Journal articles on the topic 'Climate stress tolerance'
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1
Lukács, A., G. Pártay, T. Németh, S. Csorba, and C. Farkas. "Drought stress tolerance of two wheat genotypes." Soil and Water Research 3, Special Issue No. 1 (June 30, 2008): S95—S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10/2008-swr.
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Biotic and abiotic stress effects can limit the productivity of plants to great extent. In Hungary, drought is one of the most important constrains of biomass production, even at the present climatic conditions. The climate change scenarios, developed for the Carpathian basin for the nearest future predict further decrease in surface water resources. Consequently, it is essential to develop drought stress tolerant wheat genotypes to ensure sustainable and productive wheat production under changed climate conditions. The aim of the present study was to compare the stress tolerance of two winter wheat genotypes at two different scales. Soil water regime and development of plants, grown in a pot experiment and in large undisturbed soil columns were evaluated. The pot experiments were carried out in a climatic room in three replicates. GK Élet wheat genotype was planted in six, and Mv Emese in other six pots. Two pots were left without plant for evaporation studies. Based on the mass of the soil columns without plant the evaporation from the bare soil surface was calculated in order to distinguish the evaporation and the transpiration with appropriate precision. A complex stress diagnosis system was developed to monitor the water balance elements. ECH<sub>2</sub>O type capacitive soil moisture probes were installed in each of the pots to perform soil water content measurements four times a day. The irrigation demand was determined according to the hydrolimits, derived from soil hydrophysical properties. In case of both genotypes three plants were provided with the optimum water supply, while the other three ones were drought-stressed. In the undisturbed soil columns, the same wheat genotypes were sawn in one replicate. Similar watering strategy was applied. TDR soil moisture probes were installed in the soil at various depths to monitor changes in soil water content. In order to study the drought stress reaction of the wheat plants, microsensors of 1.6 mm diameter were implanted into the stems and connected to a quadrupole mass spectrometer for gas analysis. The stress status was indicated in the plants grown on partly non-irrigated soil columns by the lower CO<sub>2</sub> level at both genotypes. It was concluded that the developed stress diagnosis system could be used for soil water balance elements calculations. This enables more precise estimation of plant water consumption in order to evaluate the drought sensitivity of different wheat genotypes.
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Levy, Ofir, Lauren B. Buckley, Timothy H. Keitt, Colton D. Smith, Kwasi O. Boateng, Davina S. Kumar, and Michael J. Angilletta. "Resolving the life cycle alters expected impacts of climate change." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1813 (August 22, 2015): 20150837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0837.
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Recent models predict contrasting impacts of climate change on tropical and temperate species, but these models ignore how environmental stress and organismal tolerance change during the life cycle. For example, geographical ranges and extinction risks have been inferred from thermal constraints on activity during the adult stage. Yet, most animals pass through a sessile embryonic stage before reaching adulthood, making them more susceptible to warming climates than current models would suggest. By projecting microclimates at high spatio-temporal resolution and measuring thermal tolerances of embryos, we developed a life cycle model of population dynamics for North American lizards. Our analyses show that previous models dramatically underestimate the demographic impacts of climate change. A predicted loss of fitness in 2% of the USA by 2100 became 35% when considering embryonic performance in response to hourly fluctuations in soil temperature. Most lethal events would have been overlooked if we had ignored thermal stress during embryonic development or had averaged temperatures over time. Therefore, accurate forecasts require detailed knowledge of environmental conditions and thermal tolerances throughout the life cycle.
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Fernández-Crespo, Emma, Luisa Liu-Xu, Carlos Albert-Sidro, Loredana Scalschi, Eugenio Llorens, Ana Isabel González-Hernández, Oscar Crespo, et al. "Exploiting Tomato Genotypes to Understand Heat Stress Tolerance." Plants 11, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 3170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11223170.
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Increased temperatures caused by climate change constitute a significant threat to agriculture and food security. The selection of improved crop varieties with greater tolerance to heat stress is crucial for the future of agriculture. To overcome this challenge, four traditional tomato varieties from the Mediterranean basin and two commercial genotypes were selected to characterize their responses at high temperatures. The screening of phenotypes under heat shock conditions allowed to classify the tomato genotypes as: heat-sensitive: TH-30, ADX2; intermediate: ISR-10 and Ailsa Craig; heat-tolerant: MM and MO-10. These results reveal the intra-genetical variation of heat stress responses, which can be exploited as promising sources of tolerance to climate change conditions. Two different thermotolerance strategies were observed. The MO-10 plants tolerance was based on the control of the leaf cooling mechanism and the rapid RBOHB activation and ABA signaling pathways. The variety MM displayed a different strategy based on the activation of HSP70 and 90, as well as accumulation of phenolic compounds correlated with early induction of PAL expression. The importance of secondary metabolism in the recovery phase has been also revealed. Understanding the molecular events allowing plants to overcome heat stress constitutes a promising approach for selecting climate resilient tomato varieties.
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Rahman, Khussboo, Naznin Ahmed, Md Rakib Hossain Raihan, Farzana Nowroz, Faria Jannat, Mira Rahman, and Mirza Hasanuzzaman. "Jute Responses and Tolerance to Abiotic Stress: Mechanisms and Approaches." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 1595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081595.
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Jute (Corchorus spp.) belongs to the Malvaceae family, and there are two species of jute, C. capsularis and C. olitorious. It is the second-largest natural bast fiber in the world according to production, which has diverse uses not only as a fiber but also as multiple industrial materials. Because of climate change, plants experience various stressors such as salt, drought, heat, cold, metal/metalloid toxicity, and flooding. Although jute is particularly adapted to grow in hot and humid climates, it is grown under a wide variety of climatic conditions and is relatively tolerant to some environmental adversities. However, abiotic stress often restricts its growth, yield, and quality significantly. Abiotic stress negatively affects the metabolic activities, growth, physiology, and fiber yield of jute. One of the major consequences of abiotic stress on the jute plant is the generation of reactive oxygen species, which lead to oxidative stress that damages its cellular organelles and biomolecules. However, jute’s responses to abiotic stress mainly depend on the plant’s age and type and duration of stress. Therefore, understanding the abiotic stress responses and the tolerance mechanism would help plant biologists and agronomists in developing climate-smart jute varieties and suitable cultivation packages for adverse environmental conditions. In this review, we summarized the best possible recent literature on the plant abiotic stress factors and their influence on jute plants. We described the possible approaches for stress tolerance mechanisms based on the available literature.
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Hyun, Tae. "CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing to improve abiotic stress tolerance in plants." Botanica Serbica 44, no. 2 (2020): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/botserb2002121h.
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Climate change is affecting agriculture in a number of ways, such as changing water distribution, daily temperatures and salinity patterns. In this regard, plant breeding innovations and genetic engineering approaches to improve abiotic stress tolerance are necessary to avoid a decline in crop yields caused by climate change during the 21st century. In the last few years, genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas system has attracted attention as a powerful tool that can generate hereditary mutations. So far, only a few studies using the CRISPR/Cas system have been reported to improve abiotic stress tolerance, but they have clearly suggested its effective role for future applications in molecular breeding to improve abiotic stress tolerance. Accordingly, the CRISPR/Cas system application is introduced in this mini-review as a way to improve abiotic stress tolerance. Although editing efficiency and target discovery for plant CRISPR/Cas systems require further improvement, CRISPR/Cas systems will be the key approach to maintaining global food security during climate change.
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RASHEED, MU, and A. MALIK. "MECHANISM OF DROUGHT STRESS TOLERANCE IN WHEAT." Bulletin of Biological and Allied Sciences Research 2022, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54112/bbasr.v2022i1.23.
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Wheat is one of our major cereal crops worldwide, facing different challenges. Drought is a combination of adverse effects because of global warming and climate change. About ¼ of the world is under these effects, which were not under consideration till 2019. This article will discuss multiple harmful effects on our major cereal crop, wheat. The retarded growth and overall yield of 39% have a great effect on the economy of any country. No doubt, the plant itself has natural mechanisms to alleviate the adverse effects, but long-term and periodic stresses greatly affect wheat's gene pool. Some goods are involved in improving wheat plants, which are briefly described in this article.
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Montain, S. J., M. N. Sawka, B. S. Cadarette, M. D. Quigley, and J. M. McKay. "Physiological tolerance to uncompensable heat stress: effects of exercise intensity, protective clothing, and climate." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.1.216.
