Relevant bibliographies by topics / Climatic factors

Academic literature on the topic 'Climatic factors'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Climatic factors"

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Naqvi, Syed Ali Asad, Bulbul Jan, Saima Shaikh, Syed Jamil Hasan Kazmi, Liaqat Ali Waseem, Muhammad Nasar-u-minAllah, and Nasir Abbas. "Changing Climatic Factors Favor Dengue Transmission in Lahore, Pakistan." Environments 6, no. 6 (June 17, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6060071.

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Dengue fever (DF) is a national health problem in Pakistan. It has become endemic in Lahore after its recent reemergence in 2016. This study investigates the impacts of climatic factors (temperature and rainfall) on DF transmission in the district of Lahore through statistical approaches. Initially, the climatic variability was explored using a time series analysis on climatic factors from 1970 to 2012. Furthermore, ordinary and multiple linear regression analyses were used to measure the simulating effect of climatic factors on dengue incidence from 2007 to 2012. The time series analysis revealed significant annual and monthly variability in climatic factors, which shaped a dengue-supporting environment. It also showed a positive temporal relationship between climatic factors and DF. Moreover, the regression analyses revealed a substantial monthly relationship between climatic factors and dengue incidence. The ordinary linear regression of rainfall versus dengue showed monthly R2 = 34.2%, whereas temperature versus dengue presented R2 = 38.0%. The multiple regression analysis showed a monthly significance of R2 = 44.6%. Consequently, our study shows a substantial synergism between dengue and climatic factors in Lahore. The present study could help in unveiling new ways for health prediction modeling of dengue and might be applicable in other subtropical and temperate climates.
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Razzouk, H., B. Blaive, O. Massot, D. Charpin, and D. Vervloet. "Climatic factors and climatic therapy in asthma." Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique 38, no. 7 (January 1998): S272—S280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0335-7457(98)80112-3.

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Jedlička, Karel, Jiří Valeš, Pavel Hájek, Michal Kepka, and Martin Pitoňák. "Calculation of Agro-Climatic Factors from Global Climatic Data." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031245.

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This manuscript aims to create large-scale calculations of agro-climatic factors from global climatic data with high granularity-climatic ERA5-Land dataset from the Copernicus Climate Change Service in particular. First, we analyze existing approaches used for agro-climatic factor calculation and formulate a frame for our calculations. Then we describe the design of our methods for calculation and visualization of certain agro-climatic factors. We then run two case studies. Firstly, the case study of Kojčice validates the uncertainty of input data by in-situ sensors. Then, the case study of the Pilsen region presents certain agro-climatic factors calculated for a representative point of the area and visualizes their time-variability in graphs. Maps represent a spatial distribution of the chosen factors for the Pilsen region. The calculated agro-climatic factors are frost dates, frost-free periods, growing degree units, heat stress units, number of growing days, number of optimal growing days, dates of fall nitrogen application, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff sums together as water balance and solar radiation. The algorithms are usable anywhere in the world, especially in temperate and subtropical zones.
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PAN, Jiahua, and Lei HU. "Analysis of the Factors of Climatic Productivity." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 06, no. 03 (September 2018): 1850015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s234574811850015x.

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Though researches about productivity from the aspects of economics and ecology have covered natural factors, the most basic climatic factors therein were ignored. The eco-footprint and climate capacity have an explicit coverage of the impact of climatic factors on productivity. It can be concluded that climate is also a kind of productivity and mitigating climate change is improving productivity, after an analysis of the primary, industrial, and ecological climatic productivities defined by the decisive factors of climatic productivity. In view of the above, the study of climatic productivity needs to be further deepened in both theory and methodology.
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Loffredo, Leonor de Castro Monteiro, Rodolpho Telarolli Júnior, Walter Manso Figueiredo, Bruno Lian Sartore Segantini, Christian Wagner Maurencio, Fabiano Santos Galego, João Ramalho Borges, and Társis Eschaquetti Benevides. "Dengue Incidence and Climatic Factors." Research in Health Science 5, no. 3 (July 28, 2020): p38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rhs.v5n3p38.

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Introduction: This study was carried out to analyze the temporal evolution of the incidence of dengue in Araraquara-SP, Brazil, from 2012 to 2016, correlating the incidence with temperature and pluviometry. Methods: It was a cross-sectional design. The monthly number of cases from 2012 to 2016 was collected in the datafile of the Special Health Service of Araraquara-SESA of USP. Climatic variables related to temperature and rainfall were obtained from the websites of Agritempo and Department of Water and Electric Power, respectively. Statistical planning included incidence rates, and the tendency from 2012 to 2016, and it was studied the correlation between the number of dengue cases and each one of the climatic variables, considering the time-lag concept. Results: The incidence rates were 52.68, 376.52, 737.39, 3,660 and 809.48 per 100,000 inhabitants. Significant correlations were observed between the number of dengue cases and climatic variables after 2-4 months for high temperature and after 1-4 months for rainfall. Conclusions: The city faced an epidemic of dengue in 2015. It was identified the time lag in which hot weather and rain favored the occurrence of new cases: 2 to 4 months later for high temperature, and 1 to 4 months later for rainfall.
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KUMAR, PANKAJ, DEVENDRA KUMAR, and RAJDEV PANWAR. "Evaporation estimation from climatic factors." MAUSAM 67, no. 4 (December 8, 2021): 897–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v67i4.1417.

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This study assessed the ability of two models, Local Linear Regression (LLR) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to estimate monthly potential evaporation from Pantagar, US Nagar (India) which falls under sub-humid and subtropical climatic zone. Observations of relative humidity, solar radiation, temperature, wind speed and evaporation have been used to train and test the developed models. A comparison was made between the estimates provided by the LLR model and ANN model. Results shown that the models were able to well learn the events they were trained to recognize. For ANN model the correlation coefficient for training period is 0.9311 and for testing period is 0.9236 and the value of root mean square error for training period is 1.070 and for testing period it is 0.9863. In case of LLR model the correlation coefficient for training period is 0.9746 and for testing period is 0.9273 and value of root mean square error for training period is 0.6121 and for testing period it is 1.5301.
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Steed, James E., and Sara A. Goeking. "Western Larch Regeneration Responds More Strongly to Site and Indirect Climate Factors Than to Direct Climate Factors." Forests 11, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040482.

