Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Clinical Behaviours'
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Campanile, Loredana. "Effective clinical instruction : selection of behaviours by occupational therapy clinical supervisors." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56962.
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The present study surveyed occupational therapy clinical supervisors working in a number of university affiliated hospitals in the Montreal area, via a mail questionnaire. Therapists were first asked to rate the importance of behaviours in facilitating student learning during clinical instruction. Then they were asked to report their attendance at continuing education courses on clinical instruction. The relationship between attendance at these courses, number of years of clinical experience and rating of behaviours was investigated. Therapists with few years of clinical experience had a low rate of attendance and rated behaviours as important more frequently. Therapists who attended a course rated behaviours as important less frequently. Behaviours rated as most important belonged to the area of communication, followed by the areas of teaching and interpersonal relationships. The results of this study demonstrated that a workshop on clinical instruction would benefit therapists by improving their clinical supervisory skills.
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Young, Emily. "An exploratory study investigating the transition between eating disorder behaviours." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 2014. http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/19023/.
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Introduction: Diagnostic systems conceptualise different eating disorders as discrete entities, identified at a particular point in time. However, research shows there is much overlap between ‘anorexia’ and ‘bulimia’, and the most prevalent diagnosis is ‘Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified’ (EDNOS), when people fail to meet full criteria for other diagnoses (Fairburn & Bohn, 2005). When considered from a longitudinal perspective, eating disorder diagnoses and behaviours also tend to change over time, a phenomenon called ‘diagnostic crossover’. Although it is accepted that the prevalence of ‘diagnostic crossover’ in eating disorders is high (e.g. Eddy et al., 2002), the process through which it occurs is poorly understood. Authors have suggested that higher movement from ‘anorexia’ into ‘bulimia’ may represent an inability to maintain restrictive eating and have deliberated about a ‘natural course’ to the eating disorders. Although physiological and psychological effects of starvation suggest this may play a part (Polivy, 1996), some people avoid diagnostic crossover and others move from ‘bulimia’ into ‘anorexia’, which suggests additional factors are involved. Other researchers have proposed that clinical and personality variables such as low self directedness influence these transitions (Tozzi et al., 2005), but the results are inconsistent. Eating disorder therapies are underpinned by psychological models, but these are theorised on the basis of eating disorder diagnoses, which for the reasons above may be invalid, and ignore transitions between them. Although some theories acknowledge crossover (e.g. Fairburn, Cooper & Shafran, 2003), they fail to fully account for the process. Since anorexia binge-purge type, and therefore the acquisition of more eating disorder behaviours, is often associated with poorer outcomes (e.g. Carter et al., 2012, Favaro & Santonastaso, 1996, Herzog, Schellberg & Deter,1997), better understanding of the way eating disorders change over time could improve outcomes and quality of life for patients. Objectives:To investigate the experience of diagnostic crossover, which will be referred to as ‘eating disorder transitions’ to represent the phenomenon as a process rather than a discrete event. This aims to gain a better understanding of the process through which this occurs, and improve insight into the trajectory of eating disorders to further our understanding of them. Methods: Twelve people with a history of transitioning between ‘anorexic behaviours’ (more restrictive eating) and ‘bulimic behaviours’ (bingeing and/or purging) were interviewed about the experience. The results were analysed using ‘Thematic Analysis’. Results and Discussion: Participants’ eating disorders tended to focus on restrictive eating before cycles of bingeing and purging developed in a staged process. The effects of certain life experiences either triggered a change, or facilitated the emergence of these different eating disorder behaviours. When the expression of eating disorders was inhibited and underlying emotional difficulties remained, the eating disorder changed to a different form to compensate. Since participants continually valued being thin, bingeing and purging behaviours were evaluated much more negatively than phases of restrictive eating and led to risky behaviours. The findings suggest that attempts to change eating disorder behaviours without helping patients manage their underlying difficulties first should perhaps be avoided.
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Andrews, Dorothy. "Appraisal of clinical teaching behaviours by diploma nursing students and their instructors." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0019/MQ54855.pdf.
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Andrews, Dorothy Sturge. "Appraisal of clinical teaching behaviours by diploma nursing students and their instructors /." St. John's, NF : [s.n.], 2000.
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Dougill, Gary. "Mechanical behaviours of intervertebral discs : clinical implications of loading, injury and treatment." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2016. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/608769/.
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Back pain is a significant public health concern with an increasing socioeconomic cost due to lost working days and direct medical expenditure. The majority of these costs can be attributed to long term pain resulting from specific physiological conditions. Acute injury and chronic degeneration of the intervertebral disc have been linked with pain and can reduce mobility, negatively impacting quality of life. Treatments using mesenchymal stem cells have been proposed as a means of repairing damaged and degenerate discs but questions remain around the effects of the invasive medical interventions required by these treatments. Understanding and categorising the changes in mechanical behaviour of the intervertebral disc when it is healthy, injured and degenerate, and having undergone treatment will provide valuable clinical evidence of the safety and efficacy of these treatments before risking human subjects in clinical trials. The following report contains a literature survey of the field of intervertebral disc biomechanics with specific emphasis on disc degeneration, injury and stem cell treatment, and investigates loading during activities of daily living (ADLs) using in vivo and in vitro testing methods. The work investigates thermal behavior from viscoelastic loading and the mechanical performance of hydrogel injection based clinical interventions. Damaged and degenerate discs displayed significantly altered material behaviours than healthy discs when subjected to loading simulating ADLs. Degenerate discs further injected with a proprietary hydrogel designed for stem cell interventions recovered healthy material behaviours but did not regain full tissue functionality. Combined, the studies presented in this work narrow the search for potential mechanisms of degeneration of the intervertebral disc and show the beneficial effects of hydrogel injections on the mechanical functionality of intervertebral discs even without the addition of mesenchymal stem cells to those injections.
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Schloms-Madlener, Kim Cheryl. "The prevalence and characteristics of sexting behaviours among adolescents and adults in Cape Town, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10646.
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Includes bibliographical references.'Sexting' is defined as the act of sending sexually suggestive text messages (SSTMs), or the self-generation of nude or semi-nude images (NSNIs) and sending them to others via digital devices. It has recently emerged as a risk behaviour, particularly as it relates to adolescent sexuality. The consequences of sexting may include humiliation, ostracism, depression, anxiety, suicide and criminal or legal action. As such, research into the practice is vital in order to mitigate the risk to adolescents. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of sexting among a sample of adolescents and adults in Cape Town, South Africa.
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Smith, Rachel K. "Eating attitudes and behaviours in young people with or without a diabetic sibling." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2645.
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Objectives: Body image concerns and problematic eating attitudes and behaviours are recognised as an important concern for young people and clinicians. Identification of groups that might be at risk of developing such problems would enable prevention and early implementation strategies to be implemented. The aim of this study was to explore body image concerns and eating attitudes and behaviours in a community sample of young people aged between 12 and 17 years. Design & Method: A cross sectional between groups design was employed. Participants completed self-report assessments measuring attitudes to body shape and weight, eating attitudes, behavioural features of eating disorders and eating disorder psychopathology. Siblings of young people with type 1 diabetes (n=12) were compared to a matched control group (n=12). Comparisons were also made between males and females and between age groups in a community sample (n=75). Results: Compared with females without a diabetic sibling, females with a diabetic sibling reported more concerns about body weight and shape, greater disturbance in eating attitudes, and significantly higher levels of eating disorder psychopathology. Within the community sample, concerns about body shape and weight and disturbed eating attitudes were significantly higher in females than in males. The results highlighted a high prevalence of excessive exercise behaviour in both males and females. Excessive exercise was the only variable to differ significantly between age groups, with the highest prevalence reported in those aged 14 and 15 years. Conclusions: The findings provide tentative support for the hypothesis that siblings of young people with type 1 diabetes are at increased risk of disturbed eating attitudes and behaviours, but require replication in a larger sample. Methodological implications of the study and suggestions for further research are discussed.
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Gayton, Jane E. "Working models of attachment and health threats, distress, appraisal, coping and health-related behaviours in colorectal cancer." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ66147.pdf.
