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Journal articles on the topic 'Clinal variation'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Stock, Amanda J., Brandon E. Campitelli, and John R. Stinchcombe. "Quantitative genetic variance and multivariate clines in the Ivyleaf morning glory, Ipomoea hederacea." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1649 (August 19, 2014): 20130259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0259.

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Clinal variation is commonly interpreted as evidence of adaptive differentiation, although clines can also be produced by stochastic forces. Understanding whether clines are adaptive therefore requires comparing clinal variation to background patterns of genetic differentiation at presumably neutral markers. Although this approach has frequently been applied to single traits at a time, we have comparatively fewer examples of how multiple correlated traits vary clinally. Here, we characterize multivariate clines in the Ivyleaf morning glory, examining how suites of traits vary with latitude, with the goal of testing for divergence in trait means that would indicate past evolutionary responses. We couple this with analysis of genetic variance in clinally varying traits in 20 populations to test whether past evolutionary responses have depleted genetic variance, or whether genetic variance declines approaching the range margin. We find evidence of clinal differentiation in five quantitative traits, with little evidence of isolation by distance at neutral loci that would suggest non-adaptive or stochastic mechanisms. Within and across populations, the traits that contribute most to population differentiation and clinal trends in the multivariate phenotype are genetically variable as well, suggesting that a lack of genetic variance will not cause absolute evolutionary constraints. Our data are broadly consistent theoretical predictions of polygenic clines in response to shallow environmental gradients. Ecologically, our results are consistent with past findings of natural selection on flowering phenology, presumably due to season-length variation across the range.

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2

Stocker, Ann Jacob, Brad Foley, and Ary Hoffmann. "Inversion frequencies in Drosophila serrata along an eastern Australian transect." Genome 47, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 1144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-078.

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Clinal patterns over broad geographic regions provide a way of identifying characteristics of species under selection and are increasingly being used in quantitative trait locus mapping of adaptive genetic variation in Drosophila. However, interpretations of clinal patterns can be complicated by inversions that also vary clinally and reduce recombination in some parts of the genome. Drosophila serrata (Malloch) is an Australian endemic species being used to investigate the genetic basis of geographic variation in climatic adaptation and mate recognition. Here we describe inversions in D. serrata populations from the east coast of Australia, covering tropical and temperate regions. Seven autosomal paracentric inversions and 1 apparently complex X chromosome arrangement were identified from these populations. All inverted arrangements were relatively more common in tropical populations; 2 common inversions showed clinal patterns over part of the range of D. serrata. Inversion polymorphism was relatively higher in tropical populations and almost absent in populations near the cooler southern border, in agreement with findings on other Drosophila species. While these patterns will complicate mapping of adaptive variation in D. serrata, they suggest that this species will be useful in investigatingthe dynamics of inversion-trait associations in natural populations.Key words: inversion polymorphism, geographic variation, latitudinal clines, Drosophila serrata.

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3

UMINA, PAUL A., ARY A. HOFFMANN, ANDREW R. WEEKS, and STEPHEN W. MCKECHNIE. "An independent non-linear latitudinal cline for the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (α-Gpdh) polymorphism of Drosophila melanogaster from eastern Australia." Genetical Research 87, no. 1 (February 2006): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672306007919.

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Latitudinal variation of the polymorphic sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (α-Gpdh) locus in Drosophila melanogaster has been characterized on several continents; however, apparent clinal patterns are potentially confounded by linkage with an inversion, close associations with other genetic markers that vary clinally, and a tandem α-Gpdh pseudogene. Here we compare clinal patterns in α-Gpdh with those of other linked markers by testing field flies from eastern Australian locations collected in two separate years. The α-Gpdh variation exhibited a consistent non-linear cline reflecting an increase in the α-GpdhF allele at extreme latitudes. This pattern was not influenced by the In(2L)t inversion wherein this locus is located, nor was it influenced by the presence of the α-Gpdh pseudogene, whose presence was ubiquitous and highly variable among populations. The α-Gpdh pattern was also independent of a cline in allozyme frequencies at the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) locus, and two length polymorphisms in the Adh gene. These results suggest clinal selection at the α-Gpdh locus that is partially or wholly unrelated to linear climatic gradients along the eastern coast of Australia.