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Substantial shifts in the distribution of western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) are predicted during the coming decades in response to changing climatic conditions. However, it is unclear how the interplay between direct climate effects, such as warmer, drier conditions, and indirect climate effects, such as predicted increases in fire disturbance, will impact fire-adapted species such as western larch. The objectives of this study were (1) to compare the relative importance of stand, site, and indirect versus direct climatic factors in determining western larch seedling recruitment; (2) to determine whether seedling recruitment rates have changed in recent years in response to disturbance, post-fire weather, and/or climate; and (3) to determine whether seedlings and mature trees are experiencing niche differentiation based on recent climatic shifts. We addressed these objectives using data collected from 1286 national forest inventory plots in the US states of Idaho and Montana. We used statistical models to determine the relative importance of 35 stand, site, and climatic factors for larch seedling recruitment. Our results suggest that the most important predictors of larch seedling recruitment were indicative of early-seral stand conditions, and were often associated with recent fire disturbance and cutting. Despite indications of climatic niche compression, seedling recruitment rates have increased in recent decades, likely due to increased fire disturbance, and were unrelated to post-fire weather. Compared to sites occupied by mature trees, seedling recruitment was positively associated with cooler, drier climatic conditions, and particularly with cooler summer temperatures, but these climatic factors were generally less important than biotic stand variables such as stand age, basal area, and canopy cover. These results suggest that, for fire-dependent species such as western larch, increased heat and drought stress resulting from climatic change may be offset, at least in the near term, by an increase in early-seral stand conditions resulting from increased fire disturbance, although localized range contraction may occur at warm, dry extremes.
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Zhelezina, G. F., G. S. Kulagina, A. S. Kolobkov, and P. M. Shuldeshova. "Aramid organoplastics with increased resistance to climatic factors." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 3(111) (November 1, 2022): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2022-111-3-67-78.

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The article describes the stage-by-stage development of Russian aramid fibers. The differences between the third generation of Rusar NT fibers and CBM and Ruslan fibers are described. In this work, we studied the resistance of a structural organoplastic based on the third generation of Russian aramid fibers to various climatic factors in order to justify the possibility of using the material in all climatic conditions. For structural organoplastics reinforced with aramid fibers capable of absorbing moisture, the humidity of the environment is a particularly significant factor of influence. When developing all-climatic organoplastics, the key issue is to increase the resistance to moisture absorption and ensure the stability of mechanical characteristics during water and moisture absorption. For the first time for a Russian aramid organoplastic, it has been shown that due to high moisture resistance and a high level of preservation of physical and mechanical properties after exposure to a wide range of climatic tests, organoplastic grade VKO-25 can be considered for use in aviation products operating in all climatic conditions.
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Park, Myoung, Ki Park, and Gyung Bahk. "Interrelationships between Multiple Climatic Factors and Incidence of Foodborne Diseases." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 2482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112482.

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Climatic factors can affect the incidence of foodborne diseases (FBDs). Moreover, microbial network inference is useful for predicting the interrelationships between the incidence of FBDs and climatic factors. However, the interrelationships between FBD pathogens and most climatic factors are unknown. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial correlation coefficient matrices (PCCMs), we determined the intra-ecosystem interrelationship network of the multiple combined effects of 5 climatic factors (temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, insolation, and cloudiness) and the monthly incidences of 12 bacterial FBDs. Many FBD pathogens are interrelated with multiple combined factors. Salmonellosis has strong positive interrelationships with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, and the interrelationships between Staphylococcus aureus/enteropathogenic E. coli/enterotoxigenic E. coli exhibits a typical triangular pattern with the combined effects of all 5 climatic factors. Meanwhile, campylobacteriosis and Clostridium perfringens infections are negatively interrelated with insolation and cloudiness. Enteroinvasive E. coli, Bacillus cereus, Listeria spp., and Yersinia enterocolitica are significantly interrelated with any climatic factor combination. The interrelationships or higher-order interrelationships among these climatic factors play an important role in the incidence of FBDs, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Our results will serve as a foundation for more sophisticated models of future FBD patterns with regard to climate change.
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Kidane, Rahwa, Thomas Wanner, Melissa Nursey-Bray, Md Masud-All-Kamal, and Gerald Atampugre. "The Role of Climatic and Non-Climatic Factors in Smallholder Farmers’ Adaptation Responses: Insights from Rural Ethiopia." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 5715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095715.

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This paper discusses how climatic and non-climatic factors, either separately or together, shape the adaptation responses of smallholder farmers in the Raya Azebo district of Ethiopia. Their adaptation responses included adjusting planting periods, crop diversification, changing crop types, adopting improved seeds, using irrigation, conducting migration, participation in wage employment, selling local food and drinks, and owning small shops. These adaptation responses were motivated by various climatic (e.g., drought and rainfall variability) as well as non-climatic factors (e.g., market conditions, yield-related factors, land scarcity, labor shortages, soil fertility issues, crop diseases, and limited local employment options). We therefore argue (i) that successful adaptation requires a broader understanding not just of climatic factors but also of the various social-ecological factors that shape smallholder farmers’ adaptations; and (ii) that the successful design and implementation of locally appropriate planned adaptation interventions require the inclusion of both climatic and non-climatic factors.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Climatic factors"

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Shimura, Tomoya. "Long Term Projection of Ocean Wave Climate and Its Climatic Factors." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199255.

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Rundle, Vickie Lynn 1959. "EFFECTS OF A HOT CLIMATE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING HOLSTEIN COWS GROUPED BY PERCENTAGE OF WHITE COAT COLOR." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276682.

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Campbell, Willow Devin. "Spatial Analysis of Climate and Winegrape Production in Winegrape Growing Regions of Oregon, United States of America." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1442.

