Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Climate laws'
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1
Sabbag, Bruno Kerlakian. "Processo de incorporação da dimensão climática no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro e análise do caso do Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-03052013-100345/.
Abstract:
A partir da Política Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima, o Brasil tem publicado inúmeras leis sobre mudança do clima, mas tem-se verificado dificuldades em sua aplicação. Apesar disso, pouco se tem escrito com o objetivo de identificar os aspectos mais críticos que permitam auxiliar a revisão e aprimoramento do marco jurídico-climático no país. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi realizar uma análise crítica da Política Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima e da Política sobre Mudança do Clima do Estado de São Paulo, a fim de avaliar se o processo de incorporação da dimensão climática no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, e em especial no Estado de São Paulo, tem sido adequado e, em caso negativo, porque não. Foram identificadas e estudadas mais de 100 leis no Brasil sobre mudança do clima, mas a análise crítica na dissertação limitou-se à lei nacional e paulista sobre mudança do clima. Também foi estudada a bibliografia principal sobre o assunto e foi realizado estudo de casos já levados ao Poder Judiciário. Os resultados da análise permitem verificar que as principais falhas dos marcos legais em nível nacional e estadual apontam para a ausência de clareza na alocação de responsabilidades dos setores envolvidos. Além disso, a legislação paulista adotou uma meta de redução de emissões que tem se mostrado inatingível, o que gera insegurança jurídica e prejudica a eficácia das normas. Finalmente, recomendações são apresentadas para o aprimoramento dos marcos legais.Since the Brazilian National Climate Change Policy was enacted, Brazil has been issuing many laws on climate change, but implementation of such laws has not been adequate. Nevertheless, there are very few legal assessments on the Brazilian climate change regime that could assist to improve its effectiveness. The main purpose of this masters dissertation is to undertake a critical assessment of Brazilian National Climate Change Policy and of State of São Paulo Climate Change Policy, in order to comprehend whether or not the process of incorporating the climate change dimension on the Brazilian legal system has been adequate, and if not why. More than one hundred laws on climate change in Brazil were researched, but the detailed assessment was limited to the National and State of São Paulo legislation. Court precedents and main doctrine have also been analyzed. The results of the assessment demonstrate that since the National Climate Change Policy, many other climate change laws have been enacted, and most of them present serious uncertainties, which impair the execution of these laws. The main uncertainties of such laws arise from the fact the they do not clearly allocate responsibility and obligations to all stakeholders involved. Besides, the state law adopted a reduction target that is not achievable, which cause legal uncertainty and impairs the execution of these laws. In the end, the dissertation presents recommendations for the improvement of Brazilian climate change legal regime.
2
Sandström, Stina, Emelie Looyenga, and Anna Åslund. "From hate media to great media? : Rwandan radio journalist’s view of the media climate in their country." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för medier och journalistik (MJ), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-52405.
Abstract:
In 1994 a brutal genocide took place in Rwanda were one part of the population killed over 800 000 of their own people over a period of one hundred days. Rwandan radio, the biggest and most influential medium in the country, played a crucial part in the tragedy and today, almost 22 years after the genocide, Rwanda is trying to rebuild the media system as well as the trust between the public and the journalists. Over recent years Rwanda has made a huge development within the media sector and keeps moving forward from its dark history. This study aims to examine how radio journalist at the government owned radio channel RBA, Rwanda Broadcasting Agency, experiences the changes in the media climate and focus will mainly lie on the period after the introduction of new media laws in 2013. This study also examines how journalists have experienced different international collaborations, especially between Western countries and Rwanda, that are aiming to develop the media system. In total eleven radio journalist from RBA were interviewed and our research questions were as follows; How do Rwandan radio journalists within the RBA experience the media situation in the country today? How do Rwandan radio journalists within the RBA regard their role within their profession? How can Rwanda’s media climate be interpreted through different normative media systems? To understand the media climate at RBA three theoretical perspectives were used as a base; Agenda Setting Theory, globalisation and domestication. To study the media situation an ethnographic method was applied and put into the context of Rwanda's history and culture. During our interviews we have talked about how the journalists regard their role in the society, how it has changed, what may still change, how they value their independency as journalists and what they think the future holds for Rwandan media development. The informants all agreed that Rwandan journalism is constantly developing and journalists are learning how to work in a society where the media's biggest aim is to be trusted by the public. Rwandan journalists and international journalists, the latter group also partly represented in the study, regard Rwanda's media situation differently but both parts agree upon the fact that the country has a long way to go to reach an open media climate. Our result leads up to a cultural conclusion; it is difficult to make a fair judgement of the media situation in Rwanda only by measuring the country's development and the journalistic competence according to Western ideals.
3
Afinowi, Olubunmi Ayodele. "An outline and critical assessment of the role of planning laws in the regulatory framework of climate change adaptation in South Africa and Nigeria." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29313.
Abstract:
Climate change affects the natural and built environment, including all forms of development. The risks of climate change include severe alterations to the normal functioning of communities, including adverse effects on humans, infrastructure, land use, the built and natural environment. Due to these occurring and projected adverse effects, there is the need to develop resilience within communities, especially in areas of particular vulnerability. The point of departure of this research is that planning laws have a role to play in the adapting to, and building of resilience against, climate change. As such the work argues for an integration of climate change considerations into planning, environmental and related laws. The relevant laws will be examined to consider the extent to which they are suited to aid the adaptation process. The research entails a comparative approach through the analysis of planning laws in Nigeria and South Africa. It also involves qualitative empirical research into the effectiveness of planning laws as a means of adaptation to climate change. Planning law in Nigeria is very procedural and is limited to physical planning and ordering of the built environment. South Africa, on the other hand, has integrated sustainable development considerations into her planning legislation and it now encompasses spatial planning, integrated development plans, land use management and others. In both countries, however, there seems to be no express integration of climate change into planning laws, especially at the national level of government. The research also examines the legal aspects of climate change adaptation strategies in both countries. It found that in Nigeria in particular, there is no provision for inter-governmental cooperation to facilitate physical planning or climate adaptation action. In the case of South Africa, there is a well-structured intergovernmental collaboration regarding planning and land use management, which gives some consideration to climate change adaptation. However, the structure for cooperation is still being developed as seen in the draft National Adaptation Strategy and the proposed Climate Change Act. There is a need to reevaluate the relevant laws in both countries, with special consideration to the role of planning in adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change on the natural and built environment.
4
Traore, Sidy Shafahil, and Sidy Shafahil Traore. "Understanding Environmental Laws: The Role Of Federalism In Developing A National Climate Change Mitigation Strategy For Greenhouse Gas Emission. A Case Study Of The Clean Power Plan Proposal." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621970.
