semantically related, neutral or unrelated to the target. The four experiments differed in terms of: number of prime, prime duration and distance between pc monitor and subject. In general, related primes should improve facilitatory effect in target recognition more than unrelated primes, reducing RTs and increasing response accuracy. After repeated ANOVA analysis applied to each experiment and paired comparisons, it is possible to point out that single related primes, shown for 150 ms, greatly improve response behavior in terms of RTs reduction. For future applications to the clinical field, we assume that neglect patients should be facilitated in these specific experimental conditions, due to implicit contralesional prime processing. On the contrary, hemianopics should nowise be facilitated, due to visual field deficit.

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Byrne, Kaileigh, Hunter Willis, Caitlin Peters, Deborah Kunkel, and Thomas Tibbett. "Behind Closed Doors: The Role of Depressed Affect on Risky Choices Under Time Pressure." Clinical Psychological Science 8, no. 1 (September 24, 2019): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702619858423.

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Previous research suggests that depressive symptoms are associated with altered sensitivity to reward and punishment in various decision-making contexts. Building on this work, this study investigated whether depressed-affect symptoms influenced risky decision making under time pressure. The effect of depressed affect on risky choice was assessed in a reward (Experiments 1A and 1B) and loss (Experiment 2) context under low- and high-pressure conditions. Decisions involved learning to choose between a “sure” option and a “risky” option with identical expected values. In Experiment 1A, depressed affect predicted increased risky decision making under time pressure but did not affect decision making under low pressure. Experiment 1B replicated this effect. In contrast, in Experiment 2, depressed affect led to reduced risk taking in low-pressure condition but did not affect decision making under high pressure. These results suggest that the pattern of risky decision making among those experiencing symptoms of depressed affect depends on performance pressure demands.

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Yamamoto, Akito, Mamoru Muroka, Takeo Mizutani, Yukio Utiyama, and Masaru Momose. "96. Clinical Experiment of Intraoperative Radiotherapy with Hypertermia Simultaneously." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 49, no. 8 (1993): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00003324684.

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Frankenschmidt, Alexander, and Horst Sommerkamp. "SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY DURING PREGNANCY: A SUCCESSFUL CLINICAL EXPERIMENT." Journal of Urology 159, no. 2 (February 1998): 501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(01)63962-4.

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Mancini, J., D. Genre, F. Dalenc, J.-M. Ferrero, P. Kerbrat, A.-L. Martin, H. Roché, et al. "Participants’ uptake of clinical trial results: a randomised experiment." British Journal of Cancer 102, no. 7 (March 2010): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605592.

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Castillo Mendoza, Carlos Alberto. "Mutuality: Clinical and Metapsychological Potentials of a Failed Experiment." American Journal of Psychoanalysis 72, no. 1 (March 2012): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ajp.2011.52.

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Müller, C., I. Bittmann, R. Hatz, B. Kellner, G. Schelling, H. Fürst, B. Reichart, and F. W. Schildberg. "Improvement of Lung Preservation – From Experiment to Clinical Practice." European Surgical Research 34, no. 1-2 (2002): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000048892.

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Byrd, James Brian. "Score one for the clinical trial data sharing experiment." European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 26, no. 6 (January 6, 2019): 567–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487318821770.

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Baicker, Katherine, Sarah L. Taubman, Heidi L. Allen, Mira Bernstein, Jonathan H. Gruber, Joseph P. Newhouse, Eric C. Schneider, Bill J. Wright, Alan M. Zaslavsky, and Amy N. Finkelstein. "The Oregon Experiment — Effects of Medicaid on Clinical Outcomes." New England Journal of Medicine 368, no. 18 (May 2, 2013): 1713–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmsa1212321.

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KATOH, Takaya, Yuichi KASAI, Tadashi INABA, and Masataka TOKUDA. "Clinical experiment of intraoperative measurement device for lumber instability." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2003.15 (2003): 299–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2003.15.299.

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Le-xin, Liu, Xia Shui-shen, and Wu Zai-de. "Animal experiment and clinical application of atypical partial splenectomy." Journal of Tongji Medical University 7, no. 3 (September 1987): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02888214.

