Academic literature on the topic 'Climate stress tolerance'
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Journal articles on the topic "Climate stress tolerance"
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Lukács, A., G. Pártay, T. Németh, S. Csorba, and C. Farkas. "Drought stress tolerance of two wheat genotypes." Soil and Water Research 3, Special Issue No. 1 (June 30, 2008): S95—S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10/2008-swr.
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Biotic and abiotic stress effects can limit the productivity of plants to great extent. In Hungary, drought is one of the most important constrains of biomass production, even at the present climatic conditions. The climate change scenarios, developed for the Carpathian basin for the nearest future predict further decrease in surface water resources. Consequently, it is essential to develop drought stress tolerant wheat genotypes to ensure sustainable and productive wheat production under changed climate conditions. The aim of the present study was to compare the stress tolerance of two winter wheat genotypes at two different scales. Soil water regime and development of plants, grown in a pot experiment and in large undisturbed soil columns were evaluated. The pot experiments were carried out in a climatic room in three replicates. GK Élet wheat genotype was planted in six, and Mv Emese in other six pots. Two pots were left without plant for evaporation studies. Based on the mass of the soil columns without plant the evaporation from the bare soil surface was calculated in order to distinguish the evaporation and the transpiration with appropriate precision. A complex stress diagnosis system was developed to monitor the water balance elements. ECH<sub>2</sub>O type capacitive soil moisture probes were installed in each of the pots to perform soil water content measurements four times a day. The irrigation demand was determined according to the hydrolimits, derived from soil hydrophysical properties. In case of both genotypes three plants were provided with the optimum water supply, while the other three ones were drought-stressed. In the undisturbed soil columns, the same wheat genotypes were sawn in one replicate. Similar watering strategy was applied. TDR soil moisture probes were installed in the soil at various depths to monitor changes in soil water content. In order to study the drought stress reaction of the wheat plants, microsensors of 1.6 mm diameter were implanted into the stems and connected to a quadrupole mass spectrometer for gas analysis. The stress status was indicated in the plants grown on partly non-irrigated soil columns by the lower CO<sub>2</sub> level at both genotypes. It was concluded that the developed stress diagnosis system could be used for soil water balance elements calculations. This enables more precise estimation of plant water consumption in order to evaluate the drought sensitivity of different wheat genotypes.
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Levy, Ofir, Lauren B. Buckley, Timothy H. Keitt, Colton D. Smith, Kwasi O. Boateng, Davina S. Kumar, and Michael J. Angilletta. "Resolving the life cycle alters expected impacts of climate change." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1813 (August 22, 2015): 20150837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0837.
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Recent models predict contrasting impacts of climate change on tropical and temperate species, but these models ignore how environmental stress and organismal tolerance change during the life cycle. For example, geographical ranges and extinction risks have been inferred from thermal constraints on activity during the adult stage. Yet, most animals pass through a sessile embryonic stage before reaching adulthood, making them more susceptible to warming climates than current models would suggest. By projecting microclimates at high spatio-temporal resolution and measuring thermal tolerances of embryos, we developed a life cycle model of population dynamics for North American lizards. Our analyses show that previous models dramatically underestimate the demographic impacts of climate change. A predicted loss of fitness in 2% of the USA by 2100 became 35% when considering embryonic performance in response to hourly fluctuations in soil temperature. Most lethal events would have been overlooked if we had ignored thermal stress during embryonic development or had averaged temperatures over time. Therefore, accurate forecasts require detailed knowledge of environmental conditions and thermal tolerances throughout the life cycle.
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Fernández-Crespo, Emma, Luisa Liu-Xu, Carlos Albert-Sidro, Loredana Scalschi, Eugenio Llorens, Ana Isabel González-Hernández, Oscar Crespo, et al. "Exploiting Tomato Genotypes to Understand Heat Stress Tolerance." Plants 11, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 3170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11223170.
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Increased temperatures caused by climate change constitute a significant threat to agriculture and food security. The selection of improved crop varieties with greater tolerance to heat stress is crucial for the future of agriculture. To overcome this challenge, four traditional tomato varieties from the Mediterranean basin and two commercial genotypes were selected to characterize their responses at high temperatures. The screening of phenotypes under heat shock conditions allowed to classify the tomato genotypes as: heat-sensitive: TH-30, ADX2; intermediate: ISR-10 and Ailsa Craig; heat-tolerant: MM and MO-10. These results reveal the intra-genetical variation of heat stress responses, which can be exploited as promising sources of tolerance to climate change conditions. Two different thermotolerance strategies were observed. The MO-10 plants tolerance was based on the control of the leaf cooling mechanism and the rapid RBOHB activation and ABA signaling pathways. The variety MM displayed a different strategy based on the activation of HSP70 and 90, as well as accumulation of phenolic compounds correlated with early induction of PAL expression. The importance of secondary metabolism in the recovery phase has been also revealed. Understanding the molecular events allowing plants to overcome heat stress constitutes a promising approach for selecting climate resilient tomato varieties.
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Rahman, Khussboo, Naznin Ahmed, Md Rakib Hossain Raihan, Farzana Nowroz, Faria Jannat, Mira Rahman, and Mirza Hasanuzzaman. "Jute Responses and Tolerance to Abiotic Stress: Mechanisms and Approaches." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 1595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081595.
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Jute (Corchorus spp.) belongs to the Malvaceae family, and there are two species of jute, C. capsularis and C. olitorious. It is the second-largest natural bast fiber in the world according to production, which has diverse uses not only as a fiber but also as multiple industrial materials. Because of climate change, plants experience various stressors such as salt, drought, heat, cold, metal/metalloid toxicity, and flooding. Although jute is particularly adapted to grow in hot and humid climates, it is grown under a wide variety of climatic conditions and is relatively tolerant to some environmental adversities. However, abiotic stress often restricts its growth, yield, and quality significantly. Abiotic stress negatively affects the metabolic activities, growth, physiology, and fiber yield of jute. One of the major consequences of abiotic stress on the jute plant is the generation of reactive oxygen species, which lead to oxidative stress that damages its cellular organelles and biomolecules. However, jute’s responses to abiotic stress mainly depend on the plant’s age and type and duration of stress. Therefore, understanding the abiotic stress responses and the tolerance mechanism would help plant biologists and agronomists in developing climate-smart jute varieties and suitable cultivation packages for adverse environmental conditions. In this review, we summarized the best possible recent literature on the plant abiotic stress factors and their influence on jute plants. We described the possible approaches for stress tolerance mechanisms based on the available literature.
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Hyun, Tae. "CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing to improve abiotic stress tolerance in plants." Botanica Serbica 44, no. 2 (2020): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/botserb2002121h.
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Climate change is affecting agriculture in a number of ways, such as changing water distribution, daily temperatures and salinity patterns. In this regard, plant breeding innovations and genetic engineering approaches to improve abiotic stress tolerance are necessary to avoid a decline in crop yields caused by climate change during the 21st century. In the last few years, genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas system has attracted attention as a powerful tool that can generate hereditary mutations. So far, only a few studies using the CRISPR/Cas system have been reported to improve abiotic stress tolerance, but they have clearly suggested its effective role for future applications in molecular breeding to improve abiotic stress tolerance. Accordingly, the CRISPR/Cas system application is introduced in this mini-review as a way to improve abiotic stress tolerance. Although editing efficiency and target discovery for plant CRISPR/Cas systems require further improvement, CRISPR/Cas systems will be the key approach to maintaining global food security during climate change.
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RASHEED, MU, and A. MALIK. "MECHANISM OF DROUGHT STRESS TOLERANCE IN WHEAT." Bulletin of Biological and Allied Sciences Research 2022, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54112/bbasr.v2022i1.23.
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Wheat is one of our major cereal crops worldwide, facing different challenges. Drought is a combination of adverse effects because of global warming and climate change. About ¼ of the world is under these effects, which were not under consideration till 2019. This article will discuss multiple harmful effects on our major cereal crop, wheat. The retarded growth and overall yield of 39% have a great effect on the economy of any country. No doubt, the plant itself has natural mechanisms to alleviate the adverse effects, but long-term and periodic stresses greatly affect wheat's gene pool. Some goods are involved in improving wheat plants, which are briefly described in this article.
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Montain, S. J., M. N. Sawka, B. S. Cadarette, M. D. Quigley, and J. M. McKay. "Physiological tolerance to uncompensable heat stress: effects of exercise intensity, protective clothing, and climate." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.1.216.
