Academic literature on the topic 'Climate stress testing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Climate stress testing"
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Weber, Olaf. "Climate stress testing in the financial industry." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 66 (February 2024): 101401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2023.101401.
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Sever, Can, and Manuel Perez-Archila. "Climate-Related Stress Testing: Transition Risk in Colombia." IMF Working Papers 2021, no. 261 (November 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513599205.001.
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Rogge, Ebbe. "Climate Change Stress Testing for the Banking System." European Company and Financial Law Review 20, no. 4 (November 30, 2023): 717–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ecfr-2023-0026.
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717It is apparent that climate change is creating financial risks. These risks are of such a nature that they can be regarded as systemic: they are exogenous shocks which may simultaneously cause or contribute to the failure of multiple significant financial institutions. As a result, regulatory tools available to monitor and manage systemic risk have recently been deployed in the context of climate change risks. Such tools include stress testing and scenario analysis. This article examines international initiatives, such as those of the Network for Greening the Financial System, as well as specific central bank initiatives including those by the Bank of England. After some initial observations around climate data, stress test design, and central banks’ mandate, this paper continues to discuss further possible inclusion in the prudential regulatory framework. In particular, the question is raised if capital requirements should be adjusted and if changes should be made to the risk management and governance framework. This paper argues in favour of the latter, but is more cautious as regards the former.
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Ebi, Kristie, Peter Berry, Katie Hayes, Christopher Boyer, Samuel Sellers, Paddy Enright, and Jeremy Hess. "Stress Testing the Capacity of Health Systems to Manage Climate Change-Related Shocks and Stresses." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (October 26, 2018): 2370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112370.
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Vulnerability and adaptation assessments can provide valuable input to foster climate-resilient health systems. However, these assessments often do not explore the potential health risks of climate change far outside the range of recent experience with extreme weather events and other climate-related hazards. Climate and health stress tests are designed to increase the capacity of health systems and related sectors to manage potentially disruptive climate-related shocks and stresses. Stress tests focus on hypothetical scenarios, during which it would be difficult for the health system to maintain its essential function of providing services to protect population health. The stress test explores approaches to effectively manage acute and chronic climate-related events and conditions that could directly impact health systems, and climate-related events in non-health sectors that can indirectly impact health outcomes and/or health system function. We provide detailed methods and guidance for conducting climate and health stress tests, centering on three primary activities: (1) preparing and scoping the stress test; (2) successfully conducting the stress test; and (3) communicating the results to key stakeholders to facilitate policy and programmatic reforms.
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Fowler, Keirnan, Natasha Ballis, Avril Horne, Andrew John, Rory Nathan, and Murray Peel. "Integrated framework for rapid climate stress testing on a monthly timestep." Environmental Modelling & Software 150 (April 2022): 105339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2022.105339.
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Stoelzle, Michael, Maria Staudinger, Kerstin Stahl, and Markus Weiler. "Stress testing as complement to climate scenarios: recharge scenarios to quantify streamflow drought sensitivity." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 383 (September 16, 2020): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-383-43-2020.
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Abstract. Precipitation deficits and temperature anomalies are often the main cause for low flows and summer streamflow droughts. However, where groundwater is the main contribution to sustain water availability and ecological integrity during dry spells, the role of recharge and catchment storage is crucial to understand streamflow drought sensitivity. Here we introduce recharge stress tests as complement to climate scenarios to characterize and quantify the streamflow drought sensitivities of catchments. The stress tests are presented by applying them to six headwater catchments in Switzerland with various catchment and streamflow characteristics. The stress tests drive the bucket-type hydrological model HBV in a framework, in which pre-drought recharge conditions can be decreased to test how catchments respond to and recover from drought. We identified an upper limit of stress test durations around 12 months as indicator of maximum recharge- and storage-memory for the study catchments. Varying response on stress testing across the catchments suggests different storage properties and thus different recovery times from drought. From the stress test simulations, we found up to 200 d longer summer streamflow droughts with additional streamflow deficits which account for up to 40 d of median flow. Using a worst-case pre-drought recharge in stress test simulation leads to minimum flow reductions of 50 %–80 % compared with the reference simulation. Based on the results we conclude with recommendations for further stress test research in drought hydrology.
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Plodinec, M. John. "Stress Testing to Assess Recovery from Extreme Events." Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 18, no. 2 (March 11, 2021): 151–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2020-0012.
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Abstract Over the last decade, communities have become increasingly aware of the risks they face. They are threatened by natural disasters, which may be exacerbated by climate change and the movement of land masses. Growing globalization has made a pandemic due to the rapid spread of highly infectious diseases ever more likely. Societal discord breeds its own threats, not the least of which is the spread of radical ideologies giving rise to terrorism. The accelerating rate of technological change has bred its own social and economic risks. This widening spectrum of risk poses a difficult question to every community – how resilient will the community be to the extreme events it faces. In this paper, we present a new approach to answering that question. It is based on the stress testing of financial institutions required by regulators in the United States and elsewhere. It generalizes stress testing by expanding the concept of “capital” beyond finance to include the other “capitals” (e.g., human, social) possessed by a community. Through use of this approach, communities can determine which investments of its capitals are most likely to improve its resilience. We provide an example of using the approach, and discuss its potential benefits.
