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1
Al-Saeed, Yahya, and Abdullahi Ahmed. "Evaluating Design Strategies for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings in the Middle East and North Africa Regions." Designs 2, no. 4 (September 29, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs2040035.
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There is international pressure for countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which are blamed as the main cause of climate change. The countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region heavily rely on fossil fuel as the main energy source for buildings. The concept of nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) has been defined and standardized for some developed countries. While most of the developing countries located in the MENA region with hot and tropical climate lack building energy efficiency standards. With pressure to improve energy and environmental performance of buildings, nZEB buildings are expected to grow over the coming years and employing these buildings in the MENA region can reduce building energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Therefore, the paper focuses on: (a) reviewing the current established nZEB standards and definitions for countries in the hot and warm climate of Europe, (b) investigate the primary energy consumption for current existing buildings in the MENA region, and (c) establishing a standard for nZEB and positive energy buildings in kWh/m2/year for the MENA region using a building simulation platform represented using Autodesk Insight 360. The result of the simulation reveals high energy use intensity for existing buildings in the MENA region. By improving building fabric and applying solar photovoltaics (PV) in the base model, significant reductions in primary energy consumption was achieved. Further design improvements, such as increasing the airtightness and using high efficiency solar PV, also contributed to positive energy buildings that produce more energy than they consume.
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Talamon, Attila. "Building Sector & Climate Change: The Case of Hungary." Advanced Materials Research 899 (February 2014): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.99.
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Building sector plays an important role in climate impacts mitigation, as it is responsible for 40% of global energy use and global GHG emissions. Climate change has a dual implication on the built environment: on one hand human settlements and buildings are vulnerable to the effects of changing climate and on the other hand the building sector has a significant climate change mitigation potential. Although nowadays the trends are positive, the share of newly built low-energy buildings is very low, the near-zero-energy building market is in its early phase. Simultaneously the optimizing technologies in the building design are strongly highlighted. The presence of the energy and environment efficient buildings and the stringent building energy regulations of the EU need more accurate building design. The constant design parameters will come to foreground and their role will be appreciated. The relevant sustainable development and building policies, as well as the building design, construction and maintenance should jointly respond both to adaptation to and mitigation of climate change. This paper focuses the relevance of the main constant design parameter: How to take into account the increasing outdoor temperature in the building energy design.
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Gaitov, Rashid, Serik Tokbolat, Hua Zhong, and Mohamad Mustafa. "Investigation of the impacts of design parameters on thermal performance of buildings in cold climate." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124607002.
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While design optimization of buildings seeks to improve energy efficiency and, thus, leads to greenhouse gas emissions reduction, the thermal performance of buildings can be compromised. Thermal performance is an important aspect as it directly affects the health and well-being of occupants. This study aims to investigate using a simple simulation tool to examine the correlation between a set of building physical design parameters such as orientation, shading and shape, optimization of which helps to make a positive impact on the thermal performance of the building in a cold climate zone. The thermal performance simulation tool Passive Design Assistant (PDA) was used to build a simulation model and test the interdependence between the design parameters and thermal performance. The results indicate that modifications of building’s parameters such as orientation and shape or the addition of shadings lead to improvements of the internal thermal temperature, heat gain and loss, hence the optimal parameters should prevail. A case study for cold climate is analyzed, in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, the optimal orientation for the squared building is 30° from East to South (building rotated 120°) and the optimal building’s shape is rectangular, which attracts up to 2.6 times higher solar gains than the square one. Moreover, the use of shadings can regulate the internal temperature of the building by 2 °C. General recommendations based on the findings are made and could be considered in the earlier stage of building design and construction processes.
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Philokyprou, Maria, Aimilios Michael, Stavroula Thravalou, and Ioannis Ioannou. "Thermal performance assessment of vernacular residential semi-open spaces in Mediterranean climate." Indoor and Built Environment 27, no. 8 (March 14, 2017): 1050–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x17699037.
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This paper investigates the overall thermal performance of vernacular buildings in Nicosia, Cyprus and highlights the role of semi-open spaces in improving the thermal comfort of the aforementioned structures. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that it presents, in a comparative way, field measurements carried out in five traditional buildings, discussing at the same time the impact of authentic architectural features, as well as of contemporary interventions, on the bioclimatic function of the original building envelope, taking into account the daily use of the premises under investigation. The research outcomes highlight the positive contribution of semi-open spaces to the thermal comfort of vernacular buildings, especially during the cooling period (summer). Contemporary architectural interventions, such as the conversion of semi-open spaces into closed indoor spaces, as well as the behaviour of occupants, are also found to affect the thermal performance of the traditional building envelope.
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Zheng, Yuanfan, and Qihao Weng. "Modeling the Effect of Green Roof Systems and Photovoltaic Panels for Building Energy Savings to Mitigate Climate Change." Remote Sensing 12, no. 15 (July 27, 2020): 2402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12152402.
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Green roofs and rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are two popular mitigation strategies to reduce the net building energy demand and ease urban heat island (UHI) effect. This research tested the potential mitigation effects of green roofs and solar photovoltaic (PV) systems on increased buildings energy demand caused by climate change in Los Angeles County, California, USA. The mitigation effects were assessed based on selected buildings that were predicted to be more vulnerable to climate change. EnergyPlus software was used to simulate hourly building energy consumption with the proper settings of PV-green roofs. All buildings with green roofs showed positive energy savings with regard to total energy and electricity. The savings caused by green roofs were positively correlated with three key parameters: Leaf Area Index (LAI), soil depth, and irrigation saturation percentage. Moreover, the majority of the electricity-saving benefits from green roofs were found in the Heating, Ventilation, and Cooling (HVAC) systems. In addition, this study found that green roofs have different energy-saving abilities on different types of buildings with different technologies, which has received little attention in previous studies.
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Franzitta, Vincenzo, Angelo Milone, Daniele Milone, Salvatore Pitruzzella, Marco Trapanese, and Alessia Viola. "Experimental Evidence on the Thermal Performance of Opaque Surfaces in Mediterranean Climate." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1227.
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The thermal insulation of buildings, intended as wrap feature which determines the dispersion of heat, the reference parameter is necessary to contain the thermal losses during the winter season. The transmittance of the opaque components, used as an indicator of the energy quality of a casing, together with the overall coefficient of dispersion, represents a proper descriptor of the behavior during the heating season. However, if a strong insulation in winter conditions brings only positive effects, the same cannot be said for the summer conditions. A high value of the insulation in the casing is convenient only when the gains free, either in the form of solar contribution that of endogenous heat, are controlled and restricted. From the national transposition of the 2002/91/CE legislation up to the 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings, performance values are set very restrictive transmittance of opaque surfaces that both of those transparent to the new buildings. The same does not happen for the thermophysical characteristics able to implement strategies for the control of solar radiation during the summer period, the fluctuations in external temperatures during the summer period. This article shows some experimental evidence of the effects on transmission rate and density of the opaque elements of the buildings carried out on a case study of a representative building of climate-Mediterranean summer: The study verify the results produced by increased insulation of the building envelope on energy performance of buildings during the summer through indicators such as temperature and energy consumption to maintain the same constant with respect to the prescribed values.
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Cova, Sónia, Carlos Andrade, Orlando Soares, and Jorge Lopes. "EVALUATION OF COST-OPTIMAL RETROFIT INVESTMENT IN BUILDINGS: THE CASE OF BRAGANÇA FIRE STATION, PORTUGAL." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 25, no. 5 (July 8, 2021): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2021.15082.
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Office buildings built before the entry into force of the first thermal regulation in 1991 constitute a relevant group for analysing the energy performance of the Portuguese building sector. A dynamic energy simulation was used to assess the energy performance of an existing office building located in the town of Bragança, Portugal. Four energy efficiency measures were selected and a financial evaluation through the internal rate of return (IRR) method was undertaken to choose the best retrofit option for improving the building’s energy performance. An investment package consisting of the roof insulation and a new equipment for the domestic hot water system presented an IRR higher than the discount rate used in the analysis, and, thus, a positive financial return. The results of the study also suggest that the EU’s comparative methodology framework is not particularly suitable for assessing building retrofit investment at the private investor’s perspective and further refinement in the cost-effective approach to renovations is needed to help stimulate building’s energy renovation market. Suggestions for further studies conducted for office buildings in the different climate zones in Portugal are also proposed.