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This study determined the influence of exercise intensity, protective clothing level, and climate on physiological tolerance to uncompensable heat stress. It also compared the relationship between core temperature and the incidence of exhaustion from heat strain for persons wearing protective clothing to previously published data of unclothed persons during uncompensable heat stress. Seven heat-acclimated men attempted 180-min treadmill walks at metabolic rates of approximately 425 and 600 W while wearing full (clo = 1.5) or partial (clo = 1.3) protective clothing in both a desert (43 degrees C dry bulb, 20% relative humidity, wind 2.2 m/s) and tropical (35 degrees C dry bulb, 50% relative humidity, wind 2.2 m/s) climate. During these trials, the evaporative cooling required to maintain thermal balance exceeded the maximal evaporative capacity of the environment and core temperature continued to rise until exhaustion from heat strain occurred. Our findings concerning exhaustion from heat strain are 1) full encapsulation in protective clothing reduces physiological tolerance as core temperature at exhaustion was lower (P < 0.05) in fully than in partially clothed persons, 2) partial encapsulation results in physiological tolerance similar to that reported for unclothed persons, 3) raising metabolic rate from 400 to 600 W does not alter physiological tolerance when subjects are fully clothed, and 4) physiological tolerance is similar when subjects are wearing protective clothing in desert and tropical climates having the same wet bulb globe thermometer. These findings can improve occupational safety guidelines for human heat exposure, as they provide further evidence that the incidence of exhaustion from heat strain can be predicted from core temperature.
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Villalobos-López, Miguel Angel, Analilia Arroyo-Becerra, Anareli Quintero-Jiménez, and Gabriel Iturriaga. "Biotechnological Advances to Improve Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 12053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231912053.
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The major challenges that agriculture is facing in the twenty-first century are increasing droughts, water scarcity, flooding, poorer soils, and extreme temperatures due to climate change. However, most crops are not tolerant to extreme climatic environments. The aim in the near future, in a world with hunger and an increasing population, is to breed and/or engineer crops to tolerate abiotic stress with a higher yield. Some crop varieties display a certain degree of tolerance, which has been exploited by plant breeders to develop varieties that thrive under stress conditions. Moreover, a long list of genes involved in abiotic stress tolerance have been identified and characterized by molecular techniques and overexpressed individually in plant transformation experiments. Nevertheless, stress tolerance phenotypes are polygenetic traits, which current genomic tools are dissecting to exploit their use by accelerating genetic introgression using molecular markers or site-directed mutagenesis such as CRISPR-Cas9. In this review, we describe plant mechanisms to sense and tolerate adverse climate conditions and examine and discuss classic and new molecular tools to select and improve abiotic stress tolerance in major crops.
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Sallam, Ahmed, Ahmad M. Alqudah, Mona F. A. Dawood, P. Stephen Baenziger, and Andreas Börner. "Drought Stress Tolerance in Wheat and Barley: Advances in Physiology, Breeding and Genetics Research." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 13 (June 27, 2019): 3137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133137.
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Climate change is a major threat to most of the agricultural crops grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas globally. Drought stress is one of the consequences of climate change that has a negative impact on crop growth and yield. In the past, many simulation models were proposed to predict climate change and drought occurrences, and it is extremely important to improve essential crops to meet the challenges of drought stress which limits crop productivity and production. Wheat and barley are among the most common and widely used crops due to their economic and social values. Many parts of the world depend on these two crops for food and feed, and both crops are vulnerable to drought stress. Improving drought stress tolerance is a very challenging task for wheat and barley researchers and more research is needed to better understand this stress. The progress made in understanding drought tolerance is due to advances in three main research areas: physiology, breeding, and genetic research. The physiology research focused on the physiological and biochemical metabolic pathways that plants use when exposed to drought stress. New wheat and barley genotypes having a high degree of drought tolerance are produced through breeding by making crosses from promising drought-tolerant genotypes and selecting among their progeny. Also, identifying genes contributing to drought tolerance is very important. Previous studies showed that drought tolerance is a polygenic trait and genetic constitution will help to dissect the gene network(s) controlling drought tolerance. This review explores the recent advances in these three research areas to improve drought tolerance in wheat and barley.
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Powell, Nicola, Xuemei Ji, Rudabe Ravash, Jane Edlington, and Rudy Dolferus. "Yield stability for cereals in a changing climate." Functional Plant Biology 39, no. 7 (2012): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12078.
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The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) forecasts a 34% increase in the world population by 2050. As a consequence, the productivity of important staple crops such as cereals needs to be boosted by an estimated 43%. This growth in cereal productivity will need to occur in a world with a changing climate, where more frequent weather extremes will impact on grain productivity. Improving cereal productivity will, therefore, not only be a matter of increasing yield potential of current germplasm, but also of improving yield stability through enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses. Successful reproductive development in cereals is essential for grain productivity and environmental constraints (drought, cold, frost, heat and waterlogging) that are associated with climate change are likely to have severe effects on yield stability of cereal crops. Currently, genetic gains conferring improved abiotic stress tolerance in cereals is hampered by the lack of reliable screening methods, availability of suitable germplasm and poor knowledge about the physiological and molecular underpinnings of abiotic stress tolerance traits.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Climate stress tolerance"
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Fuchs, Sebastian Mario [Verfasser]. "Diverse forests for climate change: Drought stress tolerance of secondary timber species / Sebastian Mario Fuchs." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1239894678/34.
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Russell, Kathleen. "GENOTYPE × ENVIRONMENT × MANAGEMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR SELECTION TO HEAT STRESS TOLERANCE AND NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY IN SOFT RED WINTER WHEAT." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/91.
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The complex interaction of genetics, environment and management in determination of crop yields can interfere with selection progress in breeding programs. Specifically, the impact on selection for nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under changing climatic conditions can be confounded by these interactions. Temperature increases for the southeastern United States are projected to range from 1-3°C by 2050 with nighttime temperatures increasing more rapidly than day temperatures. High temperatures are known to affect crop development and breeding for tolerance to heat stress is difficult to achieve in field environments. We utilized a multi-environment trial to assess variation in traits associated with NUE based on interactions of genotype x environment x management (G×E×M). All genotypes in the study responded favorably to lower than recommended nitrogen rates. Incremental application of N rates increased yield and post-anthesis N uptake significantly. Additionally, two multi-year studies investigating the effects of heat stress on soft red winter wheat varieties were conducted during the 2015-2016 growing seasons at the University of Kentucky Spindletop Research Farm in Lexington, KY. Thirty-six to 40 genotypes were chosen based on the combination of traits for vernalization and photoperiod sensitivity determined using marker analysis. Warmed environments were created through active and passive warming. Heading date, averaged across genotypes, shifted 1-5 days earlier in the actively warmed environment compared to the ambient environment across both years (p ≤0.05). Grain yield, averaged across genotypes, was significantly reduced in the actively warmed environment by 211.41 kg ha-1 (p ≤0.05) or 4.84%; however yield response to environment varied among genotypes with several genotypes displaying an increased yield in the warmed environment. Night temperature increases ranged from 0.27-0.75 °C above ambient temperature in the passively warmed environment. Grain yield, averaged across genotypes, was significantly reduced in the passively warmed environment by 224.29 kg ha-1 (p ≤0.05) or 6.44%; however, yield response to environment varied among genotypes with several genotypes displaying an increased yield in the warmed environment. Yield reductions are attributed to nitrogen utilization being reduced by 9.4% (p ≤0.001) under increased night temperatures.
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Makonya, Givemore Munashe. "Thermo and drought tolerance markers and regulation of heat stress proteins for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.; Fabaceae) production in NE South Africa." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Science, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32397.