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This study determined the influence of exercise intensity, protective clothing level, and climate on physiological tolerance to uncompensable heat stress. It also compared the relationship between core temperature and the incidence of exhaustion from heat strain for persons wearing protective clothing to previously published data of unclothed persons during uncompensable heat stress. Seven heat-acclimated men attempted 180-min treadmill walks at metabolic rates of approximately 425 and 600 W while wearing full (clo = 1.5) or partial (clo = 1.3) protective clothing in both a desert (43 degrees C dry bulb, 20% relative humidity, wind 2.2 m/s) and tropical (35 degrees C dry bulb, 50% relative humidity, wind 2.2 m/s) climate. During these trials, the evaporative cooling required to maintain thermal balance exceeded the maximal evaporative capacity of the environment and core temperature continued to rise until exhaustion from heat strain occurred. Our findings concerning exhaustion from heat strain are 1) full encapsulation in protective clothing reduces physiological tolerance as core temperature at exhaustion was lower (P < 0.05) in fully than in partially clothed persons, 2) partial encapsulation results in physiological tolerance similar to that reported for unclothed persons, 3) raising metabolic rate from 400 to 600 W does not alter physiological tolerance when subjects are fully clothed, and 4) physiological tolerance is similar when subjects are wearing protective clothing in desert and tropical climates having the same wet bulb globe thermometer. These findings can improve occupational safety guidelines for human heat exposure, as they provide further evidence that the incidence of exhaustion from heat strain can be predicted from core temperature.
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Villalobos-López, Miguel Angel, Analilia Arroyo-Becerra, Anareli Quintero-Jiménez, and Gabriel Iturriaga. "Biotechnological Advances to Improve Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 12053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231912053.
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The major challenges that agriculture is facing in the twenty-first century are increasing droughts, water scarcity, flooding, poorer soils, and extreme temperatures due to climate change. However, most crops are not tolerant to extreme climatic environments. The aim in the near future, in a world with hunger and an increasing population, is to breed and/or engineer crops to tolerate abiotic stress with a higher yield. Some crop varieties display a certain degree of tolerance, which has been exploited by plant breeders to develop varieties that thrive under stress conditions. Moreover, a long list of genes involved in abiotic stress tolerance have been identified and characterized by molecular techniques and overexpressed individually in plant transformation experiments. Nevertheless, stress tolerance phenotypes are polygenetic traits, which current genomic tools are dissecting to exploit their use by accelerating genetic introgression using molecular markers or site-directed mutagenesis such as CRISPR-Cas9. In this review, we describe plant mechanisms to sense and tolerate adverse climate conditions and examine and discuss classic and new molecular tools to select and improve abiotic stress tolerance in major crops.
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Sallam, Ahmed, Ahmad M. Alqudah, Mona F. A. Dawood, P. Stephen Baenziger, and Andreas Börner. "Drought Stress Tolerance in Wheat and Barley: Advances in Physiology, Breeding and Genetics Research." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 13 (June 27, 2019): 3137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133137.
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Climate change is a major threat to most of the agricultural crops grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas globally. Drought stress is one of the consequences of climate change that has a negative impact on crop growth and yield. In the past, many simulation models were proposed to predict climate change and drought occurrences, and it is extremely important to improve essential crops to meet the challenges of drought stress which limits crop productivity and production. Wheat and barley are among the most common and widely used crops due to their economic and social values. Many parts of the world depend on these two crops for food and feed, and both crops are vulnerable to drought stress. Improving drought stress tolerance is a very challenging task for wheat and barley researchers and more research is needed to better understand this stress. The progress made in understanding drought tolerance is due to advances in three main research areas: physiology, breeding, and genetic research. The physiology research focused on the physiological and biochemical metabolic pathways that plants use when exposed to drought stress. New wheat and barley genotypes having a high degree of drought tolerance are produced through breeding by making crosses from promising drought-tolerant genotypes and selecting among their progeny. Also, identifying genes contributing to drought tolerance is very important. Previous studies showed that drought tolerance is a polygenic trait and genetic constitution will help to dissect the gene network(s) controlling drought tolerance. This review explores the recent advances in these three research areas to improve drought tolerance in wheat and barley.
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Powell, Nicola, Xuemei Ji, Rudabe Ravash, Jane Edlington, and Rudy Dolferus. "Yield stability for cereals in a changing climate." Functional Plant Biology 39, no. 7 (2012): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12078.
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The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) forecasts a 34% increase in the world population by 2050. As a consequence, the productivity of important staple crops such as cereals needs to be boosted by an estimated 43%. This growth in cereal productivity will need to occur in a world with a changing climate, where more frequent weather extremes will impact on grain productivity. Improving cereal productivity will, therefore, not only be a matter of increasing yield potential of current germplasm, but also of improving yield stability through enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses. Successful reproductive development in cereals is essential for grain productivity and environmental constraints (drought, cold, frost, heat and waterlogging) that are associated with climate change are likely to have severe effects on yield stability of cereal crops. Currently, genetic gains conferring improved abiotic stress tolerance in cereals is hampered by the lack of reliable screening methods, availability of suitable germplasm and poor knowledge about the physiological and molecular underpinnings of abiotic stress tolerance traits.
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Zhao, Bingxue, and Qingjun Huang. "Research Progress on Peony under High Temperature Stress Caused by Climate Warming." E3S Web of Conferences 252 (2021): 03056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125203056.
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Global warming and worsening environmental problems have worsened the heat resistance of peony and difficult maintenance and management. The high temperature stress caused by the environment has become an important environmental factor for the growth and development of peony. The article summarizes the morphology, yield, physiological and biochemical indicators and research status of peony under high temperature stress; summarizes the research status of peony heat tolerance evaluation index screening, germplasm heat tolerance evaluation and heat-resistant peony breeding, in order to promote tolerance Selection and breeding process of hot peony germplasm resources. At present, related researches on peony mainly focus on pharmacological effects and germplasm resources. The physiological mechanism of high temperature and breeding of heat-resistant varieties of peony are relatively lagging behind. In-depth study of the physiological mechanism of high temperature in peony combined with multi-omics will help to adopt technical measures to improve the heat tolerance of high plants and reduce heat damage, so as to speed up the selection and breeding of heat-resistant peony germplasm, and meet the survival and medicine of peony in harsh environments. Use and other needs.
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Jamalluddin, Norain, Festo J. Massawe, Sean Mayes, Wai Kuan Ho, Ajit Singh, and Rachael C. Symonds. "Physiological Screening for Drought Tolerance Traits in Vegetable Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) Germplasm." Agriculture 11, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11100994.
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Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor), an underutilized climate smart crop, is highly nutritious and possesses diverse drought tolerance traits, making it an ideal crop to thrive in a rapidly changing climate. Despite considerable studies on the growth and physiology of plants subjected to drought stress, a precise trait phenotyping strategy for drought tolerance in vegetable amaranth is still not well documented. In this study, two drought screening trials were carried out on 44 A. tricolor accessions in order to identify potential drought-tolerant A. tricolor germplasm and to discern their physiological responses to drought stress. The findings revealed that a change in stem biomass was most likely the main mechanism of drought adaptation for stress recovery, and dark-adapted quantum yield (Fv/Fm) could be a useful parameter for identifying drought tolerance in amaranth. Three drought tolerance indices: geometric mean productivity (GMP), mean productivity (MP) and stress tolerance index (STI) identified eight drought-tolerant accessions with stable performance across the two screening trials. The highly significant genotypic differences observed in several physiological traits among the amaranth accessions indicate that the amaranth panel used in this study could be a rich source of genetic diversity for breeding purposes for drought tolerance traits.
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Bernardo, Joseph, and James R. Spotila. "Physiological constraints on organismal response to global warming: mechanistic insights from clinally varying populations and implications for assessing endangerment." Biology Letters 2, no. 1 (December 6, 2005): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0417.