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Shi, Qingwei, Jingxin Gao, Xia Wang, Hong Ren, Weiguang Cai, and Haifeng Wei. "Temporal and Spatial Variability of Carbon Emission Intensity of Urban Residential Buildings: Testing the Effect of Economics and Geographic Location in China." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 30, 2020): 2695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072695.
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The role of urban residential buildings (URBs) in the carbon reduction goal of China is becoming increasingly important because of the rising energy consumption and carbon emission of such buildings in the region. Considering the increasing spatial interaction of the carbon emission of URBs (URBCE) in the region, this study investigates the influence of climate and economic factors on the URBCE in North and South China. First, the URBCE is calculated by using a decomposition energy balance table based on the carbon emission coefficient of electric and thermal power, thereby improving the estimation of the basic data of URBCE. Second, the influence of economic and climatic factors on the URBCE intensity in 30 provinces of China is explored by using a spatial econometric model. Results show that the URBCE intensity in China had a spatial autocorrelation from 2000 to 2016. Climatic and economic factors have great differences in the degree and direction of influencing the URBCE intensity in the country. Formulating emission reduction policies for climate or economic zones is more scientific and effective than developing national policies. Among these factors, urbanization rate, climate, and GDP per capita have a significant positive impact on the URBCE intensity in the region, whereas other factors have varying degrees of negative impact. In addition, climate, consumption level, and building area have significant spatial spillover effects on URBCE intensity, whereas other factors do not pass the significance test. Relevant conclusions should be given special attention by policymakers.
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Magrini, Anna, and Giorgia Lentini. "NZEB Analyses by Means of Dynamic Simulation and Experimental Monitoring in Mediterranean Climate." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 4784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184784.
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The reduction of energy consumption in the building sector has promoted the spread of the NZEB (Nearly Zero Energy Building) model. A future target is represented by positive-energy buildings (PEB), which produce more energy than they consume. The study is centred on the examination of some peculiarities of NZEB through a case study and on the analysis of opportunities for further increase in energy performance, to trace the road that each designer should take, through an extensive evaluation of the potentials variations on the project that could lead to better results. The project assessments are developed through a dynamic simulation model and the data from the monitoring of the building’s performance are used to evaluate the actual energy saving conditions. The analyses demonstrate the importance of an accurate design of the envelope and technical building systems associated with a smart management of the control systems and the setting of the set points, for the optimal operation of the systems. Ambitious but feasible design choices and an accurate analysis of the possibility of increasing the energy performance of a NZEB can lead to reaching the PEB target and energy independence, enhancing the production of energy from renewable sources.
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Mahdavinejad, Mohammadjavad, and Sahar Mohammadi. "Ecological analysis of natural ventilated facade system and its performance in Tehran's climate." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 8, no. 1 (February 13, 2018): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2018_212.
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<p>Façade as the most outer part of building has very important role in building’s energy exchange and its thermal comfort.</p><p>Using of ventilated facade have been increased due to its positive points, including aesthetics, energy saving and sustainable approach so it is important to study its compatible in different climate conditions. In the present study to evaluate the effectiveness of this technology in Iran’s climate compared to conventional systems as well as the effect of other factors in improving its performance, five models of a building with different situations have been modeled in Design Builder software and samples were examined in terms of the amount of energy needed to achieve comfort conditions. The result was that buildings with ventilation facades use 40% less energy than the building with conventional facade system. Its effectiveness in improving the cooling performance is better than its performance in the heat and its performance in the southern facade and areas that are exposed to direct sunlight looks much better. Factors such as the effect of height and number of floors also have an impact on system performance.</p>
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Khoshbakht, Maryam, Zhonghua Gou, Karine Dupre, and Hasim Altan. "THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS OF AN OFFICE BUILDING WITH DOUBLE SKIN FACADE." Journal of Green Building 12, no. 3 (September 2017): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.12.3.3.
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As a symbol of green architecture, double skin facade (DSF) represents a design which possesses many energy saving features, but due to the complexity of the system, the real performances and benefits have been difficult to predict. The objective of this study was to inform the applicability of DSFs, and contribute to the positive impacts of DSF designs. This study compared and contrasted energy savings in a temperate climate, where heating was the dominant energy strategy, and in a subtropical climate, where cooling spaces was the dominant issue. This paper focused on a university office building with a west facing shaft box window facade. The research method was a paired analysis of simulation studies which compared the energy performance of a set of buildings in two different climates. Simulation results showed a good agreement with measurements undertaken in the exiting building during a two-week period. The results specified that DSFs are capable of almost 50% energy savings in temperate and 16% in subtropical climates. Although these indicated DSFs are more suitable for temperate climates than warmer regions, the amount of energy savings in subtropical climates were also considerable. However, due to the costs of DSFs and potential loss of leasable floor area, investigations into other feasible ventilation options are necessary before final building design decisions are made.
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Kaoulal, Rabea, Sidi Bekkouche, Tayeb Benouaz, and Sofiane Kherrour. "New opportunities for ventilation assistance in buildings under Saharan climatic conditions." Thermal Science 21, no. 6 Part B (2017): 2907–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci151205167k.
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The aim of this paper is devoted to the coupling of ventilation systems with buildings with low energy performances under a specific Saharan climate. In the second part, the objective is to diagnose and quantify energy consumptions due to the ventilation of a real residential building in Ghardaia site. As result, ventilation system can bring a positive support to the thermos-aeraulic comfort by controlling the mass flow rate of the air entering to the heated or/and cooled building zone. Heat losses due to the ventilation system represent 4.75% of the total losses; the provided heat exchange in this case requires an additional consumption of around 6.6058% of the total energy needs.
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Karjalainen, Markku, and Hüseyin Emre Ilgın. "The Change over Time in Finnish Residents’ Attitudes towards Multi-Story Timber Apartment Buildings." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 5501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105501.
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Due to increasing urbanization, the need for sustainable housing, e.g., sustainable timber housing, is increasing in Finland, as in other countries. Understanding residents’ perceptions plays a critical role in the transition to sustainable housing as an important part of the forest-based bioeconomy. This study examined the change over time in Finnish residents’ attitudes towards multi-story timber apartment buildings. To do this, findings from surveys among residents in 1998–1999 and 2017 were compared with each other. Results mainly highlighted that: (1) residents’ attitudes towards timber apartment buildings remained positive over time; (2) participants of both surveys were satisfied with functionality of the apartment unit, immediate surroundings of the building, and number of furnishings and appliances; (3) positive perception regarding sound insulation, indoor climate, and coziness did not change over time; (4) dominant preferences to move to detached and one-or-two story terraced houses gradually gave way to two-story housing and apartment buildings; (5) demand for more timber inside the building and more timber apartments continued over time; and (6) while fire and environmental properties were evaluated positively, impact sound insulation was still seen as a problem. These findings will assist in understanding contemporary housing needs and provide a direction to relevant stakeholders for Finnish housing development.
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Bagheri Moghaddam, Faezeh, Josep Maria Fort Mir, Alia Besné Yanguas, Isidro Navarro Delgado, and Ernest Redondo Dominguez. "Building Orientation in Green Facade Performance and Its Positive Effects on Urban Landscape Case Study: An Urban Block in Barcelona." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 8, 2020): 9273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219273.
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This paper addresses the effect of building orientation efficiency of the green facade in energy consumption, for which the case study is an urban block in Passeig de Gracia, L’Eixample, Barcelona. Nowadays, many countries are faced with the trouble of the deficiency of energy resources and the incapability of saving them. Most of this energy is consumed in the cooling, heating, and artificial ventilation of buildings. For this reason, the development of an integrated strategy like a green facade is essential to transform buildings into structures that consume less energy and to improve the occupants’ comfort conditions. From the perspective of the urban landscape, the green facade can influence the quality of life in cities due to its positive effects such as the purification of air, the absorption of carbon dioxide, and the mitigation of dust, as well as the aesthetic and psychological aspects. Such criteria are based on the adoption of suitable orientation for the green facade, which is the second layer of the facade in an office building with a curtain wall as the main facade. Since the most important factor in the implementation of a green facade is the building’s orientation, the optimum orientation could be the key factor in regards to the reduction of energy consumption and cost and the improvement of overall energy efficiency. We used software that helped simulate the total energy consumption, the cost, and the energy use intensity annually and monthly. Consequently, after testing was carried out, it was proven that a green facade as a second layer with a southeast and/or a southwest orientation results in the maximum energy saving in a coastal city with a Mediterranean climate like Barcelona.