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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is an important legume crop globally ranked third after dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and field pea (Pisum sativum). It constitutes 20% of the total global pulse production and around 95% of its production and consumption takes place in developing countries. Major constraints to chickpea production in sub Saharan Africa (SSA) have broadly been related to abiotic stresses, particularly drought and heat stresses, predicted to increase due to the global climatic changes.Dueto the imperativeness of research for identifying heat tolerance markers for potential chickpea genotype selection, in chapter two of the thesis, the response of four chickpea genotypes to a natural temperature gradient in the field was assessed using chlorophyll fluorescence, non-structural carbohydrate, gas exchange and grain yield. Field experiments were carried out in two winter seasons at three locations with known differences in temperature in NE South Africa. Results showed two genotypes (Acc#3 and Acc#7) were tolerant to heat stress with an Fᵥ/Fₘ of 0.83-0.85 at the warmer site, while the two sensitive genotypes (Acc#RR-2 and Acc#8) showed lower Fᵥ/Fₘ of 0.78-0.80. Both chlorophyll fluorescence measurements: dark-adapted Fᵥ/Fₘ and Fq'/Fₘ' (where Fq' =Fₘ'–F) measured at comparable high light levels correlated positively with grain yield. The two tolerant genotypes also showed higher photosynthetic rates,starch, sucrose and grain yield than the sensitive genotypes at the warmer site. However, these parameters were consistently higher at the cooler than at the warmer sites. It was concluded that genotypes Acc#RR-3 and Acc#7 are heat tolerant and chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf carbohydrates are suitable tools for selection of heat tolerant chickpea genotypes under field conditions. The coolest site of Polokwane showed favourable conditions for chickpea production.Heat and drought stresses are two abioticfactors that often occur simultaneously and are predicted to increase, consequently hampering plant growth. Response of different species to either stresses is well documented but information on the response of the same genotypes to both stresses in chickpea is limited. We aimed to determine whether previously noted heat stress tolerant genotype (Acc#7) is drought tolerant and the heat sensitive (Acc#8) is drought sensitive, and whether intermittent moisture supply at vegetative stage would induce priming effect to later drought at flowering. At vegetative stage, plants were divided into three groups, non-stressed (watered to 75% field capacity (FC), severe water stress (moisture-withholding for 14 days) and treated to 40% FC throughout the experiment (mild-stress), with recovery for the severely stressed plants after which they were stressed (double-stress) at flowering. Drought treatments at vegetative and flowering growth stages decreased physiological parameters and biomass accumulation in both genotypesexcept low water supply at 40% FC that decreased biomass in Acc#7 but not Acc#8. Double drought stress resulted in priming effect in Acc#7, having higher biomass, chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, and relative water content in comparison to the introduction of stress only at flowering growth stage, as well as in comparison to Acc#8. These results showed that both Acc#7 and Acc#8 are sensitive to drought whereas after priming Acc#7 is better acclimated to drought than Acc#8 associated with osmotic adjustment on leaf relative water content (RWC) and higher capacity to protect photosynthetic activity, making Acc#7 potentially ideal for areas associated with intermittent drought spells. This observation, however, disapproved the hypothesis that Acc#7 is more drought tolerant than Acc#8 but is rather better acclimated than Acc#8, because of its superiority only in primed plants and not those stressed only at either vegetative or flowering stages. The findings emphasise the importance of matching chickpea physiological performance to expected rainfall amounts and distribution in drought prone areas during genotype selection. Chapter four of the thesis was an interrogative proteome analysis of the differences in the heat tolerant and sensitive chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.; Fabaceae) genotypes along a temperature gradient under field conditions which will help in identifying the molecular mechanisms involved in the crop's tolerance. Few studies have thus far combined chickpea physiological and proteome analysis to elucidate the changes in abundance and/or activity of relevant enzymes and expression of heat responsive proteins. In this study, analyses of chlorophyll concentrations, gas exchange, flavonoids and anthocyanin concentrations from a chamber experiment, as well as proteomic parameters from field studies in both the heat tolerant and sensitive genotypes are presented. The heat tolerant genotype Acc#7 maintained unaltered physiological performance at flowering growth stage when exposed to high (35/30°C) and moderate (30/25°C) heat stress, under climate chamber conditions compared to the two heat susceptible genotypes (Acc#RR-2 and Acc#8). Results from the proteomic studies showed an up-regulation in proteins related to protein synthesis (e.g. ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase), intracellular traffic (e.g. mitochondrial dicarboxylate/tricarboxylate transporter DTC), defence (e.g. HSP70) and transport (e.g. GTP-binding protein SAR1A-like) in heat tolerant Acc#7 compared to the susceptible Acc#8. Results from KEGG analyses support the involvement of probable sucrose-phosphate synthase and sucrose-phosphate phosphatase proteins in the starch and sucrose pathway,that were up-regulated in the heat tolerant genotype Acc#7. This result was in support of our earlier report where tolerant genotype Acc#7 had higher leaf starch and sucrose concentrations in comparison to the susceptible genotype Acc#8. The presence of these differentially regulated proteins including HSP70, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase, plastocyanin and protoporphyrinogen oxidase shows their potential role in field grown chickpea tolerance to heat stress at flowering growth stage. In conclusion, chlorophyll fluorescence (both Fᵥ/Fₘ and Fq'/Fₘ') and leaf carbohydrates were identified as selection markers that can potentially be used for chickpea phenotyping for heat stress under field conditions with the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters correlating positively with seed yield. Due to its higher biomass, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fᵥ/Fₘ), stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis and RWC, heat tolerant genotype Acc#7 was identified to have better adaptive tolerance to drought stress after priming through exposure to intermittent dry spells than Acc#8. Furthermore, under controlled climate chamber conditions, Acc#7 consistently showed characteristics of tolerance to heat stress while Acc#RR-2 and Acc#8 were heat susceptible. Higher chlorophyll fluorescence, grain yield, chlorophyll concentrations, gas exchange, flavonoids and anthocyanin concentrations for Acc#7 compared to Acc#8 in the climate chamber was further validated by the higher up-regulation of proteins involved in protein synthesis, intracellular traffic, defence and transport in Acc#7 compared to Acc#8. The incorporation of proteomics in heat and drought stress studies will potentially help further the understanding of mechanisms by which the crop responds to these stresses.
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Bourguignon, Marie. "Ecophysiological Responses of Tall Fescue Genotypes to Endophyte Infection and Climate Change." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/28.
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Tall fescue is a widely used forage grass in the eastern USA and can form a symbiosis with a fungal endophyte, which can be beneficial for the plant but can cause livestock health issues. Little is known regarding the symbiotic response to predicted climate change. To address this knowledge gap, I analyzed tall fescue variety trial data collected throughout the U.S., exploring relationships between climate variables and yield for two different fescue cultivars that were either endophyte-free or infected. This study showed no endophyte or cultivar effect on fescue yield, but identified temperature, precipitation and location as significant predictors of yield, suggesting that local conditions were more important than endophyte presence or fescue genotype for this dataset. Using a field experiment located in central Kentucky, I quantified the ecophysiological responses of four tall fescue genotypes to endophyte presence, elevated temperature and increased growing season precipitation. In this study, tall fescue genotype was as important as endophyte presence in determining ecophysiological responses to climate change treatments. My thesis illustrates that tall fescue response to climate change will depend on host genetics, the presence and genetics of the fungal endophyte symbiont, and the specific changes to the environment experienced at a site.
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Laube, Julia Verfasser], Annette [Akademischer Betreuer] Menzel, Tim H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Sparks, and Susanne S. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Renner. "Performance of native and invasive plant species under climate change – phenology, competitive ability and stress tolerance / Julia Laube. Gutachter: Annette Menzel ; Tim H. Sparks ; Susanne S. Renner. Betreuer: Annette Menzel." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1075317274/34.
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Ramos, de Fuentes Eduardo. "Developing of new stress-tolerant rice varieties for the Mediterranean region." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663479.
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Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most important crop for human direct consumption, but its yield and production are strongly affected by biotic and abiotic stresses. Rice is the most salt-sensitive cereal and in addition, salinity is a rising problem around the world reinforced by the climate change effects such as rise of the sea level, soil degradation and water scarcity. Regarding biotic stresses, the apple snail (Pomacea sp.) is one of the worst introduced pest that affects rice production. It has been detected for first time in Europe in Spain, in 2009 in Ebro River Delta, destroying rice fields at seedling stage. Additionally, rice blast, caused by an ascomycete called Pyricularia oryzae, is a disease that strongly affects the rice production worldwide causing yield losses that range from 15% to 50%, even using specific fungicides.
The main objective of this thesis is to develop new stress-tolerant rice varieties for the Mediterranean region, by the introgression of the Saltol QTL and new blast resistance genes to Mediterranean local varieties.
A molecular marker assisted backcross scheme (using KASP technology) was followed to introgress the salt tolerance traits. The Saltol donor varieties were FL478 and IR64-Saltol, two salt-tolerant Asiatic indica rice lines, while the recurrent parental lines were PL12 and PM37, two Mediterranean japonica rice lines. BC3F3 plants were tested for salt tolerance in hydroponic assays. The standard evaluation system (SES) described by IRRI was used to evaluate the lines. Relative chlorophyll content (RCC, measured with a SPAD), fresh weight and plant length was also recorded. Additionally, two consecutive years of field assays were performed in Ebro River Delta using different foreign and local lines (and their hybrids), to evaluate their general performance and rice blast resistance.