Abstract:
Defined as a “system of state and national government [where] each level has some degree of autonomy” (Farber, 2013 page 12), federalism is one of the most important characteristics of the American political system. Although the word federalism never appears in the U.S. Constitution, the Supremacy Clause establishes that the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties constitute "the supreme law of the land" (U.S. Const. art. VII, § 2). In other words, federal laws take precedence over any other forms of law on U.S. soil. Naturally, federalism has a major importance in environmental laws. The goal of this paper is to analyze whether overlapping jurisdiction of the federal system facilitates or obstructs an efficient implementation of a national climate change mitigation strategy for U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. The importance of the environmental theme in recent news places this paper in the center of international debate on environmental regulation. Indeed, although there is a common scientific agreement that climate change and environmental degradations are happening at an alarming rate, national and international legislators have failed to take significant actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change. However, the Paris Climate Change Conference agreement recently ratified by 193 countries, gives new hopes in the fight against climate change. It suggests an imperative that policymakers must take imminent actions to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions, at the local and international level. The Clean Power Plan proposed by President Obama’s administration is a direct effort to comply with the Paris agreement commitment, in order to reduce U.S carbon dioxide emissions.
5
Insinna, Patrick. "Vergleichende Multiproxy-Untersuchungen zur Bioindikation von Pinus sylvestris L. und Pinus ponderosa DOUGL. ex P. et C. LAWS. in Brandenburg vor dem Hintergrund sich ändernder Klimabedingungen = Comparative multyproxy-investigations for bioindication on Pinus sylvestris L. and Pinus ponderosa DOUGL. ex P. et C. LAWS. in Brandenburg (Germany) against the background of a changing climate /." Bayreuth, 2007. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000252757.
6
Jeffery, A. "The British lawn and climate change." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.605074.
Abstract:
The overall aim of this study was to assess the robustness of the lawn ecosystem to increased temperature and imposed drought in line with current scenarios of climate change. The practical aim was to identify everyday lawn treatments (fertilizer and leaving clippings) which are sustainable and increase tolerance of, or recovery from, these climatic conditions. Investigations of lawn growth rates and colour indicated that the lawn recovers from the range of climatic conditions tested (3°C temperature elevation and two or three month summer drought), that recovery is rapid following drought, and under the extreme combination of heat and drought, the lawn ecosystem is still persistent. Warming leads to increased ET and reduced soil moisture and this in turn decreases lawn growth and quality, particularly in the summer. However, growth and colour rapidly return to normal levels when soil moisture increases in the autumn. When soil moisture is non-limiting, warming can lead to increases in lawn growth. Similarly, fertilizer increases growth and greenness when environmental conditions are non-limiting but under drought or warming fertilizer can lower ecosystem robustness. Drought leads to increases in nitrate leaching as does heating to a lesser extent and heating can also increase plant uptake of nitrogen. Nitrate losses from highly fertilized plots are severe and losses can also occur when clippings are left on the lawn. In clippings treatments nitrate leaching is higher in unheated than heated plots where plant uptake of nitrogen is also higher. Leaving clippings is effective in the autumn recovery of heated and unheated plots. This study has shown that a no-management approach to summer drought and warmer temperatures is valid if browning-off is acceptable, that management for autumn recovery rather than summer persistence is appropriate, and that clippings are better for lawn robustness than fertilizer.
7
Tedenljung, Amanda. "Climate Change and Forced Migration : How Climate Refugees fit into EU Asylum Law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412272.
Abstract:
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humankind and its effects will hit the most vulnerable persons disproportionately hard. Several millions of people risk displacement due to environmental hazards, natural disasters and climate mediated conflicts, influencing migration patterns across the world. Without a strategy for protecting specifically climate refugees, States risk violating several human rights, which makes the issue highly relevant to the international community. Nevertheless, an intergovernmental strategy for addressing the challenges does not yet exist. This thesis focuses specifically on the European Union’s role in protecting climate refugees. It offers an analysis of the mechanical and attitudinal dimensions of refugee protection in the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) and uses post-colonial theory as a tool for interpreting its implementation. This thesis is written with the purpose of contributing to the discourse on how climate refugees can and should fit in under current EU legislative mechanisms.
8
Osofsky, Hari. "Scales of Law: Rethinking Climate Change Governance." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/13297.
Abstract:
The international treaty regime on climate change is failing to address this problem adequately and cannot fully capture the scales of the problem or of efforts to address it. This dissertation draws from geographic conceptions of scale and legal governance theory to: (1) argue for the value of polycentric, multi-scalar approaches to climate change governance, (2) explore the nuances of what such approaches entail, and (3) propose strategies for improving their effectiveness. It does so by applying these theoretical approaches to three case studies: climate change litigation, federal climate change regulation, and suburban action on climate change. For each of these case studies, it demonstrates the complexity of defining scales and scalar dynamics and considers how the activity being described does and should fit into multi-scalar governance approaches. It concludes by reflecting upon the lessons from the case studies for how to understand the geography of multi-level governance approaches and to approach its core principles of hybridity, multi-scalar, and inclusion.
This dissertation includes previously published material.
9
Rached, Danielle Hanna. "The international law of climate change and accountability." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28696.
Abstract:
In the past few decades, accountability has become a key concept to assess the role and place of a wide range of trasnational institutions. Such trend can be partially explained by the widespread sense of unaccountability that permeates the legal realm beyond the state. The aim of this thesis is to investigate three particular institutional actors of the Climate Change Regime: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the Compliance Committee of the Kyoto Protocol (CCKP), and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). This investigation is carried out through the descriptive and critical lenses of accountability. It resorts to the Global Administrative Law (GAL) project in order to pursue that task. Along the way, the thesis asks four interrelated research questions. The first is conceptual: what is accountability? The second is an abstract normative question: what is regarded as a desirable accountability relationship at the national and the global level? The third is purely descriptive: how accountable are the three institutions? The fourth, finally, is a contextualised normative question: how appropriate are their three accountability arrangements? The two former questions are instrumental and ancillary to the two latter. That is to say, they respectively provide the analytical and evaluative frameworks on the basis of which a concrete description and a concrete normative assessment will be done.
10
Wendland, Johannes. "International human rights law and climate change: the case for a duty to mitigate climate change." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33976.
Abstract:
The dissertation deals with the relationship between climate change and international human rights law. A special focus lies on the question if states have a human rights obligation to mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas-emissions. To this end, the dissertation develops and proposes a risk-based approach that helps overcome the complex issue of causation. After a short introduction (section I), the thesis establishes the framework (section II) by defining climate change on one hand and international human rights law on the other hand, describing roughly the scientific processes and the most pertinent legal instruments. It then puts both element in relation by briefly tracing the history of how scholars and activists have started to apply a human rights approach to the issue of climate change. This relation is further enlarged upon with an analysis of the factual impacts that climate change has on human rights guarantees (section III). Next to established human rights under especially the ICCPR and the ICESCR, the question is discussed if a self-standing right to a healthy environment exists de lege lata. The thesis also briefly describes the issue of climate justice. On this basis, the centrepiece of the dissertation then discusses the resulting human rights obligations (section IV). It notes that so far, there is significant scepticism towards a human rights duty to mitigate and its potential content is rather vague. To strengthen the case for a duty to mitigate, the text proposes a “risk-based” approach: Based mainly on jurisprudence by the European Court of Human Rights, it is argued that states not only have to prevent harm but also reduce mere risks of harm. This way, the issue of causation and attribution which is often seen as the Achilles-heel of a human rights approach to mitigation can be overcome. In the end, it is submitted that states are under a duty to reduce their greenhouse gas-emissions in accordance with the remaining “greenhouse gas-budget”. This argument is further corroborated with regard to climate justice and an extraterritorial perspective on the duty to mitigate (section V). It is argued that the international relevance of the right to self-determination as well as a duty not to interfere with human rights in other countries could require states to take into account not only climate change impacts in their own territory but also abroad. This way, the human rights duty to mitigate is not only reinforced, but can also help to realise a greater degree of climate justice. Lastly, the conclusion (section VI) recaps and summarizes the given argument and concludes that a human rights approach can be useful to compel governments to more decisive mitigation measures.