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Kotarela, Faidra, Anastasios Kyritsis, and Nick Papanikolaou. "On the Implementation of the Nearly Zero Energy Building Concept for Jointly Acting Renewables Self-Consumers in Mediterranean Climate Conditions." Energies 13, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051032.
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Cost-effective energy saving in the building sector is a high priority in Europe; The European Union has set ambitious targets for buildings’ energy performance in order to convert old energy-intensive ones into nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs). This study focuses on the implementation of a collective self-consumption nZEB concept in Mediterranean climate conditions, considering a typical multi-family building (or apartment block) in the urban environment. The aggregated use of PVs, geothermal and energy storage systems allow the self-production and self-consumption of energy, in a way that the independence from fossil fuels and the reliability of the electricity grid are enhanced. The proposed nZEB implementation scheme will be analyzed from techno-economical perspective, presenting detailed calculations regarding the components dimensioning and costs-giving emphasis on life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) indexes—as well as the energy transactions between the building and the electricity grid. The main outcomes of this work are that the proposed nZEB implementation is a sustainable solution for the Mediterranean area, whereas the incorporation of electrical energy storage units—though beneficial for the reliability of the grid—calls for the implementation of positive policies regarding the reduction of their payback period.
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Grujic, Marija, and Aleksandar Radevski. "Simple analysis of daylight saving time effects in Belgrade climate and latitude." Spatium, no. 39 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat1839001g.
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Contemporary controversy about daylight saving time (DST) is mainly derived from different standpoints in studies investigating the positive and negative effects of the clock shift during summer period. From the standpoint of energy savings, most studies have consensus that the summertime clock shift in middle latitudes, with a large difference between winter and summer daylight hours, contributes to energy savings in buildings. Belgrade?s mid-latitude, moderate-continental climate has a six-month long heating season and a three-month cooling season. The annual domination of the heating period assumes that the demand for heating energy also dominates in the annual energy breakdown for average office buildings. Since DST covers mainly summer time, the energy breakdown in office buildings during the DST period is dominated by the energy demand for lighting and cooling. The shift of time ahead of standard time during the DST period causes a shift in temperature, daylight availability and solar energy resources and thus a shift in the potential for the utilisation of the surrounding energy. This paper investigates how the application of DST in Belgrade?s climate and latitude influences the change of climate parameters relevant for the cooling and lighting energy demand in office buildings.
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Määttänen, Eeva, Riikka Kyrö, Anna Aaltonen, Anna-Liisa Sarasoja, and Seppo Junnila. "Remote energy management benefits in retail building portfolios." Journal of Facilities Management 12, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfm-09-2012-0043.
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Purpose – The study aims to investigate the effects of a remote energy management service to the energy consumption of retail buildings. The study focuses on analysing the changes in energy consumption after the implementation of a facility service concept where building processes are optimized with a remote energy management system. The paper seeks to demonstrate that remotely operated building management practices, which allow high competence service for all facilities, have a positive impact, beyond traditional facility services, on energy and environmental performance of buildings. Design/methodology/approach – The research analyses the metered energy consumption of two retail building portfolios comprising altogether 44 properties. Additionally, secondary data are collected from archive reviews, observation and interviews. Findings – The research shows that remote energy management service reduced the total energy consumption during the two-year service period by 12 and 6 per cent depending on the portfolio. Electricity consumption was found to decrease by 7 per cent and heating energy by 26 per cent on the average in the first portfolio, and 7 and 4 per cent in the second one, respectively. Research limitations/implications – Variation between buildings was found to be relatively high as the individual characteristics and history of the different buildings inevitably affect the achieved results. Practical implications – The study indicates that remote energy management offers an effective means to reduce the energy consumption and costs, and ultimately climate impacts derived from buildings. Originality/value – The study adds to the knowledge of facilities management in context to energy management and environmental performance of buildings.
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Attia, Shady. "Spatial and Behavioral Thermal Adaptation in Net Zero Energy Buildings: An Exploratory Investigation." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 7961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12197961.
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Climate responsive design can amplify the positive environmental effects necessary for human habitation and constructively engage and reduce the energy use of existing buildings. This paper aims to assess the role of the thermal adaptation design strategy on thermal comfort perception, occupant behavior, and building energy use in twelve high-performance Belgian households. Thermal adaptation involves thermal zoning and behavioral adaptation to achieve thermal comfort and reduce energy use in homes. Based on quantitative and qualitative fieldwork and in-depth interviews conducted in Brussels, the paper provides insights on the impact of using mechanical systems in twelve newly renovated nearly- and net-zero energy households. The article calls for embracing thermal adaptation as a crucial design principle in future energy efficiency standards and codes. Results confirm the rebound effect in nearly zero energy buildings and the limitation of the current building energy efficiency standards. The paper offers a fresh perspective to the field of building energy efficiency that will appeal to researchers and architects, as well as policymakers.
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Fořt, Jan, Anton Trník, and Zbyšek Pavlík. "Latent Heat Storage in Plasters with Incorporated PCM Water Dispersion." Materials Science Forum 824 (July 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.824.1.
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The sustainability principles in building sector promote a development of new building materials and products directly designated for improvement of the thermal performance of buildings related to the energy saving for the interior climate conditioning. In order to comply with this concept and improve the thermal comfort of buildings environment, incorporation of phase change materials (PCMs) into the construction elements giving ability to store and release heat looks like a beneficial material solution. On this account, the mechanical, rheological and thermal properties of cement-lime dry plaster mixture with addition of 4, 8 and 12 mass% of PCM water dispersion are experimentally investigated in the paper. The increasing amount of applied PCM admixture causes the significant improvement of the plaster heat storage capacity in dependence on temperature exposure applied in the performed DSC experiment. Contrary to this positive finding, the higher content of tested polymer microencapsulated PCM in plaster matrix leads to the lower mechanical strength. However, it is still sufficient for construction applications.
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Blumberga, Andra, Ruta Vanaga, Juris Antuzs, Ritvars Freimanis, Edgars Bondars, and Sandra Treija. "Is the High Quality Baukultur a Monkey Wrench in the Global Climate Challenges?" Environmental and Climate Technologies 23, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 230–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0092.
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Abstract The EU 2030 climate package calls for raising energy efficiency, increasing usage of RES and decreasing the carbon footprint. There are stringent requirements for new buildings, but the energy efficiency potential in the existing building stock is still not fully explored. The latest trend in urban energy efficiency is the Positive Energy Block (PEB) strategies for new developments. It includes raising building energy efficiency, optimizing energy flow and implementing renewable energy sources (RES). Transforming all existing blocks in a city centre to a PEB would radically change the pattern of energy supply and consumption. European cities have historic centres with great architectural and cultural value. Any urban regeneration strategies must respect and preserve historic values. This paper describes double multi-criteria analysis evaluating urban blocks from both the energy efficiency and cultural heritage perspective with the goal to select the sample block for a “Smart urban regeneration – transition to the Positive Energy Block” case study. Proposed criteria for multi-criteria analysis to evaluate cultural heritage, liveability and energy efficiency potential describes specific qualities of the urban block. The obtained results show that blocks with higher cultural value show less energy efficiency potential and vice versa. It is recommended to apply cultural value and liveability qualities in the Smart urban regeneration process to those blocks with high energy efficiency potential.
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Štefko, Jozef, Daniel Bebej, and Jozef Bednár. "Envelope Structures of Low Energy Wooden Houses Considering Indoor Climate." Advanced Materials Research 649 (January 2013): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.649.69.