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Recent syntheses indicate that global warming affects diverse biological processes, but also highlight the potential for some species to adapt behaviourally or evolutionarily to rapid climate change. Far less attention has addressed the alternative, that organisms lacking this ability may face extinction, a fate projected to befall one-quarter of global biodiversity. This conclusion is controversial, in part because there exist few mechanistic studies that show how climate change could precipitate extinction. We provide a concrete, mechanistic example of warming as a stressor of organisms that are closely adapted to cool climates from a comparative analysis of organismal tolerance among clinally varying populations along a natural thermal gradient. We found that two montane salamanders exhibit significant metabolic depression at temperatures within the natural thermal range experienced by low and middle elevation populations. Moreover, the magnitude of depression was inversely related to native elevation, suggesting that low elevation populations are already living near the limit of their physiological tolerances. If this finding generally applies to other montane specialists, the prognosis for biodiversity loss in typically diverse montane systems is sobering. We propose that indices of warming-induced stress tolerance may provide a critical new tool for quantitative assessments of endangerment due to anthropogenic climate change across diverse species.
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Yoon, Youngdae, Deok Hyun Seo, Hoyoon Shin, Hui Jin Kim, Chul Min Kim, and Geupil Jang. "The Role of Stress-Responsive Transcription Factors in Modulating Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060788.
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Abiotic stresses, such as drought, high temperature, and salinity, affect plant growth and productivity. Furthermore, global climate change may increase the frequency and severity of abiotic stresses, suggesting that development of varieties with improved stress tolerance is critical for future sustainable crop production. Improving stress tolerance requires a detailed understanding of the hormone signaling and transcriptional pathways involved in stress responses. Abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are key stress-response hormones in plants, and some stress-responsive transcription factors such as ABFs and MYCs function as direct components of ABA and JA signaling, playing a pivotal role in plant tolerance to abiotic stress. In addition, extensive studies have identified other stress-responsive transcription factors belonging to the NAC, AP2/ERF, MYB, and WRKY families that mediate plant response and tolerance to abiotic stress. These suggest that transcriptional regulation of stress-responsive genes is an essential step to determine the mechanisms underlying plant stress responses and tolerance to abiotic stress, and that these transcription factors may be important targets for development of crops with enhanced abiotic stress tolerance. In this review, we briefly describe the mechanisms underlying plant abiotic stress responses, focusing on ABA and JA metabolism and signaling pathways. We then summarize the diverse array of transcription factors involved in plant responses to abiotic stress, while noting their potential applications for improvement of stress tolerance.
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Galeffi, Patrizia. "Genetics and Evolution of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants." Genes 13, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13081380.
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Now more than ever, the understanding of the genetics and evolution of the gene mechanisms and the networks of different molecular pathways acting on plant abiotic stress tolerance has an important role in the finding of new solutions and approaches mitigating the effects of global climate changes, thus contributing to a correct equilibrium among human needs, food security and human health and wellbeing [...]
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BOSCAIU, Monica, Pilar M. DONAT, Josep LLINARES, and Oscar VICENTE. "Stress-tolerant Wild Plants: a Source of Knowledge and Biotechnological Tools for the Genetic Improvement of Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 40, no. 2 (September 26, 2012): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4028199.
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Over the next few decades we must boost crop productivity if we are to feed a growing world population, which will reach more than 9×109 people by 2050; and we should do it in the frame of a sustainable agriculture, with an increasing scarcity of new arable land and of water for irrigation. For all important crops, average yields are only a fraction-somewhere between 20% and 50%-of record yields; these losses are mostly due to drought and high soil salinity, environmental conditions which will worsen in many regions because of global climate change. Therefore, the simplest way to increase agricultural productivity would be to improve the abiotic stress tolerance of crops. Considering the limitations of traditional plant breeding, the most promising strategy to achieve this goal will rely on the generation of transgenic plants expressing genes conferring tolerance. However, advances using this approach have been slow, since it requires a deep understanding of the mechanisms of plant stress tolerance, which are still largely unknown. Paradoxically, most studies on the responses of plants to abiotic stress have been performed using stress-sensitive species-such as Arabidopsis thaliana-although there are plants (halophytes, gypsophytes, xerophytes) adapted to extremely harsh environmental conditions in their natural habitats. We propose these wild stress-tolerant species as more suitable models to investigate these mechanisms, as well as a possible source of biotechnological tools (‘stress tolerance’ genes, stress-inducible promoters) for the genetic engineering of stress tolerance in crop plants.
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Walter, Julia, Anke Jentsch, Carl Beierkuhnlein, and Juergen Kreyling. "Ecological stress memory and cross stress tolerance in plants in the face of climate extremes." Environmental and Experimental Botany 94 (October 2013): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.02.009.
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Numan, Muhammad, Desalegn D. Serba, and Ayalew Ligaba-Osena. "Alternative Strategies for Multi-Stress Tolerance and Yield Improvement in Millets." Genes 12, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12050739.
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Millets are important cereal crops cultivated in arid and semiarid regions of the world, particularly Africa and southeast Asia. Climate change has triggered multiple abiotic stresses in plants that are the main causes of crop loss worldwide, reducing average yield for most crops by more than 50%. Although millets are tolerant to most abiotic stresses including drought and high temperatures, further improvement is needed to make them more resilient to unprecedented effects of climate change and associated environmental stresses. Incorporation of stress tolerance traits in millets will improve their productivity in marginal environments and will help in overcoming future food shortage due to climate change. Recently, approaches such as application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) have been used to improve growth and development, as well as stress tolerance of crops. Moreover, with the advance of next-generation sequencing technology, genome editing, using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) system are increasingly used to develop stress tolerant varieties in different crops. In this paper, the innate ability of millets to tolerate abiotic stresses and alternative approaches to boost stress resistance were thoroughly reviewed. Moreover, several stress-resistant genes were identified in related monocots such as rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and maize (Zea mays), and other related species for which orthologs in millets could be manipulated by CRISPR/Cas9 and related genome-editing techniques to improve stress resilience and productivity. These cutting-edge alternative strategies are expected to bring this group of orphan crops at the forefront of scientific research for their potential contribution to global food security.
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Havrlentová, Michaela, Ján Kraic, Veronika Gregusová, and Bernadett Kovácsová. "Drought Stress in Cereals – A Review." Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 67, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agri-2021-0005.
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Abstract Drought is one of the most important factors that influences plant morphology, biochemistry, and physiology, and finally leads to the decline in crops productivity and seed quality. Climate change, severe changes in water availability together with thermal stresses environment coincide with increasing human population, and to reveal sustainable solutions it is necessary to understand: i) how cereals react to drought, ii) how the tolerance mechanisms are exhibited by the genotype, and iii) which approaches enable to increase the tolerance of crop species against limited water availability. Especially in cereals as in high-quality food sources, it is important to reveal the adaptation mechanisms to rainfall dynamics on arable land and to the prolonged period of drought. This review summarizes current knowledge on the impact of drought on cereals, the mechanisms these crops utilize to cope water scarcity and survive, and the most efficient approaches to improve their drought tolerance.
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Zaidi, P. H., Thanh Nguyen, Dang N. Ha, Suriphat Thaitad, Salahuddin Ahmed, Muhammad Arshad, Keshav B. Koirala, et al. "Stress-resilient maize for climate-vulnerable ecologies in the Asian tropics." AUGUST 2020, no. 14(08):2020 (August 20, 2020): 1264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.08.p2405.
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Most parts of the Asian tropics are hotspots of climate change effects and associated weather variabilities. One of the major challenges with climate change is the uncertainty and inter-annual variability in weather conditions as crops are frequently exposed to different weather extremes within the same season. Therefore, agricultural research must strive to develop new crop varieties with inbuilt resilience towards variable weather conditions rather than merely tolerance to individual stresses in a specific situation and/or at a specific crop stage. C4 crops are known for their wider adaptation to range of climatic conditions. However, recent climatic trends and associated variabilities seem to be challenging the threshold limit of wider adaptability of even C4 crops like maize. In collaboration with national programs and private sector partners in the region, CIMMYT-Asia maize program initiated research for development (R4D) projects largely focusing on saving achievable yields across range of variable environments by incorporating reasonable levels of tolerance/resistance to major abiotic and biotic stresses without compromising on grain yields under optimal growing conditions. By integrating novel breeding tools like - genomics, double haploid (DH) technology, precision phenotyping and reducing genotype × environment interaction effects, a new generation of maize germplasm with multiple stress tolerance that can grow well across variable weather conditions were developed. The new maize germplasm were targeted for stress-prone environments where maize is invariability exposed to a range of sub-optimal growing conditions, such as drought, heat, waterlogging and various virulent diseases. The overarching goal of the stress-resilient maize program has been to achieve yield potential with a downside risk reduction.