From the 4 crosses combination performed between both Saltol donors and both Mediterranean recurrent parents, PL12 x FL478 (LP cross) and PM37 x IR64-Saltol (MS) were selected to proceed with the whole backcrossing process, to determine the return to the recurrent parent genome and to obtain the homozygous Saltol BC3F4 seeds. For the hydroponic assays, 54 BC3LPF3 lines were initially tested since a high variability between lines was observed. From them, some lines like LP-3, LP-15 or LP-17, performed similar or even better in the SES than the salinity donor FL478 line. The RCC data showed again a high variability between lines, although RCC did not correlate with SES results. The data analysis was hindered due to the differences scored between replicates and the fact that much of them were totally dead at the end of the assay. A certain degree of heterozygosity may explain the variability found between replicates during the SES evaluation. The fresh weight (FW) and the plant length in both shoot and root was strongly affected by the salinity treatment. However, the reduction was higher in shoot than in root. Finally, the blast tolerance field assays were severely affected by the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis, both years. The evaluation for rice blast tolerance was really difficult and no outstanding line was selected to proceed.
In conclusion, the Saltol QTL has been successfully introgressed in two Mediterranean japonica rice varieties, although more replicates of the hydroponics assays must be performed to confirm and select the most salt tolerant obtained lines. These lines will be tested in 2018 and 2019 in field assays, under salinized and no salinized conditions. Regarding rice blast resistance field assays, no conclusive results were achieved. More field assays must be done, and other lines should be tested. In order to reduce C. suppressalis infestations, more phytosanitary actions should be taken in the future.
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Ketley, Zoma Anne. "Stream invertebrates and water temperature : evaluating thermal tolerances in the Cape floristic region (South Africa) - implications of climate change." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8973.
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Includes bibliographical references.Temperature is an important environmental variable for aquatic invertebrates as it affects their development, reproduction and survival. Temperature also affects the abundance and distribution of individuals in a stream or river. Stream temperatures are affected by human impacts which include not only impacts such as pollution, abstraction of water and the removal of riparian vegetation, but also the affects of climate change. In the Western Cape Province, South Africa, it is predicted that air temperatures will increase and winter rainfall will decrease. This in turn will affect water availability and water temperatures in streams and rivers. Thermally sensitive species are threatened by increases in water temperature, but currently very little information exists on the thermal tolerances of aquatic invertebrates in South Africa. In order to rectify this problem baseline data on thermal tolerances of aquatic species needs to be collected, together with stream temperature and associated invertebrate community data. An attempt was made to collect some of these much needed data in the Western Cape Province. Two methods, namely Critical Thermal Maxima (CTM) and LT₅₀ experiments, were used to determine the thermal tolerances for a range of aquatic insect nymph species from the southwest fynbos bioregion and the south coast fynbos bioregion. The results from the experiments provided information on the relative thermal sensitivities of the species. Overall Aphanicerca capensis (form C and undescribed form), Notonemouridae ranked as the most thermally sensitive for both experiments. The A. capensis species complex (and possible other notonemourid stoneflies) may potentially be used as an indicator of changing stream temperatures in the Western Cape Province. To rapidly determine thermal sensitivities the CTM experiments are recommended rather than the more time consuming LT₅₀ experiments as the relative thermal tolerance for the species tested ranked the same for both experiments. It is suggested that LT₅₀ experiments of longer duration be investigated in order to compare the experiments to naturally-occurring thermal stress. Stream temperature and community composition data were collected from Window Gorge Stream, on Table Mountain, to provide baseline data for future monitoring and understanding of potential changes in thermal profiles. Temperature loggers were placed at six sites along the stream. Stream temperatures were fairly low but the stream ran dry during the late summer months (February through to April/May). From the community composition data collected the highest diversity was found during the winter months, as expected. The community composition did change down the length of the stream, with the species composition found near the source being quite different to that of the species composition found lower down the mountain. Temperature and associated oxygen saturation were two important variables related to the community composition down the length of the stream. It is important that experimental data be combined with field data, enabling field sampling to focus on the collection of information on the abundance of the thermally sensitive species (e.g. A. capensis species complex). Recorded stream temperatures also provide reference conditions for the species tested in the laboratory. Climate change is likely to have an affect not only on stream temperatures but also on water availability, which will both influence stream communities and ecosystems and it is important to understand what these potential effects might be.
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Rocha, David Ramos da. "AvaliaÃÃo de estresse tÃrmico em vacas leiteiras mestiÃas (bos taurus x bos indicus) criadas em clima tropical quente Ãmido no estado do cearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4313.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorEste trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a existÃncia de estresse tÃrmico em vacas leiteiras mestiÃas adultas (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) criadas em clima tropical quente Ãmido no municÃpio de Pacatuba-Ce, durante o ano de 2006. Para tal, avaliaram-se os fatores climÃticos de temperatura do ar (TA) e umidade relativa do ar (UR), os quais foram utilizados para cÃlculo do Ãndice de temperatura e umidade (ITU). A intervalos mensais, utilizando-se grupos de 14 a 20 animais lactantes por cada mÃs, foram realizadas mediÃÃes diÃrias (manhà e tarde) da temperatura retal (TR) para cÃlculo dos Ãndices de tolerÃncia ao calor (ITC), quais sejam: o Ãndice de Baccari Jr., IbÃria e Rauschenbach-Yerokhin. CorrelaÃÃes entre variÃveis de ambiente, ITU, ITC e TR foram estimadas atravÃs do mÃtodo de Pearson (p < 0,05). Os resultados mostraram que durante o ano, e tambÃm no perÃodo do dia, os animais estiveram sujeitos a diversas condiÃÃes de ambiente, porÃm, fora das suas respectivas zonas de conforto, principalmente quando se avaliou os valores mÃximos de temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e ITU. Observou-se tambÃm que as variÃveis de ambiente apresentaram cursos diÃrios e anuais inversos, com maiores valores no primeiro semestre e no perÃodo da manhà para a umidade relativa e maiores valores no segundo semestre e no perÃodo da tarde para temperatura do ar. As correlaÃÃes destas variÃveis ambientais com parÃme tros de ITU e temperatura retal mostraram que o ITU foi mais bem correlacionado com a TA (r = 0,84) do que com a UR (r = - 0,53). Os valores de TR apresentaram melhor correlaÃÃo com a TA (r =0,44) do que com a UR (r = - 0,50) e ITU (r = 0,31). Verificou-se ainda a existÃncia de uma fase de transiÃÃo correspondendo à Ãpoca de mudanÃa climÃtica entre os perÃodos chuvoso e seco, que esteve associada à elevaÃÃo dos valores de TR e, consequentemente, reduÃÃo dos valores de ITC. O Ãndice de IbÃria mostrou-se melhor correlacionado (r = - 0,99; p<0,05) com os valores de temperatura retal. Portanto, foi observado que, durante o ano, os animais estavam sujeitos a condiÃÃes ambientais fora da zona de conforto, principalmente em funÃÃo dos valores mÃximos de temperatura ambiente, umidade relativa e Ãndice de temperatura e umidade. A avaliaÃÃo do ITU e ITC poderà se constituir uma ferramenta eficiente para identificaÃÃo da susceptibilidade dos rebanhos ao estresse tÃrmico
A study was conducted to evaluate heat stress tolerance susceptibility in adult crossbred dairy cows (Bos taurus x Bos indicus), raised in tropical humid climate, at the county of Pacatuba, Ceara state. The study was carried out in 2006. We determined air temperature and air humidity to calc ulate the temperature humidity index (THI) and rectal temperature (RT) of all animals were taken monthly in the morning and afternoon to estimate the index of heat tolerance (IHT), according to the methods of Iberia, Baccari Jr. and Rauschenbach-Yerojhin. Number of animals varied from 14 to 20 per month. Correlations among all variables were determined following Pearsonâs method (p < 0.05). Results show that, during the year, animals were subjected to different climates although out of their comfort zone, especially when maximum values of temperature, humidity and THI were measured. Moreover, environment variables showed inverse daily and annual changes. Higher values of humidity were detected in the first semester and in the morning, while higher air temperatures were measured in the second semester and afternoon. THI was more associated with air temperature (r = 0.84) than with humidity (r = - 0.53). Values of RT were better correlated with AT (r = 0.44) then with AH (r = - 0.50) and THI (r = 0.31). Also, there was a transition phase corresponding to the change from rainy to dry seasons, which was associated with an increase in RT and, consequently, decrease in ITH. Among all ITH estimated in the present study, the Iberia index was found to show the highest correlations (r= -0.99; p<0.05) with values of rectal temperature. In conclusion, animals were, along the year, subjected to an environment regarded as out of their comfort zone, especially because of maximum air temperature, air humidity and ITH. Evaluations of ITH and THI could be used as an efficient tool for identification of heat stress tolerance of dairy cows raised in tropical regions
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Madeira, Diana Sofia Gusmão Coito 1988. "Temperature tolerance and potential impacts of climate change on marine and estuarine organisms." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/4668.