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4

Titus, Robert. "Clinal variation, heterochrony, and facies in the Trentonian Sowerbyella Lineage (Ordovician, New York State)." Journal of Paleontology 66, no. 5 (September 1992): 758–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000020783.

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Clinal variation is systematic, morphologic variation within a species along a geographic or ecologic gradient. While common among today's biotas, it has rarely been well documented in the fossil record. It is, however, clearly displayed among the large populations of the Trentonian brachiopod genus Sowerbyella. In general, shallow agitated waters were populated by specimens with flat or round pedicle valve exteriors and ornately sculptured brachial valve interiors. Deeper, quieter facies were populated by forms with medial folds on pedicle valve exteriors and plain brachial valve interiors. This clinal variation was apparently the product of heterochrony with either the shallow-water forms having been peramorphic or the deeper water forms having been paedomorphic.The distributions of the Sowerbyella clines are directly related to the facies developed within approximately eight million years of continuously deposited strata of the Trenton Limestone. Evolution of the Trentonian species of Sowerbyella appears to have been phyletic and locally adaptive. New clinal variants evolved by orthoselection during episodes when new environments were becoming available for occupation. The lower Trentonian transgression and the middle Trentonian shallowing were the major examples. Some clinal variants were eliminated when they failed to pass through facies bottlenecks in the lower and upper Trentonian. Thus, the history of the Sowerbyella lineage of the Trenton Group is the product of the facies-controlled production and selection of clinal variants. Clinal variation appears to be a central factor of phyletic evolution.Sowerbyella kayi n. sp. is described.

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5

Campoy, J. A., D. Ruiz, N. Cook, L. Allderman, and J. Egea. "Clinal variation of dormancy progression in apricot." South African Journal of Botany 77, no. 3 (August 2011): 618–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.12.006.

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6

Fritsch, Peter W., and Shannon D. Lucas. "Clinal Variation in the Halesia carolina Complex (Styracaceae)." Systematic Botany 25, no. 2 (April 2000): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2666639.

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7

Chikhi, Lounès, Giovanni Destro-Bisol, Vincenzo Pascali, Vanessa Baravelli, Marina Dobosz, and Guido Barbujani. "Clinal Variation in the Nuclear DNA of Europeans." Human Biology 81, no. 5-6 (December 2009): 625–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3378/027.081.0611.

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8

Titus, Robert. "Clinal variation in the evolution of Ectenocrinus simplex." Journal of Paleontology 63, no. 1 (January 1989): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000040993.

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The crinoid Ectenocrinus has unusual trimeric columnals which make it instantly recognizable. In northern New York State such columnals first appear in the deep shelf facies of the lower Trenton Group (the Sugar River Limestone). In these strata the columnals display nearly triangular shapes with triangular lumina and represent a new species, E. triangulus. A small minority of the columnals of these early forms are round with five-pointed lumina.A definite cline had developed by middle Trentonian time. Deep-water columnals display the ancestral triangular form, whereas adjacent, shallow-water forms are rounder and have the five-pointed or pentagonal lumina. These round types came to be the beneficiaries of middle Trentonian facies changes. This was a time when the eastern bank margin steepened and narrowed. The deep shelf habitat shrank to the east and disappeared. Trapped in this shrinking sea floor setting, the populations of the deep-water members of the cline dwindled and disappeared before late Trentonian time. Only the round form with a pentagonal lumen survived. This form, Ectenocrinus simplex, was a great success; its numbers increased and its range expanded throughout the remainder of Trentonian time.The transition from Ectenocrinus triangulus to E. simplex is seamless. No boundary, other than an arbitrary one, can be recognized. A simple and gradual shift of phenotype abundance characterized the event.

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9

Verrelli, Brian C., and Walter F. Eanes. "Clinal Variation for Amino Acid Polymorphisms at thePgmLocus inDrosophila melanogaster." Genetics 157, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 1649–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/157.4.1649.