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Lindmark, Ulrika. "Oral Health and Sense of Coherence : Health Behaviours Knowledge, Attitudes and Clinical Status." Doctoral thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, HHJ, Avd. för naturvetenskap och biomedicin, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-13152.
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Herzsprung, Nataly Tanja. "Exercise dependence and its relation to eating attitudes and behaviours in male and female gym members : a quantitative and qualitative analysis." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13475.
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Bibliography: leaves 73-87.Generally, exercise is an adaptive behaviour that serves to enhance physical and psychological well-being. However, recently the potential abuses of engaging in excessive exercise have received much attention. Some individuals may become so caught up in their exercise routine that they may be quite unwilling or unable to stop exercising, even when it is medically or socially contraindicated. An increasing number of physically active individuals seem to be vulnerable to the 'exercise dependence' syndrome. To examine the link between exercise dependence and eating pathology, 57women and 32 men were recruited at three Health and Racquet Clubs in the Cape Town area. They varied in the type and amount of exercise involved in and expressed different degrees of the pressure to be fit versus the pressure to be thin.
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Miller, Myra. "She sat with her legs open, he danced with a man : attitudes to non-normative gendered behaviours in a university student population." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7998.
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Bibliography: leaves 123-130.This study is an exploration of the attitudes of first year psychology students (n=382) at the University of Cape Town to gender norm violations. Two variations of a questionnaire were administered to assess the degree of acceptance or unacceptance of behaviours that deviate from the expected norms for men and women. The questionnaires were similar in that scenarios used were the same. However, in the second variation of the questionnaire, the gender was reversed. This was done to control for factors beyond gender stereotyping which may confound the results. Analysis of Variance (AN OVA) was carried out on the data. Broadly speaking, the findings indicated that both men and women agreed on a large number of gender acceptable and unacceptable behaviours for both sexes but differed in their assessment of the degree of un acceptability. Levels of tolerance varied, with women being generally more tolerant than men. Men appeared to be more critical of one another, but their behaviours were also more censored by women. Attributions also varied with women's violations of gender boundaries being seen as sexually suggestive, whereas the violations committed by men led to them being seen as potentially homosexual. Closer analysis revealed that subtle underlying gender biases were present, with a range of behaviours being only slightly more or less acceptable for one gender than the other. Based on these findings it is argued that both men and women are subject to the same gender stereotyping and are thus in agreement as to which behaviours are deemed unacceptable and thus police their own and the opposite sex accordingly. The subtle differences could be accounted for by the internalisation of longstanding gender norms that are deeply entrenched even within a population living in an era of gender equality and non-discrimination.
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Mackenzie, Corey Scott. "Family physicians' attitudes, beliefs, and clinical behaviours with respect to mental disorders in older adults." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22349.pdf.
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Waite, Polly. "Understanding anxiety disorders in adolescence : an examination of clinical characteristics, parental behaviours and interpretation biases." Thesis, University of Reading, 2015. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/45042/.
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Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents are a common psychiatric problem. Although research and treatment has developed greatly, adolescents have been largely overlooked. Studies of normative development suggest that adolescence is a distinct phase of development. These developmental differences may account for the (albeit mixed) evidence that adolescents with anxiety disorders have significantly poorer treatment outcomes, compared to anxious children. The aim of the papers in this thesis was to develop understanding of characteristics of anxious adolescents that could be addressed through psychological treatment, relating to clinical presentation, cognitive biases and parenting behaviours. Adolescents with anxiety disorders, compared to children with anxiety disorders, were found to have more severe anxiety symptoms, more frequent primary diagnoses of social anxiety disorder, diagnoses/symptoms of mood disorders, and irregular school attendance. Parents of adolescents showed significantly lower levels of expressed anxiety, intrusiveness and warmth/engagement than parents of children. Furthermore, offspring age moderated the association between anxiety disorder status and parenting behaviours, in that parents of adolescents with anxiety disorders showed significantly higher intrusiveness and lower warmth/engagement than parents of non-anxious adolescents, but no significant differences were found between anxious and non-anxious children. The findings for adolescents were consistent with the existing literature, although with stronger effects for parental lack of warmth than other, mainly community-based, studies have found. Finally, children and adolescents with anxiety disorders showed significantly higher levels of threat interpretation and avoidant strategies than non-anxious children and adolescents. However, age significantly moderated the effect of anxiety disorder status; adolescents with anxiety disorders showed significantly higher levels of threat interpretation than non-anxious adolescents, but, again, there were no significant differences between anxious and non-anxious children. Taken together, these results underline the importance of taking age into account in order to improve understanding of the critical components of adolescent-specific treatments for anxiety disorders.
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Baker, Heather Victoria. "Safety behaviours in generalized anxiety disorder : a clinical adult sample and a community youth sample." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/52044.
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Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health problem, affect individuals across the lifespan, and cause significant impairment and distress in a variety of life domains. Safety behaviour use has been identified as contributing to the maintenance of anxiety. The reduction of safety behaviours is a component of several adult-focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapies for anxiety. Safety behaviour use is discussed in the literature specific to individual anxiety disorders. Currently, there are few psychometrically sound measures of safety behaviours available to researchers and clinicians. The few available safety behaviour measures are associated with Social Phobia (SoP) and Panic Disorder. Few studies have examined safety behaviours associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). This study is composed of two separate studies : Study 1 evaluated the psychometric properties of a measure of GAD-associated safety behaviours, the Generalized Safety Behaviour Scale (GSBS), in an adult sample diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD; n = 36) compared with adults with Social Phobia (SoP; n = 34) and with non-anxious controls (n = 38). The GSBS demonstrated strong internal consistency and displayed convergent validity with measures of worry and intolerance of uncertainty. Two underlying factors were identified. Construct validity of the GSBS was further assessed through one-way ANOVAs revealing that participants with GAD engaged in more frequent GAD-associated safety behaviour use than those with SoP or no anxiety. Study 2 contributed to further psychometric investigation of the GSBS and explored safety behaviour use by youth in a community sample (N = 175). The GSBS demonstrated strong internal consistency, and good convergent validity. Two underlying factors were identified. Linear regression analysis revealed that youth with high levels of anxiety engaged in more frequent use of safety behaviours. A MANOVA analysis, grouping youth into low/moderate and at-risk/clinical levels of anxiety, revealed that the at-risk/clinical group endorsed more frequent use of safety behaviours. Implications include a discussion of the benefits of using safety behaviours to help inform treatment sessions, the importance of developing psychometrically sound measures of safety behaviours, and the need to examine safety behaviour use in youth.Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
Graduate
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Wu, Kit. "Clinical and functional neuroimaging studies on impulse control disorders and related behaviours in Parkinson's disease." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/24929.
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In this thesis, I use clinical assessments and neuroimaging modalities to investigate the pathophysiology underlying impulse control disorders (ICDs) and related addictive behaviours in Parkinson's disease (PD). Using PET with 11C-raclopride, I found that PD patients with a range of ICDs showed an increase in dopamine release in their ventral striatum on exposure to reward-related visual cues compared to PD controls. Further, the amount of increased dopamine release in patients with single ICD was similar to those with comorbid ICDs, suggesting the sensitisation of ventral striatum of PD ICD patients, regardless of their disease load. I also found that PD ICD patients with punding, characterised by stereotypical behaviours with similarities to obsessive compulsive disorders, had lower baseline dopamine D2 receptor binding in the dorsal, but not ventral, striatum at rest compared to controls. In the fMRI imaging study with a block design paradigm, PD patients with compulsive sexual behaviours (CSB) showed increase in sexual desire on exposure to sexual visual cues compared to controls with a corresponding change in blood oxygen level-dependent signal in brain regions corresponding to emotional, cognitive, autonomic, visual and motivational processes. When OFF medication, CSB patients showed decreases in activation during the presentation of sexual cues relative to rest, which was not seen when ON medication. This provides evidence that passive visual cues can act as motivational cues for vulnerable individuals. In the final data chapter, I show that the Internet use habits of PD ICD patients had greater interference (increased time spent, obsessive thoughts) with life functioning compared to PD and healthy subjects, suggesting that PD ICD patients have an increased tendency towards excessive Internet use, which may coexist as an addictive behaviour. These studies show that PD patients on dopaminergic medication have a propensity toward impulse control disorders and related behaviours via sensitisation of the dorsal and ventral striatum. There is also an increased tendency to excessive Internet use in PD ICD subjects. These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms through which a subset of PD patients choose to pursue aberrant rewarding behaviours despite negative consequences, with direct implication for clinicians managing this patient group.