11
Gigot, Elisabeth. "International law and biofuel issue related to climate change." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-96171.
12
Schofield, Simon anthony. "The law of climate change mitigation in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Law, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10347.
Abstract:
As the world strives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change, the law has a crucial role to play in supporting mitigation solutions. Starting with the common law's potential for the development of a climate change tort in New Zealand, this thesis analyses the applicability of New Zealand's environmental land use planning law before turning to how an New Zealand emissions unit under the Climate Change Response Act 2002 will work in theory and practice to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This thesis argues that the operation of corporations to drive these reductions as well as the development of renewable electricity from water, geothermal, wind and marine resources will require an integrated approach to sustainability. It explains that the transition from fossil fuels which can be owned to fugacious renewable resources which are incapable of ownership until capture requires reconsideration of the nature of property. Energy efficiency and conservation in addition to sequestration which reduce greenhouse gas emissions expose opportunities and problems associated with disaggregating property law rights. It concludes that New Zealand law must keep sight of the purpose of reducing greenhouse gas emissions through all levels of society, namely, climate change mitigation.
13
Huntra, Patcha. "Climate Effects on Water Consumption in Las Vegas Nevada." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1511867565654703.
14
Fors, Ellen. "Climate Change and the Right to Water : How Climate Change Affects the Enjoyment of the Right to Water." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-76528.
15
Saab, Anne. "A legal inquiry into hunger and climate change : climate-ready seeds in the neoliberal food regime." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3201/.
Abstract:
This thesis explores the issue of hunger in the context of climate change. In particular, it investigates the role that international law plays in finding ways to tackle hunger. The research focuses on one particular adaptation strategy to climate change that has been proposed, namely ‘climate-ready seeds’. Climate-ready seeds are genetically engineered for resistance to abiotic stresses, such as drought, and intended to increase food production in the face of climate change. This research presents narratives of climate-ready seeds that expose different perspectives on whether these seeds can contribute to solving the problem of hunger. The specific example of climate-ready seeds is seen as a reflection of the ‘neoliberal’ food regime. While the exploration of the role of international law focuses primarily on climate-ready seeds, the conclusions are also relevant for food regime theory more broadly. I study the role of law in discourse on climate-ready seeds through the fields of climate change adaptation law, intellectual property law (particularly seed patents), and human rights law (especially the right to food). My main argument is that, while law is often invoked as part of the solution to climate change-induced hunger, there is little attention for the role that law plays in framing the problem. How hunger is framed as a problem determines the solutions available to solve it. Ultimately, this inquiry investigates the contribution of international law in framing hunger in the context of climate change as a problem. The analysis is based on the identification of five fundamental assumptions underlying debates on climate-ready seeds. I argue that a great deal of critical attention is directed at corporate patent rights on seeds; much less consideration is given to fundamental questions about hunger and how to eradicate it Finally, I apply the conclusions about the role of law in debates about climate-ready seeds to the neoliberal food regime. My broader argument is that global food relations as understood through food regime theory must consider the role that law plays in creating and reinforcing a certain way of thinking about hunger in the context of climate change. Without addressing the framework of assumptions on which the current food regime is based, it will be difficult to truly change global food relations and formulate alternative ways of combating hunger.
16
Bernus, Anthony. "Modélisation du bilan d’énergie des lacs dans le modèle de surface continentale ORCHIDEE." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ002.
Abstract:
Au regard de l’importance des lacs sur le climat et de leur rôle sociétal, il estpertinent de les implémenter dans les modèles de climats pour comprendre leur influence sur les différents cycles comme ceux de l’eau, du carbone, du méthane ou encore leur interaction avec la couche limite de l’atmosphère. Cette thèse vise à implémenter les lacs dans le modèle de surface continental ORCHIDEE. Nous avons choisi le modèle à une dimension Flake qui simule le bilan d’énergie des lacs.Dans une première partie de cette thèse nous avons réalisé une analyse de sensibilité des différents paramètres su modèle Flake. Nous avons mis en avant que les températures de surface des lacs et les flux de chaleur de surface sont d’abord sensibles à la profondeur. Cependant selon l’intervalle de profondeur choisie (peu ou très profond), on remarque que l’influence de la profondeur est plus important pour les lacs peu profond. Le coefficient d’extinction qui mesure la pénétration du rayonnement solaire dans l’eau est lui aussi influent pour les lac de faible profondeur.Dans la suite du travail, nous avons couplé ORCHIDEE avec FLake et testé plusieurs stratégies d’agrégation des profondeurs à plusieurs résolutions (0.25 et 0.5 degrés). Nous avons utilisé la base de données GloboLakes pour valider les températures de surface de lac et la base de données « Global Lake and River Ice Phenology Database » pour valider les périodes de gel. Nous avons utilisé 5 forçages atmosphériques différents et nous avons remarqué la forte sensibilité du couplage aux forçages choisis. La stratégie d’agrégation des profondeurs des lacs à l'échelle de la maille de calcul, quant à elle, influence peu les résultats.Le modèle couplé a finalement montré de bons résultats. Pour chaque série, la médiane des erreurs obtenues sur les températures à varie entre 2.7 K et 3.2 K. Les périodes de gel sont en général surestimées. La médiane des erreurs sur la période de gel varie entre 20 et 41 jour selon le forçage utilisé.Des pistes d’amélioration du couplage sont envisagées comme la paramétrisation spatiale du coefficient d’extinction et l’évolution temporelle des profondeurs contraintes par les mesures satellitaires du futur instrument SWOT. Enfin, dans une perspective à plus long terme, il est envisagé de coupler le modèle ORCHIDEE-FLake avec le modèle atmosphérique LMDZGiven the importance of lakes on the climate and their socio-economic role, it is important to implement them in climate models to understand their influence on the various cycles such as water, carbon, methane or energy cycle and their interaction with the atmospheric boundary layer. This thesis aims to implement lakes in the ORCHIDEE continental surface model. We have chosen the one-dimensional Flake model which simulates the energy balance of lakes.In a first part of this thesis we have performed a sensitivity analysis of the different parameters of the Flake model. We show that lake surface temperatures and surface heat fluxes are mainly sensitive to depth. However, depending on the chosen depth interval (shallow or very deep), we notice that the influence of the depth is more important for the shallow lakes. The extinction coefficient which measures the penetration of solar radiation in water is also influential for shallow lakes.In the following work, we coupled ORCHIDEE with FLake and test several depth aggregation strategies at several resolutions (0.25 and 0.5 degrees). We use the GloboLakes database to validate lake surface temperatures and the Global Lake and River Ice Phenology Database to validate freezing periods. We used five different atmospheric forcings and noticed the strong sensitivity of the coupling to the chosen forcings. The aggregation strategy of the lake depths has a small influence on the results.Finally, the coupled model shows good results. For each series, the median of the errors obtained on the temperatures varies between 2.7 K and 3.2 K. The freezing periods are generally overestimated. The median of the errors on the freezing period varies between 20 and 41 days depending on the forcing used.Future works are considered to improve the coupling, such as the spatial parameterization of the extinction coefficient and the temporal evolution of the depths constrained by the satellite measurements of the future SWOT instrument. Finally, in a longer term perspective, it is envisaged to couple the ORCHIDEE-FLake model with the atmospheric model LMDZ
17
Forsbacka, Kristina. "Climate Finance and the Point of Green Bonds." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Samhällsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-82363.