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AbstractClinal variation is common for enzymes in the glycolytic pathway for Drosophila melanogaster and is generally accepted as an adaptive response to different climates. Although the enzyme phosphoglucomutase (PGM) possesses several allozyme polymorphisms, it is unique in that it had been reported to show no clinal variation. Our recent DNA sequence investigation of Pgm found extensive cryptic amino acid polymorphism segregating with the allozyme alleles. In this study, we characterize the geographic variation of Pgm amino acid polymorphisms at the nucleotide level along a latitudinal cline in the eastern United States. A survey of 15 SNPs across the Pgm gene finds significant clinal differentiation for the allozyme polymorphisms as well as for many of the cryptic amino acid polymorphisms. A test of independence shows that pervasive linkage disequilibrium across this gene region can explain many of the amino acid clines. A single Pgm haplotype defined by two amino acid polymorphisms shows the strongest correlation with latitude and the steepest change in allele frequency across the cline. We propose that clinal selection at Pgm may in part explain the extensive amino acid polymorphism at this locus and is consistent with a multilocus response to selection in the glycolytic pathway.

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10

MCKAY, BAILEY D. "PHENOTYPIC VARIATION IS CLINAL IN THE YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER." Condor 110, no. 3 (August 2008): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cond.2008.8482.

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11

McDonald, M. W., P. A. Butcher, J. C. Bell, and C. V. Nguyen. "Clinal variation and genetic divergence in Acacia tumida (Mimosaceae)." Australian Systematic Botany 16, no. 1 (2003): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb01044.

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Acacia tumida F.Muell ex. Benth. is a morphologically variable species from north-western Australia. Variants range from low, multi-stemmed shrubs to single-stemmed trees. Acacia tumida is cultivated for firewood, windbreaks and sand stabilisation. To examine patterns of genetic variation that could be utilised in domestication programs, 22 populations representing its natural distribution were surveyed by using allozymes. Estimates of genetic diversity (HE = 0.149) were within the range of other tropical, widespread woody plants, but varied widely among populations (HE = 0.064–0.203). There were strong clinal trends in diversity estimates; A, P, HO, HE were correlated with longitude and declined from west to east. HE decreased as mean monthly maximum temperatures increased and allelic richness (A) increased with mean minimum monthly temperatures. There were also significant correlations between allele frequencies at certain loci and geographic and climatic parameters. Significant isolation-by-distance and relatively high levels of differentiation (θ = 0.176) were detected among populations. Populations of the narrow-phylloded form (Pilbara region) were the most genetically divergent, despite their geographic proximity to other populations. The low-shrub and tall-tree forms could not be distinguished by allozyme profiles. Slight genetic differences were detected between the non-pruinose and pruinose forms from within one population. Phylogenetic analysis supported morphological evidence of hybridisation between A. tumida and A. difficilis Maiden in their zone of overlap. The results are discussed in relation to the taxonomy and domestication of A. tumida.

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12

Jeffery, Nicholas W., Ryan R. E. Stanley, Brendan F. Wringe, Javier Guijarro-Sabaniel, Vincent Bourret, Louis Bernatchez, Paul Bentzen, et al. "Range-wide parallel climate-associated genomic clines in Atlantic salmon." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 11 (November 2017): 171394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171394.

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Clinal variation across replicated environmental gradients can reveal evidence of local adaptation, providing insight into the demographic and evolutionary processes that shape intraspecific diversity. Using 1773 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms we evaluated latitudinal variation in allele frequency for 134 populations of North American and European Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ). We detected 84 (4.74%) and 195 (11%) loci showing clinal patterns in North America and Europe, respectively, with 12 clinal loci in common between continents. Clinal single nucleotide polymorphisms were evenly distributed across the salmon genome and logistic regression revealed significant associations with latitude and seasonal temperatures, particularly average spring temperature in both continents. Loci displaying parallel clines were associated with several metabolic and immune functions, suggesting a potential basis for climate-associated adaptive differentiation. These climate-based clines collectively suggest evidence of large-scale environmental associated differences on either side of the North Atlantic. Our results support patterns of parallel evolution on both sides of the North Atlantic, with evidence of both similar and divergent underlying genetic architecture. The identification of climate-associated genomic clines illuminates the role of selection and demographic processes on intraspecific diversity in this species and provides a context in which to evaluate the impacts of climate change.