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American Viticultural Areas (AVAs) are susceptible to small variations in climate and microclimates and are found within a narrow latitudinal range of prime climate conditions. These AVAs are geographically determined based on the best soil, climate, precipitation and temperature combinations for specific winegrape regions. As climate change continues to alter the local weather and the greater climate region of the Western United States, winegrape growing regions in Oregon are being affected. In an effort to determine what the pattern of change is, and compare previous studies of climate change using climate indices, a comparative study based in part on prior research was conducted. Using 800 meter resolution Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) climate datasets, four individual climate indices were analyzed for statistical correlation with the climate data. These climate indices are: growing degree-days (GDD), the average growing season temperatures (GST), Huglin Index (HI) and the biologically effective degree-day (BEDD). Based on currently available data for this research, these climate indices were statistically analyzed during the years 2000 to 2010. A further avenue of research included a statistical analysis of the reported winegrape production, although this data was available only at an aggregated county-level. Results show that all four climate indices exhibit statistical significance, although the inclusion of the winegrape production data exhibited no statistical significance for many of the analyses, most likely due to subjective and aggregated data, few did result in significance with the climate indices. The research discussed here confirms the accuracy of the four climate indices and suggest that a longer time frame, coupled with less aggregated and subjective winegrape production data could produce interesting results in future research on the results of climate indices in winegrape growing regions.
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Heaven, Sonia. "Effect of climatic factors on the design and operation of continental climate waste stabilisation ponds." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439352.

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Mukhopadhyay, Swaraj Kumar. "Statistical analysis of climatic factors and their relative influence on Economic factor in agriculture for a selected district of terai zone in west bengal." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2720.

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Ashcroft, Michael B. "The spatial variation of environmental factors on the Illawarra escarpment and their influence on vegetation patterns." School of Earth & Environmental Sciences - Faculty of Science, 2009. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3042.

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Mapping and explaining the distribution of vegetation helps land managers to make systematic conservation planning decisions. This is typically achieved using models that correlate the distribution of species with environmental factors, and can predict the vegetation at unsurveyed locations. These Species Distribution Models (SDMs) have numerous unresolved issues, but serve as a useful first-pass approximation for planning purposes.This thesis investigates some of the uncertainties of SDMs, including the impact of data accuracy, the incorporation of spatial processes, the evaluation of alternative models, and the benefits and challenges of producing models at the landscape scale. The research was conducted on the Illawarra Escarpment, 80 km south of Sydney, Australia (34.4 oS, 150.9 oE). The escarpment contains a north-south trend in eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.) that cannot be explained in terms of elevation or geology. It also exhibits a patchy distribution of rainforest communities, some unique to the Illawarra. It is not known which environmental factors determine the distribution of either the eucalypts or rainforest species, or how they may respond to a changing climate.Species distributions are sensitive to the accuracy of data used, and yet many models only use elevation as a surrogate for temperature, or use simple elevation sensitive interpolations from weather stations. I collected hourly temperature data from 40 sites on the Illawarra Escarpment, and investigated whether elevation was an adequate surrogate for temperatures in this landscape. I then investigated whether temperature surfaces could be improved by considering other topographic and geographic factors, including exposure to wind, distance to coast, radiation, and the average conditions in the surrounding neighbourhood. Elevation was well correlated with moderate seasonal temperatures (e.g. summer minima and winter maxima), but was poorly correlated with the extreme temperatures (summer maxima, winter minima) that are physiologically limiting for many species. Using neighbourhood influences, exposure to wind and distance to coast improved the accuracy of temperature surfaces, and increased the explanatory performance of vegetation models. I concluded that elevation was not always an adequate surrogate for temperature. Temperatures are also affected by other topographic and geographic factors, and these should be considered when developing models for systematic conservation planning activities.Species distribution models are typically based solely on niche factors. Where spatial processes are included, it is typically by employing autologistic regression, or other techniques that use survey data as a predictor. This precludes the models being used to make predictions in times or places where survey data is unavailable, and reduces ecological explanation because it is an interpolation technique. I used neighbourhood (contextual) indices based on environmental factors as an alternative method to overcome these problems. I demonstrate that contextual indices improve SDMs over purely niche-based models, and are capable of predicting unknown populations in unsurveyed areas. I conclude that contextual indices have numerous advantages over autologistic regression, and can capture a continuum between niche and dispersal limited species.Models that predict how species will respond to climate change either use coarse-scale climate surfaces, or idealised predictions of uniform warming. These methods may dramatically over-estimate extinction risk because they neglect fine-scale variations in warming, and refugia where species can persist despite unfavourable regional conditions. I created fine-scale estimates of warming by combining 35 years of Bureau of Meteorology observations with one year of intensive fine-scale temperature monitoring. I found that warming was greatest at inland locations, at lower elevations, away from streams, and at sites exposed to hot, dry northwesterly winds. As species are biased in the geographic and topographic positions they occupied, some species have experienced more warming than others and are at greater threat from climate change. I concluded that it was important to continue developing methods to downscale coarse-grained climate surfaces, and suggest that the accuracy of this process could be improved by using a range of topographic factors.There are many methods for selecting predictors in SDMs, and the competing models often make highly variable predictions. I addressed this uncertainty by comparing the performance of models with and without a given environmental factor. I found that there was relatively strong support for the geology and winter minimum temperature predictors, as well as predictors based on contextual indices, as there was a significant drop in model performance when these predictors were excluded. In contrast, there was less support for summer maximum temperature, as other temperature predictors could combine to produce similar model performance. Model performance varied more between models for different species than between different predictor combinations for the same species. I concluded that it was inappropriate to assess models based on subjective benchmarks, such as an AUC of more than 0.7. A comparison between competing models for the same species gives a better indication of the validity of the model building procedure.The results of this research provide important insights into the benefits and challenges of creating SDMs at the landscape scale (extent of 10–200 km). It is a major challenge to obtain spatially and thematically accurate environmental predictors and biotic data at this scale, and studies should include the collection of data to ensure models are adequate. Landscapes will not have as much environmental variation as coarse-scale models, and this will limit the ability to transfer the models to new study areas. However, there are a number of benefits that justify these studies. Producing accurate temperature surfaces at the landscape scale will result in less pseudoreplication and less predictor colinearity. This will improve the robustness of models. Landscape scale studies also allow modellers to capture fine-scale refugia, and this will improve the accuracy of climate change predictions. Finally, many ecological processes operate at a scale that is too fine to be detected with coarse-scale models. Landscape scale models may be the only alternative to detect these processes. There is no optimal scale for SDMs, however, and a future challenge is to better integrate coarse and fine-scale models to make more ecologically robust predictions.
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Letaw, Alathea Diana 1984. "The Effects of Rapid Climate Change on Small Populations of the Pitcher-Plant Mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10154.