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Present constructional systems and architecture designs of wood based buildings with extreme thermal insulations and compositions, which are different from those commonly used so far, bear positive as well as negative impacts on formation of internal environment from the winter and summer period point of view The paper describes methods of optimization (analysis of in-site measurements on reference objects, environmental computer simulation and modeling based on finite methods, thermovision analysis as well as standard calculating methods. On case study it demonstrates possibility of energy effective and optimized envelope construction.
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Marotta, Ilaria, Francesco Guarino, Maurizio Cellura, and Sonia Longo. "Energy flexibility in Mediterranean buildings: a case-study in Sicily." E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019702002.
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Since the building sector is responsible for 40% of the world’s electricity demand, it is essential to act on it in order to reduce emissions of climate change gases on a global scale, as expressed also in the latest directive on the energy performance of buildings. A design approach that focuses on the energy flexibility of buildings can contribute to the improvement of its energy-environmental performances. In this context, the objective of the study is the analysis of the energy performance of a residential building in Sicily and the definition of strategies aimed at increasing its energy flexibility. In particular, the case study is a 631 m2 single-family house, modeled and simulated in TRNSYS environment. The approach involves the development of scenarios to reduce operating costs and CO2 emissions during the use phase of the building. Rule Based Control algorithms are implemented. The flexible control reacts to a price or emission signal, by modulating the heating set-point accordingly. The results highlighted significant increases in energy flexibility. The economic algorithm achieves savings of 21.46%, accompanied by a 15% reduction in emissions. The environmental algorithm allows to reduce CO2 emissions by about 30%. The economic impact is positive, with a 17.58% reduction in costs.
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Vallati, Andrea, Luca Mauri, and Chiara Colucci. "How the urban environment affects the microclimate and the building energy demand for the City of Rome." Thermal Science 23, Suppl. 4 (2019): 1035–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci19s4035v.
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Urban heat island has significant impacts on buildings? energy consumption. The phenomenon is associated with increased urban air temperatures compared to the air temperature of the surrounding rural or suburban areas. The ambient air temperature growth due to climate changes and the urban heat island phenomenon are dramatically increasing the cooling demand in buildings. This is worsened by irradiation conditions, construction technologies, and subjective comfort expectations. This paper examines the impact of the urban environment on the energy demand of buildings, considering the case of two districts of the city of Rome, Italy: one is representative of a central zone, the other of a rural zone. Weather data were then used to calculate the thermal demand of a typical Italian building, ideally located in the monitored areas of the city. Standalone building with modified weather file was modeled in TRNSYS. Results show that urban heat island intensity causes an increase in cooling demand up to +33% for the urban area (+20% for the rural area) compared to the demand calculated using weather data from airportual areas. On the other hand, urban heat island intensity has a positive effect on heating demand which turns out to decrease up to -32% for the urban area (-14% for the rural area).
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Zehnsdorf, Andreas, Keani C. U. Willebrand, Ralf Trabitzsch, Sarah Knechtel, Michael Blumberg, and Roland A. Müller. "Wetland Roofs as an Attractive Option for Decentralized Water Management and Air Conditioning Enhancement in Growing Cities—A Review." Water 11, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 1845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091845.
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While constructed wetlands have become established for the decentralized treatment of wastewater and rainwater, wetland roofs have only been built in isolated cases up to now. The historical development of wetland roofs is described here on the basis of a survey of literature and patents, and the increasing interest in this ecotechnology around the world is presented. In particular, this article describes the potential for using wetland roofs and examines experience with applications in decentralized water management in urban environments and for climate regulation in buildings. Wetland roofs are suitable as a green-blue technology for the future—particularly in cities with an acute shortage of unoccupied ground-level sites—for the decentralized treatment of wastewater streams of various origins. Positive “side effects” such as nearly complete stormwater retention and the improvement of climates in buildings and their surroundings, coupled with an increase in biodiversity, make wetland roofs an ideal multi-functional technology for urban areas.
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Lützkendorf, Thomas. "How to BREAK the Vicious Circle of blame? The contribution of different stakeholders to a more sustainable built environment." PARC Pesquisa em Arquitetura e Construção 1, no. 6 (July 31, 2011): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/parc.v1i6.8634487.
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Putting the principles of sustainability into practice within social and economic development requires intensive involvement and participation of the construction, real estate and finance industries. It is necessary that design, construction and refurbishment of buildings are aligned with targets in energyefficiency, resource preservation, climate change and human health. On the one hand design strategies, design tools and construction techniques need further development, but the demand for sustainable buildings needs to increase also. For a long time market acceptance, market penetration and market transformation of sustainable buildings has been hampered by various obstacles and prejudices. This is now changing because of prove that sustainable buildings have economic advantages, because of social and environmental responsibility being increasingly accepted by all stakeholders, due to developments in law and standardisation as well as due to the example set by the public sector. The vicious circle of blame for low demand for sustainable buildings can therefore be broken. Positive change in the built environment can be brought about by various instruments (laws, standards, grant programmes, market stimulation programmes etc.) as wells as by creating connections between individual and institutional objectives with sustainable development objectives. For those investors interested in sustainable investments, sustainable real estate funds, green REITs can be offered as new investment alternatives. However, it is equally important to pay greater attention to the social and cultural importance of buildings. Topics such as the interdependence between buildings and life style choices and consumption patterns of building users, the role of buildings within a neighbourhood and urban development, the need to provide adequate accommodation and to create and preserve jobs can also contribute to greater demand for sustainable buildings.
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J. Wilkinson, Sara. "Office building adaptation and the growing significance of environmental attributes." Journal of Corporate Real Estate 16, no. 4 (November 4, 2014): 252–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcre-06-2014-0014.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study was to investigated the importance of environmental attributes for office building adaptation and whether the importance of environmental attributes for adaptation has changed over time from 1998-2008 to 2009-2011. With 1-2 per cent added to the total stock of buildings each year and the need to take action to mitigate the impacts of predicted climate change (IPCC, 2013), it is necessary to focus efforts on adaptation of existing buildings. Design/methodology/approach – This research adopted a quantitative approach, using a database of office building attributes and applying principal component analysis to ascertain the respective importance of various building attributes in adaptation. Using two databases; the first dating from 1998 to 2008 and comprising 5,290 adaptation events and the second covering the period 2009 to 2011 and comprising 1,272 adaptation events, a comparison of results was undertaken. Findings – The findings indicate the importance of some environmental attributes in building adaptation has changed and that legislation and changes market perceptions towards to promote built environment sustainability may be having a positive impact. The research demonstrates that different property attributes vary in importance over time and used existing buildings in an international city to confirm application to urban settlements elsewhere where existing buildings can be adapted to reduce the effect of climate change. Research limitations/implications – The databases are limited to Melbourne, Australia and to these specific points in time. It is possible that other cities are seeing changes in adaptation practices to accommodate increased awareness and the growing importance attributed to environmental issues; however, additional studies would be required to ascertain whether the level of importance was stronger or weaker than that found in Melbourne. Practical implications – The impacts of the mandatory The National Australian Built Environment Rating System energy rating tool and the Green Star voluntary tool provide actionable data for property stakeholders and the academic community. Policy-makers can see that building owners are integrating environmental attributes into their stock and that the market is shifting towards increased sustainability. This study uses real world data to feed the scholarship process, with real economic and commercial impacts. New buildings account for about 1-2 per cent of the total building stock annually and existing buildings must be adapted, and thus the questions of the success of voluntary or mandatory measures are essential to future environmental decision-making. Originality/value – This research reports on data covering all office building adaptation conducted from 1998 to 2011 in the Melbourne CBD. As such, it is a comprehensive analysis of all works undertaken and how the significance of different physical, social, economic and environmental attributes is changing over time.
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Djordjevic, Katarina, Olja Joksimovic, and Milica Jovanovic-Popovic. "Energy consumption and CO2 emission reductions trough refurbishment of residential buildings’ roofs by applying the green roof system: Case study." Thermal Science 22, Suppl. 4 (2018): 1217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170530127d.