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Kiff, James D. "Evaluating the relationship between childrearing behaviours, inflated responsibility and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in non-clinical families." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520277.
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Morisano, Dominique. "Attention-related behaviours in a non-clinical sample of school-aged children : effects of genotype and gender." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81507.
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Recent genetic studies indicate an association between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) with possible preferential relation to hyperactivity and impulsivity behaviours. The present study investigated attention-related behaviours in a non-clinical sample to determine whether the modulation of these behaviours is associated with genetic variability of the DAT1 within the normal population. A secondary question explored whether gender was associated with the measured attention-related behaviours. Twenty-six children were observed in the classroom during performance of independent academic work. Motor behaviours during task performance were scored using the Restricted Academic Situation Scale. Major behavioural problems were scored using the Conners' Teacher Rating Scale-Revised: Short Form (CTRS-R:S). All participants were genotyped for the DAT1. The results yielded no significant genotype group differences, although an association was found between oppositional behaviour (CTRS-R:S) and gender. These preliminary results are discussed within the current context of genetics research in ADHD.
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Talwar, Ruchika. "Correlates and Predictors of Dysfunctional Eating Attitudes and Behaviours in a Non-clinical New Zealand Female Sample." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2652.
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Eating disorders are among the most common psychological problems faced by women. Perfectionism, impulsivity and poor self-esteem have been identified as significant risk factors for the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Further, elevated body mass
has been found to amplify the effect of these risk factors on the development of eating pathology. However, although the symptoms associated with eating disorders have been theorised to lie on a continuum with frank eating disorders at one end and normative eating concerns at the other, there is limited research and findings are mixed about the correlates and predictors of dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviours in non-clinical populations. The present research contributes to a clearer understanding of risk factors associated with
dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviours in non-clinical populations. Correlational analyses in the present study indicated that dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviours are associated with increased perfectionism, lowered self-esteem and elevated body mass. Regression analyses identified body dissatisfaction as a significant predictor of bulimic symptomatology. Further research is needed to extend these results. The current study found
that dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviours occur in non-clinical populations and are associated with similar risk factors to those associated with eating pathology in clinical populations. Further, it advocates the need for early detection and intervention of eating
disturbances in at risk non-clinical samples, particularly in relation to body image dissatisfaction. Finally, it highlights the need for further research focussing on non-clinical
samples in order to more clearly understand the correlates and predictors of dysfunctional
eating attitudes and behaviours in these populations.
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Webb, Caroline. "Psychological distress in clinical obesity : the role of eating disorder beliefs and behaviours, social comparison and shame." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31303.
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A review of the literature suggested that cognitive theories of eating disorders and social ranking theory of psychological distress may contribute to the understanding of psychological factors in the maintenance of obesity. This study examined the relationships between psychological distress and eating disorder beliefs and behaviours; and social comparison beliefs and submissive behaviours and shame, in a sample of seventy four clinically obese (BMI 30) males and females currently attending NHS dietetic services for support with weight management.;The results found high levels of psychological distress within this sample. Eating disorder beliefs, binge eating behaviour, negative social comparisons, submissive behaviours and shame were all found to be associated with psychological distress. The high inter correlations between the variables and their association with psychological distress suggested they were all measures of a single construct of distress in this sample population. Body Mass Index was not found to be associated with psychological distress in this sample.;These findings provide support for the applicability of cognitive models of eating disorders and social comparison theory to an understanding of distress in clinical obesity. A comprehensive theoretical maintenance model of psychological distress and further weight gain in obesity is proposed based on these findings. The results highlight clinical assessment, formulation and treatment implications for the care of obese individuals presenting to weight management services and areas for future research are suggested.
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Korotkov, David. "Evaluating the causal primacy of the Five-Factor Model of personality in relation to health status, physician utilization, restriction of activities, health behaviours, and negative life events." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ55127.pdf.
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Jamalamadaka, Taruna. "Research portfolio submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate in Clinical Psychology." Thesis, University of Bath, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760946.
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Goodin, William John, and bgoodin@nursing usyd edu au. "AN INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS THAT DETERMINE SELF-REPORTED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND CLINICAL BEHAVIOURS OF PRACTISING REGISTERED NURSES TOWARDS PEOPLE WITH ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, AND OTHER DRUG-RELATED PROBLEMS." Flinders University. Nursing and Midwifery, 2006. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20061110.120239.
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There is an enduring and prevailing disparity between the clinical prevalence of
alcohol, tobacco and other drug-related problems and the frequency that nurses
recognise and intervene in these common problems. The extant nursing literature has
long determined an urgent need for further investigation into why nurses do not
respond to patients with ATOD-related problems in the consistent and effective
manner that the prevalence of these costly health problems require, or in a manner that
reflects the opportunities that nurses have to offer brief and timely intervention.
This thesis reports and discusses the investigation of factors that determine
identification, assessment and interventions of patients with alcohol, tobacco and
other drug-related problems by a randomly selected sample of Registered Nurses
[n=1281] in practice in New South Wales, Australia. Of particular interest was the
relationship between nurses' ATOD knowledge, therapeutic attitudes and clinical
activity.
Multiple quantitative and qualitative methods were used, firstly to systematically
investigate factors within the nurse and their clinical setting that might predict desired
clinical behaviour towards addressing ATOD-related problems, and secondly, to
analyse and describe nurses' self-reported perceptions, views and experiences of the
issue and what aids or impedes it.
The research instrument - a 72 item self-completed questionnaire was developed and
refined within a process of three (3) pilot studies and test-retest method.
A multiple regression model was developed to establish the predictors of key clinical
behaviours. Thematic coding was used to analyse the perceptions of these nurses as
to the factors that affect their ability to intervene with patients who have ATODrelated
problems. Convergent and divergent concerns between quantitative and
qualitative findings became apparent.
Thematic analysis of open-ended responses demonstrated that nurses report a complex
of factors that affect their ability and capacity to intervene with patients who have
ATOD-related problems. Among these are factors located within nurses themselves,
within their patient(s), within their workplace, within other health professionals and
within the broader social/cultural context.
The latter part of the thesis systematically considers the relationships between the
quantitative and qualitative findings within this large sample of registered nurses.
From this comprehensive level of analysis, workforce implications for ATOD
education, training and organisational support for nurses, the most numerous group of
health care workers, have been readily identified.
The major empirical finding of this investigation is that there is a significant
difference between positive attitudinal sets and motivation of practicing registered
nurses to perform desired ATOD-related clinical activities, and the lower reported
frequency at which this occurs. The qualitative findings are highly convergent with
the empirical ones. It is the nurse's self-identified lack of knowledge, skills,
experience and confidence that is now reported as having the greatest effect on their
ability to assess, identify and offer brief and timely intervention for patients with
ATOD-related problems, rather than any prevailing beliefs and attitudes that these
patients were not worthy of their care, or outside the legitimate framework of their
nursing role.
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Kuenssberg, Renate Katherine Von. "Association between the social and communication impairments and repetitive/restricted interests and behaviours of ASD in a clinical sample : does the triad still fit?" Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7916.
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Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviourally defined disorder characterised by impairments in three domains of social interaction, communication, and repetitive/restricted interests and behaviours (DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000; ICD-10; WHO, 1992). Recent research suggests that this diagnostic triad may no longer fit as the best way to conceptualise ASD. Although not due for publication until 2013, a proposed revision of autistic disorder for DSM-V has merged three domains into two; i) Social/communication deficits and ii) Fixated interests and repetitive behaviours (APA, 2010). The aim of this study was to examine the structure of ASD symptom domains within the Adult Asperger Assessment (AAA; Baron-Cohen et al., 2005). Method: Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine data from a clinical population of adults diagnosed with Asperger Syndrome (AS) and High Functioning Autism (HFA). Results: Analysis suggested that none of the theoretically-driven models were supported by the AAA data. However, it did highlight high correlations between social and communication factors (r > 0.9) within unmodified models. Discussion: The results of the analysis did not provide support for the move towards considering ASD as a dyad of ‘social-communication’ impairments and repetitive/restricted interests and behaviours, as none of the models were supported by the AAA data. The validity of the AAA as a diagnostic tool is discussed, as well as limitations and suggestions for future research. Conclusion: This study did not provide the evidence required to endorse a move towards the proposed DSM-V dyad. Further research to understanding the structure of autism symptoms could improve diagnostic and classification systems, and further studies of the genetic and neurobiological bases of ASD.