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Rosa, Tiago Corazza da, Ivan Ricardo Carvalho, Danieli Jacoboski Hutra, Leonardo Cesar Bradebon, Marlon Vinícius da Rosa Sarturi, José Antonio Gonzalez da Rosa, and Vinícius Jardel Szareski. "Maize breeding for abiotic stress tolerance: An alternative to face climate changes." Agronomy Science and Biotechnology 6 (March 31, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33158/asb.r119.v6.2020.
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Maize breeding faces several challenges when the matter is abiotic stresses. For many years, the focus was to develop genotypes adapted to optimal environmental conditions, however, the need to ensure yields under unsuitable and unstable conditions of a climate-changing world is undeniable. Therefore, this review is addressed to the main abiotic stresses that jeopardize maize production worldwide, presenting an overview regarding losses and impacts imposed by them, stating what has been achieved through conventional and molecular plant breeding techniques, and the future prospects on this subject. The conventional breeding added to molecular techniques bring great expectations for developing abiotic stresses tolerant maize genotypes. Universities and research companies worldwide have contributed to expand and spread basic and essential knowledge, however, the entrance of large multinational companies might revolutionize the field. Genetic modified hybrids and projects of continental coverage will introduce many innovations and alternatives to ensure food security for the increasingly growing world population.
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Messerer, Maxim, Daniel Lang, and Klaus Mayer. "Analysis of Stress Resistance Using Next Generation Techniques." Agronomy 8, no. 8 (July 27, 2018): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8080130.
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Food security for a growing world population remains one of the most challenging tasks. Rapid climate change accelerates the loss of arable land used for crop production, while it simultaneously imposes increasing biotic and abiotic stresses on crop plants. Analysis and molecular understanding of the factors governing stress tolerance is in the focus of scientific and applied research. One plant is often mentioned in the context with stress resistance—Chenopodium quinoa. Through improved breeding strategies and the use of next generation approaches to study and understand quinoa’s salinity tolerance, an important step towards securing food supply is taken.
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Ngara, Rudo, Tatenda Goche, Dirk Z. H. Swanevelder, and Stephen Chivasa. "Sorghum’s Whole-Plant Transcriptome and Proteome Responses to Drought Stress: A Review." Life 11, no. 7 (July 17, 2021): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11070704.
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Sorghum is a cereal crop with key agronomic traits of drought and heat stress tolerance, making it an ideal food and industrial commodity for hotter and more arid climates. These stress tolerances also present a useful scientific resource for studying the molecular basis for environmental resilience. Here we provide an extensive review of current transcriptome and proteome works conducted with laboratory, greenhouse, or field-grown sorghum plants exposed to drought, osmotic stress, or treated with the drought stress-regulatory phytohormone, abscisic acid. Large datasets from these studies reveal changes in gene/protein expression across diverse signaling and metabolic pathways. Together, the emerging patterns from these datasets reveal that the overall functional classes of stress-responsive genes/proteins within sorghum are similar to those observed in equivalent studies of other drought-sensitive model species. This highlights a monumental challenge of distinguishing key regulatory genes/proteins, with a primary role in sorghum adaptation to drought, from genes/proteins that change in expression because of stress. Finally, we discuss possible options for taking the research forward. Successful exploitation of sorghum research for implementation in other crops may be critical in establishing climate-resilient agriculture for future food security.
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Cortés, Andrés J., and Felipe López-Hernández. "Harnessing Crop Wild Diversity for Climate Change Adaptation." Genes 12, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12050783.
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Warming and drought are reducing global crop production with a potential to substantially worsen global malnutrition. As with the green revolution in the last century, plant genetics may offer concrete opportunities to increase yield and crop adaptability. However, the rate at which the threat is happening requires powering new strategies in order to meet the global food demand. In this review, we highlight major recent ‘big data’ developments from both empirical and theoretical genomics that may speed up the identification, conservation, and breeding of exotic and elite crop varieties with the potential to feed humans. We first emphasize the major bottlenecks to capture and utilize novel sources of variation in abiotic stress (i.e., heat and drought) tolerance. We argue that adaptation of crop wild relatives to dry environments could be informative on how plant phenotypes may react to a drier climate because natural selection has already tested more options than humans ever will. Because isolated pockets of cryptic diversity may still persist in remote semi-arid regions, we encourage new habitat-based population-guided collections for genebanks. We continue discussing how to systematically study abiotic stress tolerance in these crop collections of wild and landraces using geo-referencing and extensive environmental data. By uncovering the genes that underlie the tolerance adaptive trait, natural variation has the potential to be introgressed into elite cultivars. However, unlocking adaptive genetic variation hidden in related wild species and early landraces remains a major challenge for complex traits that, as abiotic stress tolerance, are polygenic (i.e., regulated by many low-effect genes). Therefore, we finish prospecting modern analytical approaches that will serve to overcome this issue. Concretely, genomic prediction, machine learning, and multi-trait gene editing, all offer innovative alternatives to speed up more accurate pre- and breeding efforts toward the increase in crop adaptability and yield, while matching future global food demands in the face of increased heat and drought. In order for these ‘big data’ approaches to succeed, we advocate for a trans-disciplinary approach with open-source data and long-term funding. The recent developments and perspectives discussed throughout this review ultimately aim to contribute to increased crop adaptability and yield in the face of heat waves and drought events.
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Ribeiro, Leandro C., Eduardo R. M. Barbosa, and Fabian Borghetti. "How regional climate and seed traits interact in shaping stress–tolerance of savanna seeds?" Seed Science Research 31, no. 4 (November 2, 2021): 300–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258521000234.
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AbstractFunctional traits related to regeneration responses to the environment are highly determinants of distribution patterns of plant communities. A large body of studies on seed traits suggests that regional climate may act as a strong filter of plant recruitment; however, few studies have evaluated the relative importance of seed traits and environmental filters for seed persistence at the population level. We tested the role of seed mass, water content and desiccation tolerance, as well as the germination time as proxies for seed tolerance to environmental filters (water deficit, heat shock and high temperatures) by comparing the response of tree species co-occurring in savannas located in different regions: Cerrado biome of Central Brazil and the Rio Branco savannas of northern Brazil. Seeds collected in savannas of Rio Branco showed a higher tolerance to environmental filters than those collected in savannas of the Cerrado. While the germination percentages largely varied in response to the treatments, the germination times were virtually unaffected by them, irrespective of seed origin, seed mass and water content. At the population level, the regional environment was a key determinant of seed tolerance to stress, irrespective of seed traits. Germination time was shown to represent a conservative seed trait and more linked to a species-specific germination strategy than to regional characteristics. Our results suggest that recruitment patterns of Cerrado savannas may be more impacted than Rio Branco savannas by the climate scenarios predicted for the future.
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Woodward, Claire, Lee Hansen, Fleur Beckwith, Regina S. Redman, and Rusty J. Rodriguez. "Symbiogenics: An Epigenetic Approach to Mitigating Impacts of Climate Change on Plants." HortScience 47, no. 6 (June 2012): 699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.6.699.
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We have found that plants in natural ecosystems adapt to abiotic stress by forming symbiotic associations with Class 2 fungal endophytes. Without the endophytes, plants are not stress-tolerant and do not survive in the habitats to which they are adapted. Symbiotically conferred stress tolerance typically occurs in a habitat-specific manner and is based on interactions between environmental factors and both plant and fungal genomes. For example, endophytes from geothermal plants confer heat tolerance, and endophytes from coastal plants confer salt tolerance. We have designated this phenomenon as habitat-adapted symbiosis and hypothesize that it is a ubiquitous aspect of plant ecology. Class 2 endophytes also increase plant growth and development while decreasing water consumption. We present metabolic and gene expression data to support a working model for the underlying mechanisms of endophyte-conferred benefits to plants. Although endophytes had no effect on photosynthetic rate and metabolic efficiency, they significantly increased photosynthetic efficiency. Endophytes significantly altered the ratio of upregulated to downregulated (UR:DR genes) plant genes compared with nonsymbiotic plants. Specific UR:DR gene ratios varied with endophyte species as well as habitat of origin. Collectively, these observations have allowed us to design a new symbiogenic (symbio = symbiosis; genic = gene influence) strategy for mitigating impacts of climate change on crop production.
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Shahinnia, Fahimeh, Néstor Carrillo, and Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei. "Engineering Climate-Change-Resilient Crops: New Tools and Approaches." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 7877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157877.