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13

Silva, Gonçalo, Fernando P. Lima, Paulo Martel, and Rita Castilho. "Thermal adaptation and clinal mitochondrial DNA variation of European anchovy." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1792 (October 7, 2014): 20141093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1093.

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Natural populations of widely distributed organisms often exhibit genetic clinal variation over their geographical ranges. The European anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus , illustrates this by displaying a two-clade mitochondrial structure clinally arranged along the eastern Atlantic. One clade has low frequencies at higher latitudes, whereas the other has an anti-tropical distribution, with frequencies decreasing towards the tropics. The distribution pattern of these clades has been explained as a consequence of secondary contact after an ancient geographical isolation. However, it is not unlikely that selection acts on mitochondria whose genes are involved in relevant oxidative phosphorylation processes. In this study, we performed selection tests on a fragment of 1044 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene using 455 individuals from 18 locations. We also tested correlations of six environmental features: temperature, salinity, apparent oxygen utilization and nutrient concentrations of phosphate, nitrate and silicate, on a compilation of mitochondrial clade frequencies from 66 sampling sites comprising 2776 specimens from previously published studies. Positive selection in a single codon was detected predominantly (99%) in the anti-tropical clade and temperature was the most relevant environmental predictor, contributing with 59% of the variance in the geographical distribution of clade frequencies. These findings strongly suggest that temperature is shaping the contemporary distribution of mitochondrial DNA clade frequencies in the European anchovy.

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14

Green, D. Scott. "Adaptive strategies in seedlings of three co-occurring, ecologically distinct northern coniferous tree species across an elevational gradient." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 910–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-015.

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The inherent clinal responses of four quantitative traits thought to be adaptive for trees in cold-limited environments (i.e., height-growth cessation, growth rate, resource allocation to aboveground and belowground tissues, and resource allocation to photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic tissues in the shoot) were characterized under nonlimiting conditions in a controlled glasshouse study for seedlings of three ecologically distinct and co-occurring northern tree species (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm. (lodgepole pine), Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. (interior spruce), and Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. (subalpine fir)). For each species, clinal trends were quantified among populations adapted to increasingly cold-limited climates across an elevation gradient approaching the tree line. In subalpine fir seedlings, strong clinal variation for all the quantitative traits indicated an increasingly conservative response to climate moving toward harsher conditions. Variation in lodgepole pine and interior spruce seedlings suggested a more plastic strategy, favoring competitive traits across a wide range of climate conditions. Study findings suggest that ecologically distinct species may exhibit different strategies in adapting to local climates.

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15

HALLAS, REBECCA, MICHELE SCHIFFER, and ARY A. HOFFMANN. "Clinal variation in Drosophila serrata for stress resistance and body size." Genetical Research 79, no. 2 (April 2002): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672301005523.

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Clines for size and stress resistance traits have been described for several Drosophila species and replicable clines across different species may indicate climatic selection. Here we consider clines in stress resistance traits in an Australian endemic species, D. serrata, by comparing levels of variation within and among isofemale lines initiated with flies collected from the eastern coast of Australia. We also consider clinal variation in chill coma recovery, a trait that has recently been shown to exhibit high levels of variation among Drosophila species. Patterns were compared with those in the cosmopolitan species D. melanogaster from the same area. Both desiccation and starvation resistance showed no clinal pattern despite heritable variation among isofemale lines. In contrast chill coma resistance exhibited a linear cline in the anticipated direction, resistance increasing with latitude. Body size was measured as wing length and body weight. Both traits showed geographic variation and strong non-linear clines with a sharp reduction in size in the tropics. These results are discussed in the context of climatic selection and evolutionary processes limiting species borders.

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16

Tardif, Bernard, and Pierre Morisset. "CLINAL MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF ALLIUM SCHŒNOPRASUM IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA." TAXON 39, no. 3 (August 1990): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223088.

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17

JAMES, FRANCES C. "Complementary Descriptive and Experimental Studies of Clinal Variation in Birds." American Zoologist 31, no. 4 (August 1991): 694–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/31.4.694.