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Aketa, Shuta, Daisuke Wajima, Masayoshi Kiyomoto, Natsuhiko Izumi, and Taiji Yonezawa. "Optimum concentration of iodine contrast agent injection for best stent visualization using Neuroform Atlas stent during stent-assisted coil embolization: Case reviews based on in vitro experiments." Surgical Neurology International 11 (June 27, 2020): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_239_2020.

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Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of contrast agent concentration (Conc) on the visibility of Neuroform Atlas in vitro and in clinical cases. Methods: A plastic tube was filled with several Conc. in saline (experiment 1) and blood (experiment 2). Thereafter, the Neuroform Atlas was placed around the plastic tube in an acrylic shield case. In experiment 3, the Neuroform Atlas was placed in the internal carotid artery of the endo vascular evaluator endovascular training system with an injection of several Conc in saline. Five slices of the axial images obtained using the 3D-cone-beam computed tomography (3D-CBCT) with the digital subtraction angiography system were evaluated. A 1-cm2 circular center, which showed the contrast agent in saline or blood, was determined as the region of interest, and its pixels were evaluated. Results: Radiation density (Rd) was directly proportional to the contrast agent in saline and blood (experiment 1: (Rd (pixel)) = 6.8495 × (concentration (%)) + 152.72 (R2 = 0.99), experiment 2: (Rd (pixel)) = 6.2485 × (concentration (%)) + 167.42 (R2 = 0.9966), experiment 3: (Rd (pixel)) = 10.287 × (concentration (%)) + 108.26 (R2 = 0.993)]. Rd calculated similarly in our cases (concentration varied from 5% to 8%) was between the range of “Rd of experiment 2” and “Rd of experiment 3.” Conclusion: Based on our in vitro experiments, with 5–8% concentration, Neuroform Atlas stent deployment with complete neck coverage by the bulging stent and wall apposition was visualized on 3D-CBCT.

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Thürmer, J. Lukas, Sean M. McCrea, and Baylee M. McIntyre. "Motivated Collective Defensiveness: Group Members Prioritize Counterarguing Out-Group Criticism Over Getting Their Work Done." Social Psychological and Personality Science 10, no. 3 (March 23, 2018): 382–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550618762298.

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Group members defensively reject out-group criticism in self-reports because they perceive it as more threatening than the same criticism from the in-group ( intergroup sensitivity effect). But does this effect motivate action? In five experiments, group members exhibited behavior patterns characteristic of motivated goal pursuit: They prioritized defending their group over completing their individual work (Experiments 1–5), even when work was intrinsically rewarding (Experiment 2) or incentivized (Experiment 3). Lastly, this effect disappeared when group members had attained their goal of protecting their group by other means (i.e., group affirmation; Experiments 4 and 5). Together, the experiments suggest that intergroup sensitivity motivates goal-directed action. We discuss how motivated collective defensiveness may undermine constructive debate and heighten acrimony between groups.

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Eadeh, Fade R., and Katharine K. Chang. "Can Threat Increase Support for Liberalism? New Insights Into the Relationship Between Threat and Political Attitudes." Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550618815919.

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The extant literature demonstrates that exposure to threat almost always increases support for political conservatism. But can threat increase the support for political liberalism? The current article provides evidence that threat can increase the aspects of political liberalism. Across three experiments, we find that experimentally manipulated threats to health-care access (Experiment 1, N = 558), pollution (Experiment 2, N = 184), and corporate misconduct (Experiment 3, N = 225) produced increased support for components of liberalism. These findings fill a notable gap in the literature, broadening larger theoretical discussions of threat as a psychological construct and current understandings of experimentally manipulated attitudinal change.

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Kockro, Ralf Alfons. "Neurosurgery Simulators—Beyond the Experiment." World Neurosurgery 80, no. 5 (November 2013): e101-e102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2013.02.017.

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Sucevic, J., and K. Plunkett. "0098 The Role of Sleep in Novel Category Learning in Infancy." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.096.