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viii, 21 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
To determine the relative effects of rapid climate change on selection and drift in small populations, nine northern populations of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii, were exposed to directional selection equivalent to 180 years of climate change, while control populations were maintained in their native climate. After three years, fitness had declined in the selected but not the control populations, indicating an adverse effect of climate change. When both selected and control populations were then reared in the selected climate, they showed no difference in fitness, indicating no genetic response to selection. Importantly, however, fitness was negatively correlated with accumulated inbreeding in both control and selected populations, pointing out that the effects of inbreeding and drift exceeded those of selection imposed by rapid climate change. Therefore, small northern populations at expanding edges of species' distributions should be most vulnerable to continued climate change.
Committee in Charge: Dr. William Bradshaw, Chair; Dr. Christina Holzapfel; Dr. Nathan Tublitz
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Van, Niekerk Christiaan Hermanus. "Past and present climates : owl pellet composition as an indicator of local climatic change." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52395.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During Holocene times a considerable deposit of barn owl pellet material accumulated in the Hot Pot Cave at De Hoop Nature Reserve on the southern coast of the Western Cape Province, South Africa. An excavation of this accumulation has yielded information on barn owl prey species over the past some two millennia. Four distinct layers were excavated and radiocarbon-dated to AD 381, AD 615, AD 991 and AD 1417. The micromammalian cranial contents of these layers were compared to material from two pellet collections that represent modem bam owl predation at De Hoop (AD 2000). Comparisons were made from three perspectives: (1) physical size measurements of certain cranial parameters, (2) micromammal community species composition and (3) community structure indices, such as the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson's diversity index and the species equitability index. By extrapolating from known ecological distribution information of the relevant prey species, these data were used to recreate the local climate at the time of the accumulation of the layers. The results were compared to other palaeoclimate models for the region as a test of validity. It was found that the lower two layers of the sequence represented mild conditions with possibly more grass than in recent times, while the upper layers represented cool weather with a possible increase in scrub. AD 381 was found to be somewhat dry and mild, AD 615 to be the wettest level and possibly milder than AD 381, AD 991 to be the coolest of all the levels and dryest of the ancient levels, AD 1417 to be somewhat cool and probably drier than AD 615, but wetter than AD 381, and AD 2000 to be the mildest and dryest of all levels, with the artificial influence of nearby agricultural activities evident.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tydens die Holoseen tydperk het 'n relatief groot hoeveelheid nonnietjie-uil bolusmateriaal versamel in Hot Pot Grot in die De Hoop Natuurreservaat aan die Wes-Kaapse suidkus, Suid- Afrika. Opgrawings van hierdie bolusversameling het waardevolle en insiggewende inligting aandie lig gebring rakende nonnetjie-uil prooi tydens ongeveer die afgelope tweeduisend jaar. Vier defnitiewe lae is opgegrawe en deur radiodatering is die lae se datums vasgestelop 381, 615, 991 en 1417 n.e. Deur gebruik te maak van kraniale kriteria. is die mikrosoogdier inhoud van die opgrawings vergelyk met dié van twee bolusversamelings wat die huidige uilprooi (2000 n.Ci) in De Hoop verteenwoordig. Die vergelykings is op drie maniere getref: (1) fisiese grootternates van sekere kraniale parameters, (2) species-samestelling van die mikrosoogdiergemeenskap en (3) gemeenskap-struktuur indekse nl. die Shannon-Wiener diversiteitsindeks, Simpson se diversiteitsindeks en die species-gelykheid indeks. Deur ekstrapolasie vanaf bekende ekologiese verspreidingsinligting rakende die betrokke species, is hierdie data gebruik om die klimaat van daardie tydperke te herskep op 'n streeksbasis en vergelyk met ander paleoklimaat-modelle om die geldigheid daarvan te beproef. Die resultate het getoon dat die onderste (oudste) twee lae warmer toestande met moontlik meer gras verteenwoordig, terwyl die boonste twee lae koeler weer met moontlik meer bosse verteenwoordig. Daar is verder gevind dat 381 n.e. redelik droog en warm was, 615 n.e. die natste laag en moontlik warmer as 381 n.e., 991 n.e. die koudste van al die lae en droogste van die grot-lae, 1417 n.e. redelik koel en moontlik droëer as 615 n.e., maar natter as 381 n.e., en 2000 n.C. die warmste en droogste van al die lae, met kunsmatige invloed van nabygeleë landbou aktiwiteite.
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Heard, Joshua Andrews. "Late Pleistocene and Holocene Aged Glacial and Climatic Reconstructions in the Goat Rocks Wilderness, Washington, United States." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/557.