Abstract:
The emergence of green bonds in 2008 has been perceived as an important means to move towards green and sustainable investments, and the green and sustainable bond markets have also grown exponentially. The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the green bond instrument and the role that it plays at climate finance. Notably, the role of the green bond and climate finance has changed over time. The Paris Agreement from 2015 was the first climate agreement to address the finance sector, and the sustainable finance markets are now moving forward at a swift pace, with new and innovative products developing and rewarding green and sustainable investments. The essence of the research is threefold. Firstly, an analysis based on an empirical study and analysis of the terms and conditions of the contracts between issuers and investors regulating green bonds on the Nordic market. Secondly, an analysis of the new innovative bond instruments – transition bonds and sustainability-linked bonds – following the green bond that have emerged starting in 2019. Thirdly, the green bond instrument is analysed in its historical context, describing the role of carbon pricing and comparing the green bond instrument to experience from early project-based climate finance, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). To conclude, an analysis is provided of the green bond instrument and the role that it plays at the transformation to a climate-resilient and sustainable society. The perspective in the analysis and the discussion is normative and forward looking (“de lege ferenda”), based on experience – “lessons learned” – from the development of early climate finance and the development that the green and sustainable bond market has undergone. The ultimate purpose is to analyse the role the of the green bond at climate finance. My analysis addresses the interplay between coercive and voluntary regulation of the green bond instrument. The theory and findings of the thesis are that flexibility should be provided to market participants to allow for the development of new innovative instruments, based on the tools and infrastructure developed at climate finance and green and sustainable bonds. Legal regulation should focus on information and disclosure of climate-related and sustainability risks, and providing clarification and codification of definitions and standards for this purpose. The tools and infrastructure created for green bonds, and further developed for other emerging innovative bonds, could be used to provide transparency at sustainability at all finance. As climate-related and sustainability risks are disclosed and addressed properly is provided and fiduciary duties are developed, the financial market can move from rewarding “green”, to penalising “brown” investments. When “green” is the new normal there will be no need for a specific green bond instrument. The point of green bonds is being part of this journey – not the solution.
18
Van, Huyssteen Roelof Cornelis. "Regulatory aspects of carbon credits and carbon markets." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5086.
Abstract:
Regulating carbon markets in order to fight the effects of climate change has in recent years become an integral part of many economies around the world. Ensuring that policymakers implement market-based climate change legislation according to international best practice is an essential part to guarantee that a carbon market system operates smoothly within a country’s economy. There are many opportunities that exist in South Africa towards developing a lucrative carbon market; however, the information to implement such a system is hard to come by and complex to analyse. This dissertation will aim to shed some light on this relatively new field of the law as it will provide an overview of international best practice within the carbon market sphere. Furthermore, this dissertation will examine the legal nature of a carbon credit; analyse international instruments regulating carbon markets and discuss existing South African policies and legislation related to climate change and carbon markets. This will lead to the ultimate objective of this dissertation: to propose a possible framework for the regulation of a South African carbon market based upon international best practice. This dissertation revealed the imperative need for South African policymakers to implement legislation to conform to international best practice within carbon markets. In this regard the dissertation also revealed that the infrastructure to regulate such a market already exists within South Africa. Only subtle changes to these infrastructure systems will be required in order for to accommodate a functioning carbon market. The study revealed that the only way to convince entities around the world to emit fewer emissions and to contribute towards the fight against climate change is to attach a monetary value to emissions. Associating a price to carbon is the only way to sanction entities that produce emissions and compensate entities that mitigate emissions. A carbon tax coupled with a carbon offset mechanism, as opposed to a emissions trading scheme, would be the best option with regards to establishing a South African carbon policy. This will ensure a fair playing field, as carbon tax liable entities would be held responsible to pay the same fixed price per ton of carbon that they emit. Coupling the carbon tax with a carbon offset mechanism, trading with carbon credits, will incentivise companies to invest in “greener” technologies and to emit fewer emissions. This dissertation revealed that international best practice in the carbon market sphere, still poses significant difficulties such as price volatility associated with carbon credits; validation and verification inconsistencies within the different carbon standards; and supply and demand fluctuations. These difficulties where highlighted in this dissertation and solutions relating to these difficulties were discussed. The time has come for South Africa to enter the carbon market sphere, whether it be through the introduction of a carbon tax or otherwise. This dissertation illustrates that the infrastructure and stakeholders associated to a South African carbon market needs to be developed. If, when and how the government will actually implement such a carbon market system, remains a question to be answered.
19
Rivlin, Jennifer N. "Conflict management climate related to employment litigation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29532.
20
Verheyen, Roda. "Climate change damage and international law : prevention duties and state responsibility /." Leiden [u.a.] : Nijhoff, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sbb-berlin/50232872X.pdf.
21
Whitehead, Isabelle. "Climate Change Law in Southeast Asia: Risk, Regulation and Regional Innovation." Thesis, Sydney Law School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10507.
22
Shryock, Allison. "American Federalisms and Climate Policy." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1618143242538514.
23
WILLIAMS, Rebecca. "High steaks : climate change mitigation in the cattle sector." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/74342.
Abstract:
Defence date: 14 March 2022Examining Board: Prof. Joanne Scott (European University Institute); Prof. Neha Jain (European University Institute); Prof. Maria Lee (University College London, External Examiner); Dr Jolene Lin (National University of Singapore)
Increasingly, the environmental impact of animal agriculture is being recognised. In the past, climate criticism was largely reserved for the fossil fuel sector, or even the transport and aviation sectors. However, now it is being realised that the agricultural sector is also a major contributor to climate change, particularly in terms of livestock production. Despite this, little attention has been paid, either in academic writing or in policy making, to improving the climate impacts of the livestock sector. This thesis begins to address this gap. Using a novel critical frame analysis approach, it seeks to provide a broad macro-level analysis of various legal regimes on the international and European level that affect emissions from cattle (and where relevant, livestock more broadly). On the basis of this critical frame analysis, tensions, synergies and common themes for livestock emissions mitigation across these regimes can be identified and investigated. It is hoped that this can help to strengthen productive synergies and to reduce damaging tensions while promoting fairer and more effective emissions mitigation for the sector. Most importantly, the thesis highlights affluence as the ‘forgotten’ problem in reducing cattle emissions. The importance of this key insight in terms of tackling future livestock emissions trajectories is significant, particularly in relation to the climate justice dimension of climate mitigation.