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Environmental adversities, particularly drought and nutrient limitation, are among the major causes of crop losses worldwide. Due to the rapid increase of the world’s population, there is an urgent need to combine knowledge of plant science with innovative applications in agriculture to protect plant growth and thus enhance crop yield. In recent decades, engineering strategies have been successfully developed with the aim to improve growth and stress tolerance in plants. Most strategies applied so far have relied on transgenic approaches and/or chemical treatments. However, to cope with rapid climate change and the need to secure sustainable agriculture and biomass production, innovative approaches need to be developed to effectively meet these challenges and demands. In this review, we summarize recent and advanced strategies that involve the use of plant-related cyanobacterial proteins, macro- and micronutrient management, nutrient-coated nanoparticles, and phytopathogenic organisms, all of which offer promise as protective resources to shield plants from climate challenges and to boost stress tolerance in crops.
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Koshland, Douglas, and Hugo Tapia. "Desiccation tolerance: an unusual window into stress biology." Molecular Biology of the Cell 30, no. 6 (March 15, 2019): 737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e17-04-0257.
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Climate change has accentuated the importance of understanding how organisms respond to stresses imposed by changes to their environment, like water availability. Unusual organisms, called anhydrobiotes, can survive loss of almost all intracellular water. Desiccation tolerance of anhydrobiotes provides an unusual window to study the stresses and stress response imposed by water loss. Because of the myriad of stresses that could be induced by water loss, desiccation tolerance seemed likely to require many established stress effectors. The sugar trehalose and hydrophilins (small intrinsically disordered proteins) had also been proposed as stress effectors against desiccation because they were found in nearly all anhydrobiotes, and could mitigate desiccation-induced damage to model proteins and membranes in vitro. Here, we summarize in vivo studies of desiccation tolerance in worms, yeast, and tardigrades. These studies demonstrate the remarkable potency of trehalose and a subset of hydrophilins as the major stress effectors of desiccation tolerance. They act, at least in part, by limiting in vivo protein aggregation and loss of membrane integrity. The apparent specialization of individual hydrophilins for desiccation tolerance suggests that other hydrophilins may have distinct roles in mitigating additional cellular stresses, thereby defining a potentially new functionally diverse set of stress effectors.
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Nadarajah, Kalaivani K. "ROS Homeostasis in Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (July 23, 2020): 5208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155208.
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Climate change-induced abiotic stress results in crop yield and production losses. These stresses result in changes at the physiological and molecular level that affect the development and growth of the plant. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is formed at high levels due to abiotic stress within different organelles, leading to cellular damage. Plants have evolved mechanisms to control the production and scavenging of ROS through enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative processes. However, ROS has a dual function in abiotic stresses where, at high levels, they are toxic to cells while the same molecule can function as a signal transducer that activates a local and systemic plant defense response against stress. The effects, perception, signaling, and activation of ROS and their antioxidative responses are elaborated in this review. This review aims to provide a purview of processes involved in ROS homeostasis in plants and to identify genes that are triggered in response to abiotic-induced oxidative stress. This review articulates the importance of these genes and pathways in understanding the mechanism of resistance in plants and the importance of this information in breeding and genetically developing crops for resistance against abiotic stress in plants.
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Yadav, Malu Ram, Mukesh Choudhary, Jogendra Singh, Milan Kumar Lal, Prakash Kumar Jha, Pushpika Udawat, Narendra Kumar Gupta, et al. "Impacts, Tolerance, Adaptation, and Mitigation of Heat Stress on Wheat under Changing Climates." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (March 4, 2022): 2838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052838.
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Heat stress (HS) is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting the production and quality of wheat. Rising temperatures are particularly threatening to wheat production. A detailed overview of morpho-physio-biochemical responses of wheat to HS is critical to identify various tolerance mechanisms and their use in identifying strategies to safeguard wheat production under changing climates. The development of thermotolerant wheat cultivars using conventional or molecular breeding and transgenic approaches is promising. Over the last decade, different omics approaches have revolutionized the way plant breeders and biotechnologists investigate underlying stress tolerance mechanisms and cellular homeostasis. Therefore, developing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data sets and a deeper understanding of HS tolerance mechanisms of different wheat cultivars are needed. The most reliable method to improve plant resilience to HS must include agronomic management strategies, such as the adoption of climate-smart cultivation practices and use of osmoprotectants and cultured soil microbes. However, looking at the complex nature of HS, the adoption of a holistic approach integrating outcomes of breeding, physiological, agronomical, and biotechnological options is required. Our review aims to provide insights concerning morpho-physiological and molecular impacts, tolerance mechanisms, and adaptation strategies of HS in wheat. This review will help scientific communities in the identification, development, and promotion of thermotolerant wheat cultivars and management strategies to minimize negative impacts of HS.
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Godoy, Francisca, Karina Olivos-Hernández, Claudia Stange, and Michael Handford. "Abiotic Stress in Crop Species: Improving Tolerance by Applying Plant Metabolites." Plants 10, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020186.
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Reductions in crop yields brought about by abiotic stress are expected to increase as climate change, and other factors, generate harsher environmental conditions in regions traditionally used for cultivation. Although breeding and genetically modified and edited organisms have generated many varieties with greater abiotic stress tolerance, their practical use depends on lengthy processes, such as biological cycles and legal aspects. On the other hand, a non-genetic approach to improve crop yield in stress conditions involves the exogenous application of natural compounds, including plant metabolites. In this review, we examine the recent literature related to the application of different natural primary (proline, l-tryptophan, glutathione, and citric acid) and secondary (polyols, ascorbic acid, lipoic acid, glycine betaine, α-tocopherol, and melatonin) plant metabolites in improving tolerance to abiotic stress. We focus on drought, saline, heavy metal, and temperature as environmental parameters that are forecast to become more extreme or frequent as the climate continues to alter. The benefits of such applications are often evaluated by measuring their effects on metabolic, biochemical, and morphological parameters in a variety of crop plants, which usually result in improved yields when applied in greenhouse conditions or in the field. As this strategy has proven to be an effective way to raise plant tolerance to abiotic stress, we also discuss the prospect of its widespread implementation in the short term.
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Poudyal, Damodar, Eva Rosenqvist, and Carl-Otto Ottosen. "Phenotyping from lab to field – tomato lines screened for heat stress using Fv/Fm maintain high fruit yield during thermal stress in the field." Functional Plant Biology 46, no. 1 (2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp17317.
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This study aimed to phenotype young tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants for heat tolerance by measuring Fv/Fm after short-term heat treatments in climate chambers and selected sensitive (low Fv/Fm) and tolerant (high Fv/Fm) cultivars to investigate their in-field performance. Twenty-eight genotypes were phenotyped at 40:28°C for 2 days in climate chambers. A second screening (four high Fv/Fm and four low Fv/Fm genotypes) was conducted for 4 days at 38:28°C, followed by 5 days’ recovery (26:20°C). The tolerant genotypes maintained high net photosynthesis (PN) and increased stomatal conductance (gs) at 38°C, allowing better leaf cooling. Sensitive genotypes had lower Fv/Fm and PN at 38°C, and gs increased less than in the tolerant group, reducing leaf cooling. Under controlled conditions, all eight genotypes had the same plant size and pollen viability, but after heat stress, plant size and pollen viability reduced dramatically in the sensitive group. Two tolerant and two sensitive genotypes were grown in the field during a heat wave (38:26°C). Tolerant genotypes accumulated more biomass, had a lower heat injury index and higher fruit yield. To our knowledge, this is the first time screening for heat tolerance by Fv/Fm in climate chambers was verified by a field trial under natural heat stress. The differences after heat stress in controlled environments were comparable to those in yield between tolerant and sensitive groups under heat stress in the field. The results suggest that Fv/Fm is effective for early detection of heat tolerance, and screening seedlings for heat sensitivity can speed crop improvement.
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Huong, Can Thu, Truong Thi Tu Anh, Hoang-Dung Tran, Vu Xuan Duong, Nguyen Thanh Trung, Tran Dang Khanh, and Tran Dang Xuan. "Assessing Salinity Tolerance in Rice Mutants by Phenotypic Evaluation Alongside Simple Sequence Repeat Analysis." Agriculture 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2020): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10060191.