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Kusmarini, Sonia Dwi, and Rifdah Abadiyah. "PERAN STRES KERJA DALAM MEMEDIASI PENGARUH IKLIM ORGANISASI, BEBAN KERJA TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA PERAWAT PADA RSU JASEM SIDOARJO." Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 1, no. 3 (August 2, 2022): 348–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jimak.v1i3.485.
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This study aims to determine the role of work stress in mediating the influence of organizational climate, workload on job satisfaction of nurses at Jasem Sidoarjo General Hospital. This research was conducted on nurses at the Jasem Sidoarjo General Hospital. totaling 53 nurses using a census sampling technique and was classified as a quantitative research type. The data analysis techniques in this research are data quality test, descriptive statistical analysis, classical assumption test, and hypothesis testing (F test, T test, coefficient of multiple determination (R2) and path analysis) with the help of statistical software IBM SPSS 22. The results of this study prove that organizational climate and workload have a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, organizational climate and workload have a positive and significant effect on work stress, work stress has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction. So that the intervening variable, namely work stress, does not mediate organizational climate and workload on job satisfaction.
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Jaelani, Dede, and Rika Desiani. "The Effect of Work Stress Job Satisfaction and Organizational Climate on Turnover Intention (Survey on Employees of PT. Allied Industrial Indonesia)." Portofolio: Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis, Manajemen, dan Akuntansi 17, no. 1 (January 29, 2022): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/portofolio.v17i1.193.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the description of Job Stress, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Climate and Turnover Intention at PT. Allied Industrial Indonesia, to find out how the Effect of Job Stress, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Climate on Turnover Intention of PT. Allied Industrial Indonesia simultaneously, to determine the Effect of Job Stress on Turnover Intention of PT. Allied Industrial Indonesia, to determine the Effect of Job Satisfaction on Turnover Intention of PT. Allied Industrial Indonesia, to determine the Influence of Organizational Climate on Turnover Intention of PT. Allied Industrial Indonesia. The results of the discussion show that the statistical hypothesis testing results indicate that overall, there is a significant influence between Job Stress, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Climate on Turnover Intention. Individual test results also show that the variables of Job Stress and Organizational Climate have a significant effect on Turnover Intention, while the Job Satisfaction variable has no significant effect.
The conclusion of this study is that there is a positive and significant effect of Job Stress on Turnover Intention at PT. Allied Industrial Indonesia, meaning that the higher the Work Stress, the higher the Turnover Intention. There is a negative and insignificant effect of Job Satisfaction on Turnover Intention, meaning that the higher the Job Satisfaction, the lower the Turnover Intention. There is a negative and significant influence of Organizational Climate on Turnover Intention, meaning that the better the Organizational Climate, the lower the Turnover Intention.
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Breeden, Joseph L. "Impacts of Drought on Loan Repayment." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16020085.
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In order to stress test loan portfolios for the impacts of climate change, historical events need to be analyzed to create templates to stress test for future events. Using the 2012 Midwestern US drought as an example, this work creates a stress-testing template for future droughts. The analysis connects weather and crop yield data to impacts on local macroeconomic conditions by comparing drought-impacted agricultural counties with nearby urban counties. After measuring the net macroeconomic impacts of the drought, this was used as an overlay with existing macroeconomic stress models to stress test a lender in a different part of the US for possible drought impacts. Having a library of such climate events would allow lenders to stress test their portfolios for a wide range of possible impacts.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Climate stress testing"
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Mahmood, Maysaa H. "Development and Testing of the Workplace Climate Questionnaire." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193924.
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The goal of this research was to develop and test a self-completed questionnaire for use in the routine assessment of work-related stress in a high-technology industrial organization. The initial phase of the study involved reviewing the existing literature to identify items and scales developed to assess workplace stress and strain. The initial item pool contained 92 items divided into 11 domains. Through a process of content validation using focus group discussions, the item pool was reduced to a 38-item questionnaire covering eight domains: demands, control, support, role, relationships, rewards, change, and communications. These 38 items, along with other items included to enable psychometric testing, were converted to a web-based questionnaire. The entire workforce of the organization was invited to complete this questionnaire as part of the pilot study phase.Data from the pilot study were used to test scaling assumptions, evaluate the factor structure, estimate internal consistency reliability, and examine criterion and construct validity of the 38-item Workplace Climate Questionnaire. The distribution of responses to questionnaire items tended to be skewed, with more respondents scoring among the more positive categories. With the exception of the role and relationships scales, no substantial floor and ceiling effects were seen for all the other scales. Each of the 38-item Workplace Climate Questionnaire scales exhibited satisfactory internal-consistency reliability estimates. Items within the demands, control, support, and role scales loaded on the hypothesized scales, while items within the relationships, change, and rewards failed to load on the hypothesized scales.The pilot study provided support for criterion validity of the 38-item Workplace Climate Questionnaire. As hypothesized, individual scales in the questionnaire correlated positively with similar constructs in existing occupational stress instruments. The pilot study also provided support for construct validity of the questionnaire. The demands, control, support, relationships, rewards, and change scales predicted the risk of poor self-reported mental health.Revisions to the 38-item questionnaire resulted in the 22-item Workplace Climate Questionnaire covering the following six domains: demands, control, role, rewards, support, and relationships. The 22-item questionnaire reduces respondent burden and retains satisfactory psychometric properties in terms of factor structure, reliability, criterion validity, and construct validity.
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Johnston-Fisher, Jessica. "Testing a Multi-Level Mediation Model of Workgroup Incivility: The Role of Civility Climate and Group Norms for Civility." TopSCHOLAR®, 2014. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1332.