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Climate changes which we are experiencing at the moment are affecting the entire globe. Serbia, as a developing country, is in the process of defining its own energy strategy and priorities when it comes to the problem of increased energy consumption in its building stock. Research shows that residential sector consumes the largest quantity of energy. CO2 emissions present another big problem which is in a direct correlation with energy consumption. Green roofs have multiple positive effects on buildings and their surroundings which make them a desirable option for retrofitting roofs. The aim of this paper is to investigate thermal properties of chosen green roof system and its potential to positively influence energy consumption for heating buildings and therefore CO2 emissions trough refurbishing existing old flat roofs. New Belgrade was chosen for this research for its unique urban characteristics - existence of large number of similar or identical buildings, which have same structural characteristics and similar surroundings. For the purpose of this paper, blocks 45 and 70 were chosen. Results of this research are applicable on all of the 132 buildings found at this location, which have total roof area of 90990m2. By calculating energy quantity needed for heating the building with the existing roof and two hypothetical models, which have green roof, it was possible to quantify energy savings, which are in a direct correlation with CO2 emissions. A control roof was introduced in order to examine if the proposed green roof possesses better characteristics than a traditional solution, most commonly used in Serbia. Apart from energy savings, overall impact of the green roof on the CO2 reduction per building was calculated. By multiplying these results, we drew the conclusion that a project such as greening roofs of existing residential buildings in blocks 45 and 70 would have a noticeable effect on both the energy savings and CO2 emissions.
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Xuan, Xiaodong. "Study of indoor environmental quality and occupant overall comfort and productivity in LEED- and non-LEED–certified healthcare settings." Indoor and Built Environment 27, no. 4 (December 19, 2016): 544–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x16684007.
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The study combined quantitative and qualitative approaches, in terms of both staff perception and facility manager perspective, to evaluate the effectiveness of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of LEED–certified facilities and relationship between IEQ and occupant comfort and productivity in healthcare settings in the USA climate zones 2 and 3. A multiple-methods approach combining a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interview was tested for effective post-occupancy evaluation. The study compared one non-LEED healthcare facility with five LEED certified healthcare buildings and examined which variable(s) had significant relationship with comfort and productivity by surveying 249 occupants and interviewing six facility managers in six healthcare settings. The results showed that five LEED–certified healthcare settings were superior to one non-LEED facility in most of building performance factors. Building design, temperature comfort, image presented to visitors, use of space, control over noise and ability to meet occupants’ needs were significant predictors for overall comfort. Lighting overall, temperature comfort and image presented to visitors had a significant positive relationship with perceived productivity. Only one non-LEED hospital was selected and some buildings had small response rate, the results should be interpreted with caution.
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Maiolo, Mario, Behrouz Pirouz, Roberto Bruno, Stefania Anna Palermo, Natale Arcuri, and Patrizia Piro. "The Role of the Extensive Green Roofs on Decreasing Building Energy Consumption in the Mediterranean Climate." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010359.
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Buildings portion in global energy consumption is 40%, and in the building envelope, the roof is a crucial point for improving indoor temperature, especially in the last and second last floors. Studies show that green roofs can be applied to moderate roof temperature and affect the indoor temperature in summer and winter. However, the performance of green roofs depends on several parameters such as climate, irrigation, layer materials, and thickness. In this context, the present research deals with a comprehensive experimental analysis of different thermal impacts of green roofs in summer and winter in a Mediterranean climate. Measurements carried out in one year in three different types of green roofs with different thicknesses, layers, and with and without the insulation layer. The analysis determined the possible period that indoor cooling or heating might be required with and without green roofs and demonstrated the positive impact of green roofs in moderating the roof temperature and temperature fluctuations, which in summer was remarkable. In conclusion, since in the Mediterranean climate, the thermal differences between green roofs and conventional roofs in summer are much higher than winter, it seems that the green roof without an insulation layer would show better performance.
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Nadhim, Evan Alaa, Carol K. H. Hon, Bo Xia, Ian Stewart, and Dongping Fang. "Investigating the Relationships between Safety Climate and Safety Performance Indicators in Retrofitting Works." Construction Economics and Building 18, no. 2 (June 27, 2018): 110–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v18i2.5994.
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Retrofitting works has become increasingly important in the construction industry, as it plays an effective role in providing solutions to maintain, upgrade or change the functions to the existing or aged buildings. Very often, safety issues of retrofitting works are underestimated because there may be unreported accidents in small projects and there is no separate classification of accident statistics for the retrofitting works within the construction industry. As safety climate is widely regarded as a contributing factor to safety performance, the aim of this research was to examine the relationship between safety climate and safety performance in retrofitting works context. The safety climate questionnaire NOSACQ-50 has been employed to measure safety climate in retrofitting works. Field patrols were undertaken to distribute the safety questionnaires to the local worksites that undertake retrofits in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 264 valid questionnaires were collected. SEM was employed to examine the existence and strength of the relationship between safety climate and safety performance. PLS-SEM was utilised to estimate the parameters of the structural model. The model has exposed a positive relationship between safety climate and safety performance in retrofitting context. This research was the first to examine the relationship between the second order latent variables. A positive relationship (0.60 with 36 percent of explained variance) was found between safety climate and safety performance.
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Soudian, Shahrzad, and Umberto Berardi. "Assessing the effect of night ventilation on PCM performance in high-rise residential buildings." Journal of Building Physics 43, no. 3 (May 13, 2019): 229–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259119848128.
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This article investigates the possibility to enhance the use of latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) as an energy retrofit measure by night ventilation strategies. For this scope, phase change materials (PCMs) are integrated into wall and ceiling surfaces of high-rise residential buildings with highly glazed facades that experience high indoor diurnal temperatures. In particular, this article investigates the effect of night ventilation on the performance of the PCMs, namely, the daily discharge of the thermal energy stored by PCMs. Following previous experimental tests that have shown the efficacy of LHTES in temperate climates, a system comprising two PCM layers with melting temperatures selected for a year-around LHTES was considered. To quantify the effectiveness of different night ventilation strategies to enhance the potential of this composite PCM system, simulations in EnergyPlusTM were performed. The ventilation flow rate, set point temperature, and operation period were the main tested parameters. The performance of the PCMs in relation to the variables was evaluated based on indoor operative temperature and cooling energy use variations in Toronto and New York in the summer. The solidification of the PCMs was analyzed based on the amount of night ventilation needed in each climate condition. The results quantify the positive impact of combining PCMs with night ventilation on cooling energy reductions and operative temperature regulation of the following days. In particular, the results indicate higher benefits obtainable with PCMs coupled with night ventilation in the context of Toronto, since this city experiences higher daily temperature fluctuations. The impact of night ventilation design variables on the solidification rate of the PCMs varied based on each parameter leading to different compromises based on the PCM and climate characteristics.
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Chen, W. J., David E. Claridge, Chae Rohrs, and Jiajun Liao. "Modeling to predict positive pressurization required to control mold growth from infiltration in buildings in a hot and humid climate." Building and Environment 104 (August 2016): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.05.001.
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Uspenskaia, Daria, Karl Specht, Hendrik Kondziella, and Thomas Bruckner. "Challenges and Barriers for Net‐Zero/Positive Energy Buildings and Districts—Empirical Evidence from the Smart City Project SPARCS." Buildings 11, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11020078.
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Without decarbonizing cities energy and climate objectives cannot be achieved as cities account for approximately two thirds of energy consumption and emissions. This goal of decarbonizing cities has to be facilitated by promoting net-zero/positive energy buildings and districts and replicating them, driving cities towards sustainability goals. Many projects in smart cities demonstrate novel and groundbreaking low-carbon solutions in demonstration and lighthouse projects. However, as the historical, geographic, political, social and economic context of urban areas vary greatly, it is not always easy to repeat the solution in another city or even district. It is therefore important to look for the opportunities to scale up or repeat successful pilots. The purpose of this paper is to explore common trends in technologies and replication strategies for positive energy buildings or districts in smart city projects, based on the practical experience from a case study in Leipzig—one of the lighthouse cities in the project SPARCS. One of the key findings the paper has proven is the necessity of a profound replication modelling to deepen the understanding of upscaling processes. Three models analyzed in this article are able to provide a multidimensional representation of the solution to be replicated.
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Gravit, Marina, Yana Simonenko, and Leonid Yablonskii. "3D-flexible intumescent fire protection mesh for building structures." E3S Web of Conferences 91 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199102004.
