Journal articles on the topic 'Clinical Behaviours'
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1
Bitsika, Vicki, Christopher F. Sharpley, and Robyn Hawkins. "A Variation on Functional Analysis in the Classroom: A Clinical Note." Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 17, no. 1 (July 1, 2007): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.17.1.97.
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AbstractTraditional Functional Analytic procedures rely upon the identification of one or two ‘target’ behaviours for examination via observation and analysis. From these data, multiple functions are identified for each target behaviour via antecedent-behaviour-consequence data collection. However, although these methodologies have been shown to be effective with a wide range of inappropriate behaviours in classrooms, they have limitations when the inappropriate behaviours are so many and varied that selection of one or two as ‘targets’ becomes unreliable in terms of obtaining an accurate representation of the child's overall behavioural repertoire. A variation on this procedure is described and data from a case example are presented as a suggested alternative way of obtaining the kind of data required for effective classroom management of difficult behaviour.
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Meyer, Johanna M., Alex Kirk, Joanna J. Arch, Peter J. Kelly, and Brett J. Deacon. "Beliefs about safety behaviours in the prediction of safety behaviour use." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 47, no. 6 (April 12, 2019): 631–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465819000298.
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AbstractBackground: Safety behaviours are ubiquitous across anxiety disorders and are associated with the aetiology, maintenance and exacerbation of anxiety. Cognitive behavioural models posit that beliefs about safety behaviours directly influence their use. Therefore, beliefs about safety behaviours may be an important component in decreasing safety behaviour use. Unfortunately, little empirical research has evaluated this theorized relationship.Aims: The present study aimed to examine the predictive relationship between beliefs about safety behaviours and safety behaviour use while controlling for anxiety severity.Method: Adults with clinically elevated levels of social anxiety (n = 145) and anxiety sensitivity (n = 109) completed an online survey that included established measures of safety behaviour use, quality of life, and anxiety severity. Participants also completed the Safety Behaviour Scale (SBS), a measure created for the current study which includes a transdiagnostic checklist of safety behaviours, as well as questions related to safety behaviour use and beliefs about safety behaviours.Results: Within both the social anxiety and anxiety sensitivity groups, positive beliefs about safety behaviours predicted greater safety behaviour use, even when controlling for anxiety severity. Certain beliefs were particularly relevant in predicting safety behaviour use within each of the clinical analogue groups.Conclusions: Findings suggest that efforts to decrease safety behaviour use during anxiety treatment may benefit from identifying and modifying positive beliefs about safety behaviours.
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McNamara, E., and M. Jolly. "Are Disruptive Behaviours Reduced When Levels of On-task Behaviours Increase? An Across Settings Study of a Class of 12- and 13-Year-Old Pupils—II." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 18, no. 4 (October 1990): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014134730001034x.
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In recent years an impressive body of research has accumulated indicating that behavioural management strategies can promote the levels of on-task behaviour of classes of disruptive secondary school pupils. These successes have led to the explicit, self-evident claim that levels of off-task behaviour have concomitantly been reduced—and the implicit claim that levels of disruptive behaviour have also been reduced: for disruptive behaviour constitutes a subset of off-task behaviour. However the promotion of on-task behaviour with a corresponding reduction in off-task behaviour is a necessary but not sufficient outcome to claim that disruptive behaviour has diminished. It may be the case that innocuous off-task behaviours have been reduced but disruptive off-task behaviours remain. From a further data analysis of a previous study (McNamara and Jolly, 1990) it is claimed that when disruptive classroom behaviour is dealt with by the promotion of on-task behaviours the total amount of all types of off-task behaviours, from innocuous to grossly disruptive, is reduced. Analysis of data for individual pupils reveals that the whole class aggregated data conceal considerable inter-pupil variability for low incidence off-task behaviours.
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Halls, Vicky. "Tools for managing feline problem behaviours: Environmental and behavioural modification." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 20, no. 11 (October 30, 2018): 1005–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x18806757.
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Practical relevance: Problem feline behaviour can be managed successfully by early diagnosis and intervention, good first-aid advice in veterinary practice and then, if necessary, a referral to a suitably qualified behaviourist for those cases that are complex. There are a number of tools available to assist in the resolution of problem feline behaviour and this article will cover environmental modification and behavioural modification. Clinical challenges: Problem feline behaviours are not uncommon and the veterinary team often have to rely on their own knowledge to assist clients if a specialist behaviourist is not available. Evidence base: There is a lack of evidence-based information regarding how best to work-up and treat cases of problem feline behaviour in practice; therefore, some recommendations within this article are based on the author’s experience of treating cases in a cat-specific behaviour referral practice over the past 20 years. However, there is evidence available regarding how best to enrich a cat’s environment and how to ensure a cat’s environmental needs are met. Audience: Any veterinarians, veterinary nurses or technicians who are involved in the diagnosis or treatment of problem feline behaviour in practice would benefit from understanding the principles of environmental and behavioural modification.
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Gittins, Catherine B., Maree J. Abbott, and Caroline Hunt. "What Influences Parenting Behaviour? The Role of Parent Self-Concept." Behaviour Change 37, no. 4 (September 25, 2020): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2020.13.
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AbstractParenting has a strong influence on child development. However, there is minimal empirical evidence on why some parents use beneficial techniques, while others use harmful behaviours. Thus, there is a significant gap in the knowledge needed to address problematic parenting. Theories suggest that parental self-concept has a large influence on parenting behaviours. The aim of this study was to examine the relation between parent self-cognitions and parenting behaviours. One-hundred and four mothers of Grade 7 students completed questionnaires measuring their self-esteem, self-criticism, domain-specific self-concept, and parenting behaviours (support, behavioural control, and psychological control). Regression analyses demonstrated that self-cognitions largely predicted psychological control but support or behavioural control did not. These findings suggest that psychologically controlling behaviour in parents may be due to poor self-worth. With psychological control known to deeply damage children, these findings have major implications for interventions targeting harmful parenting.
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Casey, R. A. "Factors influencing stereotypical behaviour patterns in horses: a review of 52 clinical cases." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200011728.
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Behaviours such as weaving, box-walking and wind-sucking have traditionally been regarded as undesirable behaviours or ‘vices’ by horse owners, which has led to ‘treatment’ regimes that aimed to physically prevent the performance of the behaviour rather than understand the underlying causes for it. In recent years, however, a number of studies have shed light on the epidemiology of these behaviours (e.g. Luescher et al 1998), leading to the development of more welfare compatible treatment options. In this study, a clinical population of horses presented with stereotypical behaviours is examined for relationships between presenting signs and historical and observational findings.
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Amankwah-Poku, Margaret. "COVID-19-related health behaviour changes among Ghanaians: applying the health belief model." Second Edition in 2020 of the HSI Journal Volume 1 Issue 2 Publication 1, no. 2 (December 22, 2020): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46829/hsijournal.2020.12.1.2.135-138.
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Although the Coronavirus disease2019 (COVID-19)is a physical illness, it very much requires behavioural practices to prevent its infection and transmission. Coronavirus protective measures may sound simple to adhere to compared to chronic disease-related behavioural practices, but this is not the case. Understanding adherence to COVID-19-related health behaviours using the health belief model as an explanatory model, can help to design interventions for change and maintenance of this change. The health belief model posits that, practicing a health behaviour depends on the individual’s perceived susceptibility to a disease, his/her perceived severity of the disease, and the perceived benefits/cost of engaging in the health behaviour, all of which are prompted by internal and external cues to action. Some Ghanaians may believe they are not susceptible to the disease or may downplay the severity of the disease, and thus will be less likely to engage in the health behaviours to avoid COVID-19 infection. Again, if Ghanaians believe the cost of engaging in these behaviours outweigh the health benefits of adhering to the behaviours, then they are less likely to follow these health behaviours. Finally, internal (e.g. experiencing COVID-19 symptoms) and external (e.g. daily COVID-19 updates) cues may act as triggers to engaging in health behaviours. Ghanaians should be well educated about the coronavirus and well informed, to be equipped to adhere to the COVID-19 protective measures. Clinical and health psychologists should be engaged to champion behaviour change practices.