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Durrant, Nicola Anna May. "The role of law in responding to climate change : emerging regulatory, liability and market approaches." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2008. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/48907/1/Nicola_Durrant_Thesis.pdf.
Abstract:
Climate change presents as the archetypal environmental problem with short-term economic self-interest operating to the detriment of the long-term sustainability of our society. The scientific reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change strongly assert that the stabilisation of emissions in the atmosphere, to avoid the adverse impacts of climate change, requires significant and rapid reductions in ‘business as usual’ global greenhouse gas emissions. The sheer magnitude of emissions reductions required, within this urgent timeframe, will necessitate an unprecedented level of international, multi-national and intra-national cooperation and will challenge conventional approaches to the creation and implementation of international and domestic legal regimes. To meet this challenge, existing international, national and local legal systems must harmoniously implement a strong international climate change regime through a portfolio of traditional and innovative legal mechanisms that swiftly transform current behavioural practices in emitting greenhouse gases. These include the imposition of strict duties to reduce emissions through the establishment of strong command and control regulation (the regulatory approach); mechanisms for the creation and distribution of liabilities for greenhouse gas emissions and climaterelated harm (the liability approach) and the use of innovative regulatory tools in the form of the carbon trading scheme (the market approach). The legal relations between these various regulatory, liability and market approaches must be managed to achieve a consistent, compatible and optimally effective legal regime to respond to the threat of climate change. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse and evaluate the emerging legal rules and frameworks, both international and Australian, required for the effective regulation of greenhouse gas emissions to address climate change in the context of the urgent and deep emissions reductions required to minimise the adverse impacts of climate change. In doing so, this thesis will examine critically the existing and potential role of law in effectively responding to climate change and will provide recommendations on the necessary reforms to achieve a more effective legal response to this global phenomenon in the future.
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Luhandjula, Yasmine. "Assessing the Prospects for Climate Action in the form of Climate Litigation as a tool to safeguard Human Rights." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76560.
Abstract:
Climate change poses major threats to human life in the form of food and water shortages, health issues, loss of property and more. Climate change amplifies existing environmental, social, economic and political challenges and has increased the risk of displacements, accelerates social injustices, inequalities, and threatens human rights, including the right to life itself. Consequently, States can no longer overlook their obligations to effectively address climate change to safeguard human rights. States have agreed to mobilize stronger and more ambitious climate actions. However, their pledges on carbon emission caps, adaptation practices and climate change funds under the Paris Agreement, are not as ambitious as they ought to be. The aim of this research to assess the value and effectiveness of climate litigation as a substantial form of climate action to safeguard human rights. This research reveals that there has been a significant increase in climate litigation procedures and outcomes which reflect multiple ways in which climate litigation has influenced States to enhance and adopt laws to increase climate action on mitigation and adaptation practices. This research also reveals that climate litigation is amplified through public and civil society mobilisation as well as collaboration efforts between lawyers, scientists and activists across the world, and it is recognised as a valuable tool for those who seek accountability and justice for climate-induced harms.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
Unrestricted
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Li, Wen Jing. "Water governance in a changing climate : adaptation strategy of EU water law." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586411.
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Rajamani, Lavanya. "Differential treatment in international environmental law : sharing the burden of climate protection." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401780.
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Bassi, Michelle Platt. "Ethical Issues of Water Resource Management in a Changing Climate: Equity and Legal Pluralism in Chile." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10620.
Abstract:
xi, 129 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Climate change is disrupting the underpinnings of effective water management by profoundly impacting hydrological patterns. Political entities mandated with freshwater management must respond to society's water needs as availability fluctuates and, in doing so, will encounter difficult ethical dilemmas because existing water laws are ill-equipped to resolve such problems. This thesis takes Chile's water laws as representative of the challenges in addressing ethical disparities arising from freshwater management in a changing climate and proposes that "water ethics" can effectively be used to manage freshwater resources. I examine the 1981 Water Code with a critical eye towards ethical shortcomings and also examine distributive impacts upon indigent farmers and indigenous communities. I conclude that Chile's existing water laws are inequitable because they deny legitimacy to diverse socio-cultural norms regarding water use. Principles of modern water laws must incorporate diverse cultural water laws using a legally pluralistic and ethical approach to management.
Committee in Charge: Dr. Anita M. Weiss, Chair; Professor Derrick Hindery; Professor Stuart Chinn
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Berger, Felix. "Climate Change – A Matter of Life or Death : A Study of the Connection Between Climate Change and the Right to Life in the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-76487.
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Josephson, Per. "Common but differentiated responsibilities in the climate change regime : historic evaluation and future outlooks." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145767.
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Parajuli, Ranjan. "USING CLIMATE MODELS TO PREDICT WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN LAS VEGAS VALLEY: A SYSTEM DYNAMICS APPROACH." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2365.
Abstract:
This study investigated the impact of changing climate and growing population on water supply and demand in one of the most rapidly growing cities in the semi-arid regions of western US, Las Vegas Valley (LVV), Nevada. Future scenarios of supply and demand using climate and hydrological models of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) and a more recent CMIP5 have been evaluated and a comparison of their results has been made. A system dynamics model for LVV was developed with a period of study from 1989 to 2049. For the study area, climate and hydrological data projections for the future period (2013-2049) were obtained from the outputs of 16 Global Climate Models (GCMs) of CMIP3 model ensemble with 3 emission scenarios and that from 37 GCMs of CMIP5 model ensemble with 4 Representative concentration pathways. Population growth forecast by Center for Business and Economic Research (CBER) and prevalent conservation practices by Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) were used for the model. The water availability scenario in the future for LVV in the form of Lake Mead elevation was assessed and the water demand was also predicted. This study found that mean lake elevation for the future period (2013-2049) can go as low as 21.8% lesser than that for the historical period (1989-2012). 59 of 97 projections of CMIP5 models against 27 of 48 projections of CMIP3 models indicated that the future mean lake elevation would be lower than the historical mean. Demand forecasts showed Southern Nevada Water Authority conservation goal for 2035 could be met under prevalent conservation practices. This study can be very useful for the water managers and planners to predict the future water budget, plan accordingly, and make decisions to achieve water sustainability. This study has been performed as a part of the Thriving Earth Exchange (TEX) program to assess the current vulnerability of LVV to drought, and the impact on supply and demand of water resources for the future climate scenarios.
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LARREA, Gonzalo. "Climate change and development : the global administrative law of the UNFCCC financial mechanism." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/74271.