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The increased operational properties, main of which - ensuring fire resistance in the conditions of the hydrocarbon mode of the fire, resistance to low temperatures and lack of wet processes at installation are necessary for means of fire protection of structures of buildings and constructions of an oil and gas complex. The review of means of fire protection of new type - the constructive bent fire protection which advantage is the set of positive characteristics as constructive fire protection (a plate, a shell, etc. with dry process of installation), and coverings is submitted (plasters, epoxy structures, etc. with wet process of installation). Domestic experts (LTD Promizol, Moscow) developed the constructive bent fire protection for increase in building constructions of buildings and constructions of an oil and gas complex keeping operational properties in the conditions of the Arctic climate. Means of fire protection represents a grid with 3D - the reinforced structure. The closest analogy are products of the Hapuflam GmbH and FLAMRO companies, but at the moment there are no data on a possibility of use in the conditions of the Arctic region for protection of bearing structures and cable systems.
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Liu, Haiqiang, Zhihao Zhang, Xidong Ma, Weite Lu, Dongze Li, and Shoichi Kojima. "Optimization Analysis of the Residential Window-to-Wall Ratio Based on Numerical Calculation of Energy Consumption in the Hot-Summer and Cold-winter Zone of China." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 29, 2021): 6138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116138.
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Along with the rapid urbanization and economic growth of China over the past decades, the thermal comfort needs of the people in this region have risen dramatically, and at the same time, promoting building energy efficiency is cited as part of the major projects in the 14th five-year plan for energy efficiency improvement. In addition, the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic has plunged people into long-term panic, and promoted the entire construction industry to think about a healthier and more sustainable living environment. To respond to the imbalance between energy supply and demand, an optimization analysis based on energy use is developed, assessing the energy efficiency of the window-to-wall ratio (WWR) design and calculating the energy consumption of three different types of residential buildings for both cooling and heating loads as well as for year-round loads. Owing to its harsh climate and huge energy consumption, in this study, the Hot-summer and Cold-winter (HSCW) zone of China was chosen as the experimental setting for the optimization analysis of WWR. Then, in the three main types of residential buildings, including detached houses, multi-story dwellings and high-rise dwellings, a correlation between WWRS and energy consumption in the cooling season, heating season and year-round was built. The comparisons between the WWRS and energy consumption for different types of residential buildings are presented. The design optimization recommendation for WWRS are proposed. It has significant positive meanings for the development of green and sustainably designed residential buildings that offer high levels of thermal comfort and energy efficiency.
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Potienko, Natalia D., Anna A. Kuznetsova, Darya N. Solyakova, and Yulia E. Klyueva. "The Global Experience of Deployment of Energy-Efficient Technologies in High-Rise Construction." E3S Web of Conferences 33 (2018): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183301017.
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The objective of this research is to examine issues related to the increasing importance of energy-efficient technologies in high-rise construction. The aim of the paper is to investigate modern approaches to building design that involve implementation of various energy-saving technologies in diverse climates and at different structural levels, including the levels of urban development, functionality, planning, construction and engineering. The research methodology is based on the comprehensive analysis of the advanced global expertise in the design and construction of energy-efficient high-rise buildings, with the examination of their positive and negative features. The research also defines the basic principles of energy-efficient architecture. Besides, it draws parallels between the climate characteristics of countries that lead in the field of energy-efficient high-rise construction, on the one hand, and the climate in Russia, on the other, which makes it possible to use the vast experience of many countries, wholly or partially. The paper also gives an analytical review of the results arrived at by implementing energy efficiency principles into high-rise architecture. The study findings determine the impact of energy-efficient technologies on high-rise architecture and planning solutions. In conclusion, the research states that, apart from aesthetic and compositional interpretation of architectural forms, an architect nowadays has to address the task of finding a synthesis between technological and architectural solutions, which requires knowledge of advanced technologies. The study findings reveal that the implementation of modern energy-efficient technologies into high-rise construction is of immediate interest and is sure to bring long-term benefits.
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Mathis, Damien, Pierre Blanchet, Philippe Lagière, and Véronic Landry. "Performance of Wood-Based Panels Integrated with a Bio-Based Phase Change Material: A Full-Scale Experiment in a Cold Climate with Timber-Frame Huts." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 3093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113093.
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The relatively low thermal mass of timber frame buildings is a limiting factor for their energy efficiency and for the thermal comfort. The aim of this study is to assess the performance of wood-based wallboards integrated with PCM (Phase Change Materials) in a cold climate (Québec, Canada), from the heating season to the summer. Two timber-frame test huts, of 2 × 2.5 × 3 m, were built following the National Building Code of Canada and placed in the LAVAL University Campus. The first hut was equipped with wood-based panels integrated with the commercial bio-based PCM Puretemp®23 with a 23 °C melting point. The second hut was equipped with standard interior wood panels. Large double glaze windows were installed facing south. Dry indoor air temperatures were recorded for both huts and for the heating season, heating consumptions were monitored. The behaviour of the two huts was compared and PCM panels efficiency was evaluated over several seasons. A reduction of heating consumption was observed for cold months. For the heating season, panels were found to be more efficient as the months were getting milder. By gathering solar energy during the day, they allowed to reduce the test-hut heating consumption, by a maximum of 41% in May. In summer, the PCM panels had a positive impact in order to reduce the hut overheating. However their efficiency was found limited by a poor ability of discharge during the night. The solidification of the PCM was often impossible to achieve due to unsuitable night conditions. The results presented in this study will improve the knowledge concerning wood/PCM composites performance and concerning PCMs issues in cold climates. This study exposes the potential of wood-based panels integrated with PCM to achieve winter energy savings and enhance the summer thermal comfort of a timber-frame building, for a cold Canadian climate.
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Loibl, Wolfgang, Milena Vuckovic, Ghazal Etminan, Matthias Ratheiser, Simon Tschannett, and Doris Österreicher. "Effects of Densification on Urban Microclimate—A Case Study for the City of Vienna." Atmosphere 12, no. 4 (April 17, 2021): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040511.
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Climate adaptation, mitigation, and protecting strategies are becoming even more important as climate change is intensifying. The impacts of climate change are especially tangible in dense urban areas due to the inherent characteristics of urban structure and materiality. To assess impacts of densification on urban climate and potential adaptation strategies a densely populated Viennese district was modeled as a typical sample area for the city of Vienna. The case study analyzed the large-scale densification potential and its potential effects on microclimate, air flow, comfort, and energy demand by developing 3D models of the area showing the base case and densification scenarios. Three methods were deployed to assess the impact of urban densification: Micro-climate analysis (1) explored urban heat island phenomena, wind pattern analysis (2) investigated ventilation and wind comfort at street level, and energy and indoor climate comfort analysis (3) compared construction types and greening scenarios and analyzed their impact on the energy demand and indoor temperatures. Densification has negative impacts on urban microclimates because of reducing wind speeds and thus weakening ventilation of street canyons, as well as accelerating heat island effects and associated impact on the buildings. However, densification also has daytime cooling effects because of larger shaded areas. On buildings, densification may have negative effects especially in the new upper, sun-exposed floors. Construction material has less impact than glazing area and rooftop greening. Regarding adaptation to climate change, the impacts of street greening, green facades, and green roofs were simulated: The 24-h average mean radiant temperature (MRT) at street level can be reduced by up to 15 K during daytime. At night there is only a slight reduction by a few tenths of 1 K MRT. Green facades have a similar effect on MRT reduction, while green roofs show only a slight reduction by a few tenths of 1 K MRT on street level. The results show that if appropriate measures were applied, negative effects of densification could be reduced, and positive effects could be achieved.
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Streimikiene, Dalia, Vidas Lekavičius, Tomas Baležentis, Grigorios L. Kyriakopoulos, and Josef Abrhám. "Climate Change Mitigation Policies Targeting Households and Addressing Energy Poverty in European Union." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 1, 2020): 3389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133389.