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18

Chen, Ying, Siu F. Lee, Eric Blanc, Caroline Reuter, Bregje Wertheim, Pedro Martinez-Diaz, Ary A. Hoffmann, and Linda Partridge. "Genome-Wide Transcription Analysis of Clinal Genetic Variation in Drosophila." PLoS ONE 7, no. 4 (April 13, 2012): e34620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034620.

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19

HAGEMAN, STEVEN J. "Microevolutionary implications of clinal variation in the Paleozoic bryozoan Streblotrypa." Lethaia 27, no. 3 (September 1994): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1994.tb01411.x.

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20

Leafloor, James O., and Donald H. Rusch. "Clinal Size Variation in Canada Geese Affects Morphometric Discrimination Techniques." Journal of Wildlife Management 61, no. 1 (January 1997): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802427.

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21

Daly, H. V., K. Hoelmer, and P. Gambino. "Clinal geographic variation in feral honey bees in California, USA." Apidologie 22, no. 6 (1991): 591–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:19910603.

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22

Narins, Peter M., and Sheila L. Smith. "Clinal variation in anuran advertisement calls: basis for acoustic isolation?" Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 19, no. 2 (July 1986): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00299948.

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23

Crawford, Douglas L., Allen R. Place, and Dennis A. Powers. "Clinal variation in the specific activity of lactate dehydrogenase-B." Journal of Experimental Zoology 255, no. 1 (July 1990): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402550114.

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24

Parkash, Ravi, Vineeta Sharma, and Bhawna Kalra. "Sexual dimorphism for water balance mechanisms in montane populations of Drosophila kikkawai." Biology Letters 6, no. 4 (January 27, 2010): 570–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0971.

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Conservation of water is critical to the ecological success of Drosophila species living in the drier montane localities of the Western Himalayas. We observed clinal variation in desiccation resistance for both sexes of Drosophila kikkawai from an altitudinal transect (512–2226 m above sea level). Since more than 90 per cent of body water is lost through cuticular transpiration, the target of selection may be cuticular lipids or cuticular melanization. We tested whether melanic females and non-melanic males of D. kikkawai have similar mechanisms of desiccation resistance. There is clinal variation in the amount of cuticular lipids per fly in males, but not in females. By contrast, for females, elevational increase in melanization is positively correlated with desiccation resistance and negatively with cuticular water loss, but there is no variation in the amount of cuticular lipids. Thus, sexual dimorphism for the mechanism of desiccation resistance in D. kikkawai matches the water proofing role of body melanization as well as cuticular lipids.

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25

Power, Dennis M., and David G. Ainley. "Seabird Geographic Variation: Similarity Among Populations of Leach's Storm-Petrel." Auk 103, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 575–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/103.3.575.

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Abstract We assessed geographic variation in 13 locality samples of Leach's Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), 12 from the Pacific coast and 1 from the Atlantic coast of North America. Nine phenetic characters were used with canonical variates analysis to determine similarity among samples. Regression of phenetic distance on geographic distance measured the relation between similarity and interisland distance. We found a clinal pattern of population similarity from the Aleutian Islands in the north to the Farallon Islands in the south. Populations from Los Coronados and San Benitos islands make up a distinct subset when rump color and wing and tail shape indices are included in the analysis, but these populations were part of a dominant clinal trend when only five size characters were used. On Guadalupe Island separate populations breed in summer and winter; these are strongly differentiated from the others and from each other. The North Atlantic sample was aligned closely with that from the Aleutians. The degree of geographic variation was roughly similar to that in certain migratory land birds on the North American continent, but is less than what is found for certain nonmigratory land birds on islands. Our results suggest recognizing four subspecies of Leach's Storm-Petrel in the study area, including two on Guadalupe Island isolated by time of breeding.

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26

Piedra-Malagón, Eva M., Victoria Sosa, and Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez. "Clinal Variation and Species Boundaries in the Ficus petiolaris Complex (Moraceae)." Systematic Botany 36, no. 1 (February 22, 2011): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364411x553153.

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27

Sthapit Kandel, Jinita, Meng Huang, Zhiwu Zhang, Daniel Skinner, and Deven See. "Genetic Diversity of Clinal Freezing Tolerance Variation in Winter Wheat Landraces." Agronomy 8, no. 6 (June 14, 2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8060095.