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Amankwah-Poku, Margaret. "COVID-19-related health behaviour changes among Ghanaians: applying the health belief model." Second Edition in 2020 of the HSI Journal Volume 1 Issue 2 Publication 1, no. 2 (December 22, 2020): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46829/hsijournal.2020.12.1.2.135-138.
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Although the Coronavirus disease2019 (COVID-19)is a physical illness, it very much requires behavioural practices to prevent its infection and transmission. Coronavirus protective measures may sound simple to adhere to compared to chronic disease-related behavioural practices, but this is not the case. Understanding adherence to COVID-19-related health behaviours using the health belief model as an explanatory model, can help to design interventions for change and maintenance of this change. The health belief model posits that, practicing a health behaviour depends on the individual’s perceived susceptibility to a disease, his/her perceived severity of the disease, and the perceived benefits/cost of engaging in the health behaviour, all of which are prompted by internal and external cues to action. Some Ghanaians may believe they are not susceptible to the disease or may downplay the severity of the disease, and thus will be less likely to engage in the health behaviours to avoid COVID-19 infection. Again, if Ghanaians believe the cost of engaging in these behaviours outweigh the health benefits of adhering to the behaviours, then they are less likely to follow these health behaviours. Finally, internal (e.g. experiencing COVID-19 symptoms) and external (e.g. daily COVID-19 updates) cues may act as triggers to engaging in health behaviours. Ghanaians should be well educated about the coronavirus and well informed, to be equipped to adhere to the COVID-19 protective measures. Clinical and health psychologists should be engaged to champion behaviour change practices.
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O'Connor, Mairead, Lisa A. McSherry, Stephan U. Dombrowski, Jill J. Francis, Cara M. Martin, John J. O'Leary, and Linda Sharp. "Identifying ways to maximise cervical screening uptake: a qualitative study of GPs’ and practice nurses’ cervical cancer screening-related behaviours." HRB Open Research 4 (May 5, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13246.1.
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Background: Cervical screening uptake is declining in several countries. Primary care practitioners could play a greater role in maximising uptake, but better understanding is needed of practitioners’ cervical screening-related behaviours. Among general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses, we aimed to identify cervical screening-related clinical behaviours; clarify practitioners’ roles/responsibilities; and determine factors likely to influence clinical behaviours. Methods: Telephone interviews were conducted with GPs and practice nurses in Ireland. Interview transcripts were analysed using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), a comprehensive psychological framework of factors influencing clinical behaviour. Results: 14 GPs and 19 practice nurses participated. Key clinical behaviours identified were offering smears and encouraging women to attend for smears. Smeartaking responsibility was considered a predominantly female role. Of 12 possible theoretical domains, 11 were identified in relation to these behaviours. Those judged to be the most important were beliefs about capabilities; environmental context and resources; social influences; and behavioural regulation. Difficulties in obtaining smears from certain subgroups of women and inexperience of some GPs in smeartaking arose in relation to beliefs about capabilities. The need for public health education and reluctance of male practitioners to discuss cervical screening with female patients emerged in relation to social influences. Conclusions: We identified - for the first time - primary care practitioners’ cervical-screening related clinical behaviours, their perceived roles and responsibilities, and factors likely to influence behaviours. The results could inform initiatives to enable practitioners to encourage women to have smear tests which in turn, may help increase cervical screening uptake.
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James, Andrew I. W., Jan R. Böhnke, Andrew W. Young, and Gary J. Lewis. "Modelling verbal aggression, physical aggression and inappropriate sexual behaviour after acquired brain injury." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1811 (July 22, 2015): 20150711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0711.
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Understanding the underpinnings of behavioural disturbances following brain injury is of considerable importance, but little at present is known about the relationships between different types of behavioural disturbances. Here, we take a novel approach to this issue by using confirmatory factor analysis to elucidate the architecture of verbal aggression, physical aggression and inappropriate sexual behaviour using systematic records made across an eight-week observation period for a large sample ( n = 301) of individuals with a range of brain injuries. This approach offers a powerful test of the architecture of these behavioural disturbances by testing the fit between observed behaviours and different theoretical models. We chose models that reflected alternative theoretical perspectives based on generalized disinhibition (Model 1), a difference between aggression and inappropriate sexual behaviour (Model 2), or on the idea that verbal aggression, physical aggression and inappropriate sexual behaviour reflect broadly distinct but correlated clinical phenomena (Model 3). Model 3 provided the best fit to the data indicating that these behaviours can be viewed as distinct, but with substantial overlap. These data are important both for developing models concerning the architecture of behaviour as well as for clinical management in individuals with brain injury.
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Gústavsson, Sævar M., Paul M. Salkovskis, and Jón F. Sigurðsson. "Cognitive analysis of specific threat beliefs and safety-seeking behaviours in generalised anxiety disorder: revisiting the cognitive theory of anxiety disorders." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 49, no. 5 (March 12, 2021): 526–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135246582100014x.
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AbstractBackground:Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) has been an uneasy member of the anxiety disorders group since its inclusion in the third edition of the DSM. Multiple theories and treatment protocols for GAD and its defining symptom, excessive worry, have comparable efficacy in treating GAD symptoms. Crucially, these theories of GAD and excessive worry fail to explain when and why worry is excessive and when it is adaptive.Aims:In this paper we propose a cognitive behavioural account of the difference between excessive and adaptive states of worry and explore the theme of threat and the function of safety-seeking behaviours as seen in GAD. Specifically, we incorporate the concept of inflated responsibility in a cognitive behavioural analysis of threat appraisal and safety-seeking behaviours in excessive worry and GAD.Conclusion:It is proposed that when worry is used as a strategy intended to increase safety from perceived social or physical threat then it should be conceptualised as a safety-seeking behaviour. However, when worry is used as a strategy to solve a problem which the person realistically can resolve or to deal explicitly with the feeling of anxiety then it functions as an adaptive coping behaviour. We also propose that the theme of threat in GAD centres on an inflated sense of responsibility for external everyday situations, and the function of safety-seeking behaviours is to attain certainty that responsibility has been fulfilled. The clinical implications of this cognitive behavioural analysis of excessive worry are discussed, as well as future research directions.
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Isles, Anthony R., Catharine A. Winstanley, and Trevor Humby. "Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1766 (December 31, 2018): 20180128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0128.
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Our willingness to take risks, our ability to wait or the speed with which to make decisions are central features of our personality. However, it is now recognized that impulsive and risk-taking behaviours are not a unitary construct, and different aspects can be both psychologically and neurally dissociated. The range of neurochemicals and brain systems that govern these behaviours is extensive, and this may be a contributing factor to the phenotypic range seen in the human population. However, this variety can also be pathological as extremes in risk-taking and impulsive behaviours are characteristics of many neuropsychiatric and indeed neurodegenerative disorders. This spans obsessive–compulsive disorder, where behaviour becomes ridged and non-spontaneous, to the nonsensical risk-taking seen in gambling and drug taking. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications'.
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Smith, Kirsten A., Felicity L. Bishop, Hajira Dambha-Miller, Mohana Ratnapalan, Emily Lyness, Jane Vennik, Stephanie Hughes, et al. "Improving Empathy in Healthcare Consultations—a Secondary Analysis of Interventions." Journal of General Internal Medicine 35, no. 10 (July 14, 2020): 3007–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05994-w.