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Abstract Introduction A growing body of research suggests that sleep has an important role in consolidating newly learnt information and generalising this knowledge to novel instances (e.g. Djonlagic et al., 2009). The effects of sleep on early categorisation abilities haven’t been investigated so far and thus the aim of this study is to examine the role of sleep in formation of category representations. Two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 set out to determine 4-months-old infants’ ability to form novel visual categories when category formation test immediately followed learning. Experiment 2 investigated the impact of sleep on category consolidation by testing category formation after a 2 hours delay. Methods Both experiments employed eye-tracking familiarisation-novelty-preference paradigm. In Experiment 1, infants were familiarised with a set of exemplars from a novel category. Immediately after the familiarisation phase, infants’ category formation was tested and their looking references were used as an index of category learning. Experiment 2 tested consolidation of the newly acquired categories by introducing a delay between the familiarisation and the test phase. Half of the participants took a nap during the delay, whereas the other half remained awake. Polysomnography was recorded using a standard PSG protocol. Sleep stages were scored according to the AASM guidelines, and sleep spindles were detected using an adapted algorithm for children. Results Results of the Experiment 1 revealed that infants were able to learn novel visual categories when category formation was tested immediately after learning suggesting therefore that infants are able to extract relevant information and generalise to novel instances. Preliminary results of Experiment 2 (data analysis ongoing) suggested that infants who napped performed better than infants who stayed awake. Conclusion The present study suggests that infants are able to rapidly form novel categories, and that consolidation of this knowledge is shaped by the activity following learning. Support N/A

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Сидельникова, A. Sidelnikova, Начева, L. Nacheva, Боборыкин, and M. Boborykin. "Clinical aspects of acute opisthorchiasis in rabbits in the experiment." Russian Journal of Parasitology 3, no. 3 (September 25, 2016): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21661.

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Objective of research: to investigate the clinical features of acute opisthorchiasis in rabbits. Materials and methods: Clinical evidence of acute opisthorchiasis in rabbits, laboratory blood tests. Results and discussion: Skin lesions in the form of cracks and ulcers of various sizes in the neck, thoracic back and croup, mostly localized along the spine, were clinically identified in acute opisthorchiasis of rabbits. Weight loss within the first month was up to 300 — 500 grams. Laboratory tests showed that one month later, the level of blood glucose in the infected animals was 3 times higher than in controls. Compared with the controls, a reduced number of red blood cells and hemoglobin level in animals of the experimental group was observed, leukopenia was determined. The blood coagulation time was significantly accelerated.

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Jeraj, Robert, Paul J. Keall, and Patricia M. Ostwald. "Comparisons between MCNP, EGS4 and experiment for clinical electron beams." Physics in Medicine and Biology 44, no. 3 (January 1, 1999): 705–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/44/3/013.

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Kupka, T. "96-Week clinical experiment on a novel WMGIC-type restorative." Dental Materials 28 (January 2012): e48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.07.114.

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Thomas, Ronald G., Kimberly Schafer, Peter Woodbury, Beverly White, Joan Mackell, Angie Lambert, and Mario Scattini. "A32 computer-aided clinical monitoring: Results of a controlled experiment." Controlled Clinical Trials 17, no. 2 (April 1996): S56—S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(96)84563-6.

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Kravchenko, S. V., A. Kh Kade, A. I. Trofimenko, S. P. Vcherashnyuk, and V. V. Malyshko. "Cognitive neural prosthetics – the way from experiment to clinical application." Innovative Medicine of Kuban, no. 3 (September 23, 2021): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35401/2500-0268-2021-23-3-64-72.

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Accepted: September 3, 2021. Objective of this review is to highlight some aspects of the development and use of cognitive neuroprostheses, such as the technological background for their developing and key modern projects in this field. The literature sources were analyzed and the place of neuroprostheses among other artificial organs and tissues, which are under development or already used in clinical practice, was defined. The main principles of their implementation, structural elements and operating conditions were described. Also, this review presents some examples of diseases which can be corrected by cognitive neuroprostheses. The mechanisms of compensation for the functions of the damaged brain structures when using neuroprostheses are described on the basis of the principles of their interaction with biological neural networks. Descriptions of advanced developments that are currently relevant are given. Moreover, information is provided on the protocols and results of tests on animals and humans of the artificial hippocampus, as well as the results of testing a prosthesis that allows restoring the functions of the prefrontal cortex in animals. The examples considered in the review allow us to conclude that cognitive neuroprostheses are not just a hypothetic concept. They are implemented as specialized experimental solutions for practical clinical issues. Currently, the greatest success has been achieved in restoring the hippocampus functions.