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Eight glaciers, covering an area of 1.63 km2, reside on the northern and northeastern slopes of the Goat Rocks tallest peaks in the Cascades of central Washington. At least three glacial stands occurred downstream from these glaciers. Closest to modern glacier termini are Little Ice Age (LIA) moraines that were deposited between 1870 and 1899 AD, according to the lichenometric analysis. They are characterized by sharp, minimally eroded crests, little to no soil cover, and minimal vegetation cover. Glacier reconstructions indicate that LIA glaciers covered 8.29 km2, 76% more area than modern ice coverage. The average LIA equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of 1995 ± 70 m is ~150 m below the average modern ELA of 2149 ± 76 m. To satisfy climate conditions at the LIA ELA, the winter snow accumulation must have been 8 to 43 cm greater and mean summer temperatures 0.2 to 1.3 ºC cooler than they are now. Late Pleistocene to early Holocene (LPEH) aged moraines are located between 100 and 400 m below the LIA deposits. They have degraded moraine crests, few surface boulders, and considerable vegetation and soil cover. Volcanic ashes indicate LPEH moraines were deposited before 1480 AD while morphometric data suggest deposition during the late Pleistocene or early Holocene. The average LPEH ELA of 1904 ± 110 m is ~ 240 m and ~90 m below the modern and LIA ELAs, respectively. The climate change necessary to maintain a glacier with an ELA at that elevation for LPEH conditions requires the winter accumulation to increase by 47 to 48 cm weq and the mean summer temperature to cool by 1.4 to 1.5 ºC. Last glacial maximum (LGM) moraines are located more than 30 km downstream from modern glacial termini. They are characterized by hummocky topography, rounded moraine crests, complete vegetation cover, and well developed soil cover. Moraine morphometry, soil characteristics, and distance from modern glacial termini indicate that deposition occurred at least 15 ka BP during an expansive cooling event, the last being the LGM. The LGM ELA of 1230 m is ~920 m below the modern ELA. The climate change necessary to maintain a glacier with an ELA at that elevation for LGM conditions requires the mean summer temperature to cool by 5.6 ºC with no change in precipitation.
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Russell, Vanessa. "Identifying Environmental Factors Driving Differences in Climatic Niche Overlap in Peromyscus Mice." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1565722438217428.

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Books on the topic "Climatic factors"

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Huschke, R. E. "Typical weather" months in the past (1973-1983) in Central Europe. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1988.

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Ohri, V. K. Climatic factors and decision making in agriculture. Delhi, India: Anupama Publications, 1988.

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Bootsma, A. Risk analyses of crop heat units available for corn and other warm-season crops in Ontario. Ottawa: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Branch, 1995.

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Fosu-Mensah, Benedicta Y. Modellig the impact of climate changes on maize (Zea mays L.) yield under rainfed conditions in sub-humid Ghana. Accra, Ghana: United Nations University, Institute for Natural Resources in Africa, 2013.

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Siregar, P. Raja. Nelayan dan ketidakpastian iklim: Tanggapan nelayan atas informasi prakiraan cuaca dan potensi ikan. Jakarta]: Climate Justice, 2011.

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H, Glantz Michael, ed. Climate variability, climate change, and fisheries. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

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Brandt, Leslie. Central hardwoods ecosystem vulnerability assessment and synthesis: A report from the central hardwoods climate change response framework project. Newtown Square, PA: USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2014.

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Wright, Kevin M. The potential impacts of global sea level rise on transportation infrastructure: Part 1 : methodology. Washington, D.C.]: DOT Center for Climate Change and Environmental Forecasting, 2008.

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Sircoulon, Jacques. Impact possible des changements climatiques a venir sur les ressources en eau des regions arides et semi-arides: Comportement des cours d'eau tropicaux, des rivières et des lacs en zone sahélienne. [Paris]: Organisation Meteorologique Mondiale, 1990.

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Mather, John Russell. The water budget and the distribution of climates, vegetation and soils. Elmer, N.J: C. W. Thornthwaite Associates, Laboratory of Climatology, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Climatic factors"

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Goudriaan, J., and H. H. Van Laar. "Climatic factors." In Modelling Potential Crop Growth Processes, 29–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0750-1_3.

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Gliessman, Stephen R., V. Ernesto Méndez, Victor M. Izzo, Eric W. Engles, and Andrew Gerlicz. "Climatic factors affecting plants." In Agroecology, 73–92. 4th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003304043-8.

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Bogardi, Istvan, Istvan Matyasovszky, Andras Bardossy, and Lucien Duckstein. "Estimation of Local Climatic Factors under Climate Change." In Engineering Risk in Natural Resources Management, 97–129. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8271-1_6.

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Jury, Mark R. "Climatic Factors Modulating Nile River Flow." In Nile River Basin, 267–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0689-7_13.

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Houta, D., and V. G. Gadiyatov. "Climatic Factors of the Algerian Coast." In Springer Geology, 93–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16575-7_10.

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Sharma, Dolly, Sonia Khetarpaul, Shashwat Tiwari, Lakshman Aakash, and Aryan Gupta. "Predicting Epidemic Outbreak Using Climatic Factors." In Intelligent Information and Database Systems, 264–75. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4982-9_21.

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Osterkamp, W. R., and W. L. Joseph. "Climatic and Hydrologic Factors Associated with Reclamation." In Agronomy Monographs, 193–215. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr41.c8.

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Duvall, Vinson L. "Climatic Factors Governing Forage Quantity and Quality." In Range Resources of the Southeastern United States, 19–24. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy and Crop Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/asaspecpub21.c2.

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Newell, Reginald E., and Jane Hsiung. "Factors Controlling Free Air and Ocean Temperature of the Last 30 Years and Extrapolation to the Past." In Abrupt Climatic Change, 67–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3993-6_7.

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Thomas, Grant W. "Soil and Climatic Factors Which Affect Nutrient Mobility." In SSSA Special Publications, 1–20. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub4.c1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Climatic factors"

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Kokoev, L. P., and E. L. Kumsiev. "Herbage productivity depending on climatic factors." In TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-07-2018-48.

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Borel, Ilya Vladimirovich, and Zhanna Vasilyevna Ivanova. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE MAIN CLIMATIC FACTORS ON BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES." In Themed collection of papers from Foreign International Scientific Conference «Modern research on the way to a new scientific revolution». Part 2. by HNRI «National development» in cooperation with AFP (Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua). November 2023. – Varadero (Cuba). Crossref, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/231128.2023.71.92.009.

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Climatic factors play an important role in the design, construction and operation of buildings and structures. Various aspects of climate, including temperature, humidity, precipitation and wind loads, can significantly affect the strength, safety and energy efficiency of structures. This article discusses the main aspects of climatic conditions.
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Croce, P., P. Formichi, and F. Landi. "Implication of Climate Change on Climatic Actions on Structures: the Update of Climatic Load Maps." In IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020: Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0877.