Abstract:
Defence date: 24 February 2022Examining Board : Prof. Joanne Scott (European University Institute); Prof. Deirdre Curtin (European University Institute); Prof. Mar Campins (University of Barcelona); Prof. Peer Zumbansen (McGill University)
This research deals with the legal responsibility of states to provide climate finance to developing countries in order to facilitate climate mitigation and adaptation. The research demonstrates that the area of climate finance has not escaped globalization, where global actors operating at a level beyond the state (the UNFCCC and several Climate Funds) have increasingly taken over some of the climate finance functions previously performed by states. Against this backdrop, the thesis also examines the role of international bodies in providing climate finance, assesses to what extent these bodies are accountable to affected local stakeholders, and puts forward recommendations to foster increased accountability. The research project employs Global Administrative Law (GAL) as a normative framework for assessing and fostering accountability. This thesis is relevant, first and foremost, as an examination of the extent to which global climate finance is adequate for addressing climate change impacts in developing countries. To this end, it engages in a detailed analysis of the international legal framework for climate change and of the relevant financial instruments. It also engages in a normative evaluation of these instruments using the standards proposed by GAL. In keeping with this, the research gives substance and a better definition to these standards. As such, the thesis has the potential to contribute not only to the literature on climate finance, but also to the literature on GAL. It also sheds light on the relationship between climate finance and GAL, a topic that has been largely neglected in the academic literature so far.
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Pedersen, Ole W. "From the king to the climate : environmental justice and legal remedies." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25798.
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Lassen, Merle. "Geo-engineering the climate under the UNCLOS : is sub-seabed storage the salvation?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-96175.
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Nordlund, Alexandra. "Locus Standi in Climate Change Cases Before the European Court of Human Rights." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-94743.
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Paradis, Mark. "Is it just hot air?: the security discourse on climate change." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66833.
Abstract:
Abstract: There is a near-consensus among governments, scientists, and the media that climate change poses a genuine threat to state security. Despite this consensus, the results of cooperative efforts to deal with this threat have been unimpressive. This thesis attempts to explain the divergence between the discourse on climate change and state behaviour by constructing a neorealist theory of cooperation on climate change. The argument comprises two central hypotheses. First, as the vulnerability of a state to climate change increases, it will be more willing to cooperate. Second, as the military threat to national security decreases, states will be more willing to cooperate. These hypotheses are supported by secondary hypotheses that posit a relationship between system-level variables and the level of cooperation. Statistical methods are used to test these propositions. The results do not support the hypothesized relationships.Résumé:Les gouvernements, les scientifiques et les médias sont presque unanimes au sujet des changements climatiques. Selon eux, ces changements menacent la sécurité étatique. Malgré ce consensus, les résultats de la coopération pour résoudre ce problème ont été décevants. Cette thèse vise à expliquer cette divergence entre les déclarations et les actions des états en construisant une théorie néoréaliste de coopération au sujet des changements climatiques. La thèse comprend deux hypothèses centrales. Premièrement, alors que le niveau de vulnérabilité d'un état aux changements climatiques augmente, l'état sera plus enclin à coopérer. Deuxièmement, tandis que la menace militaire diminue, il est plus probable qu'un état coopère. Ces deux hypothèses centrales sont complétées par des hypothèses secondaires qui proposent une relation entre des variables au niveau systémique et la coopération. Des méthodes statistiques ont été utilisées pour tester ces relations. En fin de compte, les résultats ne supportent aucuns des relations proposées.
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Jiang, Zhongnan. "Diversity Climate and Its Impact on Law Enforcement Employees’ Work Attitudes and Interpersonal Experiences." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1593479429497562.
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Chassiot, Léo. "Forçages naturels et anthropiques sur la sédimentation holocène en domaine lacustre : application aux lacs d’Auvergne et aux réservoirs des bassins versants de la Loire et d’Adour Garonne." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2056/document.
Abstract:
Dans la perspective d’appréhender au mieux les conséquences des changements climatiques à l’échelle globale, l’étude des systèmes lacustres apparaît comme un moyen privilégié pour comprendre les interactions passées entre facteurs naturels (climat et tectonique) et anthropiques sur le long terme. Se concentrant sur une zone géographique peu étudiée, l’Auvergne et les bassins versants Loire et Adour-Garonne, ce travail précise les relations existantes entre dynamiques sédimentaires et forçages naturels (tectonique et climat) et anthropiques durant l’Holocène par une approche multi-sites incluant des lacs naturels et des réservoirs. A travers une analyse multi-paramètres du continuum bassin versant - lac, les résultats portant sur les lacs naturels d’Auvergne mettent en évidence : (1) une sédimentation évènementielle témoin de plusieurs aléas naturels (séismes, coulée de boue et éruptions limniques) et (2) une sédimentation de fond reliée aux fluctuations climatiques holocènes et aux activités anthropiques durant la fin de l’Holocène. La reconstitution de l’érosion des sols sur les 700 dernières années souligne une grande disparité entre les sites étudiés, principalement reliée de facteurs de station et de l’impact anthropique à l’échelle locale. L’étude limnogéologique des réservoirs illustre des natures et des processus sédimentaires assimilables aux milieux naturels, mais souligne une grande diversité de géométries de remplissages qui sont dépendantes des typologies d’ouvrages et de l’usage anthropique des réservoirsIn order to assess the consequences of global warming, lacustrine systems are well-indicated to infer past natural (climate and tectonic) and anthropogenic interactions over long time scales. Targeting a poorly documented area, the Auvergne region and the Loire and Adour-Garonne watersheds, this work clarifies relationships between sedimentary dynamics and natural and anthropogenic forcings during the Holocene with a regional multi-sites comparison including natural lakes and reservoirs. Through multi-proxies analyses performed within the lake - catchment continuum, results highlight: (1) sedimentary events related to various forms of natural hazards (earthquakes, debris flow and limnic eruptions) and (2) a background sedimentation related to Holocene climatic fluctuations and human activities during the Late Holocene. For the last 700 years, the reconstruction of soil erosion rates underlines a large disparity between studied sites, mainly connected to site effects and the intensity of human impact at local scale. The limnogeologic study of reservoirs shows similar sedimentary processes than in natural lakes, but highlights a wide range of sedimentary architectures related to the impoundment geometry and the reservoir management
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Herrault, Joel. "Refuge from Climate Change? : The Principle of Non-Refoulement under the ICCPR and the ECHR in the Context of Climate Change." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-438698.
Abstract:
In the early 1990s the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted that the gravest effects of climate change could be on human migration, as millions would be displaced by coastal erosion, flooding, and drought. Today, this is considered a reality that is coming ever closer. Yet, there are currently no binding international frameworks dedicated to the issue of climate induced migration. In addition, the current regime of international refugee law is woefully inadequate at responding to the issue. Individuals that do not fall under the refugee definition are thus commonly left with the general scope of international human rights law standards, so-called complementary protection. On these premises, this thesis sets out to examine the circumstances under which the non-refoulement principle in international human rights law could be applied in the context of climate change effects and especially slow onset processes, and how the principle could potentially be developed. Principally through examining jurisprudence concerning the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights, this thesis finds that while there is a possibility for non-refoulement obligations to arise due to the effects of climate change, the precise scope of such protection is unclear. Although case law has emerged and continues to do so, the complex nature of climate induced migration and the undeveloped jurisprudence on this issue leaves important questions unanswered. This thesis finds that there seems to be no obvious response to the question whether climate change is a relevant factor in the legal analysis of non-refoulement claims, and whether it should be. Furthermore, there are great challenges in discerning the required intensity of harm for the threshold to be met and protection to be granted. In addition, this thesis finds that applying the non-refoulement principle in the context of slow onset processes entails several difficulties, particularly concerning the timing and prediction of the harm. It is therefore concluded that, as long as there is no framework dedicated to the issue of climate induced migration, clarity will be much needed in case law as to the scope of non-refoulement obligations in the context of, especially, slow onset processes due to climate change.