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Climate change mitigation measures linked to households’ energy consumption have huge greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction potential and positive impact on energy poverty reduction. However, measures such as renovation of residential buildings or installation of micro generation technologies based on renewable energy sources have not realized their full energy saving and GHG emission reduction potentials, due to the energy efficiency paradox and other barriers. These climate change mitigation policies targeting the households’ sector can deliver extra benefits such as energy poverty reduction and implementation of the energy justice principle; therefore, they require more attention of scholars and policy makers. The aim of this paper is to analyze the energy poverty and climate change mitigation issues in EU households based on a systematic literature review, and to provide future research paths and policy recommendations. Based on the systematic literature review, this paper develops an integrated framework for addressing energy poverty, just carbon free energy transition and climate change mitigation issues in the EU. Additionally, we argue that more targeted climate change policies and measures are necessary in the light of the shortcomings of current measures to reduce energy poverty and realize climate change mitigation potential linked to energy consumption in households.
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Wei, Jin, Fangsi Yu, Haixiu Liang, and Maohui Luo. "Thermal Performance of Vertical Courtyard System in Office Buildings Under Typical Hot Days in Hot-Humid Climate Area: A Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 25, 2020): 2591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072591.
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Due to the different types of courtyards in vertical courtyard system (VCS), their impacts on thermal performance in office buildings may vary. To better understand this issue, this paper investigates the thermal performance impact of three typical vertical courtyards. A field case study was conducted in VCSs during two typical extreme hot days under hot-humid climate conditions. The results show that the vertical courtyards have significant cooling effects under hot-humid climatic conditions. Via testing on linear, integrated, and rooftop courtyard with fusion layout, the fusion one has an obviously positive impact on air temperature reduction (4.3 °C). Compared with the linear and integrated courtyards, the maximum air temperature difference of fusion layout is around 1.6 °C. The thermal radiation environment of the fusion layout was better than that of the other two (linear and integrated). Besides, the surface temperature of the pavements (wood panel) in the vertical courtyards can reach 47 °C, while the vegetation can lower it by 8 °C under the same weather conditions. These findings show that the courtyard with fusion layout is more suitable for extreme hot weather conditions.
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Elsamny, Maged. "Biological NanoArchitecture: Architecture in the Age of Biomaterials." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2174.
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Biological NanoArchitecture is to build natural spaces that contribute to the biological-system and integrated with the surrounding environment, and as healthy as the womb for an embryo to grow. It should have a positive effect on the health of its occupants while enriching the ecosystem of the planet by consuming zero resources and producing zero waste. In this paper, I will try to introduce the myriad potentials of advanced technologies in the 21st century to architects and builders. Advances in Biotechnology and Nanotechnology will change the way we think, design and construct our buildings, and transform our inorganic buildings into synthetic organic structures that can behave like living species and merge with the biological cycle of the planet. This change of thinking can be achieved through adopting bionic systems in our buildings and mimicking nature the way it builds life forms. After 3.8 million years of evolution, it’s nature that does it best to adapt for survival, and the more our buildings look and function like natural systems, the more we are likely to find solutions to our contemporary global problems like overpopulation and climate change. This requires that we should look at nature as a source of learning and inspiration rather than a source of materials and energy.
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Işık, Neşe. "Effects of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) On Historical Bridges and Treatment with Bentonite." Civil Engineering Beyond Limits 1, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/cebel.2020.001.004.
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In this study, the effects of bentonite clay were investigated in the cleaning of the andesite stone samples used in the restoration of historical Çobandede Bridge and some historical buildings contaminated with sodium chloride salt. The stones of historical buildings are exposed to harmful salt effects for various reasons. Especially in regions where terrestrial climate dominates, the sodium chloride salt sprinkled on the icy roads for thawing may infiltrate over time into soil and then arrives at the historic bridges’ stones. In this way, because of capillarity of the stones and ionic osmos, the salt accumulates in the pores of the stones and the hygroscopic nature of NaCl damages the historic bridges’ stones on the road route. This physically damages the stone and reduces the life of historic bridges. Therefore, the removal of salt entering the structure of the stone is very important to increase the durability of the stones. In order to model this situation, a sum of bentonite clay paste prepared in liquid limit was implemented to artificially polluted andesite stone samples. The clay pastes applied to the stones were removed from the stones surfaces after a certain period of time and analyzed. X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) analyzes showed that bentonite clay gave positive results for sodium chloride removal from historical building stones exposed to NaCl salt.
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Lamberti, Giulia, Giacomo Salvadori, Francesco Leccese, Fabio Fantozzi, and Philomena M. Bluyssen. "Advancement on Thermal Comfort in Educational Buildings: Current Issues and Way Forward." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 15, 2021): 10315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810315.
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The thermal environment in educational buildings is crucial to improve students’ health and productivity, as they spend a considerable amount of time in classrooms. Due to the complexity of educational buildings, research performed has been heterogeneous and standards for thermal comfort are based on office studies with adults. Moreover, they rely on single dose-response models that do not account for interactions with other environmental factors, or students’ individual preferences and needs. A literature study was performed on thermal comfort in educational buildings comprising of 143 field studies, to identify all possible confounding parameters involved in thermal perception. Educational stage, climate zone, model adopted to investigate comfort, and operation mode were then selected as confounding parameters and discussed to delineate the priorities for future research. Results showed that children often present with different thermal sensations than adults, which should be considered in the design of energy-efficient and comfortable educational environments. Furthermore, the use of different models to analyse comfort can influence field studies’ outcomes and should be carefully investigated. It is concluded that future studies should focus on a more rational evaluation of thermal comfort, also considering the effect that local discomfort can have on the perception of an environment. Moreover, it is important to carefully assess possible relationships between HVAC systems, building envelope, and thermal comfort, including their effect on energy consumption. Since several studies showed that the perception of the environment does not concern thermal comfort only, but it involves the aspects of indoor air, acoustic, and visual quality, their effect on the health and performance of the students should be assessed. This paper provides a way forward for researchers, which should aim to have an integrated approach through considering the positive effects of indoor exposure while considering possible individual differences.
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., Abimaje, Joshua ., Mohd Zin Bin Kandar, and Dodo Yakubu Aminu. "Light Shelf as a Daylighting System in a Tropical Climate Office Space." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.29 (May 22, 2018): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.14259.
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Daylighting is a passive design strategy for lighting office spaces given the fact that offices operate within daytime, usually between 8:00 am to 5:00 pm which corresponds to the period of daylight availability. Daylight is abundant in the tropics, free and has no negative impact on the environment. It has positive physiological and psychological effect on the man as well as good colour rendering. Ironically, despite the abundant availability and the merits of daylighting especially in the tropics, it is not fully utilized. A light shelf is one of the innovative daylighting systems that can be employed to improve office spaces daylighting performance. Therefore, the focus of this study is the application of light shelf as a daylighting system in government offices in Malaysia. This study was carried out through literature search on thirteen disciplines. The disciplines were building and environment, energy, and building, renewable and sustainable energy, energy conservation in Building, lighting research and technology, energy conservation and Management, Solar energy, renewable energy, indoor and built environment, energy policy, energy and buildings, renewable energy, and applied energy. Data were obtained from Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus and Conference Proceedings. This was done by typing in keywords such as daylighting, light shelf, office spaces, visual performance, tropical climate, and Malaysia. The review was from 1986 to 2016 to cover the length and breadth of the study area for the past 30 years. This work includes previous review and empirical works. Attention was equally given to the methodologies and context of the work. The result of this study showed the poor daylighting performance of government office spaces in Malaysia. The daylighting in these offices is either too low as a result of the use of excessive external shading devices to reduce interior heat gain or too high due to over glazed wall for aesthetics and daylighting. Consequent upon these is inadequate daylighting illuminance, non-uniform illuminance distribution, and glare. This brings about visual discomfort. Also, the study revealed that light shelf as an innovative daylighting lighting system could improve the daylighting performance of these office spaces. The effectiveness of light shelf depends on the latitude, reflectance of light shelf material, the angle of inclination, its depth, mounting position among others. However, there exists little work on the effect of the depth of light shelf and the variation of its distance from the ceiling on the daylight performance of government office spaces in Malaysia. This paper, therefore, recommends investigation on the effect of the depth of light shelf and the variation of its distance from the ceiling on daylighting performance of government office spaces in Malaysia.