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<p>Climate change could heavily affect climatic actions on structures. Indeed, the current definition of climatic actions in structural codes, snow wind thermal and icing loads, is based on the assumption of stationary climate conditions but climate is not stationary and the observed accelerated rate of changes must be considered. A proper evaluation of the consequences of climate change requires the set-up of procedures able to deal with the analysis of climate projections and their intrinsic uncertainties.In the paper, a general methodology is illustrated, aiming to evaluate the impact of climate change on structural design. The proposed procedure is based on the definition of factors of change for climate extremes in moving time windows derived from the analysis of an ensemble of climate projections according different greenhouse gas emission scenarios, combined with an innovative weather generator to obtain a probabilistic description of future changes.The definition of a suitable envelope of characteristic values, provide guidance for a better estimation of climatic action in structural codes taking into account their evolution with time.</p>
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Li, Lingling, Qiang Chen, and Xiping Cheng. "The temporal-spatial variations of climatic factors in the northwest." In Advances in Materials, Machinery, Electrical Engineering (AMMEE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ammee-17.2017.152.

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Salyuk, P. A., D. A. Akmaykin, O. A. Bukin, S. S. Golik, E. N. Baulo, I. A. Lastovskaya, and K. A. Schmirko. "Climatic factors impact on the bio-optical sea water features." In SPIE Proceedings, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Victor A. Banakh. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.723177.

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Farook, Rohani S. Mohamed, Abdul Hallis Abdul Aziz, Azizi Harun, Zulkifli Husin, Ali Yeon Md Shakaff, Mahmad Nor Jaafar, Ndzi D.L., Ammar Zakaria, and Latifah Munirah Kamarudin. "Data Mining on Climatic Factors for Harumanis Mango Yield Prediction." In 2012 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Modelling and Simulation (ISMS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isms.2012.51.

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Makkar, Garima. "Real-Time Disease Forecasting using Climatic Factors: Supervised Analytical Methodology." In 2018 IEEE Punecon. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/punecon.2018.8745369.

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Loktionov, Oleg A., Olga E. Kondrateva, Ekaterina V. Fedotova, and Anastasia M. Borovkova. "Power lines vulnerability of Moscow region from climatic environment factors." In 2019 International Youth Conference on Radio Electronics, Electrical and Power Engineering (REEPE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/reepe.2019.8708846.

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Revelli, Venkatsushanth, Chenchen Huang, Ashith Marath, Surya Swarna Teja, Arunkumar Goli, and Yusuf Mehta. "Influence of Climatic Factors on the Pavement Performance in MEPDG." In International Airfield and Highway Pavements Conference 2023. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784484890.008.

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McIntosh, Megan D., and Gauhar Sabih. "Effects of Climatic Factors on Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement’s Performance." In International Airfield and Highway Pavements Conference 2023. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784484906.021.

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Reports on the topic "Climatic factors"

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Chinchilla-Vargas, Josue, Marianna M. Jahnke, Tyler M. Dohlman, Patrick J. Gunn, and Max F. Rothschild. Climatic Factors Affecting Quantity and Quality Grade of in vivo Produced Bovine Embryos. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-406.

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Estrugo, Andrés, and Rodrigo García Ayala. Assessing the Effects of Climate and Socioeconomic Factors on Vulnerability to Vector-Borne Diseases in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011647.

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Climate change is imposing a large burden on the most vulnerable populations, particularly in the developing world. Establishing consistent causal relationships, however, is difficult because a multiplicity of climatic, economic and sociodemographic elements are combined to create the conditions for an outbreak of vector-borne disease. Based on a two-step procedure, this paper presents and tests an approach to estimating the effects of epidemic outbreaks on health vulnerability. The model proposed is empirically tested for five countries in Latin America where dengue is a national health priority. Using data from national censuses, satellite climate information and data from a newly developed disease outbreak surveillance online platform, the paper finds that climate has nonnegligible effects on health vulnerability. The evidence found and the vulnerability index constructed can be used to analyze the main determinants of vulnerability in order to address policy concerns.
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Khalil, M. A. K., and R. A. Rasmussen. Methane emissions from rice fields: The effects of climatic and agricultural factors. Final report, March 1, 1994--April 30, 1997. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/534483.

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Tsybekmitova, G. Ts, L. D. Radnaeva, N. A. Tashlykova, V. G. Shiretorova, A. K. Tulokhonov, B. B. Bazarova, and M. O. Matveeva. THE EFFECT OF CLIMATIC SHIFTS ON BIODIVERSITY OF PHYTOCENOSIS: LAKE ARAKHLEY (EASTERN SIBERIA, RUSSIA). DOICODE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/0973-7308-2020-35-3-77-90.

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Lake Arakhley is located within the Lake Baikal basin in Eastern Siberia, Russia. The area is characterized by continental subarctic climate with considerate diurnal temperature range, long cold dry winters and short hot summers with more precipitation occurring during the latter half of the summer. Climatic shifts in high water years and low water years result in morphometric changes in the lake and in the chemical and physical parameters of the ecosystem. During low water years, concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen are decreased, whereas nitrate concentration increases. High water years feature average concentrations of ammonium ions 1.5–2 times higher than the values of recent dry years. Redundancy analysis (RDA) of abiotic factors and biotic community indicated that the community structure shows the greatest correlation with physical and chemical parameters of water and biogenic elements (nitrites, ammonium, phosphates) along the first axis, and with the lake depth and transparency along the second axis. Changes in abiotic factors induce functioning and formation of characteristic communities of the primary producers in the trophic structure of the ecosystem. During low water years, with increased level of autochthonous organic matter, Lindavia comta dominance is observed, while during high water years, with increased allochthonous organic matter Asterionella formosa appeared as dominant. Currently, during low water years, the hydrophytes community is monodominant and composed of Ceratophyllum demersum. Meanwhile, such species indicating eutrophic conditions as Myriophyllum sibiricum, Potamogeton pectinatus are found in the lake vegetation.
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Evans, Hugh, Cathal Ryan, Andy Bourke, Bjørn Økland, Jostein Gohli, Andrej Kunca, Christo Nikolov, et al. Range expansion of bark beetles in the genus Ips (ECLIPSE - Ecological Co-factors Lead IPS Expansion). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240279299.