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Tese de mestrado. Biologia (Ecologia Marinha)Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2011Este projecto tem como principais objectivos determinar as tolerâncias térmicas superiores e os padrões de expressão das proteínas de choque térmico de várias espécies de estuário e da costa Portuguesa com interesse comercial, com a finalidade de entender os impactos da temperatura e das alterações climáticas sobre a fauna marinha. Este é um aspecto particularmente importante pois sabe-se que a temperatura influencia processos bioquímicos, fisiológicos, comportamentais e ecológicos, determinando assim parâmetros populacionais, distribuição e abundância de espécies, estabilidade da teia trófica e potencialmente a futura capacidade de exploração dos stocks de pesca. A variação espacio-temporal da temperatura medeia os efeitos de todos os factores bióticos e abióticos e determina a diversidade de adaptações dos organismos. As principais questões relativas a alterações climáticas, e que têm sido alvo de grande controvérsia, passam por entender como é que cada espécie reage às elevadas temperaturas, como é que os aspectos ambientais e genéticos influenciam as respostas dos organismos e quais os cenários faunísticos expectáveis tendo em conta a vulnerabilidade/resistência de cada espécie. Como tal, o estudo da tolerância térmica é o primeiro passo para compreender esta vulnerabilidade/resistência das espécies às alterações climáticas. O método escolhido para estudar esta questão foi o Critical Thermal Maximum (CTM), em que os organismos são expostos a um gradiente de temperatura com aumento de 1°C/h até atingirem o seu limite térmico máximo. Este método permitiu ordenar as espécies em termos de vulnerabilidade a temperaturas elevadas. Os resultados mostraram que espécies de diferentes taxa que vivem em habitats semelhantes têm CTMs similares, uma vez que evoluíram em condições abióticas semelhantes e potencialmente desenvolveram adaptações celulares e fisiológicas semelhantes. O CTM é mais elevado para espécies típicas de ambientes quentes, instáveis e muito variáveis e.g. intertidal/supratidal e para espécies migradoras, que têm de conseguir atravessar inúmeras condições de temperatura ao longo dos seus movimentos para garantir o sucesso reprodutivo. Relativamente às espécies de águas mais frias e com distribuição mais a norte, o CTM foi mais baixo. Interespecificamente, o CTM foi mais variável em peixes do que em caranguejos e camarões, possivelmente devido à grande capacidade locomotora dos primeiros, que lhes permite colonizar inúmeros tipos de habitats. Os resultados permitiram ainda concluir que a variabilidade intraespecífica é baixa e que, para espécies com uma larga distribuição, não houve aclimatação ou adaptação local do limite térmico, o que pode indicar pouca plasticidade nas respostas e pouca capacidade de adaptação a novas condições térmicas. De todas as espécies avaliadas, identificaram-se duas potencialmente vulneráveis às alterações climáticas (Diplodus bellottii e D. vulgaris). Um outro objectivo foi avaliar que espécies de peixes, temperadas/subtropicais ou tropicais, é que vivem mais próximas do limite térmico, de forma a compreender quais serão as mais vulneráveis ao aquecimento global. Concluiu-se que não existiam diferenças entre espécies demersais mas que as espécies intertidais temperadas/subtropicais vivem mais próximas do limite térmico uma vez que as temperaturas máximas do habitat podem ultrapassar o seu CTM, enquanto que o CTM das espécies intertidais tropicais é 2-5°C mais elevado do que a temperatura máxima do habitat. Em resumo, nesta primeira parte do trabalho determinaram-se os CTMs de 16 espécies com distribuição temperada/subtropical duma variedade de taxa (peixes, caranguejos e camarões) e avaliaram-se diferenças inter e intraespecíficas. Foi a primeira vez que se fez uma abordagem deste género para espécies marinhas com esta distribuição, visto que a maior parte dos estudos tem sido focado em espécies tropicais. Assim, o presente trabalho fornece resultados facilmente comparáveis com outros estudos, possibilitando uma avaliação da vulnerabilidade das espécies de diferentes latitudes. Na segunda parte do trabalho, a investigação foi direccionada para os mecanismos celulares de defesa contra o stress térmico, com especial foco nas proteínas de choque térmico (HSPs). Tendo em conta que a temperatura afecta os processos bioquímicos e provoca stress proteotóxico através da desnaturação proteica e formação de agregados citotóxicos, estas proteínas (chaperonas) são a componente de defesa que assegura a estabilização de polipéptidos desnaturados e proteínas nascentes. Como tal, o objectivo foi determinar os padrões de expressão da HSP de peso molecular 70 kDa, em várias espécies marinhas de diferentes taxa, ao longo de um gradiente de temperatura e no limite térmico máximo (CTM). Os métodos de análise proteica utilizados foram o ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay), Western Blot e 1D SDS-PAGE (one-dimension sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). Foram identificadas quatro tendências nos perfis de resposta dos organismos: aumento na produção de HSP70 à medida que a temperatura aumenta, seguido de um decréscimo próximo dos limites térmicos (Liza ramada, Diplodus sargus, Pachygrapsus marmoratus, Liocarcinus marmoreus); manutenção dos níveis de HSP70 ao longo de todo o gradiente de temperatura (Diplodus vulgaris, Dicentrarchus labrax, Palaemon longirostris, Palaemon elegans, Carcinus maenas); aumentos e decréscimos na produção de HSP70 ao longo do gradiente de temperatura ( Gobius niger); aumento na produção de HSP70 ao longo de todo o gradiente de temperatura (Crangon crangon). No geral, os padrões identificados são independentes do taxon, CTM e tipo de habitat. No entanto, os resultados apontam para uma relação entre a magnitude da expressão, as condições térmicas do habitat, o CTM e os limiares de indução, uma vez que na maioria dos casos os organismos que habitam locais muito quentes apresentaram maior quantidade de HSP70, limiares de indução mais elevados e maior CTM. Relativamente a espécies de água mais fria, verificou-se que ou a expressão de HSP70 tem uma estreita amplitude no gradiente de temperatura ou que não existe sequer uma produção induzida destas proteínas, indicando que são espécies potencialmente vulneráveis ao aquecimento dos oceanos. Ainda assim, a magnitude da expressão e o tipo de padrão apresentado estão muito relacionados com características específicas. Espécies congenéricas foram comparadas de forma a testar as influências genéticas/filogenéticas e ambientais na produção de HSPs. Os resultados mostraram que no género Diplodus parece existir uma influência ambiental enquanto que no género Palaemon tudo aponta para uma influência genética. Isto indica que poderá haver espécies com respostas mais plásticas e outras com respostas geneticamente determinadas pelo que nestas questões é muito importante considerar não só as condições ambientais mas também os múltiplos factores inerentes à espécie, de forma a compreender as estratégias usadas para lidar com o stress. Verificou-se que existe não só uma variabilidade interespecífica no tipo de resposta mas também uma elevada variabilidade intraespecífica na quantidade de HSP70 produzida. Concluindo, este projecto mostra que as espécies mais vulneráveis às temperaturas elevadas e ao aquecimento glocal são espécies de águas frias e ambientes estáveis, espécies sobre exploradas e espécies intertidais, que vivem próximo dos seus limites térmicos. Há que ter também em conta outros factores nesta vulnerabilidade, tais como a idade da primeira maturação, estratégia de reprodução (semelparidade ou iteroparidade) e capacidade de adaptação dos organismos, que podem determinar se a população tem a capacidade de se manter ou não. O estudo dos mecanismos de resistência à temperatura integra conhecimentos de diversas áreas, pelo foi necessária uma abordagem multidisciplinar para desvendar processos bioquímicos e celulares e avaliar os padrões dentro de um gradiente ecologicamente relevante. Assim, este estudo contribui com informação importante para o conhecimento de processos ecofisiológicos e pode ser relevante para a gestão dos recursos marinhos, o que é um ponto essencial, especialmente para países com uma economia ligada ao mar, como é o caso de Portugal.