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Abstract A recent systematic review of randomised trials suggested that empathic communication improves patient health outcomes. However, the methods for training healthcare practitioners (medical professionals; HCPs) in empathy and the empathic behaviours demonstrated within the trials were heterogeneous, making the evidence difficult to implement in routine clinical practice. In this secondary analysis of seven trials in the review, we aimed to identify (1) the methods used to train HCPs, (2) the empathy behaviours they were trained to perform and (3) behaviour change techniques (BCTs) used to encourage the adoption of those behaviours. This detailed understanding of interventions is necessary to inform implementation in clinical practice. We conducted a content analysis of intervention descriptions, using an inductive approach to identify training methods and empathy behaviours and a deductive approach to describe the BCTs used. The most commonly used methods to train HCPs to enhance empathy were face-to-face training (n = 5), role-playing (n = 3) and videos (self or model; n = 3). Duration of training was varied, with both long and short training having high effect sizes. The most frequently targeted empathy behaviours were providing explanations of treatment (n = 5), providing non-specific empathic responses (e.g. expressing understanding) and displaying a friendly manner and using non-verbal behaviours (e.g. nodding, leaning forward, n = 4). The BCT most used to encourage HCPs to adopt empathy behaviours was “Instruction on how to perform behaviour” (e.g. a video demonstration, n = 5), followed by “Credible source” (e.g. delivered by a psychologist, n = 4) and “Behavioural practice” (n = 3 e.g. role-playing). We compared the effect sizes of studies but could not extrapolate meaningful conclusions due to high levels of variation in training methods, empathy skills and BCTs. Moreover, the methods used to train HCPs were often poorly described which limits study replication and clinical implementation. This analysis of empathy training can inform future research, intervention reporting standards and clinical practice.
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Boer, Harm, and Anupama Iyer. "Challenging behaviour and offending behaviours." Tizard Learning Disability Review 25, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tldr-04-2020-0005.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore three main areas in relation to the interface between challenging behaviour and offending. Design/methodology/approach The first aim is to explore the labelling of behaviours as challenging or offending behaviour in the light of legal definitions, staff knowledge and beliefs and the mental capacity and mental health acts. The second is to explore challenging behaviour as a risk factor for offending in people with Intellectual Disability (ID).The third aim is to discuss the challenging behaviour as a barrier to discharge from secure services. Findings There is limited research suggesting that challenging behaviour such as physical aggression can lead to longer stay in forensic services, and this warrants further research. Originality/value This paper aims to promote discussion about the interface of offending and challenging behaviour in people with IDs and to promote best practice.
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Meyer, Caroline, Lauren McPartlan, Anthony Rawlinson, Jo Bunting, and Glenn Waller. "Body-Related Behaviours and Cognitions: Relationship to Eating Psychopathology in Non-Clinical Women and Men." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 39, no. 5 (May 31, 2011): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465811000270.
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Background: Eating disturbances and poor body image are maintained by body-related safety behaviours and their associated cognitions. These include body checking, avoidance, comparison and display, which can be seen as safety behaviours, maintaining eating pathology and poor body image. It is not clear from the existing literature whether these behavioural and cognitive patterns are independently related to eating psychopathology. Method: This study of a non-clinical group of women and men (N = 250) explored the association of eating attitudes and behaviours with these four elements of body-related behaviours and cognitions. Results: It was found that each of the four elements had independent associations with eating attitudes and behaviours. Those associations were not explained by anxiety or depression levels. Discussion: Whilst these findings require study within a clinical group, they suggest that all four elements of body-related behaviours and cognitions need to be considered as potential maintaining factors when formulating eating psychopathology and body image disturbance.
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Pyne, Jake. "“Building a Person”: Legal and Clinical Personhood for Autistic and Trans Children in Ontario." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 35, no. 2 (August 2020): 341–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2020.8.
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AbstractIn the 1960s and 1970s, psychologists at the University of California, Los Angeles, operated two behaviour modification programs: one aiming to eliminate “feminine” behaviours in male-bodied children (“conversion therapy”), and one targeting autistic children’s so-called problem behaviours (applied behavioural analysis or ABA). The head of the autism program referred to his work as “building a person.” Decades later in Ontario, a radically incommensurate legal context sees conversion therapy banned while ABA receives millions of funding dollars. Drawing on legislation, case law, media, and clinical literature, I argue that the process of trans communities wresting themselves out from under conversion therapy involved discursively shifting from having a condition to being human—a process of “building a person”—still incomplete for autistic communities. While legal reforms protect some trans youth from harmful therapies, this does not extend to autistic trans youth, leading us to question at whose expense a rights-bearing trans person was built.
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McDonnell, Andrew, Simon Reeves, Amanda Johnson, and Alan Lane. "MANAGING CHALLENGING BEHAVIOUR IN AN ADULT WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES: THE USE OF LOW AROUSAL APPROACH." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 26, no. 2 (April 1998): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465898000174.
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Behaviour change is often a desired outcome for carers and professionals who work with people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviours. Managing these behaviours in the short term is an important step towards this goal. This single case study presents the use of a low arousal approach in managing challenging behaviours in a young man labelled with severe challenging behaviour. This strategy focuses on the interaction of the carers with the client and how their approach has an important impact on the behaviour of the client. The study documents the incidents of challenging behaviour and shows a decline in their frequency from baseline over a one-year period. These gains were maintained at five-month follow-up. The implications for services of these findings are discussed.
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Crawford, Hayley, Gaia Scerif, Lucy Wilde, Andrew Beggs, Joanne Stockton, Pria Sandhu, Lauren Shelley, Chris Oliver, and Joseph McCleery. "Genetic modifiers in rare disorders: the case of fragile X syndrome." European Journal of Human Genetics 29, no. 1 (August 29, 2020): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-00711-x.
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AbstractMethods employed in genome-wide association studies are not feasible ways to explore genotype–phenotype associations in rare disorders due to limited statistical power. An alternative approach is to examine relationships among specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), selected a priori, and behavioural characteristics. Here, we adopt this strategy to examine relationships between three SNPs (5-HTTLPR, MAOA, COMT) and specific clinically-relevant behaviours that are phenotypic of fragile X syndrome (FXS) but vary in severity and frequency across individuals. Sixty-four males with FXS participated in the current study. Data from standardised informant measures of challenging behaviour (defined as physical aggression, property destruction, stereotyped behaviour, and self-injury), autism symptomatology, attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder characteristics, repetitive behaviour and mood/interest and pleasure were compared between each SNP genotype. No association was observed between behavioural characteristics and either 5-HTTLPR (serotonin) or MAOA (monoamine oxidase) genotypes. However, compared to the COMT (dopamine) AG and GG genotypes, the AA genotype was associated with greater interest and pleasure in the environment, and with reduced risk for property destruction, stereotyped behaviour and compulsive behaviour. The results suggest that common genetic variation in the COMT genotype affecting dopamine levels in the brain may contribute to the variability of challenging and repetitive behaviours and interest and pleasure in this population. This study identifies a role for additional genetic risk in understanding the neural and genetic mechanisms contributing to phenotypic variability in neurodevelopmental disorders, and highlights the merit of investigating SNPs that are selected a priori on a theoretical basis in rare populations.
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Danaci, Esra, Esma Ayse Ozturk, Sevil Masat, Tugba Kavalali Erdogan, Cansu Atmaca Palazoglu, and Zeliha Koc. "Considerations for professionalism of nursing students in clinical practices." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Advances in Pure and Applied Sciences, no. 10 (September 28, 2018): 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjpaas.v0i10.3742.
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This is a descriptive study that aims to determine the factors affecting the professional behaviour of nursing students in clinical applications. The survey was conducted between 20 September and 20 December 2017 with the participation of 274 students studying in the Nursing Department of Health Sciences Faculty of a University. The data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 18 questions and Nursing Students Professional Behaviours Scale (NSPBS). The mean age of the nursing students participated in the study was 20.67 ± 1.88 years and 81.8% of the students were female while 18.2% were male. Of them, 78.5% loved their profession, 60.9% chose their profession willingly, 67.5% did not want to change their profession and 9.5% of them were members of professional associations and followed professional publications. The mean score of NSPBS was determined to be 122 (29–135). Hence, the nursing students’ ability to perform professional behaviours was found to be high.Keywords: Nursing, student, professional behaviour.