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Leas, Loraine, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "The role of attachment theory in chronic medical illness: A clinical investigation." Deakin University. School of Psychology, 2004. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20051208.092522.
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Recently, researchers have begun to examine the impact of attachment on coping with a medical illness. It is hypothesised that a patient's responses to unusual or distressing physical symptoms and participation in the patient-clinician relationship can be understood by examining the nature of their attachments. Theoretical links between attachment style and affect regulation suggest that internal working models developed in childhood may have implications, not only for the quality of close relationships, such as romantic love, but also for other significant interactions. In the domain of physical illness, patient-clinician interactions represent such a significant relationship. It is proposed that the attachment behaviour of the patient to the clinician in the context of chronic medical illness may impact on medical illness behaviour and illness outcome. This clinical portfolio reviews the literature on attachment theory, health behaviour and the implications of the patient-clinician relationship in the context of a chronic medical illness. Four case studies of different types of chronic medical illness were examined in relation to attachment theory. The cases included: Jenny, a 10 year-old girl with polycystic kidney disease; Angela, a 13 year-old girl with recurrent urinary tract infections; Aarron, a 36 year-old man with Human Immunodeficiency Virus; and Andrew, a 49 year-old man with multiple medical illnesses. It was concluded that attachment theory is a useful conceptual framework for informing clinical formulation and explaining the patient-clinician interaction among individuals with a chronic medical illness.
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Paul, David Cameron. "Social anxiety and interpersonal threat: affective and behavioural reponses to perceptions of agency and communion in others' behaviour." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32266.
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Major theoretical models of social anxiety disorder share the assumption that the perception of other people's behaviour is an integral component in the complex network of appraisals, emotions, and behaviours that underlies and perpetuates clinical symptoms. In spite of this, there have been few empirical attempts to examine the interpersonal perceptions of persons with social anxiety disorder. The purpose of the present research was to investigate relations between the perceptions, affect, and behaviour of a group of individuals diagnosed with generalized social anxiety disorder and a matched sample of control participants. The first phase of the investigation examined associations between participants' perceptions of dominance and warmth in the behaviour of others and their anxious affect during naturally occurring interpersonal interactions. The second phase investigated relations between participants' perceptions of dominance and warmth and their own behaviour in interpersonal interactions. For participants with social anxiety disorder, interactions in which others were perceived as low in warmth were hypothesized to be associated with increased anxious affect and with an affiliation-protective behavioural strategy characterized by increased agreeableness and decreased quarrelsomeness. Socially anxious individuals were also predicted to report particularly elevated anxiety during interactions in which they perceived others as both high in dominance and low in warmth, and to respond to that perception with a status-protective behavioural response characterized by increased submissiveness and decreased dominance. Consistent with these hypotheses, partiLes modèles théoriques majeurs de troubles d'anxiété sociale partagent la présomption que la perception du comportement des autres est une composante intégrale dans le système complet des évaluations, des émotions, et des comportements qui sont à la base et qui perpétuent les symptômes cliniques. Toutefois, peu ont tenté d'examiner les perceptions interpersonnelles d'individus ayant des troubles d'anxiété sociale. Le but de l'étude présente était donc l'investigation des relations entre les perceptions, l'humeur, et le comportement d'un groupe d'individus diagnostiqués avec des troubles d'anxiété sociale généralisés ainsi que d'un groupe de participants contrôles. La première phase de l'étude examine l'association entre la perception des participants face à la dominance et l'affabilité dans le comportement des personnes avec lesquelles ils interagissent ainsi que leur anxiété pendant ces relations interpersonnelles spontanées. La seconde phase investigue la relation entre la perception des participants face a la dominance et l'affabilité et leur propre comportement lors d'interactions interpersonnelles. Pour les participants avec les troubles d'anxiété sociale, il a été supposé que les interactions pour lesquelles les autres furent perçu comme étant hypothétiquement peu affables soient associés a une élévation de leur anxiété ainsi qu'a une réaction comportementale protégeant le rang. Cette protection serait caractérisée par l'augmentation du comportement de submissivité et d'une augmentation de dominance. De plus, il est supposé que ces individus rapportent une hausse d'anxiété pendant les interactions dans lesquel
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Hoffman, Karen. "Students' perceptions of clinical teacher behaviors." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/958793.
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The purpose of the study was to examine students' perceptions of frequency of clinical teacher behaviors and whether those perceptions change by class level. The theoretical framework for the study was Bevis' paradigm of curriculum revolution.In 1993, Marilyn Simons, DNS gathered data from nursing students enrolled in clinical nursing courses at a Midwestern university. The convenience sample totaled 88 (100%). The data was not analyzed or reported. The current study was a retrospective analysis of that data.Findings of the study showed that students perceived faculty as demonstrating professional competence and interpersonal relationship behaviors in the clinical setting. No significant differences were found in these perceptions by class level on either then total scale or on the subscales.The conclusion from the study was that faculty at this particular university are perceived as practicing emancipatory education as proposed by Bevis. It was also concluded that faculty perform at the same level of competency and use similar approaches without regard to class level, and that students perceived that faculty related to them in similar ways across classes.The study was significant because it helps nurse educators understand the student perspective of clinical teacher behavior. The Clinical Teacher Behavior Tool used in the study could be used to help design a cooperative clinical learning model different from the traditional education approach and in accordance with Bevis' paradigm.School of Nursing
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Howarth-Hockey, Gemeah. "Residential behavioural intervention for rural mothers of children with disruptive behaviour disorders : a clinical replication series /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16252.pdf.
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Stadler, Sophia. "Child disruptive behaviour problems, problem perception and help-seeking behaviour." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26942.
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Disruptive behaviour problems in early childhood are found to be associated with many negative long-term outcomes, such as antisocial behaviour, adolescent delinquency, and substance abuse (Kellam, Werthamer-Larsson & Dolan (1991), as cited in Butler, 2005:1). Even after adolescence this arises, for, as Vogel (2008:16) states the 'frequency of behavioural problems or challenging behaviour among the youth of today often predicts the size of our future prison population'. These findings clearly highlight the importance of early identification of behavioural problems, adequate preventative intervention (Butler, 2005:1) and the necessity for early intervention to prevent their continuity, since behaviour problems are found to worsen without treatment (Loeber, 1982, cited in Butler, 2005:1). The goal of this study is to gain an understanding of disruptive behaviour in primary school learners. To achieve this goal, the objectives of this are to explore the nature of child disruptive behaviour problems; to explore parents and teachers' problem perception of child disruptive behaviour; to explore the problem threshold of parents and teachers toward child disruptive behaviour; and to explore their help-seeking behaviour. The study's aim, therefore, is to better understand and gain more insight in child disruptive behaviour problems before a threshold is reached by parents and teachers and help is sought from social service professionals. The study uses an exploratory qualitative research design to gain insight into child disruptive behaviour problems, problem perceptions and help-seeking behaviour in the Southern Cape Karoo District in the Western Cape. Child disruptive behaviour patterns were analysed along a three-point continuum (from less severe - 'preventative'; to moderate - 'early intervention'; and most severe - 'statutory') based, on problem perceptions of parents, teachers and social service professionals. In addition, the present study examines parents and teachers' problem thresholds to identify help-seeking behaviour and sources. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the participants according to appropriation and availability. Parents and teachers were contacted to participate voluntarily in the research from schools in the area - Acacia Primary School, Baartmansfontein Primary School, Buffelsriver Private Primary School and Matjiesfontein Primary School. The social service professionals who participated consisted of social workers, social auxiliary workers and police officials from the Department of Social Development, Child Welfare SA and the South African Police Service. The study consisted of a broad range of child ages and parental ages. Parent participants also included biological and foster parents. Data was gathered by means of a semi-structured interview schedule administered during 24 individual interviews. The schedule is based on information obtained from the literature review relevant to the models and theories selected. Previous research done by Jessica Hankinson in 2009 in America on child psychopathology, parental problem perception, and help-seeking behaviours was used as a reference for creating the data collection tool, since she also focused on child behavioural problems and used similar models in the theories. This tool was created in such a way as to be relevant to the South African context. The findings confirmed the serious nature of child disruptive behaviour amongst primary school learners, including abusive behaviour, assault, bullying, fighting, swearing, theft, criminal involvement, substance abuse, truancy and school dropouts. The participants were found to be able to perceive their child's problem behaviour and to perceive themselves to be competent parents in dealing with disruptive behaviour. Child disruptive behaviour was found to have a significant effect on classroom learning. Despite legislation banning this, the participants still resort to punitive corrective measures. Stigma related to professional services and the privacy of the family are found to be very relevant in help-seeking efforts. This lead to the conclusion that child disruptive behaviour may become a normal and acceptable phenomenon, and thus leads to late reporting - and social services being contacted only as a last resort. The most important recommendation resulting from the study indicates that there is a need for prevention and early intervention services for child disruptive behaviour. This should address the escalation of the behaviour that later results in the need for statutory services. The study further indicates that various sectors (social workers, teachers, community structures and the departments) need to collaborate and form partnerships in order to enhance the early reporting of children in need and the accessibility and availability of services rendered in rural areas. This could enhance the early identification, reporting and service delivery in order to find problem resolutions.