This project aimed to determine the thermal tolerances and uncover the Heat Shock Protein 70 patterns of expression in several marine and estuarine species of commercial interest. Once temperature affects biochemical, physiological, behavioral and ecological processes, the purpose of this study was to understand the impacts of temperature and climate changes on marine communities. Firstly, through the method of Critical Thermal Maximum (CTM), the species were ranked in terms of their vulnerability. Results showed that species from different taxa inhabiting in similar thermal conditions have CTM values alike. CTMs are higher for warm/unstable environment and migratory species. Local adaptation was not verified for wide distributed species. Two potentially vulnerable species were identified (Diplodus bellottii and Diplodus vulgaris). Also, results showed that intertidal temperate/subtropical fish are more vulnerable than tropical intertidal fish because they live closer to their CTM. Also, maximum habitat temperatures can surpass their thermal limits. On the other hand this was not observed for tropical intertidal fish. For demersal species no differences were found. Secondly, cellular mechanisms of defense against stress were analyzed, in particular HSP70 production along a temperature gradient and at CTM. Protein analysis was performed through ELISA, Western Blot and SDS-PAGE. Four trends, indepently of taxa, CTM and habitat type, were identified in the response profiles. Results also point towards a correlation between HSP70 amounts, thermal conditions, CTM and thresholds of induction. Cold water species either lack inducible HSP70 or have a narrow range for its induction, potentially making them vulnerable to sea warming. Some congeneric species showed an HSP production influenced by environment while others showed a response influenced by genetic features. Concluding, this work shows that cold/stable water species, over-exploited and intertidal species might be more vulnerable to climate warming. Some species present more plastic responses while others are more genetically determined so environmental and phylogenetic influences may account for the type of response. To address questions on this research area one must focus on a multidisciplinary approach in order to link biochemical mechanisms to ecological patterns within relevant gradients. This investigation contributes to the knowledge of marine ecophysiological processes which is important to countries with a sea-based economy, like Portugal.
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Nedělová, Jana. "Geneticky modifikované rostliny ve vztahu k řešení problematiky globálních klimatických změn." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-337643.
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The theoretical part of the diploma thesis summarizes basic facts related to the global climate change and provides up-to-date knowledge on the issue of genetically modified plants more resistant to stress factors of environment, including specific examples of strategies regarding preparation of genetically modified plants resistant particularly to abiotic stress. Although genetically modified plants and global climate changes belong to very important and current issue which public and foremost young generation should be sufficiently aware of, contemporary biology books and high school framework educational program pay to the issue very little attention. Therefore, the goal of this thesis is not only to summarize the basic facts and current knowledge regarding this issue but mainly to handle the issue in didactic level in the form of activating learning tasks. There were 28 learning tasks created in the thesis that gradually in unconventional way familiarize students with the issue of genetically modified plants and with the impacts of climate changes. Students must actively acquire information from accompanying materials to address the tasks properly, think critically over them, utilizing acquired knowledge and experience from the past to some extent. Fourteen tasks were chosen from the file created which...
Books on the topic "Climate stress tolerance"
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Tuteja, Narendra, and Sarvajeet S. Gill, eds. Climate Change and Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527675265.
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B, Singh K., Saxena Mohan C, and International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas., eds. Breeding for stress tolerance in cool-season food legumes. Chichester: Wiley, 1993.
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Prasad, M. N. V., and Parvaiz Ahmad. Environmental adaptations and stress tolerance of plants in the era of climate change. New York: Springer New York, 2012.
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Ahmad, Parvaiz, and M. N. V. Prasad, eds. Environmental Adaptations and Stress Tolerance of Plants in the Era of Climate Change. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0815-4.
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McDowell, R. E. Dairying with improved breeds in warm climates. Raleigh: Kinnic Publishers, 1994.
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Workshop on Development and Adoption of Stress Tolerant Rice Varieties (2009 Dhaka, Bangladesh). Public and private sector participation in promoting stress tolerant rice varieties. Dhaka: South Asia Enterprise Development Facility, International Finance Corp., 2010.
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Climate Change and Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2013.
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Tuteja, Narendra, and Sarvajeet S. Gill. Climate Change and Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2013.
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Tuteja, Narendra, and Sarvajeet S. Gill. Climate Change and Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2013.
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Tuteja, Narendra, and Sarvajeet S. Gill. Climate Change and Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2013.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Climate stress tolerance"
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Lado, Joanna, Florencia Rey, and Matías Manzi. "Phytohormones and Cold Stress Tolerance." In Plant Hormones and Climate Change, 207–26. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4941-8_9.
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Kaushik, Nutan, and Vikram Kumar. "Endophytic Fungi for Stress Tolerance." In Climate Change and Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance, 1041–52. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527675265.ch39.
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Hasanuzzaman, Mirza, Kamrun Nahar, Sarvajeet Singh Gill, and Masayuki Fujita. "Drought Stress Responses in Plants, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Defense." In Climate Change and Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance, 209–50. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527675265.ch09.
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Heckathorn, Scott A., Anju Giri, Sasmita Mishra, and Deepesh Bista. "Heat Stress and Roots." In Climate Change and Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance, 109–36. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527675265.ch05.
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Hatfield, Jerry L. "Climate Change: Challenges for Future Crop Adjustments." In Climate Change and Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance, 1–26. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527675265.ch01.
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Rao, Nadipynayakanahally Krishnamurthy S., and Ramanna Hunashikatti Laxman. "Phenotyping Horticultural Crops for Abiotic Stress Tolerance." In Climate-Resilient Horticulture: Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies, 147–57. India: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0974-4_14.
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Bukhat, Sherien, Habib-ur-Rehman Athar, Tariq Shah, Hamid Manzoor, Sumaira Rasul, and Fozia Saeed. "Jasmonates: Debatable Role in Temperature Stress Tolerance." In Plant Growth Regulators for Climate-Smart Agriculture, 45–62. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003109013-4.
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Bano, Asghari, and Noshin Ilyas. "Microbes and Agrochemicals to Stress Tolerance." In Climate Change and Management of Cool Season Grain Legume Crops, 307–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3709-1_16.
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Gaur, Pooran M., Aravind K. Jukanti, Srinivasan Samineni, Sushil K. Chaturvedi, Partha S. Basu, Anita Babbar, Veera Jayalakshmi, et al. "Climate Change and Heat Stress Tolerance in Chickpea." In Climate Change and Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance, 837–56. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527675265.ch31.
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Singh, R. B. "Climate Change and Abiotic Stress Management in India." In Climate Change and Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance, 57–78. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527675265.ch03.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Climate stress tolerance"
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Heui-Yung, Chang. "Case Study Analyses of Flaw Growth and Tolerance of Stainless Steel Canisters in Marine Environment." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67301.
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The majority of dry cask storage systems used in the world confine nuclear fuel within austenitic stainless steel canisters. Past experience indicates that stainless steel may become susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in the presence of stress and chloride salts. Recently, a cracking growth rate (CGR) model was developed and applied to evaluate the flaw depth of stainless steel canisters over the timeframe of the storage at independent spent fuel storage installations. This paper presents the results of case study analyses on stainless steel canisters of dry storage systems in the 1st and 2nd nuclear power plants in Taiwan. In detail, the flaw depth was first evaluated using the CGR model, site climate data, and surface temperature at the location of interest on the canister. The critical flaw sizes and depth were then determined from the structural tolerance assessment of canister shells to flaws of varying sizes. It was found that the difference in thermal-hydraulic behaviors of drystorage canisters can cause a great variation in the SCC initiation time. But that may not cause a significant difference in the surface temperature at initial salt deliquesce (ranging from 55 to 60 °C). The CGR at the SCC initiation is greater, and the flaw growth takes a great part. The surface temperature and activation energy get low as the time increases. The total flaw depth therefore may not vary greatly with the SCC initiation time. Overall, the drystorage canisters have shown relatively high structural tolerance to flaw sizes and depths.
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Eynck, Christina. "Camelina breeding and development- a Canadian perspective." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/bsmv8815.
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Climate change is predicted to have a more profound impact on the Canadian Prairies compared to other regions in the world, with higher relative temperatures, longer periods of water stress and increased frequency of droughts. Camelina sativa (camelina) is a promising alternative, climate-resilient oilseed that could become part of a Canadian strategy to battle climate change and its detrimental effects on agriculture. Albeit currently a small crop, camelina has enormous potential for growth: favorable agronomics, like early maturity, frost and drought tolerance, pest and disease resistance, as well as exceptional winter hardiness in true winter types in combination with a unique oil profile render it an excellent feedstock crop not only for biofuel, but also high value feed and food uses. Uses for camelina oil and meal include industrial applications (e.g. biodiesel, lubricants, and polymers) and higher value areas such as cosmetics, Omega-3 supplements for human and companion animal nutrition, and applications in the livestock, poultry and aquaculture feed sectors. As a relatively undeveloped crop, there is significant potential for improvement of both agronomic and seed quality characteristics. This presentation will provide an overview of current camelina breeding and crop development efforts underway at the AAFC Research and Development Center in Saskatoon in collaboration with industry. This includes variety and germplasm development in spring- and winter-type camelina, insights into the genomics of camelina as well as recent developments in the Canadian camelina industry.