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Wedayana, Komang Micho, I. Gusti Ngurah Anom Rajendra, and Ni Ketut Agusintadewi. "Bamboo Material Benefits in Lobby Eco Villa Construction Building in Mandalika Area, Lombok-Nusa Tenggara Barat." Journal of A Sustainable Global South 2, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jsgs.2018.v02.i02.p05.
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Bamboo is one of the building materials that is no stranger to the people of Indonesia. Bamboo grows abundantly throughout Indonesia and has become part of the lives of Indonesian people. Bamboo is used because it has strong material characteristics but has a light weight for building construction needs. Bamboo is also known to have ecological value that is good for the environment because it only takes about 3 to 5 years of growth to be ready for use as material better than wood materials that can reach 40 years. With very fast growth and the ability to adapt to a good climate, bamboo is an alternative material that can be a renewable resources. However, modern society now has a perception that bamboo is an ancient material and material for the poor and has a low aspect of durability. Even though bamboo can be used for the structure of tourism accommodation building as well as villa it will give a unique look with renewal of designs and the development of more innovative ways of preservation in order to become a development effort that is more directed towards environmental preservation. By using bamboo extensively in the structure of buildings, the circulation of the presence of bamboo can support the people's economy and have a great positive impact on the environment.
Index Terms— bamboo, building construction, renewable resousces, design.
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Coleman, Sylvia, Marianne Touchie, John Robinson, and Terri Peters. "Rethinking Performance Gaps: A Regenerative Sustainability Approach to Built Environment Performance Assessment." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 4829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124829.
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Globally, there are significant challenges to meeting built environment performance targets. The gaps found between the predicted performance of new or retrofit buildings and their actual performance impede an understanding of how to achieve these targets. This paper points to the importance of reliable and informative building performance assessments. We argue that if we are to make progress in achieving our climate goals, we need to reframe built environment performance with a shift to net positive goals, while recognising the equal importance of human and environmental outcomes. This paper presents a simple conceptual framework for built environment performance assessment and identifies three performance gaps: (i) Prediction Gap (e.g., modelled and measured energy, water consumption); (ii) Expectations Gap (e.g., occupant expectations in pre- and post-occupancy evaluations); and, (iii) Outcomes Gap (e.g., thermal comfort measurements and survey results). We question which of measured or experienced performance is the ‘true’ performance of the built environment. We further identify a “Prediction Paradox”, indicating that it may not be possible to achieve more accurate predictions of building performance at the early design stage. Instead, we propose that Performance Gaps be seen as creative resources, used to improve the resilience of design strategies through continuous monitoring.
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Kim, Yoomi. "Technological Innovation, the Kyoto Protocol, and Open Innovation." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no. 3 (September 8, 2021): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7030198.
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This study investigates the role of technological innovation in increasing the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Panel data showing the number of patents for climate change mitigation technology as a measure of innovation are obtained from 54 countries for the period 1990–2015 to verify whether technological innovation is effective in reducing GHG emissions and whether it has a significant synergetic relationship with the Kyoto Protocol. The historical trends in the number of patents for climate change mitigation technology reveal a relationship between the Kyoto Protocol and technological innovation and show differences between specific types of mitigation technology. Based on these innovation data, this study conducts two-stage least squares analysis that considers the time-lag effect. The empirical results confirm that mitigation innovations for buildings and the production or processing of goods have a strong positive association with GHG emission reduction. The findings also support the long-term synergetic effect between innovation and participation in the Kyoto Protocol in terms of GHG mitigation. This study contributes to international climate change governance by providing empirical evidence for technological innovation’s role in strengthening the effectiveness of international regimes and implications for promoting open innovation.
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Grøntoft, Terje. "Observed Recent Change in Climate and Potential for Decay of Norwegian Wood Structures." Climate 7, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7020033.
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The wood rot decay of structures and buildings in Norway represents high costs. This paper reports the observed trends for the potential rot decay of Norwegian wood structures in the cities of Oslo and Bergen over the recent 55 years, calculated as the “wood rot climate index” developed by Scheffer, and compares the reports with previous reported values based on climate change modelling. The observed change in the wood rot climate index was close to the modelling result. Bergen is exposed directly to the westerly Atlantic winds and has among the highest rain amounts in Norway, whereas Oslo is shielded by the Scandinavian mountain chain and has much less rain. The change in the wood rot climate index since 1961 was about 20% in both cities, but the trend in the index (climate index change per year) was about 80% stronger in Bergen. The absolute index changes were largest in the summer; then spring (50 to 60% of the summer increase); and small, zero, or even negative (autumn in Oslo) in the remaining seasons. The relative changes were higher in the spring than summer and very high in Bergen in the winter from a low value. The change to positive index values in the spring and winter indicates temperature and humidity conditions favoring the growth of wood rot and, thus, extended the rot duration through the year. The expected increase in the future wood rot decay potential in Norway shows the need for increased focus on adaption measures to reduce the related damages and costs.
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Mutani, Guglielmina, and Valeria Todeschi. "Building energy modeling at neighborhood scale." Energy Efficiency 13, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 1353–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-020-09882-4.
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Abstract The urban climate and outdoor air quality of cities that have a positive thermal balance depending on the thermal consumptions of buildings cause an increase of the urban heat island and global warming effects. The aim of this work has been to develop an energy balance using the energy consumption data of the district heating network. The here presented engineering energy model is at a neighborhood scale, and the energy-use results have been obtained from a heat balance of residential buildings, by means of a quasi-steady state method, on a monthly basis. The modeling approach also considers the characteristics of the urban context that may have a significant effect on its energy performance. The model includes a number of urban variables, such as solar exposition and thermal radiation lost to the sky of the built environment. This methodology was applied to thirty-three 1 km × 1 km meshes in the city of Turin, using the monthly energy consumption data of three consecutive heating seasons. The results showed that the model is accurate for old built areas; the average error is 10% for buildings constructed before 1970, while the error reaches 20% for newer buildings. The importance and originality of this study are related to the fact that the energy balance is applied at neighborhood scale and urban parameters are introduced with the support of a GIS tool. The resulting engineering models can be applied as a decision support tool for citizens, public administrations, and policy makers to evaluate the distribution of energy consumptions and the relative GHG emissions to promote a more sustainable urban environment. Future researches will be carried out with the aim of introducing other urban variables into the model, such as the canyon effect and the presence of vegetation.
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Hofierka, J., M. Gallay, J. Kaňuk, J. Šupinský, and J. Šašak. "HIGH-RESOLUTION URBAN GREENERY MAPPING FOR MICRO-CLIMATE MODELLING BASED ON 3D CITY MODELS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W7 (October 23, 2017): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w7-7-2017.
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Urban greenery has various positive micro-climate effects including mitigation of heat islands. The primary root of heat islands in cities is in absorption of solar radiation by the mass of building structures, roads and other solid materials. The absorbed heat is subsequently re-radiated into the surroundings and increases ambient temperatures. The vegetation can stop and absorb most of incoming solar radiation mostly via the photosynthesis and evapotranspiration process. However, vegetation in mild climate of Europe manifests considerable annual seasonality which can also contribute to the seasonal change in the cooling effect of the vegetation on the urban climate. Modern methods of high-resolution mapping and new generations of sensors have brought opportunity to record the dynamics of urban greenery in a high resolution in spatial, spectral, and temporal domains. In this paper, we use the case study of the city of Košice in Eastern Slovakia to demonstrate the methodology of 3D mapping and modelling the urban greenery during one vegetation season in 2016. The purpose of this monitoring is to capture 3D effects of urban greenery on spatial distribution of solar radiation in urban environment. Terrestrial laser scanning was conducted on four selected sites within Košice in ultra-high spatial resolution. The entire study area, which included these four smaller sites, comprised 4&thinsp;km<sup>2</sup> of the central part of the city was flown within a single airborne lidar and photogrammetric mission to capture the upper parts of buildings and vegetation. The acquired airborne data were used to generate a 3D city model and the time series of terrestrial lidar data were integrated with the 3D city model. The results show that the terrestrial and airborne laser scanning techniques can be effectively used to monitor seasonal changes in foliage of trees in order to assess the transmissivity of the canopy for microclimate modelling.