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Read, Stephen. "Self-injury and violence in people with severe learning disabilities." British Journal of Psychiatry 172, no. 5 (May 1998): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.5.381.
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BackgroundPsychiatry in severe and profound learning disability is essentially behavioural psychiatry. Some clinical and research observations of disorders of behaviour in this group are summarised in this study.MethodAfter inspection of the literature, I postulated a clinical syndrome of violence and self-injury in the severely learning disabled. A check-list of behavioural symptoms was developed and used in a community survey.ResultsBehaviour, assessed by the check-list, supported the existence of organic behaviour disorder, as did small-scale psychophysiological testing.ConclusionsSelf-injury is strongly associated with violence, and with severe and profound learning disability. Pathophysiology of violence and self-injury may include high levels of psychophysiological arousal demonstrated by unstable EEGs. Reduction of arousal by antipsychotic medication is associated with clinical improvement in violent and self-injurious behaviours.
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Wiggers, John H., and Rob Sanson-Fisher. "General Practitioners as Agents of Health Risk Behaviour Change: Opportunities for Behavioural Science in Patient Smoking Cessation." Behaviour Change 11, no. 3 (September 1994): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900005064.
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General practitioners have been suggested as occupying a position in the community that offers considerable potential for reducing the prevalence of health risk behaviours. Green, Eriksen, and Schor (1988) have proposed that if general practitioners are to effectively adopt a role in modifying patient health risk behaviours, a number of prerequisite conditions must be met. Using the model proposed by Green et al., this paper reviews the literature to describe the circumstances under which general practitioners currently practise this role. The review focuses on the circumstances relating to practitioner modification of one patient health risk behaviour: smoking. Research detailing the extent of practitioner involvement in the modification of this risk behaviour is also reviewed. The paper concludes by discussing the opportunities available for behavioural scientists to facilitate general practitioners' adoption of a role in patient smoking cessation.
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Keller, Roberto, Tatiana Costa, Daniele Imperiale, Annamaria Bianco, Elisa Rondini, Angela Hassiotis, and Marco O. Bertelli. "Stereotypies in the Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can We Rely on an Ethological Model?" Brain Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060762.
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Background: Stereotypic behaviour can be defined as a clear behavioural pattern where a specific function or target cannot be identified, although it delays on time. Nonetheless, repetitive and stereotypical behaviours play a key role in both animal and human behaviour. Similar behaviours are observed across species, in typical human developmental phases, and in some neuropsychiatric conditions, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Intellectual Disability. This evidence led to the spread of animal models of repetitive behaviours to better understand the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these dysfunctional behaviours and to gain better insight into their role and origin within ASD and other disorders. This, in turn, could lead to new treatments of those disorders in humans. Method: This paper maps the literature on repetitive behaviours in animal models of ASD, in order to improve understanding of stereotypies in persons with ASD in terms of characterization, pathophysiology, genomic and anatomical factors. Results: Literature mapping confirmed that phylogenic approach and animal models may help to improve understanding and differentiation of stereotypies in ASD. Some repetitive behaviours appear to be interconnected and mediated by common genomic and anatomical factors across species, mainly by alterations of basal ganglia circuitry. A new distinction between stereotypies and autotypies should be considered. Conclusions: Phylogenic approach and studies on animal models may support clinical issues related to stereotypies in persons with ASD and provide new insights in classification, pathogenesis, and management.
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Piotrowska, Patrycja J., Christopher B. Stride, Barbara Maughan, Robert Goodman, Liz McCaw, and Richard Rowe. "Income gradients within child and adolescent antisocial behaviours." British Journal of Psychiatry 207, no. 5 (November 2015): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.143636.
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BackgroundLow income is a widely studied risk factor for child and adolescent behavioural difficulties. Previous research on this relationship has produced mixed findings.AimsTo investigate the level, shape and homogeneity of income gradients in different types of antisocial behaviour.MethodA representative sample of 7977 British children and adolescents, aged 5–16 years, was analysed. Hypotheses concerning the shapes and homogeneity of the relationships between family socioeconomic status and multiple antisocial behaviour outcomes, including clinical diagnoses of oppositional-defiant disorder, conduct disorder and symptom subscales, such as irritability and hurtfulness, were tested by structural equation models.ResultsConsistent income gradients were demonstrated across all antisocial behaviours studied. Disorder prevalence and mean symptom counts decreased across income quintiles in a non-linear fashion.ConclusionsOur findings emphasise that income gradients are similar across different forms of antisocial behaviour and indicate that income may lead to greater behavioural differences in the mid-income range and less variation at low- and high-income extremes.
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Padalino, Barbara, and Sharanne L. Raidal. "Effects of Transport Conditions on Behavioural and Physiological Responses of Horses." Animals 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10010160.
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The regulations for minimal space and direction of travel for land transport in horses vary worldwide and there is currently no definitive guidance to promote equine health and welfare. This study evaluated the effects of bay size and direction of travel (forwards/backwards) in horses by comparing the behavioural, physiological, laboratory and gastroscopy parameters between transported and confined horses. A total of twenty-six mares took part in the study; 12 horses were confined for 12 h, and all mares underwent 12 hours’ transportation, travelling in single (n = 18) or wide bays (n = 8), and forward (n = 10) or rear (n = 16) facing. Behaviour was recorded during confinement/transportation and analysed using a behaviour sampling ethogram. Clinical examination, blood samples and gastroscopy were conducted before and after confinement/transportation. The frequency of behaviours relating to stress and balance increased during transport, and horses transported in a rear-facing position and in a wider bay size showed fewer balance-related behaviours. Balance behaviours, particularly loss of balance, were positively associated with the severity of gastric ulceration after transportation and elevated muscle enzymes, while increased stress behaviours correlated with decreased gastrointestinal sounds. Heart rate and rectal temperature after transportation were positively associated with balance and stress behaviours, and with squamous gastric ulcer scores. Transportation was associated with expected increases in cortisol and muscle enzymes, but positioning and space allowance had minimal effects on these analytes. Findings suggest that transportation in a rear-facing position and in wider bays might reduce the impact of transport on horse health and welfare, and monitoring behaviour in transit and physiological measurements after transportation should be recommended. Behavioural and physiological parameters were more sensitive than haematological, biochemical or endocrine analytes to identify horses suffering from transport stress.
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Fisher, Keren, Moira Nurse, and Paul Kennedy. "Teaching Nurses Behavioural Methods for Pain Management: A Pilot Study." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 17, no. 3 (July 1989): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300016712.
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This study explores the possibility of teaching nurses behavioural tehniques so that patients with intractable pain problems can be treated confidently, and subjective labelling, which obstructs a goal oriented approach, can be avoided.Three seminars were given which included formal teaching, role-plays and practical between-session tasks.Of the four assessment procedures used, the nurses showed a significant change in their knowledge of behavioural principles, their attitudes to disabled people, and their response to pain behaviours. Their ability to specify problem behaviour did not improve and some reasons for this are discussed
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Swales, Michaela A. "Implementing DBT: selecting, training and supervising a team." Cognitive Behaviour Therapist 3, no. 2 (June 2010): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1754470x10000061.
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AbstractNICE Clinical Guideline no. 78 recently identified Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) as an appropriate treatment approach for the effective treatment of suicidal behaviours in the context of borderline personality disorder. Uniquely among the cognitive behavioural therapies DBT is a team-based treatment. This paper focuses on the task of selecting and training a team before considering issues in the training and supervision of therapists learning this approach.