40
Afshar, Ali. "The impact of the Russian legal climate on foreign investors." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2006. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/28503.
Abstract:
There is a consensus in the law and development field and international policy circles that a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate is necessary to attract foreign investment into an emerging economy. This research study analyses and attempts to build on this 'Dominant Theory' in the context of Russia. The Dominant Theory has little direct empirical support: the methods that are most often used to assert that law as a determinant of foreign investment are inappropriate to the task, and the findings of such studies are inconsistent and unconvincing. Further, the studies that purport to assert the importance of a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate to foreign investors leave three important questions unanswered: - How do foreign investors perceive the host legal climate before investing? - Why do they invest in countries that lack a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate? - What factors affect the importance that foreign investors attach to host legal climates? A range of existing research provides preliminary answers to these questions, suggesting that the Dominant Theory is not entirely accurate. They form the basis of two hypotheses. Interviews of foreign investors and their advisors in London and Moscow are carried out to address the research agenda. The evidence verify the hypotheses. While foreign investors would prefer a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate, and welcome improvements in the quality of the Russian legal climate, it is clear that a notable faction of them do not conform to the Dominant Theory. First, according to the interviewees, the quality of Russia's legal climate does determine whether investors choose to invest there or not. Second, foreign investors can operate successfully in the absence of a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate. Finally, the impact of the Russia's legal climate depends significantly on the characteristics of the investor and nature of the investment.
41
Levitt, Gordon. "Changing Climate, Changing Commitments: Municipal Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies in Oregon." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20488.
Abstract:
This thesis examines emerging commitments by local governments in Oregon to address climate change, and situates those efforts within climate policy development at the international, national, regional, and state governmental levels. It also reviews the literature for local climate initiatives and seeks to expand upon that knowledge by surveying “Climate Policymakers” in Oregon. The survey results provide insight into the challenges and opportunities associated with local government and state-level efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Oregon. Considering current climate policies, a broad selection of scholarly analysis, and the opinions of leading climate policy experts in Oregon, this thesis recommends eight categories of strategies to enhance greenhouse gas reduction efforts in Oregon.
42
Ledesma, Cecilia. "China: Potential Mitigation Strategies for Reducing Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/236.
Abstract:
This paper seeks to understand the role that the agriculture sector can play in romoting China's climate change mitigation efforts. In order to understand the history of agricultural and climate change policies in China, the beginning sections are devoted to these topics. In the following chapter,the impact of climate change on agricultural production is explored. Using research data that determine the primary sources of emissions within agriculture, and mitigation practices that have proved effective, potential GHG mitigation measures are proposed in the fourth chapter.Based on recommendations made by economists, the final chapter delineates agricultural policies that would incentive farmers to implement the GHG mitigation strategies outlined in the preceding chapter.
43
Fountalis, Ilias. "From spatio-temporal data to a weighted and lagged network between functional domains: Applications in climate and neuroscience." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/55008.
Abstract:
Spatio-temporal data have become increasingly prevalent and important for both science and enterprises. Such data are typically embedded in a grid with a resolution larger than the true dimensionality of the underlying system. One major task is to identify the distinct semi-autonomous functional components of the spatio-temporal system and to infer their interconnections. In this thesis, we propose two methods that identify the functional components of a spatio-temporal system. Next, an edge inference process identifies the possibly lagged and weighted connections between the system’s components. The weight of an edge accounts for the magnitude of the interaction between two components; the lag associated with each edge accounts for the temporal ordering of these interactions.
The first method, geo-Cluster, infers the spatial components as “areas”; spatially contiguous, non-overlapping, sets of grid cells satisfying a homogeneity constraint in terms of their average pair-wise cross-correlation. However, in real physical systems the underlying physical components might overlap. To this end we also propose
δ-MAPS, a method that first identifies the epicenters of activity of the functional components of the system and then creates domains – spatially contiguous, possibly overlapping, sets of grid cells that satisfy the same homogeneity constraint.
The proposed framework is applied in climate science and neuroscience. We show how these methods can be used to evaluate cutting edge climate models and identify lagged relationships between different climate regions. In the context of neuroscience, the method successfully identifies well-known “resting state networks” as well as a few areas forming the backbone of the functional cortical network. Finally, we contrast the proposed methods to dimensionality reduction techniques (e.g., clustering PCA/ICA) and show their limitations.
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Mason-Case, Sarah A. "Though this be madness yet there be method in't: fostering polycentric climate change governance." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119361.
Abstract:
In this study, the author adopts a Polanyian perspective to answer the questions: (a) What is the architecture of global climate change governance, and (b) What can be done to enhance its performance? A review of the expert literature shows the overall architecture is markedly polycentric. This is to say that it is constituted of diverse state, private and hybrid initiatives that are independent or networked at multiple scales and jurisdictions, and are governed by actors including and beyond the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC was established to institutionalize a global and comprehensive response to climate change. However, prevailing scenarios demonstrate that it is quickly heading toward failure in its mandate. Several explanations help to understand deficits in the UNFCCC and the predominance of polycentric initiatives. In particular, three common threads stand out in the expert literature, including the ascendency of neoliberal economic policies, globalization and the phenomenon that James Rosenau calls "fragmergration." In order to answer the second question, the author considers the characteristics, explanations and implications of the polycentric approach against Polanyi's theories of the "double movement" and "embeddedness." In addition, she proffers an agenda for future dialogue based on a heuristic model for effective and fair governance.Dans cette thèse, l'auteur adopte une perspective « polanyienne » afin de répondre aux questions suivantes: (a) Quelle est l'architecture de la gouvernance mondiale aux changements climatiques, et (b) Que peut-on faire pour améliorer sa performance? Une revue de la littérature montre que l'architecture mondiale est nettement « polycentrique. » Cela veut dire qu'elle est constituée des initiatives diverses qui sont publiques, privées et hybrides ; qui sont indépendantes ou interconnectées à plusieurs échelles et juridictions ; et qui sont régis par des acteurs associés avec, mais aussi externe à, la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC). La CCNUCC a été mis en place pour institutionnaliser une réponse mondiale et compréhensive aux changements climatiques. Toutefois, les scénarios scientifiques démontrent qu'elle est en train d'échouer son mandat. Plusieurs explications permettent de comprendre les déficits dans la CCNUCC et aussi la prédominance des initiatives polycentriques. En particulier, la littérature démontre trois thèmes communs, y compris l'économie néolibérale, la mondialisation et le phénomène que James Rosenau appelle "fragmergration." Pour répondre à la deuxième question, l'auteur considère les caractéristiques, les explications et les implications de l'approche polycentrique à travers les théories de Polanyi de « la contre-mouvement social » et «l'encastrement ». De plus, elle offre un agenda pour un dialogue futur basé sur un modèle heuristique pour la gouvernance mondiale qui est efficace et équitable.