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Salinity stress is one of the most severe constraints limiting rice production worldwide. Thus, the development of salt-tolerant rice promises to deal with increasing food demand due to climate change effects. This study investigated the salinity tolerance of mutant rice by evaluating phenotype and genotype, using forty-two simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers linked to the salinity tolerance Saltol quantitative trait locus (QTL) in ten cultivars and mutant lines. Results of phenotypic screening showed that the mutant line SKLo/BC15TB and cultivar BC15TB performed salt tolerance, while the mutant line Bao Thai/DT 84 and cultivar DT84DB were sensitive to salt stress. The markers RM 493, RM 562, RM 10748, RM 518, RM 237, and RM 20224 were the most polymorphic in salinity tolerance. Among them, RM 237, RM 10748, and RM 224 showed the highest polymorphism information (PIC = 0.58). This study reveals that the three markers are profitable for classification of salinity tolerance in both cultivar and mutant rice. The mutant line SKLo/BC15TB and cultivar BC15TB were found to be promising candidates for diversity analysis of salt-tolerant rice. Findings of this study are useful for developing new salinity-tolerant rice cultivars towards climate change.
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Balla, K., S. Bencze, T. Janda, and O. Veisz. "Analysis of heat stress tolerance in winter wheat." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 57, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.57.2009.4.6.
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As a consequence of climate change, the incidence of extreme weather events has increased in Hungary, as elsewhere. Extremely high temperatures are the factor causing the greatest problems for agriculture and crop production. The aim was to determine the heat tolerance of two wheat varieties (Plainsman V. and Mv Magma) by measuring physiological and yield parameters under high temperature conditions (35/20°C day/night) in the phytotron. Heat stress had a substantial influence on the chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activity and yield parameters of the two winter wheat varieties. Heat stress during grain filling led to a significant reduction in the yield, biomass, grain number, harvest index and thousand-kernel weight. Significant differences could be detected between the two varieties, confirming the greater heat sensitivity of Plainsman V. and the better heat tolerance of Mv Magma. The importance of the antioxidant enzyme system was demonstrated in defence against heat stress. The activity of the enzymes glutathione-Stransferase (GSH-S-Tr), ascorbate peroxidase (APx) and catalase (CAT) was enhanced in Plainsman V., and that of GSH-S-Tr and CAT in Mv Magma. The tolerance of the wheat varieties appeared to be correlated with the antioxidant level, though changes in activity were observed for different antioxidant enzymes in the two genotypes tested.
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Kjelgren, Roger, Yongyut Trisurat, Ladawan Puangchit, Nestor Baguinon, and Puay Tan Yok. "Tropical Street Trees and Climate Uncertainty in Southeast Asia." HortScience 46, no. 2 (February 2011): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.2.167.
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Urban trees are a critical quality of life element in rapidly growing cities in tropical climates. Tropical trees are found in a wide variety of habitats governed largely by the presence and duration of monsoonal dry periods. Tropical cities can serve as a proxy for climate change impacts of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), urban heat island, and drought-prone root zones on successful urban trees. Understanding the native habitats of species successful as tropical urban trees can yield insights into the potential climate impact on those habitats. Species from equatorial and montane wet forests where drought stress is not a limiting factor are not used as urban trees in cities with monsoonal dry climates such as Bangkok and Bangalore. Absence of trees from a wet habitat in tropical cities in monsoonal climates is consistent with model and empirical studies suggesting wet evergreen species are vulnerable to projected climates changes such as lower rainfall and increased temperatures. However, monsoonal dry forest species appear to have wider environmental tolerances and are successful urban trees in cities with equatorial wet climates such as Singapore as well as cities with monsoonal climates such as Bangkok and Bangalore. In cities with monsoonal dry climates, deciduous tree species are more common than dry evergreen species. Although dry deciduous species generally have better floral displays, their prevalence may in part be the result of greater tolerance of urban heat islands and drought in cities; this would be consistent with modeled habitat gains at the expense of dry evergreen species in native forest stands under projected higher temperatures from climate change. Ecological models may also point to selection of more heat- and drought-tolerant species for tropical cities under projected climate change.
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Redman, Regina S., Yong Ok Kim, Sang Cho, Malia Mercer, Melissa Rienstra, Ryan Manglona, Taylor Biaggi, et al. "A Symbiotic Approach to Generating Stress Tolerant Crops." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (April 25, 2021): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9050920.
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Studies were undertaken to determine if fungal endophytes from plants in stressful habitats could be commercialized to generate climate resilient crop plants. Fungal endophytes were isolated from weedy rice plants and grasses from South Korea and the USA, respectively. Endophytes (Curvularia brachyspora and Fusarium asiaticum) from weedy rice plants from high salt or drought stressed habitats in South Korea conferred salt and drought stress tolerance to weedy rice and commercial varieties reflective of the habitats from which they were isolated. Fungal endophytes isolated from grasses in arid habitats of the USA were identified as Trichoderma harzianum and conferred drought and heat stress tolerance to monocots and eudicots. Two T. harzianum isolates were exposed to UV mutagenesis to derive strains resistant to fungicides in seed treatment plant protection packages. Three strains that collectively had resistance to commonly used fungicides were used for field testing. The three-strain mixture (ThSM3a) increased crop yields proportionally to the level of stress plants experienced with average yields up to 52% under high and 3–5% in low stress conditions. This study demonstrates fungal endophytes can be developed as viable commercial tools for rapidly generating climate resilient crops to enhance agricultural sustainability.
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El haddad, Noureddine, Karthika Rajendran, Abdelaziz Smouni, Nour Eddine Es-Safi, Nadia Benbrahim, Rachid Mentag, Harsh Nayyar, Fouad Maalouf, and Shiv Kumar. "Screening the FIGS Set of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) Germplasm for Tolerance to Terminal Heat and Combined Drought-Heat Stress." Agronomy 10, no. 7 (July 18, 2020): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071036.
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Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) is one of the most important cool season food legume crops grown in many countries. Seeds are typically rich in protein, fiber, prebiotic carbohydrates and minerals, such as iron and zinc. With changing climate and variability, the lentil crop faces frequent droughts and heat stress of varying intensity in its major production zones. In the present study, a set of 162 lentil accessions selected through the Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS) were screened for tolerance to heat stress and combined heat-drought stresses under field conditions at two contrasting locations, namely Marchouch and Tessaout in Morocco. The results showed a significant genotypic variation for heat tolerance and combined heat-drought tolerance among the accessions at both locations. Based on the heat tolerance index (HTI), accessions, namely ILL 7833, ILL 6338 and ILL 6104, were selected as potential sources of heat tolerance at Marchouch, and ILL 7814 and ILL 8029 at Tessaout. Using the stress tolerance index (STI), ILL 7835, ILL 6075 and ILL 6362 were identified as the most tolerant lines (STI > 1) at Marchouch, and ILL 7814, ILL 7835 and ILL 7804 (STI > 1) at Tessaout, under the combined heat-drought stress conditions. Accession ILL 7835 was identified as a good source of stable tolerance to heat stress and combined heat-drought stress at both locations.
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Madritsch, Silvia, Elisabeth Wischnitzki, Peter Kotrade, Ahmed Ashoub, Agnes Burg, Silvia Fluch, Wolfgang Brüggemann, and Eva M. Sehr. "Elucidating Drought Stress Tolerance in European Oaks Through Cross-Species Transcriptomics." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 9, no. 10 (August 8, 2019): 3181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400456.
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The impact of climate change that comes with a dramatic increase of long periods of extreme summer drought associated with heat is a fundamental challenge for European forests. As a result, forests are expected to shift their distribution patterns toward north-east, which may lead to a dramatic loss in value of European forest land. Consequently, unraveling key processes that underlie drought stress tolerance is not only of great scientific but also of utmost economic importance for forests to withstand future heat and drought wave scenarios. To reveal drought stress-related molecular patterns we applied cross-species comparative transcriptomics of three major European oak species: the less tolerant deciduous pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), the deciduous but quite tolerant pubescent oak (Q. pubescens), and the very tolerant evergreen holm oak (Q. ilex). We found 415, 79, and 222 differentially expressed genes during drought stress in Q. robur, Q. pubescens, and Q. ilex, respectively, indicating species-specific response mechanisms. Further, by comparative orthologous gene family analysis, 517 orthologous genes could be characterized that may play an important role in drought stress adaptation on the genus level. New regulatory candidate pathways and genes in the context of drought stress response were identified, highlighting the importance of the antioxidant capacity, the mitochondrial respiration machinery, the lignification of the water transport system, and the suppression of drought-induced senescence – providing a valuable knowledge base that could be integrated in breeding programs in the face of climate change.