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Grzegorzewska, Agata M., Jerzy J. Landowski, and Wiesław J. Cubała. "Clinical considerations of sleep related amnestic behaviours associated with zolpidem." Pharmacotherapy in Psychiatry and Neurology 36, no. 1 (2020): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33450/fpn.2020.04.001.
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Objective. Zolpidem is a non-benzodiazepine agonist of GABA-A receptor indicated for the short-term insomnia treatment. Over the years, there have been reports in literature on zolpidem abuse complications and neuropsychiatric side effects involving headache, dizziness, nightmares, confusion, depression, sleepiness, memory deficits as well as hallucinations, sensory distortions, delirium and sleep-related complex behaviours with anterograde amnesia. The aim of this work is to review and highlight the most serious adverse reactions to zolpidem with emphasis on sleep-related amnestic behaviours. We also focus our attention on common traits, patterns and predisposing factors. This paper refers to zolpidem side effects or complex amnestic behaviours, or sleep related amnestic behaviours presented in literature. Literature review. A comprehensive search of PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted to find relevant studies, case reports and literature reviews addressing the zolpidem use in insomniac patients. Conclusions. Zolpidem may pose a risk for serious adverse reactions most common dose-dependent and associated with age, gender, concurrent use of medications and concomitant comorbidities. If severe adverse reactions occur, the drug should be immediately discontinued or switched to another hypnotic. This review indicates an association between psychotic reactions and complex sleep related behavioural abnormalities in patients using zolpidem alone or in combination with other psychotropic medications. Clinicians should adopt a cautious approach prescribing zolpidem and be alert to possible unusual adverse effects of the drug.
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Mekhemar, Mohamed, Jonas Conrad, Sameh Attia, and Christof Dörfer. "Oral Health Attitudes among Preclinical and Clinical Dental Students in Germany." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 15, 2020): 4253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124253.
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Oral health care providers are expected to show good examples of oral health behaviours and attitudes to their community. Previous studies displayed the constructive effect of dental education on oral hygiene manners of undergraduate students. The aim of this survey was to assess and compare aspects of oral health attitudes and behaviours between preclinical and clinical dental students in German universities. The German-language version of the HU-DBI was distributed to preclinical and clinical students from different German universities. Dichotomized (agree/disagree) responses to 20 HU-DBI items were provided in this study, with a maximum possible score of 19. A quantitative estimate of oral health attitudes and behaviours was provided by the total of appropriate answers given to every statement by each group. Data were analysed statistically. The overall mean score of answers favouring good oral hygiene was marginally higher in preclinical (14.62) than clinical students (14.31) but showed no statistical significance. Similarly, the analysis of each item individually displayed no statistically significant differences between preclinical and clinical participants, except in a single item of the survey. This study showed no effective differences in oral hygiene attitudes and behaviour between preclinical and clinical students in German universities. This reveals a weak effect of dental education on improving students’ oral health attitudes in Germany and might demand the introduction of more courses emphasizing the importance of correct oral health behaviour of health care providers.
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Shen, Yan, Wen-Bo Yu, Bo Shen, Hui Dong, Jue Zhao, Yi-Lin Tang, Yun Fan, et al. "Propagated α-synucleinopathy recapitulates REM sleep behaviour disorder followed by parkinsonian phenotypes in mice." Brain 143, no. 11 (November 2020): 3374–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa283.
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Abstract Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) is now recognized as an early manifestation of α-synucleinopathies. Increasing experimental studies demonstrate that manipulative lesion or inactivation of the neurons within the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus (also known as the subcoeruleus nucleus in humans) can induce RBD-like behaviours in animals. As current RBD animal models are not established on the basis of α-synucleinopathy, they do not represent the pathological substrate of idiopathic RBD and thus cannot model the phenoconversion to Parkinson’s disease. The purpose of this study was therefore to establish an α-synucleinopathy-based RBD animal model with the potential to convert to parkinsonian disorder. To this end, we first determined the functional neuroanatomical location of the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus in wild-type C57BL/6J mice and then validated its function by recapitulating RBD-like behaviours based on this determined nucleus. Next, we injected preformed α-synuclein fibrils into the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus and performed regular polysomnographic recordings and parkinsonian behavioural and histopathological studies in these mice. As a result, we recapitulated RBD-like behaviours in the mice and further showed that the α-synucleinopathy and neuron degeneration identified within the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus acted as the neuropathological substrates. Subsequent parkinsonian behavioural studies indicated that the α-synucleinopathy-based RBD mouse model were not stationary, but could further progress to display parkinsonian locomotor dysfunction, depression-like disorder, olfactory dysfunction and gastrointestinal dysmotility. Corresponding to that, we determined α-synuclein pathology in the substantia nigra pars compacta, olfactory bulb, enteral neuroplexus and dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, which could underlie the parkinsonian manifestations in mice. In conclusion, we established a novel α-synucleinopathy-based RBD mouse model and further demonstrated the phenoconversion of RBD to Parkinson’s disease in this animal model.
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T. Woods, Damith, Cathy Catroppa, Celia Godfrey, Rebecca Giallo, Jan Matthews, and Vicki A. Anderson. "Challenging behaviours following paediatric acquired brain injury (ABI): the clinical utility for a manualised behavioural intervention programme." Social Care and Neurodisability 5, no. 3 (August 5, 2014): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scn-03-2013-0006.
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Purpose – Children with acquired brain injury (ABI) are at significant risk of serious behavioural and social difficulties. The burgeoning growth of research documenting behavioural sequelae after paediatric ABI has not been met with a concomitant level of research aimed at treating the problem. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether a manualised behavioural intervention support programme could reduce challenging behaviours in children with ABI and improve family-parental well-being and functioning. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 61 parents (48 mothers and 13 fathers) of 48 children aged between three and 12 years with mild, moderate, or severe ABI received an ABI adapted “Signposts for Building Better Behaviour” programme (Hudson et al., 2001) in group-support (GS) or telephone-support (TS) format. Trained “Signposts” practitioners delivered the programme over a five-month period. The programme consisted of nine information booklets, a DVD, and workbook. All families completed pre-intervention and post-intervention evaluations. Findings – On an average parents completed 7.92 out of a possible nine intervention sessions (range 7-9). Parents in both TS and GS formats reported significant reductions in challenging child behaviours irrespective of injury severity. They also reported significant reductions in dysfunctional parenting practices, stress and family burden. Originality/value – Overall, the current research provides support for Signposts to be used with families of children with ABI in an attempt to ameliorate negative outcomes for family, parent, and child.
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Mahoney, Alison E. J., Megan J. Hobbs, Alishia D. Williams, Gavin Andrews, and Jill M. Newby. "The Mediating Relationship Between Maladaptive Behaviours, Cognitive Factors, and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Symptoms." Behaviour Change 35, no. 2 (May 24, 2018): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2018.13.
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Cognitive theories of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) posit that cognitive and behavioural factors maintain the disorder. This study examined whether avoidance and safety behaviours mediated the relationship between cognitive factors and GAD symptoms. We also examined the reverse mediation model; that is, whether cognitive factors mediated the relationship between maladaptive behaviours and GAD symptoms. Undergraduate psychology students (N = 125 and N = 292) completed the Worry Behaviours Inventory (a recently developed measure of maladaptive behaviours associated with GAD), in addition to measures of intolerance of uncertainty, cognitive avoidance, metacognitive beliefs, and symptoms of GAD and depression. Analyses supported the reliability and validity of the WBI. We consistently found that engagement in maladaptive behaviours significantly mediated the relationship between cognitive factors and symptoms of GAD. The reverse mediation model was also supported. Our results are consistent with the contention that cognitive and behavioural factors contribute to GAD symptom severity.
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Foong, Chan Choong, Nurul Atira Khairul Anhar Holder, Aswini R. Dutt, and Hidayah Mohd Fadzil. "An Intervention to Remediate Unprofessional Behaviours of Pre-Clinical Medical Students." Education in Medicine Journal 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/eimj2021.13.2.7.