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Hessing, M. J. C., and M. J. M. Tielen. "The effect of climatic environment and relocating and mixing on health status and productivity of pigs." Animal Science 59, no. 1 (August 1994): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100007583.

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AbstractTwo similar style experiments were carried out in a climate-controlled pig house to determine the effects of adverse climatic conditions and relocating and mixing on the health status and productivity of pigs. In both experiments, 120 pigs were used. The climate-controlled pig house consisted of two fully separated but identical rooms (experimental and control) with five pens each (12 pigs per pen). Pigs exposed to draught and low environmental temperature had lower daily gain (experiment 1: 45 g/day; experiment 2: 25 g/day) and higher food conversion (food: gain ratio) than pigs housed under optimal climatic conditions (control). Moreover, clinical disease signs (i.e. diarrhoea, coughing, sneezing and haemorrhagic ear lesions) were more pronounced in the experimental than in the control group. In experiment 1, pigs were relocated and mixed at 10 weeks of age either within or between the experimental and control room. Data showed clear negative effects on daily gain and clinical disease signs especially among pigs that were relocated to suboptimal climatic conditions. In experiment 2, pigs were either relocated and mixed between both rooms or they remained in their own pens. Data on daily gain and clinical disease signs revealed that the health of the pigs was strongly affected by mixing. Therefore, the present work emphasizes the importance of climatic environment and social factors in intensive pig production.

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Zack, Langton, Johnson Mari, Reed Zach, Alchemy John, Artz Jerry, and Bolon Bruce. "Verifying the Accuracy of Digital Goniometer Range of Motion Measurements for In-Person and Telemedicine Visits." Journal of Clinical Cases & Reports 3, S3 (October 30, 2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46619/joccr.2020.3.s3-1006.

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INTRODUCTION This paper offers empirical evidence of the accuracy of the clinical application of the RateFast Goniometer smartphone app. Using multiple comparative measures and interrater reliability measures, this paper investigates the effective ness of this digital goniometer app for physicians practicing in both the office and in telemedicine clinical settings. METHODS Three experiments were performed to test the reliability of the RateFast Goniometer app. The first involved measuring preset angles to test its accuracy. The second experiment involved measuring randomly drawn angles to determine if switching users has any effect on the results. The last experiment measured shoulder angles (flexion and extension planes) of 53 volunteers to determine the accuracy of the RateFast Goniometer app in both haptic mode (for use in an in -person clinical setting) and camera mode (for use in a telemedicine clinical setting). RESULT In the first experiment, the average difference between measurements was 0.6° and the average standard deviation was 0.3°. In the second experiment, the angles measured with the RateFast goniometer were less than those measured with a protractor, averaging to a difference of 0.9°. In the third experiment, the haptic mode measurements and the camera mode measurements had an average difference of 1.2° and the standard deviation of the difference between haptic and camera measurements was determined to be 4.7° across all volunteers. CONCLUSION In all three experiments, the error rate found using the RateFast Goniometer app which is within the error tolerance according to the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, Fifth Edition (AMA Guides), which stipulates that measurements of shoulder angles must be within 10% of one another. The RateFast Goniometer app and similar digital goniometer applications can be used to accurately measure angles in both in -person and telemedicine settings according to the standards of accuracy set forth in the AMA Guides.

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MacKinnon, Barbara. "How Important Is Consent for Controlled Clinical Trials?" Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 5, no. 2 (1996): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100006964.

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The Nuremberg Code of ethical principles for experiments involving human beings has as its first requirement that “the voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential.” Since the time of the trials that supplied its motivation the principles have been amplified and detail and distinctions have been added. For example, the Declaration of Helsinki, adopted by the World Medical Association in 1964, again laid down general principles related to voluntariness, balance of risk and benefit, and scientific soundness. However, it also noted that the ethical issues with regard to two distinctly different types of human experiment vary. These two types are clinical research (i.e., “medical research combined with profession care”) and nonclinical biomedical research (i.e., “nontherapeutic biomedical research involving human subjects”). In actuality, we may distinguish three types of human biomedical experimentation. Two of these are therapeutic and nontherapeutic experimentation. The first is directed primarily to the benefit of the experimental subjects who are being treated with some new experimental therapy for their ailment. In the second an experiment is designed to increase medical knowledge and uses volunteers who are healthy or whose illness is not related to the experimental study. One key difference between the ethical requirements specified by the Declaration of Helsinki for therapeutic and nontherapeutic experimentation was that the second approach required participation only by volunteers whom we assume are able to and do give their informed consent. However, in the first approach if consent were not obtained, the physician must specify the reasons and present these before an independent committee.