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Finkbeiner, Nicole M. "The associations of depression symptoms, withdrawal behaviors, and withdrawal cognitions with intimate behavior and pleasure from partner's intimate behaviors among clinical couples." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8320.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Family Science. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Collie, Christin. "Gaming Behaviors in Day-to-Day Life: Exploring a Problematic Gaming Behavior Scale." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3496.
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Growing concern for the problematic use of video games has prompted new research in a now growing field of literature. Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) is a proposed behavioral addiction in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5). To examine the proposed criteria for IGD, a self-report problematic gaming behavior scale (PGBS) was developed for adults residing in the United States. One hundred eighty-nine participants completed an online questionnaire comprised of demographic items, general gaming information, the PGBS, and the Internet Gaming Disorder-20 Test (IGD-20 Test). Statistical analyses conducted at the conclusion of the study were consistent with previous research on the PGBS. Cronbach’s alpha was .908 for the 19-item PGBS, one item was removed to improve reliability. Exploratory factor analysis strongly indicated a 1-factor structure to the PGBS. Logistic regression models were fit to analyze the predictive value of the PGBS total score. The PBGS total score did not predict positive endorsement of any of the four outcome items.
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Chitsabesan, Praminthra. "Exploring ward-based clinical teaching behavious and characteristics." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500959.
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Effective and efficient clinical teaching is essential with dwindling training hours and growing numbers of trainees and students, however, standards are variable across the UK and USA. Formative evaluation of clinical teaching performance can lead to standardisation and improvement. Current evaluation tools were assessed and found wanting in their development of appropriate formative criteria to evaluate. I employed a grounded theory exploration of ward round teaching to identify factors associated with effective or ineffective learning outcomes to inform the development of a new formative evaluation tool. The thesis was in two phases.
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Hosmer, William. "The phenomenology of self -injurious behavior." ScholarWorks, 2009. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/703.
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Self-injurious behavior (SIB; e.g., wrist-cutting, burning) is a pervasive coping phenomenon that may be indicative of dysfunctional affect regulation and complex developmental trauma. Previous research findings identify the incidence rate of SIB to be approximately 10% to 15% of the general population with 5% to 10% of those engaging in repetitive or recurring SIB. Other sources identify approximately 2 million individuals active in this behavior within the United States; 70% of those individuals are female. However, limited research has used internet technology as a data gathering tool to access individuals who have engaged in SIB and are apprehensive to participate in face-to-face interviews. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the fundamental nature of SIB using an interpretive-phenomenological methodology via internet interviews. Data were gathered from a convenience sample of 18 adult female participants with a reported history of SIB recruited through SIB oriented websites. The data were analyzed through a phenomenological interpretive approach using axial and thematic coding. Results indicated that SIB is a method of coping with stress and emotions as well as a way to regulate and control affect from perceived historical trauma. These findings may advance empirical evaluation of SIB by expanding research designs and informing practitioners about how those who have engaged in SIB view therapeutic treatment. The positive social change implications include generating knowledge useful for program developers, educators, psychologists, and other invested professionals who search for sound, innovative ways to address SIB among women based on the words and experiences of survivors; potential long-term outcomes include improved coping strategies, reduced incidences of bodily harm and improved self-concepts.
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Quakley, Sarah Michelle. "Cognitive behaviour therapy with children : an investigation into cognitive skills and cognitive content in clinically referred and non-clinical young children." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539349.
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Brennan, Elle. "Neuropsychological Functioning in Youth with Obsessive-Compulsive Behaviors Identified Using the Child Behavior Checklist." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1564913548445812.
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Williams, Megan R. "Help-seeking behaviors of an abortion clinic population." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/760.
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Jüris, Linda. "Hyperacusis : Clinical Studies and Effect of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Psykiatri, Akademiska sjukhuset, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-207577.
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Hyperacusis is a type of decreased sound tolerance where the individual has decreased loudness discomfort levels (LDL), normal hearing thresholds and is sensitive to ordinary environmental sounds. Persons with hyperacusis frequently seek help at audiological departments as they are often affected by other audiological problems. Regrettably, there is neither a consensus-based diagnostic procedure nor an evidence-based treatment for hyperacusis. The principal aim of this thesis was to gain knowledge about the clinical condition hyperacusis. The specific aim of Paper I was to compare hyperacusis measurement tools in order to determine the most valid measures for assessing hyperacusis. Items from a constructed clinical interview were compared with the LDL test, the Hyperacusis Questionnaire (HQ) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). LDLs were significantly correlated with the anxiety subscale of the HADS. A third of the 62 investigated patients scored below the previously recommended cut-off for the HQ. The results suggest that HQ and HADS in combination with a clinical interview are useful as part of the assessment procedure in patients with hyperacusis. The aim of Paper II was to further investigate the patient group with respect to individual characteristics, psychiatric morbidity and personality traits. It was shown that anxiety disorders and anxiety-related personality traits were over-represented, which suggests common or cooperating mechanisms. Avoidance behaviour proved to be very common in the patient group, as was being unable to work due to hyperacusis. In Paper III it was investigated in a randomized controlled trial whether Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) could be helpful for patients with hyperacusis. The effect of CBT for hyperacusis was assessed with measures of LDLs, symptoms of hyperacusis and of anxiety and depression, fear of (re)injury due to exposure to sounds, and quality of life, compared to a waiting list control group. There were significant group effects for a majority of the measures with moderate and strong effect sizes within- and between groups. After assessment the waiting list group was also given CBT, and was then reassessed with similar effects. The results were maintained for 12 months, concluding CBT to be potentially helpful for these patients.
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Dubicka, Bernadka Walentina. "Clinical implications of comorbid behaviour disorder and adolescent depression." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502260.
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To investigate whether comorbid behaviour disorder (conduct disorder, CD; oppositional defiant disorder, ODD) predicts treatment outcomes in depressed adolescents; to describe the characteristics of depressed adolescents with and without behaviour disorder (BD); and to examine whether there is a differential effect of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) on these outcomes in depressed adolescents with CD, ODD or no BD. Depressed adolescents with CD at baseline and 12 weeks will have greater overall difficulties, impairment, suicidality and depression than adolescents with ODD or no BD. There will be a significant CBT treatment within each group. CD cases are more likely to be poorer attenders and will show less improvement than cases of ODD or those with no BD. ODD cases will have intermediate findings for severity and improvement. Overall, there will be an improvement in behavioural symptoms after 12 weeks of treatment. A clinical sample of 208 adolescents with persistent moderate to severe depression was recruited for a randomised controlled trial (Adolescent Depression Anti depressant and Psychotherapy Trial, ADAPT). At baseline there were 30 cases of CD, 31 cases of ODD and 147 adolescents with no BD. Subjects all received a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRl) and treatment as usual (TAU), and half the sample was randomised to receiving weekly CBT during a 12 week acute treatment phase. Depressed adolescents with CD are likely to demonstrate greater impairment and suicidality than those with no BD or ODD, however, show similar levels of improvement after treatment with an SSRl and TAU, with or without CBT. Depressed adolescents with CD can benefit from depression treatment and should be monitored closely for suicide risk.