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Remediating the unprofessional behaviours of medical students is essential because the unprofessional behaviours of medical practitioners could be traced back to their previous behaviours in medical schools. This study evaluated a programme that used reflection in remediating students with unprofessional behaviours. Personal and professional development (PPD) assignments have a “hidden curriculum” on professional behaviours expected of medical students. Seven students who repeatedly failed to complete the PPD assignments were required to attend a remediation programme. The remediation programme aims to help students reflect on their behaviours. They compared professional behaviours between medical practitioners and students and discussed unprofessional behaviours using actual cases. Thematic analysis was performed on the reflective essays of the students, collected at the beginning and the end of the remediation programme. At the beginning of the programme, students expressed anger because they felt that the PPD assignments were minor tasks. At the end of the programme, students expressed their regretful feelings; they recognised lessons learnt and developed corrective measures. A follow-up reported that the faculty no longer deemed the students unsatisfactory in their professional behaviours one year later. Reflection is recognised as useful in healthcare education, but there is a lack of published evidence to answer whether reflection can be learned. In this study, the students learnt to reflect on their previous professional behaviours, and they developed corrective measures to avoid the recurrence of these previous behaviours. The findings may imply that reflection could be taught and learned to cultivate professional behaviours among medical students.
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Lanzoni, Lydia, Matteo Chincarini, Melania Giammarco, Isa Fusaro, Alessia Gloria, Alberto Contri, Nicola Ferri, and Giorgio Vignola. "Maternal and Neonatal Behaviour in Italian Mediterranean Buffaloes." Animals 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061584.
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The aim of this study was to describe the neonatal and maternal behaviour of Italian Mediterranean buffaloes. Thirty primiparous buffaloes were moved into individual pens 12.5 (±2.5) days before calving. Maternal and neonatal behaviours were recorded for 48 h after calving and the analysis was performed in continuous sampling with the software BORIS. Calves’ clinical evaluations (temperature, weight, and heart and respiratory rates) were performed at different time intervals and correlated with behavioural data from the dam. Data were analysed with parametric and non-parametric methods after controlling their distribution. The maternal behavioural pattern found highlighted buffaloes’ priorities during the post-partum period: firstly, they stand and start grooming to ensure proper care for the calf; it is only after this that they dedicate time to maintenance behaviours (feeding and lying). The dams mainly groomed the calf during the first six hours after calving (average time in the 1–6-h interval: 7.7 ± 2.5 min., F = (2.5, 60.2) = 75.0; p < 0.001) to ensure the formation of the mother–infant bond; thereafter, the behaviour decreased over time. As reported in the literature, inexperienced mothers could sometimes delay the calf’s first suckling with aggressive or rejection behaviours. In this regard, 16 buffalo dams showed at least one maternal rejection behaviour, which was found to negatively correlate with calves’ daily weight gain (DWG) at 14 (rs = −0.5, p = 0.02) and 21 days (rs = −0.7, p < 0.001). The calves took on average 212.0 ± 110.0 min to suckle, and this behaviour was mainly shown during the first six hours. Overall, suckling behaviour was correlated with standing: (rs = 0.6, p < 0.001) and walking (rs = 0.9, p < 0.001). The calves’ live weight and DWG were consistently higher than the values reported in the literature. Our results present a detailed description of maternal and neonatal behaviour in the early post-partum period in Italian Mediterranean buffaloes. We also found that maternal rejection behaviours can negatively influence the calves’ growth. Finally, we think that such results can improve the management of buffaloes during the period around parturition.
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Mehlum, Lars. "Clinical challenges in the assessment and management of suicidal behaviour in patients with bordeline personality disorder." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 18, no. 3 (September 2009): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00000440.
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AbstractSelf-injurious and suicidal behaviours are highly prevalent in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and the risk of completed suicide is high. Borderline patients often present with heterogeneous clinical pictures and widespread comor-bidity complicating clinical assessments and management. This calls for increased efforts in systematic evaluation and monitoring of self-harming and suicidal behaviours; these behaviours should be addressed actively as high priority treatment targets. Early drop-out is common for BPD patients in treatment but is possible to counteract by fostering a strong therapeutic relationship through adopting a realistic, but consistent and supportive approach carefully avoiding reinforcement of suicidal behaviours. Suicidal crises should primarily be managed in an outpatient setting giving priority to keeping the patient safe adopting a safety plan procedure, while helping the patient as quickly as possible to return emotionally to a more acceptable level of arousal and mental functioning. Pharmacological treatments should primarily be used for management of comorbid conditions, but may possibly also be helpful when used to reduce specific symptoms such as anger, hostility and impulsivity. There is currently a range of different integrated short-term and long-term psychological treatments in different stages of development and some of them have been shown to be efficacious in reducing suicidal behaviours; notably dialectical behaviour therapy and mentalization-based therapy.Declaration of Interest: None.
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Vassilopoulos, Stephanos P. "Interpretations for Safety Behaviours in High and Low Socially Anxious Individuals." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 37, no. 2 (March 2009): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465809005189.
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Background: It has been suggested that socially anxious individuals often engage in a wide range of safety behaviours in social situations that are intended to reduce the risk of social failure and humiliation. Method: This study explored the interpretations that people make for behaviours considered to be safety seeking. High and low socially anxious individuals completed one version of a questionnaire that assessed how the safety behaviours that they may exhibit are interpreted by others, and then completed a second version of the same questionnaire that assessed how they typically interpret safety behaviours in other people. Participants rated the extent to which each of eight interpretations was viewed as a likely interpretation of the behaviour. Results: Individuals high in social anxiety were more likely than low socially anxious participants to think that being arrogant, suffering from a psychological problem, or experiencing a normal level of anxiety, nervousness or fear are likely explanations for safety behaviours, regardless of who exhibits them. Additionally, high socially anxious participants were more likely than those low in social anxiety to think that others interpreted these behaviours as being indicative of intense anxiety or other negative emotional condition. Conclusions: The results suggested that socially anxious people are, at least, aware of the negative effects of certain behaviours characterized as safety seeking.
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Currie, Kay, Caroline King, Tim Nuttall, Matt Smith, and Paul Flowers. "Expert consensus regarding drivers of antimicrobial stewardship in companion animal veterinary practice: a Delphi study." Veterinary Record 182, no. 24 (March 23, 2018): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104639.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global challenge facing both human and animal healthcare professionals; an effective response to this threat requires a ‘One-Health’ approach to antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) to preserve important antibiotics for urgent clinical need. However, understanding of barriers and enablers to effective AMS behaviour in companion animal veterinary practice is currently limited. We conducted a Delphi study of 16 nationally recognised experts from UK-based veterinary policymakers, university academics and leaders of professional bodies. This Delphi study sought to identify veterinary behaviours which experts believe contribute to AMR and form vital aspects of AMS. Analysis of Delphi findings indicated a perceived hierarchy of behaviours, the most influential being antibiotic prescribing behaviours and interactions with clients. Other veterinary behaviours perceived as being important related to interactions with veterinary colleagues; infection control practices; and the use of diagnostic tests to confirm infection. Key barriers and enablers to AMS within each of these behavioural domains were identified. Specific interventions to address important barriers and enablers are recommended. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to establish expert consensus at a national level about which ‘behaviours’ (aspects of veterinarian practice) should be targeted in relation to AMR and AMS in companion animal veterinary practice.
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Ree, Melissa J., and Allison G. Harvey. "Investigating Safety Behaviours in Insomnia: The Development of the Sleep-related Behaviours Questionnaire (SRBQ)." Behaviour Change 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.21.1.26.35971.