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28

Kokkini, Stella, Effie Hanlidou, Regina Karousou, and Tom Lanaras. "Clinal Variation ofMentha pulegiumEssential Oils Along the Climatic Gradient of Greece." Journal of Essential Oil Research 16, no. 6 (November 2004): 588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2004.9698805.

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29

ANTONIO DEL LAMA, MARCO, ROGÉRIO OLIVEIRA SOUZA, XIMENA ANDRÉA ARANEDA DURÁN, and ADEMILSON ESPENCER EGEA SOARES. "Clinal variation and selection on MDH allozymes in honeybees in Chile." Hereditas 140, no. 2 (March 25, 2004): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.2004.01669.x.

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30

Robinson, S. J. W., and L. Partridge. "Temperature and clinal variation in larval growth efficiency in Drosophila melanogaster." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 14, no. 1 (January 8, 2001): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00259.x.

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31

Heywood, John S. "CLINAL VARIATION ASSOCIATED WITH EDAPHIC ECOTONES IN HYBRID POPULATIONS OFGAILLARDIA PULCHELLA." Evolution 40, no. 6 (November 1986): 1132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb05739.x.

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32

Diniz-Filho, José Alexandre Felizola. "Clinal morphometric variation in Africanized honey bees under racial admixture hypothesis." Journal of Apicultural Research 35, no. 3-4 (January 1996): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1996.11100919.

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33

SARUP, P., and V. LOESCHCKE. "Developmental acclimation affects clinal variation in stress resistance traits inDrosophila buzzatii." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 23, no. 5 (May 2010): 957–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01965.x.

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34

Koch, Paul L. "Clinal geographic variation in mammals: implications for the study of chronoclines." Paleobiology 12, no. 3 (1986): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300013774.

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Mammalian species often exhibit clinal geographic variation in body size: individuals tend to be larger in areas with lower mean annual temperature. Climatic change involving increasing or decreasing mean annual temperature may cause clines to shift geographically, resulting in a phenotypic shift at all affected locales within a species' range. I assess the potential of shifting geographic clines to produce morphological trends in the fossil record. Five extant North American mammalian species (Didelphis virginiana, Mephitis mephitis, Odocoileus virginianus, Scalopus aquaticus, and Sciurus carolinensis) are examined to quantify size change along latitudinal clines and to estimate the geographic range and temperature difference commonly associated with a given difference in body size. Relative to body size, the observed size range of skeletal characters within each of these five species is comparable to that seen in a much larger sample of North American mammals. Thus patterns of variation documented for the five species may be used to assess the likelihood of dine translocation as an explanation of size change in the mammalian fossil record. As a case study, I examine three lineages from the Early Eocene of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. I determine that size change in these chronoclines represents evolutionary change and is not merely the result of shifting geographic clines.

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35

Nielsen, D., R. E. Page, and M. W. J. Crosland. "Clinal variation and selection of MDH allozymes in honey bee populations." Experientia 50, no. 9 (September 1994): 867–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01956474.

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36

Montesinos-Navarro, Alicia, F. Xavier Picó, and Stephen J. Tonsor. "CLINAL VARIATION IN SEED TRAITS INFLUENCING LIFE CYCLE TIMING INARABIDOPSIS THALIANA." Evolution 66, no. 11 (June 17, 2012): 3417–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01689.x.

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37

Soularue, Jean-Paul, and Antoine Kremer. "Assortative mating and gene flow generate clinal phenological variation in trees." BMC Evolutionary Biology 12, no. 1 (2012): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-12-79.

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38

Prentice, Honor C. "Analysis of the clinal variation pattern inSilene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae) pollen morphology." Plant Systematics and Evolution 156, no. 1-2 (1987): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00937197.

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39

Rae, Todd C., Russell A. Hill, Yuzuru Hamada, and Thomas Koppe. "Clinal variation of maxillary sinus volume in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)." American Journal of Primatology 59, no. 4 (April 2003): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.10072.