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Itle, Amber Joelle. "Clinical ketosis and standing behaviour in transition dairy cows." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46479.
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Ketosis is a common disease in dairy cattle, especially in the days after calving, and is often undiagnosed. The objective of this study was to compare the standing behaviour of dairy cows with and without ketosis during the days around calving to determine if changes in this behaviour could be useful in the early identification of sick cows. Serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) was measured in 370 cows on three commercial dairy farms, twice weekly from 2 to 21 d after calving. Standing behaviour was measured from 7 d before calving to 21 d after calving using data loggers. Retrospectively, 19 cows with subclinical ketosis (BHBA ≥1.2 and ≤ 2.9 mmol/L) and 20 cows with clinical ketosis (BHBA >2.9 mmol/L) were matched by farm with 39 non-ketotic cows (BHBA <1.2 mmol/L). Five periods were defined for the statistical analyses: wk -1 (d -7 to d -1), d 0 (day of calving), wk +1 (d 1 to d 7), wk +2 (d 8 to d 14) and wk +3 (d 15 to d 21). The first signs of both subclinical and clinical ketosis occurred 4.5 ± 2.0 d after calving. The standing behaviour of cows diagnosed with subclinical ketosis was not different than non-ketotic cows during any period. Total daily standing time was longer for clinically ketotic cows relative to non-ketotic cows during wk +1 (14.4 ± 0.8 vs. 12.2 ± 0.7 h/d) and d 0 (17.6 ± 1.0 vs. 13.4 ± 0.7 h/d) but was not different during the other periods. Clinically ketotic cows exhibited fewer standing bouts compared to non-ketotic cows on d 0 only (12.8 ± 2.2 vs. 18.1 ± 1.6 bouts/d). Average standing bout duration was also longer for clinically ketotic cows on d 0 compared to non-ketotic cows (64.9 vs. 40.4 min/bout) but was not different during the other periods. These results suggest that differences in standing behaviour before calving may be useful for the early detection of clinical ketosis in dairy cows.
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Oakley, Clare Elizabeth. "Investigating the clinical correlates of violent behaviour in schizophrenia." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2018. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/investigating-the-clinical-correlates-of-violent-behaviour-in-schizophrenia(d241473c-b9d9-464c-8956-5c1a82ee56c0).html.
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Background: There is an association between schizophrenia and violence, although the specific drivers for this link remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the relationships between childhood adversity, conduct disorder, substance misuse and violence among men with schizophrenia. It has been suggested that there may be different pathways to violence in schizophrenia, one primarily linked with pre-morbid conduct disorder, so patients were specifically grouped on the basis of pre-morbid conduct disorder. Methods: Ninety-three male participants were recruited for the study, fifty-four with schizophrenia and thirty-nine healthy controls. Participants underwent a range of clinical assessments, including symptoms of conduct disorder, exposure to childhood adversities and history of substance use disorders. Adult propensity to violence was measured using the Gunn Robertson Violence Scale. Those participants who consented also had a structural magnetic resonance imaging scan. Results: The Gunn Robertson Violence Scale has good validity in this population. Conduct disorder was associated with an increased propensity to violence. Exposure to domestic violence during childhood and the cumulative number of childhood adversities were both associated with adult propensity to violence and attenuation of the association with cumulative adversities suggested that conduct disorder may be a mediator of the relationship. Patients with pre-morbid conduct disorder began using alcohol and cannabis earlier and more frequently, and had higher rates of lifetime substance use disorders which were associated with an increased propensity to violence. An increase in grey matter volume in the caudate was correlated with an increased lifetime propensity to violence. Conclusions: Conduct disorder, substance use disorders, childhood adversity, schizophrenia and violence are all associated with each other. Hence there is a complex interplay of factors, with their origin in childhood, which increase the risk of violent behaviour in schizophrenia.
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Pelletier, Julie A. "Use of Stimulus Management Techniques to Reduce Sedentary Behaviors of Overweight Children." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/58.
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An epidemic proportion of children and adolescents is currently overweight or at-risk of being overweight. This is associated with many negative outcomes, including short-term and long-term health risks, as well as increased psychosocial problems. The etiology of this problem is likely complex, though environmental factors (i.e., factors related to decreased physical activity and increased consumption of calories) have been implicated in previous research. Providing effective, easy-to-implement treatment strategies for children who are overweight or at-risk of being overweight could be helpful to reverse the current epidemic and to decrease current health care costs associated with pediatric obesity. The overall purpose of this study was to determine if use of stimulus management techniques were effective in reducing daily screen time behaviors of children who were overweight or at-risk of overweight (BMI percentile $ 85th perecentile). In addition to this primary research objective, secondary objectives addressed the following: (a) whether decreases in screen time were related to increases in physical activity and decreases in unhealthy snacking behaviors, (b) determining if decreases in screen time led to clinically meaningful improvements in BMI percentile, and (c) determining prospectively if treatment adherence was related to clinically meaningful improvements in BMI percentile. Results indicated that stimulus management techniques were helpful in reducing screen time behaviors and these changes were related to increases in physical activity. Screen time reductions were not associated with clinically meaningful changes in BMI percentile, nor was treatment adherence.
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Stewart, Nick. "Doctorate in Clinical Psychology : main research portfolio." Thesis, University of Bath, 2018. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.761009.
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Critical Review of the LiteratureCan Borderline Personality Disorder be treated effectively in forensic settings? A systematic reviewBorderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a common diagnosis in forensic settings. Certain features of BPD, such as impulsivity and emotional dysregulation, can create a vulnerability to impulsive acts. The condition is also associated with poor mental and physical health, making the treatment of BPD and its clinical features an important goal in forensic settings. This paper reviews evidence for the effectiveness of treating BPD and its symptoms using psychological approaches in forensic settings. A systematic search found 2913 papers, of which 13 met the inclusion criteria. The papers reported nine separate studies (six controlled) that implemented four distinct interventions, often adapted for particular forensic settings. Improvements in overall BPD symptomatology and specific BPD symptoms were reported for all types of intervention, although few differences in outcome between intervention and control groups were found. There were also reported improvements in BPD-related behaviours, but data on offending behaviour were absent. Heterogeneity in study quality and design makes it challenging to draw any firm conclusions about the effectiveness of any one form of treatment over another, nor about which treatment may best suit a particular setting. Further randomised controlled trials are needed to answer these questions. Service Improvement ProjectEvaluation of a brief educational intervention for clinical staff aimed at promoting trauma-informed approaches to careThere is growing evidence that trauma plays an important role in the aetiology of severe and enduring mental health problems. Yet staff can be reluctant to ask patients about trauma for reasons such as anxiety about harming patients and limited access to training. Where services have adopted trauma-informed approaches (TIAs) to mental health care (i.e., considering the ways in which trauma affects individuals when planning and delivering services), improved clinical outcomes have been observed. With this in mind, a new educational video was developed for mental health staff at an NHS trust. The video was intended to be (a) brief (10 minutes); (b) contemporary and engaging; and (c) accessible using computers, smartphones and tablets. Forty-one multidisciplinary staff viewed the video. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation indicated improvements in self-reported knowledge and confidence with regard to trauma, and a decrease in worries with regard to asking patients about such experiences. Participants found the video to be enjoyable, understandable and informative. Importantly, many indicated that it spurred them to further action, such as further training and asking patients about possible trauma. These findings indicate that a video of this type can offer an important ‘taster’ of trauma-related learning, constituting an important step towards embedding trauma-informed ways of working at a service. Main Research ProjectThe Role of Intrusive Imagery in Hoarding DisorderThe cardinal feature of Hoarding Disorder (HD) is persistent difficulty discarding possessions, with the resulting clutter compromising the intended use of living areas. Within the dominant cognitive-behavioural model of hoarding (Frost & Hartl, 1996), hoarding behaviours are positively and negatively reinforced in the context of certain object-related beliefs. Available treatments for HD have so far yielded modest outcomes, indicating a need for new approaches. Intrusive imagery has so far been neglected in HD research, despite the frequency of trauma in the histories of people with the condition. To address this, 27 individuals who met the DSM-5 criteria for HD and 28 community controls (CCs) were interviewed about their everyday experiences of mental imagery. Participants were also asked about the images they experienced during two recent real-life examples of actual or attempted discard of (1) an object of low subjective value; and (2) an object of high subjective value. Everyday imagery in the HD group commonly reflected themes of illness, death and reminiscence. Imagery in HD participants tended to carry negative emotional valence in comparison with CCs, and was associated with greater interference in everyday life and attempts to avoid the imagery. HD participants reported more negative experiences of intrusive imagery in comparison with CCs during recent episodes of discarding objects of low subjective value. However, HD participants experienced positive imagery when discarding, or trying to discard, high value objects. These findings indicate that although people with HD frequently report traumatic histories, this is not reflected in the everyday imagery that they experience. There is some evidence to suggest that the negative and positive memories experienced in relation to low and high value objects may aid our understanding of discarding and saving behaviour in HD. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are further discussed.