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Bark beetles, particularly those in the genus Ips, are major pests of conifer trees in Europe, causing extensive damage to both natural and commercial forests. The ECLIPSE project has analyzed the history of Ips infestations, focusing on factors driving their geographic spread. Key findings indicated that the availability of suitable host trees, largely due to extensive afforestation with conifers, was a primary factor enabling beetle infestations. Climatic factors, such as extreme weather events, further exacerbated infestations by weakening trees. Long-distance dispersal through both beetle flight and human movement of infested wood contributed to the spread. The project also highlighted the importance of monitoring beetle arrivals and source populations to manage risks effectively. Policy recommendations emphasized the need for integrated pest risk assessments that consider both natural dispersal and trade-related movements. The obtained results underscored the necessity of international collaboration and timely information sharing to mitigate the impact of bark beetle infestations.
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Fuchs, Marcel, Ishaiah Segal, Ehude Dayan, and K. Jordan. Improving Greenhouse Microclimate Control with the Help of Plant Temperature Measurements. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604930.bard.

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A model of the energy balance of a transpiring crop in a greenhouse was developed in a format suitable for use in climate control algorithms aimed at dissipating excess heat during the warm periods. The model's parameters use external climatic variables as input. It incorporates radiation and convective transfer functions related to the operation of control devices like shading screens, vents, fans and enhanced evaporative cooling devices. The model identified the leaf boundary-layer resistance and the leaf stomatal and cuticular resistance as critical parameters regulating the temperature of the foliage. Special experiments evaluated these variables and established their relation to environmental factors. The research established that for heat load conditions in Mediterranean and arid climates transpiring crops maintained their foliage temperature within the range allowing high productivity. Results specify that a water supply ensuring minimum leaf resistance to remain below 100 s m-1, and a ventilation rate of 30 air exchanges per hour, are the conditions needed to achieve self cooling. Two vegetable crops, tomato and sweet pepper fulfilled maintained their leaf resistance within the prescribed range at maturity, i.e., during the critical warm season. The research evaluates the effects of additional cooling obtained from wet pad systems and spray wetting of foliage.
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Detges, Adrien, and Adrian Foong. Foreign Policy Implications of Climate Change in Focus Regions of European External Action. Adelphi research gemeinnützige GmbH, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc020.

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In a globalised world, the effects of climate change are likely to cascade across borders. Climate impacts in one location may have far reaching consequences in other places by affecting trade, migration, investments, and foreign policy objectives. Whether such cascading effects are likely to materialise depends in turn on a number of social, economic, and political factors that reinforce or attenuate the effects of climate change on economic development, migration, political stability, etc. These moderating conditions are crucial when considering possible challenges in connection with climate change, and opportunities for addressing them. In this report, we discuss the possible effects of climate change on issues at the core of European foreign, security, and development policy – namely, the impacts of climate change on livelihoods, food security, migration, and political stability in regions with close ties to Europe, where those impacts may affect European foreign policy objectives in a significant way. Across regions, we identify a number of challenges and opportunities in different scenarios, which assume either more or less favourable moderating conditions (i.e., with regard to technology and physical infrastructure; resource and conflict management; economic opportunities; trade and access to markets; governance and state-citizen relations; and social and diplomatic relations). Despite important challenges and mounting climatic pressures in all considered regions, our results leave some room for optimism. Depending on their ability to build strong and inclusive institutions, promote sustainable development, and strengthen social and diplomatic ties, affected countries and their partners might be able to reduce the risk of adverse cascading effects in connection with a warming world. Climate change will become increasingly challenging in the coming years, yet its effects are ultimately determined by social, economic, and political factors. Studying what makes societies susceptible to be adversely affected by climate change and how such conditions evolve over time then gives an indication of where to direct adaptation efforts. The moderating conditions presented in this report offer as many “levers” for preparing against the adverse effects of climate change.
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Shah, Ayesha, Jan Olek, and Rebecca S. McDaniel. Real Life Experience with Major Pavement Types. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317371.

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Pavement performance is a complex issue which depends on many contributing factors. Examining the performance of real-life pavements across the state determines what the actual service lives are for the pavements. For the purposes of this study, only selected LTPP projects were examined, along with a database containing all the historic repair projects completed in Indiana. Pertinent information present in the Indiana Historic Contracts Database was extracted concerning the types of pavement repair and treatments options commonly employed within the state, the time between repairs, etc. These data were used to determine descriptive statistical parameters and was summarized in graph form. Similarly, data about selected LTPP GPS and SPS sites were downloaded from the online website, LTPP InfoPave and a comparative study between companion sites was performed. These data included study site and pavement-related information, such as construction dates, pavement structure details, maintenance and repair history, and pavement distress surveys. These data were used to draw conclusions about the impact of treatment applications, climatic and geologic factors, traffic volume, and pavement structures on pavement performance. Gaps in knowledge about pavement failure modes, distress data, and effectiveness of treatment applications mentioned in the contracts database file hampered efforts to form a complete picture of the effectiveness of treatment options and their timely (or untimely) application. Similarly, details about pavement mixture design and differentiating factors between companion sites prevented researchers from narrowing down the causes leading to the observed pavement distress.
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Sela, Hanan, Eduard Akhunov, and Brian J. Steffenson. Population genomics, linkage disequilibrium and association mapping of stripe rust resistance genes in wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598170.bard.