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Howells, Emily J., David Abrego, Yi Jin Liew, John A. Burt, Eli Meyer, and Manuel Aranda. "Enhancing the heat tolerance of reef-building corals to future warming." Science Advances 7, no. 34 (August 2021): eabg6070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg6070.
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Reef-building corals thriving in extreme thermal environments may provide genetic variation that can assist the evolution of populations to rapid climate warming. However, the feasibility and scale of genetic improvements remain untested despite ongoing population declines from recurrent thermal stress events. Here, we show that corals from the hottest reefs in the world transfer sufficient heat tolerance to a naïve population sufficient to withstand end-of-century warming projections. Heat survival increased up to 84% when naïve mothers were selectively bred with fathers from the hottest reefs because of strong heritable genetic effects. We identified genomic loci associated with tolerance variation that were enriched for heat shock proteins, oxidative stress, and immune functions. Unexpectedly, several coral families exhibited survival rates and genomic associations deviating from origin predictions, including a few naïve purebreds with exceptionally high heat tolerance. Our findings highlight previously uncharacterized enhanced and intrinsic potential of coral populations to adapt to climate warming.
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Andjelkovic, Violeta, Natalija Kravic, Vojka Babic, Dragana Ignjatovic-Micic, Zoran Dumanovic, and Jelena Vancetovic. "Estimation of drought tolerance among maize landraces from mini-core collection." Genetika 46, no. 3 (2014): 775–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1403775a.
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Global climate change, its impact on stable food production in the future and possibilities to overcome the problem are the major priorities for research. Breeding varieties with increase adaptability to changing environments, together with better tolerance/resistance to abiotic stress, pest and diseases are possible solution. Maize is one of the most important crops, with high grain yield reduction induced by drought stress. In the present study twenty-six maize landraces from drought tolerant mini-core collection were tested under optimal, drought, and a combination of drought and high density stresses in the field. Morphological traits, plant height, total number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, anthesis-silking interval and grain yield were recorded for each entry in two replications in three experiments. Besides, drought tolerant indices were evaluated to test the ability to separate more drought tolerant accessions from those with less stress tolerance. Five stress tolerance indices, including stress tolerance index (STI), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress susceptibility (SSI), and stress tolerance (TOL) were calculated. Data analyses revealed that STI, MP and GMP had positive and significant correlations with grain yield under all conditions. Three-dimensional diagrams displayed assignment of landraces L25, L1, L14, L3, L26, L15 and L16 to group A, based on the stress tolerance index and achieved grain yield under optimal, drought stress, and a combination of drought and high density stress. A biplot analysis efficiently separated groups of landraces with different level of drought tolerance and grain yield. Based on all obtained results, maize landraces L25, L14, L1 and L3, as the most valuable source of drought tolerance, could be recommended for further use in breeding programs.
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Bard, Brittany, and James D. Kieffer. "The effects of repeat acute thermal stress on the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and physiology of juvenile shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 6 (June 2019): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0157.
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The shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum Lesueur, 1818) is a species of special concern in Canada, but little is known about their thermal biology. Information on the upper thermal tolerance of shortnose sturgeon becomes valuable for predicting future survival particularly with climate change and improving species management. Using a modified critical thermal maximum (CTmax) methodology, the objective is to determine whether previous thermal stress affects the thermal tolerance of juvenile shortnose sturgeon when exposed to a second thermal stress event. Prior exposure to thermal stress (CTmax1) did not affect the thermal tolerance (CTmax2) of juvenile shortnose sturgeon when a 24 h recovery period was allotted between tests. However, a significant increase in thermal tolerance occurred when the recovery time between the two thermal challenges was 1 h. Plasma glucose, lactate, and osmolality were all significantly affected by thermal stress, but values returned to control levels within 24 h. Hematocrit and plasma chloride concentrations were not significantly affected by thermal stress. All fish survived the CTmax testing. The data indicate that the thermal tolerance of juvenile shortnose sturgeon is modified when multiple thermal stresses occur closer together (1 h) but not if separated by a longer time period (24 h).
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Lahbouki, Soufiane, Abdelilah Meddich, Raja Ben-Laouane, Abdelkader Outzourhit, and Luigi Pari. "Subsurface Water Retention Technology Promotes Drought Stress Tolerance in Field-Grown Tomato." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 17, 2022): 6807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186807.
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Agricultural activities depend heavily on irrigation in arid and semi-arid climates, which are one of the most water-limited areas, reducing agricultural productivity. As the climate changes, the lack of precipitation is expected to aggravate in these areas, requiring careful management of water use. Subsurface water retention technology (SWRT) may hold promise as a management tool to save water use and improve crop drought resistance. In this context, the effect of SWRT on tomato yield, growth, physiology, and biochemical characteristics, as well as soil characteristics under two regimes of water (100% field capacity (FC) and 50% FC) in open field conditions, was investigated. The results here suggest that drought affected tomato performance. Nevertheless, SWRT application significantly increased tomato yield (38%), chlorophyll fluorescence (3%), gas exchange (39%), and chlorophyll total content (49%), as well as soil fertility characteristics, with significant increases in organic matter (23%) and assimilable phosphorus contents (25%) compared with the control. Furthermore, it resulted in a significant reduction in enzymatic antioxidant activities and polyphenol and significant improvement in fruit quality by increasing protein content. This technique should be used as a valuable strategy to save irrigation water and mitigate the negative effects of water deficiency on tomato plants in arid and semi-arid regions.
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Razzaq, Ali, Wajiha Guul, Muhammad Sarwar Khan, and Fozia Saleem. "Metabolomics: A Powerful Tool to Study the Complexity of Wheat Metabolome." Protein & Peptide Letters 28, no. 8 (September 10, 2021): 878–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929866528666210127153532.
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Wheat is a widely cultivated cereal, consumed by nearly 80% of the total population in the world. Although wheat is growing on 215 million hectares annually, its production is still inadequate to meet the future demand of feeding the 10 billion human population. Global food security is the biggest challenge as climate change is threatening crop production. There is a need to fast-- track the wheat breeding by devising modern biotechnological tools. Climate-smart wheat having greater stress resilience, better adaptability and improved agronomic traits are vital to guarantee food security. Substantial understanding and knowledge of vital biochemical pathways and regulatory networks is required for achieving stress resilience in wheat. Metabolomics has emerged as a fascinating technology to speed up the crop improvement programs by deciphering unique metabolic pathways for abiotic/biotic stress tolerance. State-of-the-art metabolomics tools such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and advanced mass spectrometry (MS) has opened new horizons for detailed analysis of wheat metabolome. The identification of unique metabolic pathways offers various types of stress tolerance and helps to screen the elite wheat cultivars. In this review, we summarize the applications of metabolomics to probe the stress-responsive metabolites and stress-inducive regulatory pathways that govern abiotic/biotic stress tolerance in wheat and highlight the significance of metabolic profiling to characterize wheat agronomics traits. Furthermore, we also describe the potential of metabolomics-assisted speed breeding for wheat improvement and propose future directions.
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Muhammad, HanifChachar, Nazir Ahmed Chachar, Qamaruddin Chachar, Mujtaba Sheikh Muhammad, Sadaruddin Chachar, and Zaid Chachar. "PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SIX WHEAT GENOTYPES FOR DROUGHT TOLERANCE." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 2 (February 29, 2016): 184–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i2.2016.2828.
Full textAbstract:
Pakistan is one of the most severely affected countries by Global climate change, it is an agriculture based country and its economy (21%) mainly depend on agriculture production. Wheat is the major staple food crop in Pakistan and takes key position in the national economy. It contribute 12.5% share in agriculture and 2.9% in the country’s GDP. Frequent droughts and scarcity of the water severely affecting the wheat production. To fulfill the feed requirements of rapidly growing population, it is necessary to explore the advanced genetic resource that can be able to perform better in changing climate. Six wheat genotypes were tested for their early seedling and physiological performance under different water stress environments. The seeds of six wheat genotypes (Khirman, Chakwal-86, MSH-36, DH-3/48, NIA Amber and NIA-10 10/8) were tested for physiological characterization under pot house experiment for individual genotypic response to water stress. The variance of analysis shows two-way interaction water stress [Control (normal four irrigations) and terminal drought (Soaking dose) and wheat genotypes (P≤ 0.05). Seven physiological indices, including Proline content, Glycine-betaine, Total sugars, Total chlorophyll, Nitrate Reductase Activity ((NRA), Potassium (K+) content, and Osmotic potential (OP) were used to evaluate the drought tolerance of six wheat genotypes. From the current data it was illustrated that, MSH-36 and DH-3/48 exhibited the tolerance followed by, Khirman and Chakwal-86 by maintaining their osmotic potential and accumulation of higher proline and glycine-betaine content that helpful for plant to enhancing their tolerance under water stress and to maintain their growth and development, whereas NIA Amber and NIA-10 10/8 are the drought sensitive genotypes as they could not maintain their osmotic potential under drought stress environment.