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Sora, Dorin, and Mădălina Doltu. "GRAFTED TOMATOES – ECOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVE FOR CHEMICAL DISINFECTION OF SOIL." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/21.
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This study aimed to identification of an ecological alternative for the chemical disinfection of soil in the greenhouses from Romania. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most popular vegetable crops in the world. The carbohydrate, vitamins, salts of important mineral elements and organic acids content of tomato fruits is very important. Tomato crops are very sensitive to climatic vagaries, so fluctuation in climatic parameters at any phase of growth can affect the yield and the fruit quality. Grafting on Solanaceae is a method which has improved and spread quickly during the past years, a similar approach to crop rotation, a practice meant to increase productivity, resistance or tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress factors and at increasing fruit quality. The research was conducted in a glass greenhouse of the Horting Institute, Bucharest, Romania. The biological material used was a Romanian tomato hybrid (Siriana F1), a Dutch tomato hybrid (Abellus F1) and four rootstocks, a Dutch tomato hybrid (Emperador F1) and three Romanian tomato cultivars (L542, L543 and L544) obtained from the Research and Development Station for Vegetable Growing, Buzău, Romania. The rootstocks have had resistance to biotic stress factors (soil diseases and pests) and the chemical disinfection of soil has was eliminated. The result of this research are presented in this paper.
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Trubitsyn, Konstantin, Olga Kalmykova, Svetlana Dykina, Natalia Masloboynikova, and Julia Gorbunova. "Formation of conflict competence of customs officials." In Human resource management within the framework of realisation of national development goals and strategic objectives. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.sfta4521.
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Customs officials must be able to act in terms of non-standard, crisis situations, bear social and ethical responsibility for decisions made, give moral assessment of corruption and other violations of professional ethics; work in a team, be tolerant to social, ethnic, religious and cultural differences; and carry out effective business communication. The authors substantiates the relevance of the process of increasing the level of conflict competence of Customs students (Samara State Technical University), heads and officials of customs authorities. The results of various sociological studies conducted among employees and officials of customs authorities are presented. The authors analyzed the relationship of job satisfaction with subjective factors of the organizational environment (stress of the organizational environment, moral and psychological climate, comfort level of the organizational environment, staff loyalty level, etc.). Methodological recommendations for the formation of conflict competence among customs officials have been offered. The effectiveness of the proposed measures was evaluated using the DEA-method.
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Rebegea, Laura, Camelia Tarlungianu, Rodica Anghel, Dorel Firescu, Nadejda Corobcean, and Laurentia Gales. "BURNOUT RISK EVALUATION IN MEDICAL ONCOLOGY – RADIOTHERAPY PERSONNEL." In The European Conference of Psychiatry and Mental Health "Galatia". Archiv Euromedica, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35630/2022/12/psy.ro.5.
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Europäische Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Home About the Journal Peer Review Editorial Board For Authors Reviewer Recognition Archiv Kontakt Impressum EWG e.V. indexing in the Clarivate Analytics indexing in the Emerging Sources Citation Index Crossref Member Badge Erfolgreich durch internationale Zusammenarbeit PUBLIC HEALTH DOI 10.35630/2022/12/psy.ro.5 Received 14 December 2022; Published 6 January 2023 BURNOUT RISK EVALUATION IN MEDICAL ONCOLOGY – RADIOTHERAPY PERSONNEL Laura Rebegea1,2 orcid id logo, Camelia Tarlungianu1 , Rodica Anghel3 orcid id logo , Dorel Firescu4,5, Nadejda Corobcean1,6, Laurentia Gales3 orcid id logo 1 Department of Medical Oncology - Radiotherapy, „Sf. Ap. Andrei” Emergency Clinical Hospital, Galati, Romania 2 Medical Clinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, „Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Romania 3 „Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy”, Bucharest, Romania 4 IInd Clinic of Surgery, „Sf. Apostol Andrei” Emergency Clinical Hospital, Galati, Romania 5 Surgical Clinical Department, „Dunarea de Jos” University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Galati, Romania 6 „Nicolae Testemitanu”State University of Medicine and Pharmacy. Chisinau, Moldova download article (pdf) laura_rebegea@yahoo.com, tarlungianucamelia@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Introduction: Even if, all studies evidenced that Burnout syndrome affects medical personnel from all medical specialties, the highest prevalence is in surgical, oncological and emergency medical specialties. Scope: Burnout syndrome evaluation in Medical Oncology and Radiotherapy personnel. Method and material: This study has involved 50 persons employee in Medical Oncology and Radiotherapy Department, from all categories: 11 superiors personal (medical doctors, physicists, psychologist), 31 nurses, and 8 auxiliary personnel (stretcher-bearer). The following questionnaires were used: professional exhaustion level questionnaire (with 25 items), questionnaire for attitude and adaptation in stressed and difficulties situations, BRIEF COPE and SES scale. Results: After professional exhaustion level questionnaire for superior personnel, emotional exhaustion prevalence, followed by reduced personal achievement and an accentuated increasing of affecting grade after first year of activity, with a pick around 10 years of activity were revealed. For nurses, share of depersonalization is relative homogenous, in moderate - low limits. The results revealed that 56% of personnel from this study have risk for burnout syndrome developing, without any prevention methods and 12% has already burnout syndrome. Conclusions: In general, this syndrome is under-evaluated and under-diagnosed, and its incidence can be diminishing by using the techniques of stress resistance, psychological counseling, cresting a friendly and tolerant professional climate.
Reports on the topic "Climate stress tolerance"
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Montain, Scott J., Michael N. Sawka, Bruce S. Cadarette, Mark D. Quigley, and James M. McKay. Physiological Tolerance to Uncompensable Heat Stress: Effects of Exercise Intensity, Protective Clothing, and Climate. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada283851.
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Freeman, Stanley, Russell Rodriguez, Adel Al-Abed, Roni Cohen, David Ezra, and Regina Redman. Use of fungal endophytes to increase cucurbit plant performance by conferring abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7613893.bard.
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Major threats to agricultural sustainability in the 21st century are drought, increasing temperatures, soil salinity and soilborne pathogens, all of which are being exacerbated by climate change and pesticide abolition and are burning issues related to agriculture in the Middle East. We have found that Class 2 fungal endophytes adapt native plants to environmental stresses (drought, heat and salt) in a habitat-specific manner, and that these endophytes can confer stress tolerance to genetically distant monocot and eudicot hosts. In the past, we generated a uv non-pathogenic endophytic mutant of Colletotrichum magna (path-1) that colonized cucurbits, induced drought tolerance and enhanced growth, and protected 85% - 100% against disease caused by certain pathogenic fungi. We propose: 1) utilizing path-1 and additional endophtyic microorganisms to be isolated from stress-tolerant local, wild cucurbit watermelon, Citrulluscolocynthis, growing in the Dead Sea and Arava desert areas, 2) generate abiotic and biotic tolerant melon crop plants, colonized by the isolated endophytes, to increase crop yields under extreme environmental conditions such as salinity, heat and drought stress, 3) manage soilborne fungal pathogens affecting curubit crop species growing in the desert areas. This is a unique and novel "systems" approach that has the potential to utilize natural plant adaptation for agricultural development. We envisage that endophyte-colonized melons will eventually be used to overcome damages caused by soilborne diseases and also for cultivation of this crop, under stress conditions, utilizing treated waste water, thus dealing with the limited resource of fresh water.
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Miller, Gad, and Jeffrey F. Harper. Pollen fertility and the role of ROS and Ca signaling in heat stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598150.bard.