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Chen, Jacqueline M., Maria Clara P. de Paula Couto, Airi M. Sacco, and Yarrow Dunham. "To Be or Not to Be (Black or Multiracial or White)." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 7 (August 28, 2017): 763–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617725149.

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Culture shapes the meaning of race and, consequently, who is placed into which racial categories. Three experiments conducted in the United States and Brazil illustrated the cultural nature of racial categorization. In Experiment 1, a target’s racial ancestry influenced Americans’ categorizations but had no impact on Brazilians’ categorizations. Experiment 2 showed cultural differences in the reliance on two phenotypic cues to race; Brazilians’ categorizations were more strongly determined by skin tone than were Americans’ categorizations, and Americans’ categorizations were more strongly determined by other facial features compared to Brazilians' categorizations. Experiment 3 demonstrated cultural differences in the motivated use of racial categories. When the racial hierarchy was threatened, only Americans more strictly enforced the Black–White racial boundary. Cultural forces shape the conceptual, perceptual, and ideological construal of racial categories.

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Lemmon, Vance P., Adam R. Ferguson, Phillip G. Popovich, Xiao-Ming Xu, Diane M. Snow, Michihiro Igarashi, Christine E. Beattie, and John L. Bixby. "Minimum Information about a Spinal Cord Injury Experiment: A Proposed Reporting Standard for Spinal Cord Injury Experiments." Journal of Neurotrauma 31, no. 15 (August 2014): 1354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2014.3400.

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Trosset, Michael W., and Alfred W. Kaszniak. "Measures of deficit unawareness for predicted performance experiments." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2, no. 4 (July 1996): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617700001338.

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AbstractPredicted performance experiments attempt to quantify an impaired individual's awareness of his or her deficit. These experiments measure perceived ability by the individual's prediction of his or her performance on a specific cognitive task and actual ability by his or her subsequent performance on that task. To date, the most comprehensive predicted performance experiment is the one proposed and implemented by McGlynn and Kaszniak (1991b). This experiment is potentially capable of removing a number of influences that may be confounded with deficit unawareness; however, it is not obvious what method of quantitative analysis best exploits this capability. In the present report, several possibilities are discussed. The limitations of McGlynn and Kaszniak's method are identified, and a more satisfying measure of deficit unawareness is proposed. (JINS, 1996, 2, 315–322.)

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Wilden, Jessica A., Kurt Y. Qing, Sheketha R. Hauser, William J. McBride, Pedro P. Irazoqui, and Zachary A. Rodd. "Reduced ethanol consumption by alcohol-preferring (P) rats following pharmacological silencing and deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens shell." Journal of Neurosurgery 120, no. 4 (April 2014): 997–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.12.jns13205.

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Object There is increasing interest in deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of addiction. Initial testing must be conducted in animals, and the alcohol-preferring (P) rat meets the criteria for an animal model of alcoholism. This study is composed of 2 experiments designed to examine the effects of 1) pharmacological inactivation and 2) DBS of the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) on the consumption of alcohol by P rats. Methods In the first experiment, the effects of reversible inactivation of the AcbSh were investigated by administering intracranial injections of γ–aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists. Bilateral microinjections of drug were administered to the AcbSh in P rats (8–10 rats/group), after which the animals were placed in operant chambers containing 2 levers—one used to administer water and the other to administer 15% EtOH—to examine the acquisition and maintenance of oral EtOH self-administration. In the second experiment, a DBS electrode was placed in each P rat's left AcbSh. The animals then received 100 or 200 μA (3–4 rats/group) of DBS to examine the effect on daily consumption of oral EtOH in a free-access paradigm. Results In the first experiment, pharmacological silencing of the AcbSh with GABA agonists did not decrease the acquisition of EtOH drinking behavior but did reduce EtOH consumption by 55% in chronically drinking rats. Similarly, in the second experiment, 200 μA of DBS consistently reduced EtOH intake by 47% in chronically drinking rats. The amount of EtOH consumption returned to baseline levels following termination of therapy in both experiments. Conclusions Pharmacological silencing and DBS of the AcbSh reduced EtOH intake after chronic EtOH use had been established in rodents. The AcbSh is a neuroanatomical substrate for the reinforcing effects of alcohol and may be a target for surgical intervention in cases of alcoholism.