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Gagnon, Robin. "Psychotherapeutic operations and client behavioural commitments." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9778.
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Patients' in-session commitments, decisions, or statements of intention to carry out novel behavioural acts between sessions are valued events for many therapeutic approaches. The value or importance of such events is enunciated in the body of psychotherapy theory as well as demonstrated by the results of research. First, the value of behavioural commitments is evident in many theories of psychotherapy, whether this be explicit or implicit. Secondly, research has demonstrated that in-session behavioural commitments are significantly associated with the carrying out of the selected behavioural acts post-session. Despite the importance of behavioural commitments in many systems of psychotherapy, scholars of psychotherapy have pointed out that serious lacunae exist in the specification of therapeutic operations which may be used in catalyzing the occurrence of behavioural commitments. Consequently, it is proposed that the study of therapeutic methods which catalyze such events would constitute a useful avenue of research. An exhaustive review of psychotherapy process research reveals that few research projects have studied the links between psychotherapeutic operations and behavioural commitments. Moreover, the few existing studies suffer from considerable limitations of scope and essentially have failed to identify links between psychotherapeutic operations and behavioural commitments. In order to address this question with a research focus which is appropriate to the current state of knowledge on the matter, the rationale is provided for a qualitative methodology. The aim of the study is to identify psychotherapeutic operations which catalyze "naturally occurring" instances of behavioural commitments identified in psychotherapy session transcripts. Raw data for the study was obtained through an exhaustive search of published transcripts of sessions from a broad array (any and all varieties) of psychotherapies. Products of the study are relevant to the practitioner as practitioner-ready concrete descriptions of behavioural commitment-catalyzing therapeutic operations, and to the researcher as a collection of propositions for further theorizing and research. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Larrazabal, Carrillo Maria Alexandra. "Distress Tolerance Predicts Day-To-Day Emotion Regulation Behaviors." W&M ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1563899047.
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Distress tolerance (DT), or the ability to effectively withstand aversive internal experiences, is related to diverse physical and mental health benefits, including resilience to depression, anxiety, and substance misuse. DT might prevent health problems by promoting more adaptive and less maladaptive emotion regulation decisions in the face of stressful events. The present study—a pilot investigation that is the basis for a forthcoming study—tested this hypothesis by examining between- and within-person associations of DT with a repertoire of 12 common emotion regulation strategies. We recruited 25 high-anxiety university students to complete surveys of DT and emotion regulation efforts in response to stressors for 14 consecutive days. Multilevel structural equation modeling analyses indicated that higher DT was inversely associated with select maladaptive regulatory strategies (i.e., procrastination and rumination) both within and across persons, although this trend unexpectedly did not extend to behavioral avoidance, experiential avoidance, drug use, suppression, or distraction. Findings regarding adaptive strategies indicated that higher DT may enable greater reflection, reappraisal and acceptance within, but not across, persons. Also, higher DT unexpectedly predicted less social support seeking and affect labeling between- and within-persons. In several cases, there were discrepant associations among DT and emotion regulation strategies across between- and within-person levels. In these scenarios, within-person associations were most consistent with theory and evidence. Taken together, findings suggest that higher DT limits maladaptive emotion regulation behaviors and inconsistently predicts adaptive regulatory efforts. We discuss our findings and their implications for theory and intervention.
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Jacobs, Brittany-Amber. "Cancer cell behaviour following parasite exposure." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29273.
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Infectious diseases, including helminthiases, are estimated to cause 16.1% of global cancer cases. While certain helminths are conclusive causes of cancer, others have been shown to reduce the disease. It is currently unknown why differing helminth infections promote or prevent cancer development and progression, or which cellular mechanisms are altered following exposure. Using several in vitro and in vivo techniques, this study aimed to determine the effect that certain helminths have on the progression of cervical and colorectal cancer. The results revealed that antigen from the hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis significantly reduced cervical cancer cell migration and the expression of two markers of metastasis: vimentin and N-cadherin. Importantly, N. brasiliensis antigen significantly lowered the expression of cell-surface vimentin, while decreasing Human Papillomavirus type16 pseudovirion internalization. In vivo infection with N. brasiliensis significantly decreased vimentin expression within the female genital tract, confirming the relevance of these in vitro findings. Furthermore, exposure to antigen from the gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus decreased the in vitro proliferation of human and mouse colorectal cancer cells and simultaneously increased the expression of cell cycle regulator proteins, p53 and p21. Surprisingly, while antigen from H. polygyrus inhibited human colorectal cancer cell migration, it had the opposite effect on mouse colorectal cancer cells, suggesting that its impact on colorectal cancer migration may be, at the very least, species dependent. Using a syngeneic tumour model, the excretory-secretory product from H. polygyrus was shown to significantly increase tumour growth and the expansion of regulatory T cells and neutrophils in the tumour. Similarly, in a model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer this antigen significantly worsened pathology in a TGF-β dependent manner. Undoubtedly, the knowledge gained from this study will contribute to the limited understanding about helminths and the effect that these parasites have on cancer progression.
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Jackson, Rebecca L. "Contextualized Risk Assessment in Clinical Practice: Utility of Actuarial, Clinical, and Structured Clinical Approaches to Predictions of Violence." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4603/.
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Assessing offenders' risk of future violent behavior continues to be an important yet controversial role of forensic psychologists. A key debate is the relative effectiveness of assessment methods. Specifically, actuarial methods (see Quinsey et al., 1998 for a review) have been compared and contrasted to clinical and structured clinical methods (see e.g. Hart, 1998; Webster et al., 1997). Proponents of each approach argue for its superiority, yet validity studies have made few formal comparisons. In advancing the available research, the present study examines systematically the type of forensic case (i.e., sexual violence versus nonsexual violence) and type of assessment method (i.e., actuarial, structured clinical, and unstructured clinical). As observed by Borum, Otto, and Golding (1993), forensic decision making can also be influenced by the presence of certain extraneous clinical data. To address these issues, psychologists and doctoral students attending the American Psychology Law Society conference were asked to make several ratings regarding the likelihood of future sexual and nonsexual violence based on data derived from actual defendants with known outcomes. Using a mixed factorial design, each of these assessment methods were investigated for its influence on decision-makers regarding likelihood of future violence and sexually violent predator commitments. Finally, the potentially biasing effects of victim impact statements on resultant decisions were also explored.
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Kelly, Allison. "Training in self-compassion: reducing distress and facilitating behaviour change." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=95046.