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The long-term goal of this research is to understand how pollen cope with stress, and identify genes that can be manipulated in crop plants to improve reproductive success during heat stress. The specific aims were to: 1) Compare heat stress dependent changes in gene expression between wild type pollen, and mutants in which pollen are heat sensitive (cngc16) or heat tolerant (apx2-1). 2) Compare cngc16 and apx2 mutants for differences in heat-stress triggered changes in ROS, cNMP, and Ca²⁺ transients. 3) Expand a mutant screen for pollen with increased or decreased thermo-tolerance. These aims were designed to provide novel and fundamental advances to our understanding of stress tolerance in pollen reproductive development, and enable research aimed at improving crop plants to be more productive under conditions of heat stress. Background: Each year crop yields are severely impacted by a variety of stress conditions, including heat, cold, drought, hypoxia, and salt. Reproductive development in flowering plants is highly sensitive to hot or cold temperatures, with even a single hot day or cold night sometimes being fatal to reproductive success. In many plants, pollen tube development and fertilization is often the weakest link. Current speculation about global climate change is that most agricultural regions will experience more extreme environmental fluctuations. With the human food supply largely dependent on seeds, it is critical that we consider ways to improve stress tolerance during fertilization. The heat stress response (HSR) has been intensively studied in vegetative tissues, but is poorly understood during reproductive development. A general paradigm is that HS is accompanied by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of ROS-scavenging enzymes to protect cells from excess oxidative damage. The activation of the HSR has been linked to cytosolic Ca²⁺ signals, and transcriptional and translational responses, including the increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidative pathways. The focus of the proposed research was on two mutations, which have been discovered in a collaboration between the Harper and Miller labs, that either increase or decrease reproductive stress tolerance in a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana (i.e., cngc16--cyclic nucleotide gated channel 16, apx2-1--ascorbate peroxidase 2,). Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. Using RNA-seq technology, the expression profiles of cngc16 and apx2 pollen grains were independently compared to wild type under favourable conditions and following HS. In comparison to a wild type HSR, there were 2,776 differences in the transcriptome response in cngc16 pollen, consistent with a model in which this heat-sensitive mutant fails to enact or maintain a normal wild-type HSR. In a comparison with apx2 pollen, there were 900 differences in the HSR. Some portion of these 900 differences might contribute to an improved HSR in apx2 pollen. Twenty-seven and 42 transcription factor changes, in cngc16 and apx2-1, respectively, were identified that could provide unique contributions to a pollen HSR. While we found that the functional HS-dependent reprogramming of the pollen transcriptome requires specific activity of CNGC16, we identified in apx2 specific activation of flavonol-biosynthesis pathway and auxin signalling that support a role in pollen thermotolerance. Results from this study have identified metabolic pathways and candidate genes of potential use in improving HS tolerance in pollen. Additionally, we developed new FACS-based methodology that can quantify the stress response for individual pollen in a high-throughput fashion. This technology is being adapted for biological screening of crop plant’s pollen to identify novel thermotolerance traits. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. This study has provided a reference data on the pollen HSR from a model plant, and supports a model that the HSR in pollen has many differences compared to vegetative cells. This provides an important foundation for understanding and improving the pollen HSR, and therefor contributes to the long-term goal of improving productivity in crop plants subjected to temperature stress conditions. A specific hypothesis that has emerged from this study is that pollen thermotolerance can be improved by increasing flavonol accumulation before or during a stress response. Efforts to test this hypothesis have been initiated, and if successful have the potential for application with major seed crops such as maize and rice.
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Veilleux, Richard, and David Levy. Potato Germplasm Development for Warm Climates. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7561057.bard.
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Complex potato hybrids derived from crosses between cv. Atlantic and 11 clones of three genomic compositions, all with an unadapted component from previously identified heat tolerant accessions, were evaluated in the field in Israel and Virginia and in controlled environments in Israel. Heat tolerance was exhibited in the field by the ability of many of these hybrids to tuberize under severe heat stress when cv. Atlantic did not tuberize at all. The complex hybrids also exhibited fewer internal defects (heat necrosis, hollow heart) than Atlantic. Studies to determine if heat stress applied during anther culture or to pollen samples prior to pollination could affect gametic selection towards more heat tolerant progenies were also undertaken. There was some evidence of greater heat tolerance (longer survival under heat stress) in the anther-derived population that had been regenerated under heat stress. The seedlings resulting from crosses with heat-treated pollen also exhibited greater haulm growth under heat stress compared with controls. However, the poor adaption of the germplasm prevented a firm conclusion about gametic selection. The introduction of exotic germplasm into cultivated potato has considerable potential to adapt potato to nontraditional growing seasons and climates. However, such hybrids will require continued selection and evaluation to retain the traits required for commercial production.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Modulation of the Redox Climate and Phosphatase Signaling in a Necrotroph: an Axis for Inter- and Intra-cellular Communication that Regulates Development and Pathogenicity. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697112.bard.
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The long-term goals of our research are to understand the regulation of sclerotial development and pathogenicity in S. sclerotiorum. The focus in this project is on the elucidation of the signaling events and environmental cues that contribute to broad pathogenic success of S. sclerotiorum. In this proposal, we have taken advantage of the recent conceptual (ROS/PPs signaling) and technical (genome sequence availability and gene inactivation possibilities) developments to address the following questions, as appear in our research goals stated below, specifically concerning the involvement of REDOX signaling and protein dephosphorylation in the regulation of hyphal/sclerotial development and pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum. Our stated specific objectives were to progress our understanding of the following questions: (i) Which ROS species affect S. sclerotiorum development and pathogenicity? (ii) In what manner do PPs affect S. sclerotiorum development and pathogenicity? (iii) Are PPs affected by ROS production and does PP activity affect ROS production and SMK1? (iv) How does Sclerotinia modulate the redox environment in both host and pathogen? While addressing these questions, our main findings include the identification and characterization the NADPH oxidase (NOX) family in S. sclerotiorum. Silencing of Ssnox1 indicated a central role for this enzyme in both virulence and pathogenic (sclerotial) development, while inactivation of Ssnox2 resulted in limited sclerotial development but remained fully pathogenic. Interestingly, we found a consistent correlation with Ssnox1(involved with pathogenicity) and oxalate levels. This same observation was also noted with Sssod1. Thus, fungal enzymes involved in oxidative stress tolerance,when inactivated, also exhibit reduced OA levels. We have also shown that protein phosphatases (specifically PP2A and PTP1) are involved in morphogenesis and pathogenesis of S. sclerotiorum, demonstrating the regulatory role of these key proteins in the mentioned processes. While probing the redox environment and host-pathogen interactions we determined that oxalic acid is an elicitor of plant programmed cell death during S. sclerotiorum disease development and that oxalic acid suppresses host defense via manipulation of the host redox environment. During the course of this project we also contributed to the progress of understanding S. sclerotiorum function and the manipulation of this fungus by establishing an efficient gene replacement and direct hyphal transformation protocols in S. sclerotiorum. Lastly, both PIs were involved in thegenomic analysis of this necrotrophic fungal pathogen (along with Botrytis cinerea). Our results have been published in 11 papers (including joint papers and refereed reviews) and have set the basis for a continuum towards a better understanding and eventual control of this important pathogen (with implications to other fungal-host systems as well).
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Cecchi, Francesco, Joseph Chegeh, Samson Dejene Aredo, Benjamin Kivuva, Berber Kramer, Lilian Waithaka, and Carol Waweru. Climate-smart crop insurance to promote adoption of stress-tolerant seeds: Midterm findings from a cluster randomized trial. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134938.
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Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion, and Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.
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Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.
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Brandt, Leslie A., Cait Rottler, Wendy S. Gordon, Stacey L. Clark, Lisa O'Donnell, April Rose, Annamarie Rutledge, and Emily King. Vulnerability of Austin’s urban forest and natural areas: A report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Forests Climate Hub, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7204069.ch.
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The trees, developed green spaces, and natural areas within the City of Austin’s 400,882 acres will face direct and indirect impacts from a changing climate over the 21st century. This assessment evaluates the vulnerability of urban trees and natural and developed landscapes within the City Austin to a range of future climates. We synthesized and summarized information on the contemporary landscape, provided information on past climate trends, and illustrated a range of projected future climates. We used this information to inform models of habitat suitability for trees native to the area. Projected shifts in plant hardiness and heat zones were used to understand how less common native species, nonnative species, and cultivars may tolerate future conditions. We also assessed the adaptability of planted and naturally occurring trees to stressors that may not be accounted for in habitat suitability models such as drought, flooding, wind damage, and air pollution. The summary of the contemporary landscape identifies major stressors currently threatening trees and forests in Austin. Major current threats to the region’s urban forest include invasive species, pests and disease, and development. Austin has been warming at a rate of about 0.4°F per decade since measurements began in 1938 and temperature is expected to increase by 5 to 10°F by the end of this century compared to the most recent 30-year average. Both increases in heavy rain events and severe droughts are projected for the future, and the overall balance of precipitation and temperature may shift Austin’s climate to be more similar to the arid Southwest. Species distribution modeling of native trees suggests that suitable habitat may decrease for 14 primarily northern species, and increase for four more southern species. An analysis of tree species vulnerability that combines model projections, shifts in hardiness and heat zones, and adaptive capacity showed that only 3% of the trees estimated to be present in Austin based on the most recent Urban FIA estimate were considered to have low vulnerability in developed areas. Using a panel of local experts, we also assessed the vulnerability of developed and natural areas. All areas were rated as having moderate to moderate-high vulnerability, but the underlying factors driving that vulnerability differed by natural community and between East and West Austin. These projected changes in climate and their associated impacts and vulnerabilities will have important implications for urban forest management, including the planting and maintenance of street and park trees, management of natural areas, and long-term planning.