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AbstractA safety behaviour is an overt or covert strategy employed in order to prevent a feared outcome from occurring. These behaviours can, however, prevent the disconfirmation of unhelpful beliefs, and may make the feared outcome more likely to occur (Salkovskis, 1991). The current study extends Harvey's (2002a) investigation of safety behaviours in insomnia by developing a questionnaire measure designed to assess the use of safety behaviours that are employed to promote sleep and cope with tiredness. A development sample of 132 individuals with and without insomnia was employed to develop the 32-item Sleep-Related Behaviours Questionnaire (SRBQ). The SRBQ showed good internal consistency and was able to discriminate normal sleepers from those with insomnia. Interestingly, most safety behaviours were associated with impairment in both sleep and daytime functioning. This highlights that day- and night-time processes may be interlinked in insomnia, and stresses the importance of research and treatment focusing on both the day and night. Future research is needed to further investigate the psychometric properties of the SRBQ, and to explore the relationships between safety behaviours and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep.
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Merlo, Gianluca, Giuseppe Chiazzese, Manuela Sanches-Ferreira, Antonella Chifari, Luciano Seta, Colin McGee, Alberto Mirisola, and Isabella Giammusso. "The WHAAM application: a tool to support the evidence-based practice in the functional behaviour assessment." BMJ Health & Care Informatics 25, no. 2 (April 2018): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/jhi.v25i2.919.
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BackgroundThe most recent computing technologies can promote the application of evidence-based practice (EBP) in the field of applied behaviour analysis (ABA).ObjectiveThe study describes how the use of technology can simplify the application of EBPs in ABA.MethodsThe Web Health Application for ADHD Monitoring (WHAAM) application demonstrates this in the following two case studies. We are monitoring dysfunctional behaviours, collecting behavioural data, performing systematic direct observations, creating both visual baseline and intervention charts and evaluating the planned interventions using the TAU-U statistical index.ResultsSignificant positive changes of children’s problem behaviours are observed and recorded. Both the duration of the previously identified behaviour ‘to get out of bed in time’ (r= −0.79, TAU-U = −0.58,p< 0.05) and the frequency of the behaviour ‘interrupting others’ (r= −0.96, TAU-U = −0.82,p< 0.01) decreased.ConclusionsThe WHAAM application is an effective tool to support functional behaviour assessments and it is an example of how technology can support practitioners by facilitating the application of EBPs and increasing the communication among clinical, educational and family environments.
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Cull, C. A., and S. W. Brown. "A Socio Behavioural Perspective for Understanding and Managing Behaviour Problems in Children with Epilepsy." Behavioural Neurology 5, no. 1 (1992): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1992/652010.
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In this paper, reasons for the occurrence of interictal behaviour disturbance in children with epilepsy, and the management of such problems, are considered. The search for a direct relationship between epilepsy related variables and behaviour disorders is far from conclusive. While such a relationship may exist with respect to ictal behaviour problems, this line of investigation is of limited value in respect of its implications for the management of interictal problems. In the latter case it is proposed that organic factors may be considered to be a risk factor. In addition, the negative psychosocial sequelae of a diagnosis of epilepsy can result in conditions which are likely to foster the development of inappropriate behaviours. Learning theory would further suggest that environmental contingencies have a role to play in the shaping and maintenance of such behaviours. This broader framework for conceptualising the development and maintenance of interictal behaviour disorders has clear management implications. Clinical examples of the successful application of this approach to the management of persistent behavioural problems in two young people with epilepsy are presented.
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Crisp, A. G., and P. Sturmey. "The Modification of Stereotyped and Self-injurious Behaviour by Room Management: Six Single Case Experiments." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 15, no. 4 (October 1987): 350–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300012738.
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Anecdotal evidence suggests that room management is useful in controlling the frequency of behavioural excesses in severely/profoundly handicapped persons. This study involves a systematic investigation of the effect of room management on inappropriate behaviour. Data was collected over a 10-day period on each of six subjects who manifested a range of stereotyped and self-injurious behaviours. Each day formed an ABA design, A representing baseline conditions and B, room management. Room management proved to be helpful in controlling the behaviour in some instances. For other subjects it was clearly not successful. This outcome is discussed in terms of inter- and intra-subject variability in response to environmental change.
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Selvkumaran, L., R. White, M. Rostas, and P. Osmotherly. "Sedentary behaviour and chronic pain: building a profile of behaviours and clinical associations." Physiotherapy 101 (May 2015): e1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.1306.
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Perier, Nadège, Alice de Boyer des Roches, Margit Bak Jensen, and Kathryn Proudfoot. "Infectious Disease Does Not Impact the Lying and Grooming Behaviour of Post-Parturient Dairy Cows." Animals 9, no. 9 (August 30, 2019): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9090634.
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Behaviour is commonly used to detect sickness in animals, but the impact of sickness on lying and maternal behaviours around parturition is not well understood. The objective was to assess the effects of sickness on the lying and grooming behaviours of dairy cows in the first 24 h after giving birth. Cows were categorized as ‘sick’ (n = 8) if they had at least one rectal temperature ≥39.1 °C and one clinical sign of illness (mastitis, pneumonia or an unknown infection) within 24 h of calving. These cows were match-paired for parity with cows that had no rectal temperature ≥39.1 °C and no clinical signs of illness up to 3 d after calving (n = 8; ‘not sick’). The duration and latency of cow behaviours (standing, lying, lying bouts, lying close to calf, and grooming of the calf) and calf behaviours (standing and lying) were recorded for 24 h post-partum. We found no differences in the behaviour of sick and not sick cows and their calves post-calving, except that sick cows took longer to lie down near their calf after calving compared to those without illness. Cows may be more motivated to groom and spend time with their calf than to express sickness behaviours immediately after giving birth.
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Perry, David C., Virginia E. Sturm, William W. Seeley, Bruce L. Miller, Joel H. Kramer, and Howard J. Rosen. "Anatomical correlates of reward-seeking behaviours in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia." Brain 137, no. 6 (April 16, 2014): 1621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awu075.
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Armstrong, Gregory, Tilahun Haregu, Eric D. Caine, Jesse T. Young, Matthew J. Spittal, and Anthony F. Jorm. "High prevalence of health and social risk behaviours among men experiencing suicidal thoughts and behaviour: The imperative to undertake holistic assessments." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 54, no. 8 (May 23, 2020): 797–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867420924098.
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Objective: We aimed to examine whether suicidal thoughts and behaviour were independently associated with a wide range of health and social risk behaviours. Methods: We conducted cross-sectional analyses of data collected from 13,763 adult males who participated in The Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health. We fit generalised linear models to estimate the relative risk of engaging in a range of health and social risk behaviours across several domains by suicidal thoughts and behaviour status. Results: Men with recent suicidal ideation (relative risk range, 1.10–5.25) and lifetime suicide attempts (relative risk range, 1.10–7.65) had a higher risk of engaging in a broad range of health and social risk behaviours. The associations between suicidal thoughts and behaviour and health and social risk behaviours were typically independent of socio-demographics and in many cases were also independent of depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Suicidal thoughts and behaviour overlaps with increased risk of engagement in a wide range of health and social risk behaviours, indicating the need for an alignment of broader public health interventions within clinical and community-based suicide prevention activities. The experience of suicidality may be an important catalyst for a broader psychosocial conversation and assessment of health and social risk behaviours, some of which may be modifiable. These behaviours may not carry an imminent risk of premature death, such as from suicide, but they carry profound health and social consequences if left unaddressed.
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Bradshaw, John. "Normal feline behaviour: … and why problem behaviours develop." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 20, no. 5 (April 30, 2018): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x18771203.