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The primary goals of this project were: (1) development of a genetically characterized association panel of wild emmer for high resolution analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits; (2) characterization and mapping of genes and QTL for seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust in wild emmer populations; (3) characterization of LD patterns along wild emmer chromosomes; (4) elucidation of the multi-locus genetic structure of wild emmer populations and its correlation with geo-climatic variables at the collection sites. Introduction In recent years, Stripe (yellow) rust (Yr) caused by Pucciniastriiformis f. sp. tritici(PST) has become a major threat to wheat crops in many parts of the world. New races have overcome most of the known resistances. It is essential, therefore, that the search for new genes will continue, followed by their mapping by molecular markers and introgression into the elite varieties by marker-assisted selection (MAS). The reservoir of genes for disease and pest resistance in wild emmer wheat (Triticumdicoccoides) is an important resource that must be made available to wheat breeders. The majority of resistance genes that were introgressed so far in cultivated wheat are resistance (R) genes. These genes, though confering near-immunity from the seedling stage, are often overcome by the pathogen in a short period after being deployed over vast production areas. On the other hand, adult-plant resistance (APR) is usually more durable since it is, in many cases, polygenic and confers partial resistance that may put less selective pressure on the pathogen. In this project, we have screened a collection of 480 wild emmer accessions originating from Israel for APR and seedling resistance to PST. Seedling resistance was tested against one Israeli and 3 North American PST isolates. APR was tested on accessions that did not have seedling resistance. The APR screen was conducted in two fields in Israel and in one field in the USA over 3 years for a total of 11 replicates. We have found about 20 accessions that have moderate stripe rust APR with infection type (IT<5), and about 20 additional accessions that have novel seedling resistance (IT<3). We have genotyped the collection using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and the 90K SNP chip array. GBS yielded a total 341K SNP that were filtered to 150K informative SNP. The 90K assay resulted in 11K informative SNP. We have conducted a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) and found one significant locus on 6BL ( -log p >5). Two novel loci were found for seedling resistance. Further investigation of the 6BL locus and the effect of Yr36 showed that the 6BL locus and the Yr36 have additive effect and that the presence of favorable alleles of both loci results in reduction of 2 grades in the IT score. To identify alleles conferring adaption to extreme climatic conditions, we have associated the patterns of genomic variation in wild emmer with historic climate data from the accessions’ collection sites. The analysis of population stratification revealed four genetically distinct groups of wild emmer accessions coinciding with their geographic distribution. Partitioning of genomic variance showed that geographic location and climate together explain 43% of SNPs among emmer accessions with 19% of SNPs affected by climatic factors. The top three bioclimatic factors driving SNP distribution were temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and isothermality. Association mapping approaches revealed 57 SNPs associated with these bio-climatic variables. Out of 21 unique genomic regions controlling heading date variation, 10 (~50%) overlapped with SNPs showing significant association with at least one of the three bioclimatic variables. This result suggests that a substantial part of the genomic variation associated with local adaptation in wild emmer is driven by selection acting on loci regulating flowering. Conclusions: Wild emmer can serve as a good source for novel APR and seedling R genes for stripe rust resistance. APR for stripe rust is a complex trait conferred by several loci that may have an additive effect. GWAS is feasible in the wild emmer population, however, its detection power is limited. A panel of wild emmer tagged with more than 150K SNP is available for further GWAS of important traits. The insights gained by the bioclimatic-gentic associations should be taken into consideration when planning conservation strategies.
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Abdullah, Hannah, Karim Elgendy, and Hanne Knaepen. Climate Resilience in Cities of the EU’s Southern Neighbourhood: Opportunities for the EU Green Deal. The Royal Institute of International Affairs, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc016.

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Cities in the Middle East and North Africa are already suffering the effects of climate change. Weak urban regulation, ineffective climate policies, limited decentralization and insufficient empowerment of local authorities and civil society further decrease urban resilience. Future climate scenarios and projected urban growth threaten the stability of the region; with potential negative knock-on effects on Europe. This CASCADES Spotlight Study examines climate vulnerabilities in urban areas in countries to the south of the EU and the wider Middle East and North Africa region and advocates for systemic approaches to addressing urban climate resilience by strengthening the water-energy-food nexus, as well as other enabling factors such as decentralization. It concludes with recommendations on how the European Green Deal can help cities in the region adapt to climate impacts, based on a water-energy-food nexus approach. Over the past two decades, the European Commission has stepped up its support for urban climate action and resilience. An increasing number of programmes financed under the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) South have addressed urban climate resilience in response to the region’s rapid urbanization and the high climate vulnerability of cities. The number of urban dwellers in the wider Middle East and North Africa region is estimated to reach 527 million in 2050, an increase of 72% compared to 2020. At the same time, climate impacts – including both slow onset changes and sudden disasters – are putting additional stress on urban infrastructure. This stress is aggravated by weak urban regulations that have created unsustainable development trends which undermine the potential benefits of urbanization and adversely affect urban climate resilience. The prevalence of highly centralized administrative systems and incomplete decentralization reforms hamper local capacity building and decision-making, which are prerequisites for effective adaptation and resilience. At the same time, climate impacts – including both slow onset changes and sudden disasters – are putting additional stress on urban infrastructure. This stress is aggravated by weak urban regulations that have created unsustainable development trends which undermine the potential benefits of urbanization and adversely affect urban climate resilience. The prevalence of highly centralized administrative systems and incomplete decentralization reforms hamper local capacity building and decision-making, which are prerequisites for effective adaptation and resilience. The convergence of the region’s harsh climatic conditions with rapid, unsustainable urbanization and the associated socio-economic burdens can exacerbate existing political instability, conflict-induced migration and poverty. These developments could cascade into the EU, altering security, trade and diplomatic relations with the Southern Neighbourhood. The EU’s evolving approach to working with local authorities on urban infrastructure and climate governance is a first step towards addressing the region’s intertwined urban and climate crises. However, this approach is still in the early stages and there is a need to reflect on lessons learned and how urban spaces, climates and governance are evolving in the region. This study suggests that the EU’s overwhelming focus on supporting cities in the region with energy efficiency and the transition to sustainable energy systems is not enough to strengthen urban climate resilience. In cities of the Southern Neighbourhood, which typically struggle with resource management and scarcity, climate resilience will increasingly depend on local capacities to formulate and implement nexus approaches, especially in the water, energy and food sectors. Based on case studies of three small and intermediary urban areas, the study advocates for a systemic approach to addressing urban climate resilience in Southern Neighbourhood cities. Considering the established effectiveness of applying a water-energy-food nexus approach to improving climate resilience, the paper stresses the need for local governments to explore nexus opportunities between the water, energy and food sectors in order to achieve resilient and sustainable urbanism, while also highlighting other enabling factors such as decentralization. It concludes by exploring how future external action around the European Green Deal and its ambitions for systemic transformation could benefit from stepping up cooperation with cities in the Southern Neighbourhood around the water-energy-food nexus.
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