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The purpose of this study was to test a multi-level mediation model of incivility. Specifically, it was proposed that predictors of workplace incivility at the individual, group, and organizational level would be related to each other and negative individual outcomes. It was also proposed that the relationship between these predictors and outcomes would be mediated by workplace incivility victimization. Two hundred twenty eight participants completed an online survey through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Results indicated that variables at all three levels (i.e., civility climate, group norms for civility, and individual characteristics) were related to one another and predictive of negative individual outcomes. Results also indicated preliminary support for the mediating role of workplace incivility experiences in these relationships and the overall model. Workplace incivility significantly moderated all of the relationships between predictor and criterion variables. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed, and several directions for future research on workplace incivility are explored.
Books on the topic "Climate stress testing"
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Grippa, Pierpaolo, and Samuel Mann. Climate-Related Stress Testing: Transition Risks in Norway. International Monetary Fund, 2020.
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Grippa, Pierpaolo, and Samuel Mann. Climate-Related Stress Testing: Transition Risks in Norway. International Monetary Fund, 2020.
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Grippa, Pierpaolo, and Samuel Mann. Climate-Related Stress Testing: Transition Risks in Norway. International Monetary Fund, 2020.
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Sever, Can, and Manuel Perez-Archila. Climate-Related Stress Testing: Transition Risk in Colombia. International Monetary Fund, 2021.
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Mora, Camilo Tovar, Wu Yiqun, and Tianxiao Zheng. Stress Testing the Global Economy to Climate Change-Related Shocks in Large and Interconnected Economies. International Monetary Fund, 2022.
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Mora, Camilo Tovar, Wu Yiqun, and Tianxiao Zheng. Stress Testing the Global Economy to Climate Change-Related Shocks in Large and Interconnected Economies. International Monetary Fund, 2022.
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Whitehouse, Harvey. The Ritual Animal. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199646364.001.0001.
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The ritual animal longs to belong. Rituals are a way of defining the boundaries of social groups and binding their members together. The ritual modes theory set out in this book seeks to unravel the psychology behind these processes, and to explain how ritual behaviour evolved, including how different modes of ritual performance have shaped global history over many millennia. Testing the theory has meant designing experiments run with children in psychology labs and on remote Pacific islands, gathering survey data with armed insurgents in the Middle East and Muslim fundamentalists in Indonesia, monitoring heart rate and stress among football fans in Brazil, and measuring changes in the brain as people observe traditional Chinese rituals in Singapore. The results of all this research point to new ways of addressing cooperation problems: from preventing violent extremism to motivating action on the climate crisis. Although this book is about the role of ritual in the evolution of social complexity, more broadly it models a new approach to the science of the social—an approach that is driven by real-world observation but grounded in the cognitive and evolutionary sciences. More ambitiously still, it shows how cumulative theory building can be used to deliver practical benefits for society at large, perhaps even addressing problems on a global scale by harnessing the formidable cohesive and cooperative capacities of the ritual animal.
Book chapters on the topic "Climate stress testing"
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Wilby, Robert L. "Stress-Testing Adaptation Options." In Springer Climate, 41–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86211-4_6.
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AbstractThis technical contribution discusses ways of testing the performance of adaptation projects despite uncertainty about climate change. Robust decision making frameworks are recommended for evaluating project performance under a range of credible scenarios. Stress-testing options help to establish conditions under which there may be trade-offs between or even failure of project deliverables. Stress-tests may be undertaken for specified portfolios of management options, using models of the system being managed (including inputs and drivers of change), and then assessed against decision-relevant performance indicators with agreed options appraisal criteria. Field experiments and model simulations can be designed to test costs and benefits of adaptation measures. Simple rules may help to operationalize the findings of trials—such as ‘plant 1 km of trees along a headwater stream to cool summer water temperatures by 1 °C’. However, insights gained from field-based adaptation stress-testing are limited by the conditions experienced during the observation period. These may not be severe enough to represent extreme weather in the future. Model simulations overcome this constraint by applying credible climate changes within the virtual worlds of system models. Nonetheless, care must be taken to select meaningful change metrics and to represent plausible changes in boundary conditions for climate and non-climate pressures. All stress-testing should be accompanied by monitoring, evaluation and learning to benchmark benefits and confirm that expected outcomes are achieved.
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Pantos, Stavros. "Stress Testing the Climate: SDG Scenarios for Financial Services in Europe." In SDGs in the European Region, 963–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17461-2_16.
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Pantos, Stavros. "Stress Testing the Climate: SDG Scenarios for Financial Services in Europe." In SDGs in the European Region, 1–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91261-1_16-1.
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Pretzsch, H., T. Hilmers, E. Uhl, M. del Río, A. Avdagić, K. Bielak, A. Bončina, et al. "Efficacy of Trans-geographic Observational Network Design for Revelation of Growth Pattern in Mountain Forests Across Europe." In Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions, 141–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80767-2_5.