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Schaffasz, André, Steffen Windpassinger, Rod Snowdon, and Benjamin Wittkop. "Reproductive Cold Stress Tolerance in Sorghum F1 Hybrids is a Heterotic Trait." Agronomy 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2019): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090508.
Full textAbstract:
The sensitivity of sorghum to pre-flowering cold stress, resulting in reduced pollen viability and poor seed set, is a major constraint for expanding growing areas into higher altitudes and latitudes. Nevertheless, compared to juvenile cold tolerance, reproductive cold tolerance in sorghum has received much less attention so far, and very little is known about its inheritance in F1-hybrids. We have composed a representative factorial (n = 49 experimental F1-hybrids) for a comprehensive study on heterosis and combining ability for crucial tolerance traits as spikelet fertility (panicle harvest index), seed yield and pollen viability, using field trials in stress- and control environments in Germany and Mexico as well as climate chamber experiments. Our results indicate a heterotic and rather dominant inheritance of reproductive cold tolerance in sorghum, with strong effects of female general combining ability (GCA) on F1-hybrid performance in our material. These findings, together with the comparatively low contribution of specific combining ability (SCA) effects and high heritability estimates, suggest that robust and efficient enhancement of reproductive cold tolerance is feasible via hybrid breeding.
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Datta, Anamika, Mashiat Nawar Chowdhury, and Aparna Islam. "Transgenic Crops Targeting Ion Homeostasis Machinery: Bangladesh Perspective for Adaptation to Climate Change to Ensure Food Security." Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 27, no. 2 (December 27, 2017): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v27i2.35029.
Full textAbstract:
Salinity stress is one of the major adversarial impacts of climate change that limits crop productivity worldwide, especially in developing countries. To overcome this situation it is necessary to understand the cellular basis of salt stress tolerance mechanisms. Various genes involved in ion exclusion, osmotic tolerance, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) scavenging and other regulation mechanisms influence salinity tolerance in crops. Function of these candidate genes/sequences may vary in different plants and within different tissues. For the last two decades, in Bangladesh several approaches have been taken to develop transgenic rice, the staple crop. Work is in progress to monitor stable incorporation of these transgenes. Further evaluation is needed to check their adaptation/resistance in natural environments. Good performance in field conditions will lead to acceptance of these varieties for commercial productions in order to ensure food security.Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 27(2): 241-256, 2017 (December)
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Sultan, M. A. R. F., L. Hui, L. J. Yang, and Z. H. Xian. "Assessment of drought tolerance of some Triticum L. species through physiological indices." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 48, No. 4 (October 31, 2012): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/21/2012-cjgpb.
Full textAbstract:
Wheat is one of the most important crops in the world. Its yield is greatly influenced by global climate change and scarcity of water in the arid and semi-arid areas of the world. So, exploration of gene resources is of importance to wheat breeding in order to improve the crop ability of coping with abiotic stress environment. Wild relatives of wheat are rich repositories of beneficial genes that confer tolerance or resistance not only to drought but also to other environmental stresses. In the present study, the changes in leaf relative water content (RWC), free proline content, and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation of five wild wheat species including T. boeticum (YS-1L), T. dicoccum var. dicoccoides (YS-2L), T. araraticum (ALLT), and two cultivated varieties of T. turgidum ssp. durum (MXLK and 87341), with two well-known common wheat cultivars (SH6 and ZY1) possessing strong drought resistance and sensitiveness, respectively, as references were investigated during 3-day water stress and 2-day recovery, in order to assess the drought tolerance of these wild wheat species. The laboratory experiment was conducted under two water regimes (stress and non-stress treatments). Stress was induced to hydroponically grown two weeks old wheat seedlings with 20% PEG 6000. Stress treatment caused a much smaller decrease in the leaf RWC and rise in MDA content in YS-1L compared to the other wheat species. From the data it was obvious that YS-1L was the most drought tolerant among studied species having significantly higher proline and RWC while lower MDA content under water stress conditions. The order of water stress tolerance of these species according to the three parameters is: YS-1L > YS-2L > SH6 > 87341 > ZY1 > MXLK > ALLT. We speculate that the observed drought stress tolerance at a cellular level was associated with the ability to accumulate proline and high water level conservation.
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Wang, Xin, and Setsuko Komatsu. "Review: Proteomic Techniques for the Development of Flood-Tolerant Soybean." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 20 (October 12, 2020): 7497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207497.
Full textAbstract:
Soybean, which is rich in protein and oil as well as phytochemicals, is cultivated in several climatic zones. However, its growth is markedly decreased by flooding stress, which is caused by climate change. Proteomic techniques were used for understanding the flood-response and -tolerant mechanisms in soybean. Subcellular proteomics has potential to elucidate localized cellular responses and investigate communications among subcellular components during plant growth and under stress stimuli. Furthermore, post-translational modifications play important roles in stress response and tolerance to flooding stress. Although many flood-response mechanisms have been reported, flood-tolerant mechanisms have not been fully clarified for soybean because of limitations in germplasm with flooding tolerance. This review provides an update on current biochemical and molecular networks involved in soybean tolerance against flooding stress, as well as recent developments in the area of functional genomics in terms of developing flood-tolerant soybeans. This work will expedite marker-assisted genetic enhancement studies in crops for developing high-yielding stress-tolerant lines or varieties under abiotic stress.
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O'Dwyer, James E., and Nicholas P. Murphy. "Long term environmental stability drives reduced stress tolerance in salt lake invertebrates." Rethinking Ecology 6 (February 26, 2021): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/rethinkingecology.6.58899.
Full textAbstract:
The capacity of species to tolerate physical stressors is critical in a world of increasing environmental instability, however, past selective environments should dramatically impact on future stress tolerance, particularly in isolated populations. Through stabilising selection, long-term environmental stasis may reduce physiological tolerance, creating an evolutionary legacy where populations are less fit if environments change. Few empirical studies have investigated this evolutionary legacy of past selection, and of particular interest whether stabilising selection in a benign environment reduces stress tolerance in natural systems. Here we use multiple populations of salt-lake invertebrates (Coxiella striata, Austrochiltonia subtenuis) with either stable or fluctuating environmental histories to investigate the relationship between stabilising selection and environmental stress resistance. Tolerance to both salinity and temperature stress were examined in invertebrate populations from lakes with long-term (decadal) stable environments and compared with populations from lakes with extreme salinity variations. Individuals from stable environments demonstrated significantly lower survival under both increasing salinity and temperature stresses when compared with environmentally unstable populations. Our results support the hypothesis that the evolutionary legacy from stabilising selection in constant environments leads to reduced stress tolerance. This finding demonstrates that under an increasingly variable climate, the evolutionary legacies of populations will be critical for future survival and adaptation.
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Alcázar, Rubén, Milagros Bueno, and Antonio F. Tiburcio. "Polyamines: Small Amines with Large Effects on Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance." Cells 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 2373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9112373.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, climate change has altered many ecosystems due to a combination of frequent droughts, irregular precipitation, increasingly salinized areas and high temperatures. These environmental changes have also caused a decline in crop yield worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need to fully understand the plant responses to abiotic stress and to apply the acquired knowledge to improve stress tolerance in crop plants. The accumulation of polyamines (PAs) in response to many abiotic stresses is one of the most remarkable plant metabolic responses. In this review, we provide an update about the most significant achievements improving plant tolerance to drought, salinity, low and high temperature stresses by exogenous application of PAs or genetic manipulation of endogenous PA levels. We also provide some clues about possible mechanisms underlying PA functions, as well as known cross-talks with other stress signaling pathways. Finally, we discuss about the possible use of PAs for seed priming to induce abiotic stress tolerance in agricultural valuable crop plants.