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40

Prendeville, Holly R., Karen Barnard-Kubow, Can Dai, Brian C. Barringer, and Laura F. Galloway. "Clinal variation for only some phenological traits across a species range." Oecologia 173, no. 2 (March 10, 2013): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-013-2630-y.

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RISCH, SARAH, and JOS SNOEKS. "Geographic variation in Neolamprologus niger (Poll, 1956) (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika (Africa)." Zootaxa 1857, no. 1 (August 27, 2008): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1857.1.2.

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Intraspecific morphological variation in Neolamprologus niger from seven localities along the north-western shoreline of Lake Tanganyika (Luhanga, Bemba, Ubwari West, Ubwari East, Yungu, Kabimba and Kalemie) was investigated. As a result of geographical variation, the populations could be categorized into a northern, a central and a southern group. A clear clinal pattern was found for several meristics and measurements. The lack of knowledge on the geographical variation in African cichlids and its implication for further taxonomic research is discussed.

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Yao, Yingmou, and Peter M. A. Tigerstedt. "Geographical Variation of Growth Rhythm, Height, and Hardiness, and Their Relations in Hippophae rhamnoides." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 4 (July 1995): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.4.691.

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Genetic variation in growth rhythm, hardiness and height of 24 populations from 3 subspecies in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) were studied in a field test. The relative variance component of subspecies varied from 26.2% to 73.7% of total variance. Subspecies turkestanica had a growth mode of late start-late finish, ssp. rhamnoides, intermediate start-early finish and ssp. sinensis, early start-intermediate finish. Subspecies rhamnoides had a growth period of 129 days, ≈30 days shorter than the two Asian subspecies. The average height of ssp. rhamnoides was 43.7 cm, about one-third of that for ssp. tarkestanica and sinensis. Subspecies rhamizoides was more hardy than ssp. sinensis, which was still more hardy than ssp. turkestanica. The variance among populations was generally comparable with within population variance. Except for hardiness, variations for all characters were much larger in ssp. rhamnoides than in ssp. sinensis. The total genetic variance (subspecies plus population) varied from 50% to 84% of total variance for all characters, except 37% for secondbracts. Later growth cessation was correlated with longer growth period, taller plants, more severe frost and winter damage. Strong clinal variation showed that the higher the latitude, the earlier the growth cessation, the shorter the growth period and plant height, the more hardy the population. -The results indicated that population selection should bean efficient way for growth rhythm and plant height. Clinal variation provides guidelines for seed and plant transfer as well as plant introduction. With limited collection and management capacity in germplasm conservation, the recommendation is to collect fewer individuals in each population but more populations along latitude.

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Park, Y. S., and D. P. Fowler. "Geographic variation of black spruce tested in the Maritimes." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-016.

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Range-wide provenance tests of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) established at 10 locations in the Maritime provinces were evaluated. Based on the 14-year data, the genetic variation in the species is predominantly clinal. The magnitude of provenance × location interactions is moderately large, and stability of provenances varies widely. Trees of Maritime origin generally performed well, suggesting that there is little advantage in going outside the region to obtain black spruce seed. Seed transfer recommendations are summarized, and three overlapping breeding zones are delineated for the Maritime provinces.

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Beckman, J., and A. Lill. "morphometric variation associated with teat-number differences in Antechinus agilis and A. swainsonii ? Observations from the Otway Ranges, Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 29, no. 2 (2007): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am07022.

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That there is intraspecific variation in teat-number in Antechinus agilis (agile antechinus) and A. swainsonii (dusky antechinus) has been known for a long time. Our aim was to determine whether other key morphometric traits differed among individuals with different numbers of teats. External body dimensions and pelage characteristics were measured on live individuals and compared. Within-species variation in some external body dimensions (tail, pes, and snout-vent length) coincided with teat-number differentiation in both antechinus species in the Otway Ranges, Victoria. Disparities in pelage colour and markings were apparent between A. agilis 6- and 10-teat phenotypes, but were not obvious among A. swainsonii teat phenotypes. Although small sample sizes obviated statistical analysis, we tentatively concluded that female A. agilis with 7, 8, or 9 teats in the Otway Ranges probably displayed morphometric and pelage characteristics intermediate between those of 6- and 10-teat individuals. A comparison of morphometric traits among 6-teat A. agilis from different geographic areas (Otways, Portland and Wilsons Promontory) also revealed some variation. This result was consistent with an expectation of clinal variation in external morphology among antechinus. Overall, this study indicates that localized disparities that are associated with teat-number, as well as clinal differences occurring over large geographic distances, contribute to intraspecific variation in external morphology in antechinus.