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AbstractUnderstanding tree and stand growth dynamics in the frame of climate change calls for large-scale analyses. For analysing growth patterns in mountain forests across Europe, the CLIMO consortium compiled a network of observational plots across European mountain regions. Here, we describe the design and efficacy of this network of plots in monospecific European beech and mixed-species stands of Norway spruce, European beech, and silver fir.First, we sketch the state of the art of existing monitoring and observational approaches for assessing the growth of mountain forests. Second, we introduce the design, measurement protocols, as well as site and stand characteristics, and we stress the innovation of the newly compiled network. Third, we give an overview of the growth and yield data at stand and tree level, sketch the growth characteristics along elevation gradients, and introduce the methods of statistical evaluation. Fourth, we report additional measurements of soil, genetic resources, and climate smartness indicators and criteria, which were available for statistical evaluation and testing hypotheses. Fifth, we present the ESFONET (European Smart Forest Network) approach of data and knowledge dissemination. The discussion is focussed on the novelty and relevance of the database, its potential for monitoring, understanding and management of mountain forests toward climate smartness, and the requirements for future assessments and inventories.In this chapter, we describe the design and efficacy of this network of plots in monospecific European beech and mixed-species stands of Norway spruce, European beech, and silver fir. We present how to acquire and evaluate data from individual trees and the whole stand to quantify and understand the growth of mountain forests in Europe under climate change. It will provide concepts, models, and practical hints for analogous trans-geographic projects that may be based on the existing and newly recorded data on forests.
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Jackson, Rowan, Jette Arneborg, Andrew Dugmore, Ramona Harrison, Steven Hartman, Christian Madsen, Astrid Ogilvie, Ian Simpson, Konrad Smiarowski, and Thomas H. McGovern. "Success and Failure in the Norse North Atlantic: Origins, Pathway Divergence, Extinction and Survival." In Perspectives on Public Policy in Societal-Environmental Crises, 247–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94137-6_17.
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AbstractIn this chapter, we examine the iconic disappearance of the Medieval Norse Greenlanders and use qualitative scenarios and counterfactual analysis to produce lessons for policymakers. We stress the role that archaeologists and historians have in adding context to contemporary social and environmental challenges and use human-environmental histories as ‘natural experiments’ with which to test scenarios. Rather than drawing direct analogies with discrete historical case studies such as Norse Greenland, such cases form complete experiments with which to ask ‘what if’ questions and learn from a range of real (retrofactual) and alternative (counterfactual) scenarios. By testing a range of scenarios associated with climate impacts and adaptive strategies, evidence from the past might be used to learn from unanticipated changes and build a better understanding of theory and concepts, including adaptation and vulnerability, and their application to the present. The Norse Greenland case study illustrates an important lesson for climate change adaptation scenarios; even a highly adaptive society can, over the course of several centuries, reach limits to adaptation when exposed to unanticipated social and environmental change.
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Gholami, Mansoureh, Daniele Torreggiani, Alberto Barbaresi, and Patrizia Tassinari. "Smart Green Planning for Urban Environments: The City Digital Twin of Imola." In Smart Cities, 133–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35664-3_10.
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AbstractUrban green spaces are significant in adjusting the urban microclimate. Street trees are the most influential type of urban vegetation in reducing heat stress. However, simulating trees’ 3D models, wind flow, surface temperature, and radiation parameters in complex urban settings and producing high-resolution microclimate maps is often time-consuming and requires extensive computing processes. Therefore, efficient approaches are needed to visualize green scenarios for the future development of the cities. Smart green planning of Imola aims at developing a microclimate digital twin for the city that provides complementary and supportive roles in the collection and processing of micrometeorological data, automates microclimate modeling, and represents climatic interactions virtually. This chapter sets out to explore the smart green planning of Imola in two parts. The first part is focused on the potential and intentions of developing the urban microclimate digital twin for the city of Imola and its conceptual framework. The second part aims at testing and evaluating the applicability of the proposed microclimate digital twin by implementing it in the city of Imola. This digital twin can provide urban planners and policymakers with a precise and useful methodology for real-time simulation of the cooling effects of the trees and other green systems on urban-scale, pedestrian-level thermal comfort, and also a guarantee for the functionality of policies in different urban settings.
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Crespo-Herrera, Leonardo A., José Crossa, Mateo Vargas, and Hans-Joachim Braun. "Defining Target Wheat Breeding Environments." In Wheat Improvement, 31–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_3.
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AbstractThe main objective of a plant breeding program is to deliver superior germplasm for farmers in a defined set of environments, or a target population of environments (TPE). Historically, CIMMYT has characterized the environments in which the developed germplasm will be grown. The main factors that determine when and where a wheat variety can be grown are flowering time, water availability and the incidence of pests and diseases. A TPE consists of many (population) environments and future years or seasons, that share common variation in the farmers’ fields, it can also be seen as a variable group of future production environments. TPEs can be characterized by climatic, soil and hydrological features, as well as socioeconomic aspects. Whereas the selection environments (SE) are the environments where the breeder does the selection of the lines. The SE are identified for predicting the performance in the TPE, but the SE may not belong to the TPE. The utilization of advanced statistical methods allows the identification of GEI to obtain higher precision when estimating the genetic effects. Multi-environmental testing (MET) is a fundamental strategy for CIMMYT to develop stable high grain yielding germplasm in countries with developing economies. An adequate MET strategy allows the evaluation of germplasm in stress hotspots and the identification of representative and correlated sites; thus, breeders can make better and targeted decisions in terms of crossing, selection and logistic operations.
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"Chapter 13 Scenario Analysis and Stress Testing." In Climate Change Risk Management in Banks, 150–75. De Gruyter, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110757958-016.
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"Weathering the 21st Century: How UNCLOS Contributes to Responses to Climate-Related Disaster Events." In Stress Testing the Law of the Sea, 267–86. Brill | Nijhoff, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004352926_012.