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Practical relevance: Cats are descended from a solitary, territorial ancestor, and while domestication has reduced their inherited tendency to be antagonistic towards all animals larger than their typical prey, they still place more reliance on the security of their territory than on psychological attachments to people or other cats, the exact opposite to dogs. Many feline problem behaviours stem from perceived threats to this security, often due to conflicts with other cats. Others are more developmental in origin, often caused by inadequate exposure to crucial stimuli, especially people, during the socialisation period. Strongly aversive events experienced at any age can also contribute. A third category comprises normal behaviour that owners deem unacceptable, such as scratching of furniture. Evidence base: This review identifies three areas in which basic research is inadequate to support widely employed concepts and practices in feline behavioural medicine. First, classification of cats’ problem behaviours relies heavily on approaches derived from studies of their behavioural ecology and, to some extent, extrapolation from canine studies. Few studies have focused on cats in the home, the environment in which most behavioural disorders are expressed. Secondly, cats’ chemical senses (olfactory and vomeronasal) are far more sensitive than our own, making it difficult for owners or clinicians to fully comprehend the sensory information upon which they base their behaviour. Thirdly, although the concept of psychological distress is widely invoked as an intervening variable in behavioural disorders, there are still no reliable measures of distress for pet cats in the home. Global importance: Psychological distress of some kind is the primary cause of many of the behavioural problems presented to clinicians, but surveys indicate that many more cats display the same clinical signs without their owners ever seeking help. The welfare of this ‘invisible’ group could be improved by veterinarians taking a more proactive approach to educating their clients about the behavioural needs of pet cats.
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Friedrich, Juliane, Erling Strandberg, Per Arvelius, E. Sánchez-Molano, Ricardo Pong-Wong, John M. Hickey, Marie J. Haskell, and Pamela Wiener. "Genetic dissection of complex behaviour traits in German Shepherd dogs." Heredity 123, no. 6 (October 14, 2019): 746–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41437-019-0275-2.
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Abstract A favourable genetic structure and diversity of behavioural features highlights the potential of dogs for studying the genetic architecture of behaviour traits. However, behaviours are complex traits, which have been shown to be influenced by numerous genetic and non-genetic factors, complicating their analysis. In this study, the genetic contribution to behaviour variation in German Shepherd dogs (GSDs) was analysed using genomic approaches. GSDs were phenotyped for behaviour traits using the established Canine Behavioural Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ). Genome-wide association study (GWAS) and regional heritability mapping (RHM) approaches were employed to identify associations between behaviour traits and genetic variants, while accounting for relevant non-genetic factors. By combining these complementary methods we endeavoured to increase the power to detect loci with small effects. Several behavioural traits exhibited moderate heritabilities, with the highest identified for Human-directed playfulness, a trait characterised by positive interactions with humans. We identified several genomic regions associated with one or more of the analysed behaviour traits. Some candidate genes located in these regions were previously linked to behavioural disorders in humans, suggesting a new context for their influence on behaviour characteristics. Overall, the results support dogs as a valuable resource to dissect the genetic architecture of behaviour traits and also highlight the value of focusing on a single breed in order to control for background genetic effects and thus avoid limitations of between-breed analyses.
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Emerson, Eric. "Challenging Behaviours and Severe Learning Disabilities: Recent Developments in Behavioural Analysis and Intervention." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 21, no. 3 (July 1993): 171–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800010468.
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Recent years have witnessed the gradual emergence of a technology of nonaversive behavioural support for people with severe learning disabilities and seriously challenging behaviours. Three key aspects of these developments are reviewed, including: the functional perspective to analysis and intervention; the incorporation of the analysis and modification of setting events into behavioural practice; and the use of experimental techniques to conduct functional analyses of the contextual control of challenging behaviours. Attention is drawn to the practical implications and limitations of these developments.
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Fetta, Anna, Elisa Carati, Laura Moneti, Veronica Pignataro, Marida Angotti, Maria Chiara Bardasi, Duccio Maria Cordelli, Emilio Franzoni, and Antonia Parmeggiani. "Relationship between Sensory Alterations and Repetitive Behaviours in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Parents’ Questionnaire Based Study." Brain Sciences 11, no. 4 (April 11, 2021): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11040484.
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The relationship between sensory profile and repetitive behaviours in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has long been known. However, there is no consensus on the type of relationship that exists between them. This monocentric retrospective–prospective observational study aimed (a) to detect a clinical correlation between the severity of repetitive behaviours and the alterations of sensory profile in a sample of 50 children diagnosed with ASD; (b) to evaluate how different patterns of stereotypies and sensory alterations correlate with each other and with the main clinical–instrumental variables in the same sample. We enrolled 29 children in the retrospective phase of the study and 21 in the prospective phase. The Repetitive Behaviour Scale-Revised (RBS-R) and the Short Sensory Profile (SSP) were administered to the caregivers, and clinical–instrumental data were collected. SSP and RBS-R total scores directly correlated with a high significance rate. Among the subscales, the strongest correlations involved “Visual/Auditory Sensitivity”, related to “Stereotyped Behaviour” and “Sameness Behaviour”. “Under-Responsive/Seeks Sensation” related to “Stereotyped Behaviour”. Sex and intellectual disability significantly influenced both the stereotypies and the sensory alterations of the examined population. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the relationship between sensory alterations and repetitive behaviours in ASD children by using direct medical observation and parent observation.
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McClure, John, and Joanne Abbott. "How Normative Information Shapes Attributions for the Actions of Persons With Traumatic Brain Injury." Brain Impairment 10, no. 2 (September 1, 2009): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/brim.10.2.180.
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AbstractMany citizens misunderstand the actions of persons with brain injury, and these misunderstandings hamper rehabilitation. A specific misunderstanding is where people misattribute behaviours resulting from brain injury to the injured person's personality or life stage (e.g., adolescence). The present study examined if this pattern is explained by the Abnormal Conditions Focus model of attribution, which claims that attributions for behaviours reflect whether the behaviours are normal for the person (Consistency) and the culture (Consensus). Scenarios described an adolescent with brain injury performing four undesirable behaviours and then indicated whether the behaviour was normal or not normal for the person prior to injury and normal or not normal for that person's culture. For each of the four behaviours, students (n = 136) rated three attributions: brain injury, personality and adolescent norms. Participants attributed the behaviours more to brain injury and less to personality when the behaviours were not normal for that person than when they were normal for the person. They attributed the behaviours more to adolescence when the behaviours were normal for the person's culture than when they were not normal for the culture. Rehabilitation implications include assessing individuals' premorbid behaviour to enable citizens and less experienced professionals to make more accurate attributions for behaviours and target treatment more effectively.
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Leeman, Robert F., Bonnie H. P. Rowland, Nioud Mulugeta Gebru, and Marc N. Potenza. "Relationships among impulsive, addictive and sexual tendencies and behaviours: a systematic review of experimental and prospective studies in humans." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1766 (December 31, 2018): 20180129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0129.
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Impulsivity's relationships to addictive and sexual behaviours raise questions regarding the extent impulsivity may constitute a vulnerability factor for subsequent addictive and sexual behaviours and/or results from each of these. Here, we systematically reviewed empirical support for impulsivity as a precipitating factor or a consequence of addictive or sexual behaviours. We restricted ourselves to recent, human studies with assessments over time, including at least one measure of impulsivity, addictive and sexual behaviours, yielding a review including 29 published reports from 28 studies. Findings point to generalized, self-reported impulsivity as a predictor of addictive and sexual behaviours at a wide range of severity, with elements of both impulsivity and compulsivity to these acts. Alcohol consumption often increases impulsive behaviour, including inclinations towards impulsive and potentially compulsive sexual acts. Research using the Sexual Delay Discounting Task has yielded findings linking impulsivity, addictive and sexual behaviour and as such is a valuable research tool that should be used more extensively. The present review identified gaps to be addressed in further research that concurrently examines facets of impulsivity, addictive and sexual behaviours, especially because criteria for compulsive sexual behaviour disorder have been included in the eleventh edition of the International Classification of Diseases . This article is part of the theme issue ‘Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications’.