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Verdonschot, N. J. J., R. Huiskes, and M. A. R. Freeman. "Pre-Clinical Testing of Hip Prosthetic Designs: A Comparison of Finite Element Calculations and Laboratory Tests." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 207, no. 3 (September 1993): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1993_207_287_02.

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To investigate the accuracy of finite element (FE) models for pre-clinical testing of unbonded hip prostheses, relative to aspects of load transfer and micromobility, two previously published laboratory experiments were simulated, using three-dimensional FE models. It was found for the load-transfer analyses that the experiment and the FE study revealed results that were very similar. The trends in the mobility experiments were also reproduced in the FE simulations, although quantitative differences were found. It is concluded that FE analysis can effectively be used for design evaluation of hip prostheses before prototypes are made.

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Zavec, Polona Bedina, Aleksandra Comino, Paul Watt, and Radovan Komel. "Interaction trap experiment with CDC6." Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 439, S1 (January 2000): r094—r096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004240000103.

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Zavec, Polona Bedina, Aleksandra Comino, Paul Watt, and Radovan Komel. "Interaction trap experiment with CDC6." Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 439, no. 7 (July 2000): R94—R96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03376533.

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Klein, Nadav. "Heroes Perceive Their Own Actions as Less Heroic Than Other People Do." Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, no. 8 (February 18, 2020): 1072–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619893967.

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Heroic acts are prosocial actions that involve extreme sacrifice and risk. Such acts receive near-ubiquitous praise. However, the present article suggests that one group refrains from praising heroic acts—heroes themselves. Using self-reflections provided in news reports, Experiment 1 finds that people who actually saved others’ lives do not view themselves as positively as they should according to outside observers. Experiment 2 measures participants’ recollections of their own extreme prosocial acts and finds that self-evaluations are less positive than observers’ evaluations. Experiment 3 finds that participants who imagine themselves performing a heroic act evaluate it less positively than participants who observe the same act. Experiments 2–3 identify differences in perceptions of personal burden as a mechanism—whereas observers believe that acting heroically involves extreme personal burden, actors view their personal burden as relatively unimportant. Being a hero is a distinctly less positive experience than observing one.

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Nakao, A., S. Takeda, S. Shimoyama, H. Kasuya, H. Kimata, O. Teshigahara, M. Sawaki, et al. "Clinical Experiment of Mutant Herpes Simplex Virus HF10 Therapy for Cancer." Current Cancer Drug Targets 7, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156800907780058808.

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Onishchuk, Philip, Marina Semenenko, Elena Kuzminova, Alexey Turchenko, and Adam Bogosyan. "Pre-clinical studies of fodder supplement Lozekorm in the acute experiment." Proceedings of the Kuban State Agrarian University 1, no. 80 (2019): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21515/1999-1703-80-248-253.

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Jamrozik, Konrad. "Clinical epidemiology: an experiment in student-directed learning in Western Australia." Medical Education 30, no. 4 (July 1996): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1996.tb00828.x.

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Kumana, CR, and CW Ogle. "A class experiment in clinical pharmacology using beta-adrenoceptor antagonist drugs." British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 19, no. 2 (February 1985): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1985.tb02628.x.

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Landman, A. B., S. S. Takhar, S. L. Wang, A. Cardoso, J. M. Kosowsky, A. S. Raja, R. Khorasani, and E. G. Poon. "The hazard of software updates to clinical workstations: a natural experiment." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 20, e1 (June 1, 2013): e187-e190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001494.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Clinical experiment'

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