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Jamaladdeen, Rawaa, Bruno Coudour, Fabienne Dédaldéchamp, Laurent Lemée, Jean-Pierre Garo, and Hui-Ying Wang. "Influence of combined hydric and thermal stresses on Rosmarinus officinalis and Cistus albidus." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 1665–70. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_255.
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Wildfires are a growing threat, especially in Mediterranean climate areas during periods of drought. Wildfire research community continues to investigate propagation mechanisms on a large scale considering the thermal and fluid mechanics effects, or the main fire emissions (CO, CO2, H2O, H2, CH4). However, research on the effect of abiotic stresses on the plant emission during wildfires remains lacking, despite the fact that Mediterranean are considered important BVOC emitting and storing species. This article addresses the effect of combined hydric and thermal stresses on the volatile’s emission behaviours of two important Mediterranean shrub species; Rosmarinus officinalis and Cistus albidus that are largely consumed in wildfires. Different levels of hydric stress were applied on plants of the two species in a greenhouse of the EBI laboratories of the University of Poitiers. Thermal stress was executed by placing the water stressed plants inside a hermetic enclosure equipped with a radiant panel of maximal radiant heat flux of 84kW.m-2 and a fire-resistant glazed window for visualisation. The gaseous emissions of the plants under thermal stresses were collected and analysed by two complementary devices: an instantaneous gas analyser for CO, CO2, H2 and CH4, and adsorbent tubes by using the techniques of adsorption and desorption (by pyrolysis) for emission collection and analyses, respectively. Simultaneous Py/GC-MS experiments were realised at IC2MP on a foliar scale of the water stressed plants in order to gain more control and precision in emission analyses. The heating tests showed a good reproducibility for pyrolyses of leaf samples and interesting variations between the monoterpene emissions of stressed and unstressed plants. At plant scale, number of tests for each plant species at a given hydric stress level were insufficient to give trends and strong results because of some imposed technical problems and the constraints of public health crisis. However, these tests allowed us to adapt experimental protocols and devices for further testing such as: plant location and fixation, heat flux ramp, sampling location, use of adsorbent tubes, hydric stress duration and normalisation of measured concentrations according to the plant size.
Conference papers on the topic "Climate stress testing"
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Lall, Pradeep, Vishal Mehta, Jeff Suhling, and Ken Blecker. "Mechanical Properties of Doped Solder SAC-Q for High Strain Rate Testing at Extreme Surrounding Temperatures for 6 Months of Isothermal Aging." In ASME 2021 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2021-74067.
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Abstract Electronic parts may often get exposed to high strains during shocks, vibrations and drop conditions in both commercial and defense applications. In addition, such electronic parts can often be simultaneously exposed to extreme surrounding temperatures between −65°C and 200°C after storage in non-climate-controlled conditions. Electronic equipment can be subjected to strain rates of 1 to 100 per second in shock and vibration. Many of the doped SAC soldering alloys in the electronic components, including SAC-Q, SAC-R, Innolot have found applications in long-term thermal exposure environments. Low temperature high strain-rate properties are needed to assure durability under high temperature storage followed by shock and vibration. There is scarcity of high strain-rate data on alloys exposed to high temperature aging operating at extreme low-temperatures and extremely-high temperatures. For this study, SAC-Q material was tested and analyzed at temperatures from −65°C to 200°C and at a strain rates of from 10 to 75 per second. Following the production and retrieval of the specimens, specimens were stored for isothermal aging for up to 6 months at 100°C temperature, before performing tensile test experiments at various operating temperatures. Stress vs strain curves are formed for the wide range of strain rates and surrounding temperatures. In addition, test results and data were complemented by the Anand viscoplasticity model and by calculating stress-strain behavior, evaluated in a wide range of working temperatures and strains rates.
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Mäkelä, Petri. "Effect of Drying Conditions on the Tensile Properties of Paper." In Advances in Pulp and Paper Research, Oxford 2009, edited by S. J. I’Anson. Fundamental Research Committee (FRC), Manchester, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/frc.2009.2.1079.
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Results in the literature disagree regarding the effect of drying temperature, final drying time, and drying constraint history, respectively, on the in-plane tensile properties of paper materials. Furthermore, it is debated whether the in-plane tensile properties are controlled by the final drying stress or by the total strain during drying. In this work, the drying mechanics of a pilot machine-made paper grade was studied. Wet paper sheets were collected after the wet press section. The sheets were dried in a laboratory dryer using different drying constraints. The supplied heating power, the ambient climate, and the ventilation of the paper sheets were controlled during the drying trials, which made it possible to independently alter the drying temperature and the final drying time. The dried sheets were conditioned in 23°C and 50% RH before tensile testing. The results showed that the tensile stiffness, tensile strength, strain at break, and tensile energy absorption of the dried sheets, respectively, were linearly related to the total strain during drying of the sheets. These linear relations were shown to be unaffected by drying temperature, final drying time, and drying constraint history. On the other hand, the corresponding relations between the in-plane tensile properties and final drying stress were found to be both non-linear and greatly dependent on the drying constraint history.
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Grilli, Vittoria, Sara Spadoni, Francesco Canestrari, and Andrea Graziani. "Influence of specimen geometry on the complex modulus of cold recycled material mixtures." In 7th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2022.1450.