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Isler, Morton L., Phyllis R. Isler, and Robb T. Brumfield. "Clinal Variation in Vocalizations of an Antbird (Thamnophilidae) and Implications for Defining Species Limits." Auk 122, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/122.2.433.

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Abstract In avian taxa in which vocalizations are considered innate, such as suboscine passerines, vocal characters are increasingly being used to help determine whether populations have achieved species status. In comparing vocal characteristics of distant populations, however, one must be concerned with the possibility of character gradation through intermediate populations. The first quantitative study of a species in a suboscine family to test for clinal vocal variation, our vocal study found clinal variation in the pace (number of notes per second) of male loudsongs, and revealed that the geographic pattern of the clines was consistent with genetic variation found in the companion molecular study (Brumfield 2005). The result underscores the necessity of searching for intermediacy when analyzing vocalizations of geographically distant populations. Furthermore, given that male loudsong pace was the only vocal character that varied across the intergrading populations, the result also provides support to the guideline that one should expect thamnophilid species to differ in at least three vocal characters (Isler et al. 1998) and indicates that this degree of vocal character differences can be a valuable “yard stick” in determining which thamnophilid populations have achieved biological species status.

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Erickson, Vicky J., Nancy L. Mandel, and Frank C. Sorensen. "Landscape patterns of phenotypic variation and population structuring in a selfing grass, Elymus glaucus (blue wildrye)." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 1776–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-141.

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Source-related phenotypic variance was investigated in a common garden study of populations of Elymus glaucus Buckley (blue wildrye) from the Blue Mountain Ecological Province of northeastern Oregon and adjoining Washington. The primary objective of this study was to assess geographic patterns of potentially adaptive differentiation in this self-fertile allotetraploid grass, and use this information to develop a framework for guiding seed movement and preserving adaptive patterns of genetic variation in ongoing restoration work. Progeny of 188 families were grown for 3 years under two moisture treatments and measured for a wide range of traits involving growth, morphology, fecundity, and phenology. Variation among seed sources was analyzed in relation to physiographic and climatic trends, and to various spatial stratifications such as ecoregions, watersheds, edaphic classifications, etc. Principal component (PC) analysis extracted four primary PCs that together accounted for 67% of the variance in measured traits. Regression and cluster analyses revealed predominantly ecotypic or stepped-clinal distribution of genetic variation. Three distinct geographic groups of locations accounted for over 84% of the variation in PC-1 and PC-2 scores; group differences were best described by longitude and ecoregion. Clinal variation in PC-3 and PC-4 scores was present in the largest geographic group. Four geographic subdivisions were proposed for delimiting E. glaucus seed transfer in the Blue Mountains.Key words: Elymus glaucus, morphological variation, local adaptation, seed transfer, seed zones, polyploid.

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Heywood, John S. "Clinal Variation Associated with Edaphic Ecotones in Hybrid Populations of Gaillardia pulchella." Evolution 40, no. 6 (November 1986): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2408942.

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Peterson, Caitlin A., Ned Fetcher, James B. McGraw, and Cynthia C. Bennington. "Clinal variation in stomatal characteristics of an Arctic sedge, Eriophorum vaginatum (Cyperaceae)." American Journal of Botany 99, no. 9 (September 2012): 1562–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1100508.

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Kriebel, Ricardo, and Frank Almeda. "Clinal Variation and the Decoupling of Vegetative and Reproductive Characters inAcisantheraSectionAcisanthera(Melastomataceae)." Harvard Papers in Botany 18, no. 2 (December 2013): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3100/025.018.0211.

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O'Neill, Eric M., and Karen H. Beard. "Clinal Variation in Calls of Native and Introduced Populations of Eleutherodactylus coqui." Copeia 2011, no. 1 (March 14, 2011): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ch-10-012.

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