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Evolutionary psychologists posit that a soothing system evolved to detect cues of warmth and kindness in the environment and signal that the organism is safe. Gilbert (2005) proposed that among individuals suffering from shame, mental illness, and addiction, this system is underactive but can be re-activated by compassionate mind training (CMT) exercises. Although dispositional levels of self-compassion have been found to predict well-being (Neff, 2003a), there have been no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of training oneself in self-compassion. The current dissertation presents two RCTs of CMT-based interventions. In Study 1, Kelly, Zuroff, and Shapira (2009) randomly assigned 75 distressed acne sufferers to one of three conditions: compassionate self-soothing, resisting of self-attacks, and wait-list control. Over two weeks, participants instructed to engage in daily self-compassionate imagery and self-talk reported less shame, better psychosocial functioning, and improved acne symptoms compared to a control condition. Participants instructed to stand up to their-self-attacks with a strong, resilient image had these same outcomes but additionally reported reduced depression, particularly if they were high in self-criticism. Study 2 sought to investigate whether and for whom self-compassion training might facilitate behaviour change. Kelly, Zuroff, Foa, and Gilbert (in press) randomly assigned 126 smokers to one of four interventions. Individuals instructed to engage in self-compassionate imagery and self-talk at every urge to smoke reduced their cigarette consumption more quickly than those in the control condition, and as quickly as those who engaged in self-energizing and self-controlling imagery and self-talk. Furthermore, self-compassion training was particularly effective for participants who were ambivalent about change or self-critical at baseline, or if they had vivid imagery while performing the intervention exercises. Findings suLes psychologues évolutionnistes soutiennent qu'un système interne apaisant existe dans chaque individu afin de lui permettre de déceler des indices de bienveillance et de chaleur humaine dans son environnement et de tirer la conclusion qu'il est en sécurité. Gilbert (2005) a proposé que parmi les individus aux prises avec un sentiment de honte, un trouble de santé mentale ou une dépendance, ce système apaisant est sous actif mais peut être réactivé par le biais d'exercices « d'entraînement à l'auto compassion ». Mis à part des études de Neff (2003a) qui a démontré que la tendance naturelle d'un individu à ressentir de la compassion pour soi-même influence son bien-être, aucune autre étude contrôlée et randomisée sur les effets de l'entraînement à l'auto compassion n'a été effectuée. Cette dissertation vient pallier à ce manque en présentant deux études sur l'entraînement à l'auto compassion. Dans la première étude, Kelly, Zuroff et Shapira (2009) ont assigné de façon aléatoire 75 personnes souffrant d'acné à l'une de trois conditions suivantes: auto compassion apaisante, résistance à l'autodénigrement et condition contrôle (liste d'attente). Sur une période de deux semaines, les participants à qui on avait demandé au quotidien d'utiliser l'auto compassion apaisante (à l'aide de l'imagerie mentale et le du discours intérieur) ont rapporté une diminution du sentiment de honte, un meilleur fonctionnement psychosocial et une amélioration de leurs symptômes d'acné comparativement aux sujets de la condition contrôle. Les participants à qui on avait demandé de contrer l'autodénigrement à l'aide d'une imagerie mentale et un discours intérieur misant sur la force et la résilience ont obtenu sensiblement les mêmes résultats; ce groupe a aussi rapporté des niveaux inférieurs de dépression, et cela plus particulièrement s'ils rapportaient un haut niveau d'autocritique en début de traitement. La deuxièm
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Korber, Ilana. "Positioning the subject : a social psychoanalytical analysis of aggressive behaviour." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13482.
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Bibliography: leaves 44-46.This research project addresses aggressive and violent behaviour. It focuses on the question of the experiences of a research subject whose behaviour results from his inability to resolve the anxiety arising from his positioning in contradictory discourses. The relationship between his behaviour and underlying aggressive instincts is also considered. This paper integrates the theoretical approach developed by the social constructionists with that argued by Melanie Klein and her successors. It posits that a psychoanalytic perspective augments the social constructionist exploration of the emotional investments which secure a subject's positioning in discourse. The theoretical argument is illustrated with clinical material which examines the subject's positioning within contradictory discourses and the unconscious mechanisms which operate to secure this investment.
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Schiff, Holly Ann. "Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption as Addictive Behaviors in Emerging Adults." Thesis, Hofstra University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10745921.
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While not all emerging adults engage in risky behavior, for those who do, there may be a pattern based on family structure, socioeconomic status, and religiosity. The goal of the present study was to investigate gender differences in addictive risk-taking behavior while examining the relation between family structure, socioeconomic status, religiosity and addictive risk-taking behavior in emerging adults. Although many risk-taking behaviors are not addictive in nature, the focus of the present study was of those which are. Addictive risk-taking behaviors, for the purposes of this study, were defined as alcohol use and smoking of cigarettes and e-cigarettes; also known as vaping. Participants filled out a self-report questionnaire measuring alcohol use and smoking habits. Religiosity was considered as a covariate of risky behavior. The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) was used to examine alcohol use. The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) was used to measure addiction. The National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) was used to assess smoking behavior. The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) was used to measure dimensions of religious involvement and religiosity. The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (M-C SDS) was used to assess response bias. The Family Affluence Scale II (FAS) was used to measure socioeconomic status. The Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS-8) was used to measure sensation seeking. Analyses of data were conducted utilizing regression analysis, t-tests, ANOVA, and Chi-square tests of association. The results of the study confirmed several of the factors that have been identified in previous research as being related to increased involvement in risk-taking behavior by emerging adults, and identified further gaps in research. The key findings were that males smoke and use e-cigarettes more than females, that males are more likely than females to become problem drinkers, that coming from a single-parent or two-parent household is not significantly related to engaging in risky behaviors, that having a higher socioeconomic status correlates with higher drinking rates, that religiosity does not significantly correlate with engagement in risky behaviors, that sensation seeking is significantly correlated with risky behaviors, and that race/ethnicity is not significantly correlated with risky behaviors. The most unusual findings were those related to the relationship between family structure and engagement in risky behaviors and the correlation between higher SES and higher drinking rates, as they diverged from previous findings in the literature. Overall, the study also yielded a combined model of SES, gender, and family structure that was significantly predictive of both drinking and smoking. The results of the study were not significantly skewed by social desirability. This study has both academic and practical significance in that it can inform prevention and education programs which can target these youths so this population does not engage in addictive risk-taking behaviors such as using alcohol, and cigarettes, further validate the instruments utilized in this study, and add to the body of literature relating to the theory of emerging adults and engagement in addictive risky behavior.
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Harris, Daryl Marc. "A comparative study of clinical definitions and measures of antisocial personality (psychopathy)." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362634.
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Mejia, Jose. "Monoamine oxidases and aggressive behaviour : clinical studies and animal models." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38238.
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Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are phylogenetically old enzymes which catalyze the deamination of monoamines. Interest in a relationship between MAO and aggressive behaviour derives from the report of a single family with a mutation which obliterates the activity of MAO A, as well as a long history of studies which substantiate a relationship between MAO activity and impulsive aggressive behaviour. The goals of this thesis were: (1) to examine the generalizability of the specific MAO mutation noted above; (2) to evaluate the relationship between platelet MAO activity and genetic polymorphisms in MAO genes, and (3) to extend knowledge regarding the developmental behavioural impact of MAO deficiency in mice treated pre- and perinatally with inhibitors of MAO.In the first study we genotyped the C936T mutation in 100 subjects followed longitudinally and oversampled for aggressive behaviour. None of the subjects in our sample carried this mutation.
In the second study, we report the lack of association between platelet MAO activity and four intronic microsatellite polymorphisms of the MAO genes.
Studies of MAO knockout mice are at significant variance with clinical pharmacological experience using MAO inhibitors. Prompted by this and by other seminal basic experiments, we hypothesized that inhibition of MAO activity during the developmental period would have profound behavioural effects. MAO A and B inhibitors were administered, separately or in combination, to mice during gestation and lactation. Total prenatal MAO inhibition produced a severe pattern of behaviour, while MAO-B inhibited mice demonstrated a similar pattern with lower intensity. Aggression was elevated in MAO-A inhibited mice only after acute pharmacological challenges suggesting prenatal sensitization. Thus developmental inhibition of MAO activity engenders behavioural effects which parallel those observed in animals devoid functional MAO. These data underscore the importance of neurochemical changes during development and provide a possible model for uninhibited aggression, common in clinical populations.