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Cold recycling of bituminous pavements is becoming increasingly important because it leads to the reduction of costs of pavement maintenance and to lower pollutant emissions with respect to hot recycling. The stiffness characterization of cold recycled material (CRM) mixtures is essential to predict the stress-strain behaviour of the pavement structure. The present paper describes a laboratory experiment for evaluating the effects of specimen geometry on the complex modulus of CRM mixtures manufactured with bitumen emulsion and cement. In particular, the focus was on cylindrical specimens with diameter of 38 mm, adopted to improve the efficiency of laboratory specimen fabrication. Specimens with three different diameters (100 mm, 75 mm and 38 mm) were obtained by coring samples compacted using a gyratory compactor. Their complex modulus was measured by means of cyclic compression tests, using the Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester. The testing temperatures were 5, 15, 25, 35, 45 and 55 °C and the testing frequencies were 20, 10, 5, 1, 0.5, 0.1 Hz. The tests were carried out after long-term curing in a climate chamber. Results showed that the complex modulus measured on 38 mm specimens, although with a greater dispersion, is comparable to that measured on 100 mm and 75 mm specimens, thus it can be used for evaluating the mechanical behaviour of CRM mixture.
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Stalheim, Douglas, Aaron Litschewski, Joao Souto, Gregory Ebel, and David Jarreta. "Optimized Metallurgy for API Pipe Body and Weld Ductility Properties for Critical Applications of Natural Gas, High Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen and CO2 Transmission." In ASME 2023 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2023-119035.
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Abstract Future energy needs along with efforts to combat climate change worldwide will result in the need for a sufficient network of transmission pipeline systems. This network of transmission pipelines must be designed to be able to move various forms of energy consisting of natural gas, high pressure gaseous hydrogen, blended high pressure hydrogen/natural gas along with carbon capture of CO2 both safely and economically. Safely means optimum through thickness crack arrest characteristics which comes from the ductility of the through thickness microstructure. Economically means higher operating pressures, potentially up to 10–13.8 MPa (1500–2000 psi) in larger diameters and thicker pipe walls. Recent laboratory and industrial projects have been done to better understand how to design an optimum alloy and process for an improved through thickness microstructure, grain size and homogeneity. This has resulted in gains in fracture toughness, low temperature ductility performance in average values or stability/standard deviation or both. In addition, testing in high pressure gaseous hydrogen up to 21 MPa (3000 psi) has shown an improvement and stability of fracture toughness between 5.5 MPa (800 psi) and 21 MPa (3000 psi) along with an observed improved fatigue crack growth rate, especially in the typical operating pipeline stress intensity factor (ΔK, MPa-m0.5) range of 8–12 MPa-m0.5. This paper will introduce the recent laboratory and industrial projects results along with examples of recommendations for optimum alloy/processing design for improved overall ductility performance for these critical future pipeline applications.
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UHLMANN, Lars. "Influence of surface treatments on the fatigue strength of cross bores in shafts from EN-GJS700-2." In Material Forming. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903131-306.
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Abstract. The European Union's Federal Climate Protection Act mandates a 55 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels by 2030, aiming for climate neutrality by 2050. Achieving these goals requires emission cuts across sectors, including energy, industry, and transportation. Lightweight design in transportation, achieved through alternative materials, geometry optimization, or enhanced fatigue strength, is vital. Highly stressed components like shafts are prone to failure due to notch locations which reduces the fatigue strength significantly. Inducing compressive residual stresses through methods like deep rolling and shot peening may improve the fatigue strength by reducing critical tensile load stresses. This study compares the fatigue strength of shaft cross bores treated with induction hardening, deep rolling, shot peening, and the combination of induction hardening and deep rolling. The research aims to establish a cause-effect relationship between surface layer properties and fatigue strength, considering the redistribution of residual stresses during testing.
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Korneeva, Yana, and Natalia Simonova. "Psychological Adaptation Peculiarities of the Offshore Ice-Resistant Oil and Gas Production Platform Workers in the Caspian Sea." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205956-ms.
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Abstract The fly-in-fly-out personnel on the oil platform are exposed to extreme climatic and geographic and production factors, and also remain in group isolation conditions, which makes demands on the body of the fly-in-fly-out worker that often exceed its reserves. This excludes the possibility of full psychological adaptation to these conditions and causes the emergence of specialist's unfavorable functional states, which lead to a decrease in the mental health level, productivity and professional performance. The worker's labor tasks of various professions differ in physical and physiological stress, as well as in the degree of harmful production factors action. The goal is to identify the psychological adaptability of the offshore ice-resistant oil and gas production platform fly-in-fly-out employees in the Caspian Sea. The study was conducted on the offshore ice-resistant platform in the Caspian Sea (April 2019), 50 employees took part in it (fly-in duration - 14 days \ fly-out period – 14 days). Research methods are questionnaire, psychological and psychophysiological testing. By psychological adaptation we understand a personality traits system necessary for the productive performance of our leading activities. Due to the fact that fly-in-fly-out oil and gas workers are affected by climate, production and socio-psychological factors, we will study psychological adaptability through subjective criteria: indicators of regulatory processes, subjective control, socio-psychological adaptation, as well as personal characteristics, and objective criteria: functional state level (working capacity, job stress and other). The psychological adaptability peculiarities were revealed among employees with an optimal and reduced level of functional reserves and working capacity. The oil and gas production platform employees are distinguished by a high level of self-regulation, which is expressed in the ability to form a self-regulation style that allows them to compensate for the personal influence, characterological characteristics that impede the goal achievement. Among the regulatory processes, a high expression level is observed in planning and modeling. The employees have a need for conscious planning of activities, the plans in this case are realistic, detailed, hierarchical, effective and stable, the goals of the activity are put forward independently. They are able to identify significant conditions for achieving goals both in the current situation and in the long-term future, which is manifested in the adequacy of the action programs to the action plans, the results correspondence obtained to the adopted goals. Programming, evaluation of results, independence and flexibility are developed among employees at an average level. The workers are characterized by an average subjective control level. They believe that most of the important events in their life are the result of their own actions, that they can control them, and feel their own responsibility for these events and for the way their life in general develops. It should be noted that there is a negative relationship between the subjective control level and the functional reserves level of employees. With an increase in the subjective control level, the internal reserves decrease level. This can be explained by the fact that taking responsibility for life events requires more inclusion and resources. A high level of subjective control can lead to overexertion of employees. This is confirmed by the results of our previous studies.
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Putilova, E. "Investigation of Structure and Physical-Mechanical Properties of Metal in Different Zones of Welded Trunk Pipelines Made of X80 Strength Grade Steel." In Modern Trends in Manufacturing Technologies and Equipment. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901755-67.
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Abstract. The development of trunk pipelines network, taking into accont their operation in difficult climatic conditions, leads to the creation and the development of non-destructive testing methods to control the stress-strain state of the pipe itself, as well as welded joints. This work presents the results of studies of the microstructure, as well as the mechanical and magnetic characteristics of the metal cut from different zones of the welded joint of X80 strength class pipe steel.
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Tomosawa, Fuminori, Shigeo Tsujikawa, Tadashi Ono, Keisuke Yonemaru, Shozo Takizawa, Yasuo Kugai, and Norishige Minemura. "Research on Applicability of New Materials to Marine Structures in Tropical Climates: Durability Assessment of New Materials." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92110.
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New structural members that are light and durable are anticipated to reduce the running and maintenance costs of structures exposed to harsh marine environments, such as offshore oil production facilities, thereby reducing their lifecycle cost. This study aims to investigate the applicability of new materials to marine structures, focusing on their durability. To this end, a 5-year exposure test has been conducted beginning in 1999 on 3 types of specimens (for corrosion observation, tension testing, and joint strength testing) made of 21 selected materials (6 nonferrous metals, 8 steels, 4 composite materials, and 3 rope materials). The specimens have been exposed at 3 sites: Okinotori-shima and Miyako-jima, corrosive environments with high temperature and humidity, and a thermo-hygrostatic room in a laboratory. Having completed the natural exposure tests in 2004, the authors conducted strength tests and observation thereafter toward 2005. This paper summarizes the results of such tests and observation conducted so far, while making a final assessment of each material, and refers to the tasks ahead based on these results. No marked differences were observed between the results of exposure at Okinotori-shima and Miyako-jima. Both islands were therefore found to be similar environments in terms of corrosion. The corrosion states of specimens were classified into five Categories: I (no corrosion), II (slight corrosion), III (light corrosion), IV (corrosion with strength loss), and V (corrosion with significant strength loss). Only reference specimens of ordinary steel were designated as Category V. Those designated as Category IV included textile ropes and Ni steel and coated steel panels with damaged coating film. Most other new materials were designated as Categories III or less with no strength losses. Materials designated as Categories I to III were subjected to surface observation using optical and electron microscopes and element distribution analysis over a cross section using an electron beam probe microanalyzer. The progress of corrosion in each material over the five years has thus been elucidated. Within the range of the 5-year exposure test, most of the selected new materials pose no problems in regard to durability. However, marine structures are more vulnerable to alternate stresses than general structural members on land because of constant waves and pulsating gales on the sea. The authors intend to investigate the durability of structural members under continued or cyclic stress as a subject for the future.
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Bondarenko, N., H. Kim, R. Makhnenko, and Y. Podladchikov. "Role of Structural Trapping in Preventing CO2 Leakage Through Faulted Caprock in Illinois Basin." In 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0640.
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ABSTRACT Preliminary analysis of the risks associated with on-going geologic carbon storage projects has to be conducted in conditions of limited knowledge about the participating rock formations to assess the feasibility of the potential injection site. Different sources of geomechanical data (e.g., geophysical well logging and laboratory testing) are utilized to initialize numerical models for the preliminary assessment. Both data sources are associated with intrinsic limitations, increasing the uncertainty in the model prediction. In this work, one of the potential CO2 injection sites in the Illinois Basin is considered for the potential leakage through the local fault system in the vicinity of the injection well, with a special attention given to the comparison of the well-log and laboratory geomechanical data. The conducted analysis shows that while the use of geophysical well log is beneficial to make a preliminary assessment, it cannot capture complex sensitivity of material properties to state of stress, temperature, and pore fluid composition. An additional challenge during the preliminary assessment is the presence of formations which properties are unknown or highly uncertain (e.g., properties of the damage zone surrounding the small-scale fault system). It is demonstrated that the numerical model could be significantly simplified for the initial assessment, and consideration of the worst-case scenario can help to overcome the uncertainties in material properties. Preliminary risk assessment suggests that the risk of leakage through the adjacent fault system in the considered case is moderate due to the structural trapping of the injected CO2. INTRODUCTION Over the last few years, increased attention to climate change mitigation resulted in the active development of carbon capture and storage (CCS) facilities. Based on the global review of CCS status, 27 commercial facilities worldwide (with a total of 36.6 Mt of CO2 annual capacity) are operational and about 100 projects with 113 Mtpa capacity are going through different stages of construction and operation (Global CCS Institute, 2021). Even though these numbers correspond to less than 1% of the annual emission volume of CO2, which is close to 40 Gtpa (IPCC, 2022), the current stage of development is essential in establishing safe and effective approaches for further industrial-scale projects. A successful project is aimed at storing CO2 in the subsurface without risks of leakage and induced seismic response since both factors might damage the infrastructure and significantly affect the public perception of geologic carbon storage. The multistage pre-injection assessment of the risks through characterization of the involved formations and intensive monitoring program should guarantee safe operation. However, some of the essential information might not be available during the preliminary examination of risks. One of the possible approaches is to assume the worst-case scenario for the unknown or highly uncertain parameters. Low or moderate risks predicted by the simplified model based on the worst-case scenario indicate that assessment during further stages is unlikely to predict significantly higher risks.
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Roy, T., K. Ben Naceur, S. Meissner, J. C. Earthman, A. Singh, D. Markel, R. Richter, H. Ardic, and I. Roy. "Smart Nanocomposites to Enable Remote Inspection of Offshore Wind Energy Systems: A Mission to Reduce Human Exposure to Hazards." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/35283-ms.
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Abstract Demand for wind energy, one of the most important renewable energy sources, will continue to expand, considering the outcome of the last COP28. A critical impediment in the use of wind turbines to harvest wind energy is its unpredictable reliability. Turbine blades are a vital and expensive part of a wind turbine. Over its service life, they can undergo degradation through exposure to environmental elements and fatigue, which can limit their effectiveness and safety. There are many failure modes that affect the performance of wind turbine systems. In particular, surface, and sub-surface damage (e.g., cracks, delamination) of the materials of construction for examples, fiberglass or carbon fiber composites often used to manufacture rotor blades are common. It is also extremely difficult and hazardous to conduct periodic inspection, maintenance using human workforce in the offshore environment. Inspection requires personnel to be transported to the wind turbine, transferred to a rotating structure. In addition, frequently changing offshore climate with high winds in deepwater, all the while working at heights and in confined spaces, make this activity risky. Development of more evolved designs and the application of reliable and cost-effective turbine condition- monitoring techniques will help resolve this constraint. Reducing operation and maintenance costs of wind turbine blades and other key rotating components is of paramount importance for success and global adoption. Thus, the ability to detect damage of the blades is of great significance for planning maintenance and continued operation of the wind turbine. The current state of the art in inspection of offshore wind turbines involves personnel using drones to perform visual inspection both internally and externally. The use of drones, a great step forward, cannot however avoid having personnel on location. Further, working at heights is not something that can currently be avoided. Internal inspection of the turbine structures and working in confined spaces are also still required. The next evolution in the state of the art in inspection is to remove or significantly reduce the need for human intervention. This evolution requires several technological innovations, which include new intelligent materials that can act as sensors, enabling remote monitoring of damage to the turbine structure, both internal and external, due to stress, fatigue, environmental corrosion among other deleterious force-fields. Strategic use of nanoparticle sensors with unique photonic or acoustic fingerprints, embedded in the engineered to order nanocomposite bulk has demonstrated to impart a degree of intelligence, permitting remote monitoring of cracks, fatigue or environmentally induced, as they are developed during operation, identifiable during periodic remote inspection. Test coupons made of a laminated nanocomposite with smart sensors layered in its bulk, are being developed, and tested to establish the concept. Salient results from testing of the composite will be provided at the end of this project, establishing pathway to scaling up and commercialization. The key impact of extending this technology to the offshore wind industry will be to enable a step-change in maintenance safety by enabling the potential to perform human-less inspection of components such as turbine rotor blades.
Reports on the topic "Climate stress testing"
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Acharya, Viral, Richard Berner, Robert Engle, Hyeyoon Jung, Johannes Stroebel, Xuran Zeng, and Yihao Zhao. Climate Stress Testing. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w31097.
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Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion, and Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.
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Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.
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Bjella, Kevin, Daniel Vandevort, and Sarah Kopczynski. Preliminary testing of expedient ground anchor solutions for guyed towers in remote cold regions : considerations for cold remote regions with limited tools. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47328.
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Ground anchors connected to guy wires for tower structures in cold climates suffer from frost heaving, which causes loss of wire tension and subsequent structural instability. It is necessary to understand what ground anchors are available to resist this tendency yet are still capable of expedient installation in remote areas. To that end, three metal, traditional ground-anchor types (arrowhead, bullet, and penetrating auger) and one novel polyvinyl chloride (PVC) T-post anchor were evaluated in frozen gravels and frozen silts at a research facility in Fairbanks, Alaska. Criteria included installation capability, failure loading, and removal ability. Additionally, expedient installation techniques for use in field conditions were also demonstrated. All three traditional ground anchors failed to penetrate frozen gravels. The penetrating auger also failed to penetrate frozen silts, but the arrowhead and bullet anchors did penetrate frozen silts with difficulty. The PVC anchor is capable of being installed only in a predrilled pilot hole. Under flexural load, the arrowhead anchor cable failed at 3686.72 lb, and the bullet anchor cable failed at 1753.44 lb. The PVC slid out of its hole at a direct-pull force of 1978.24 lb and failed under flexural stress at 202.32 lb.