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Rojas, Cortorreal Gilkauris María. "Cuantificación de la mejora de las condiciones ambientales producida por el arbolado urbano : caso de estudio Barcelona, España y Santo Domingo, República Dominicana." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404744.
Abstract:
Urban space is an element not only traffic, habitat and work, but also recreation relationship and especially in the Mediterranean and warmer climates. A man tool to interact with their environment. But due to the increase in temperatures caused, among other reasons, by climate change and the decline of vegetation in the city, public spaces have become less comfortable places.
This gradual decline of urban comfort has led to the start of several studies aimed at providing solutions to this situation that directly affects the quality of urban life people. In particular it has been found that vegetation is an excellent tool when it comes to sun protection.
However, in studies of urban green so far been made, the representative value of vegetation determines regardless of the tree structure or density, characteristics that inevitably condition the behavior of each species. Nor it has quantified the contribution of the tree with respect to thermal comfort, therefore this thesis is inserted into this line of research.
The main objective of this paper is to know of qualitative and quantitative effect of the foliage of a tree species in the thermal comfort in urban micro climate. The methodology is based on in situ measurements and model calculations, and has been applied to two climates (Mediterranean and humid warm).
This research aims to provide parameters to analyze and quantify the structural, morphological and luxuriance of tree species for urban use, to thereby identify their contributions to urban thermal comfort features.
The thesis is broken down into six chapters that explain the process followed this investigation. The research part of the analysis of the tree structure, explaining the contribution of each of its parts on comfort and improving the urban environment.
In the first part, the characteristics that define the urban space conceptually, thermal comfort and vegetation are evaluated. Thus, the variables that mainly influence the micro climate urban are determined.
The second part, the study methodology of the variables of the tree structure is exposed, allowing its characterization according to the luxuriance based on a calculation method and photographic enabling this classification into five categories. This methodology was applied for measurements in situ in Barcelona (Spain).
The third part presents the implementation of the methodology designed three case studies in Barcelona with three different degrees luxuriance. So that the comparison of the effects produced by the luxuriance of the radiant temperature and solar radiation and its impact on thermal comfort is allowed.
The fourth part, explains the application of the methodology in two different urban scenarios: a street and a square, to evaluate the effect of tree species on thermal comfort in relation to the urban morphology.
In the fifth, the methodology is extrapolated to another climate, in this case, the hot and humid in the city of Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic). To this in situ of several tree species measurements they were performed. the exportability of the methodology is found, to various climatic conditions, urban typology and tree species.
Finally, in the sixth, the conclusions of the research results and their interpretation are broken. It also stands as a final result a technical sheets of tree species, which are presented as a tool contribute to determining the suitability of species in urban design to improve thermal comfort and joy of urban space.El espacio urbano es un elemento no sólo de tránsito, hábitat y trabajo, sino también de relación y de recreación especialmente en los climas mediterráneos y cálidos. Una herramienta del hombre para interactuar con su entorno. Pero, debido al incremento en las temperaturas provocado, entre otras razones, por el cambio climático y el decrecimiento de la vegetación en la ciudad, los espacios públicos se han convertido en lugares menos confortables. Esta disminución gradual del confort urbano ha motivado el inicio de diversos estudios cuyo objetivo es proveer soluciones frente a esta situación que afecta directamente a la calidad de vida urbana las personas. De forma particular se ha comprobado que la vegetación es una excelente herramienta en lo que refiere a la protección solar. Sin embargo, en los estudios sobre verde urbano que hasta ahora se han realizado, el valor representativo de la vegetación de determina sin tener en cuenta la estructura del árbol ni su densidad, características que inevitablemente condicionan el comportamiento de cada especie. Tampoco se ha cuantificado las aportaciones del árbol respecto al confort térmico, por ello la presente tesis se inserta dentro de esta línea de investigación. El presente trabajo tiene objetivo principal conocer de forma cualitativa y cuantitativa el efecto de la frondosidad de una especie arbórea en el confort térmico en el micro clima urbano. La metodología se basa en mediciones in situ y modelo de cálculo, y ha sido aplicada a dos climas (Mediterráneo y Cálido húmedo). Esta investigación busca aportar parámetros para analizar y cuantificar las características estructurales, morfológicas y de frondosidad de las especies arbóreas de uso urbano, para de esta forma identificar sus aportes al confort térmico urbano. La tesis se desglosa en seis capítulos que permiten explicar el proceso que ha seguido la presente investigación. La investigación parte del análisis de la estructura del árbol, explicando la aportación de cada una de sus partes en el confort y la mejora del ambiente urbano. En la primera parte, se evalúan las características que definen conceptualmente el espacio urbano, el confort térmico y la vegetación. De esta forma, se determinan las variables que principalmente influyen en el micro clima urbano. La segunda parte, se expone la metodología de estudio de las variables de la estructura del árbol, permitiendo su caracterización en función de la frondosidad con base en un método de cálculo y fotográfico que permite la clasificación de esta en cinco categorías. Esta metodología se aplico para las mediciones in situ en Barcelona (España). La tercera parte, expone la implementación de la metodología diseñada a tres casos de estudio en Barcelona, con tres grados frondosidad distinta. De forma que se permite la comparación de los efectos producidos por la frondosidad sobre la temperatura radiante y en la radiación solar, así como su incidencia en el confort térmico. La cuarta parte, explica la aplicación de la metodología en dos escenarios urbanos distintos: una calle y una plaza, para evaluar el efecto de las especies arbóreas en el confort térmico en relación a la morfología urbana. En la quinta parte, se extrapola la metodología a otro clima, en este caso, el cálido húmedo en la ciudad de Santo Domingo (República Dominicana). Para ello se realizaron mediciones in situ de varias especies arbóreas. Se constata la exportabilidad de la metodología, a diversas condiciones climáticas, tipología urbana y especies arbóreas. Finalmente, en la sexta parte, se desglosan las conclusiones obtenidas en los resultados de la investigación y su interpretación. También se presenta como resultado final unas fichas técnicas de las especies arbóreas, que se presentan como herramienta coadyuvan a la hora de determinar la idoneidad de las especies en el diseño urbano para mejorar el confort térmico y gozo del espacio urbano.
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Doelle, Meinhard. "From hot air to action? climate change, compliance and the future of international environmental law /." Halifax, Nova Scotia : Dalhousie University, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1014321911&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=78006&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Yang, Heng. "The hydrologic effects of climate change and urbanization in the Las Vegas Wash Watershed, Nevada." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1384334002.
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Valderas, Ana-Sofia. "Climate change law and litigation in Sweden with scenarios from Europe : Possibilities for members of the public to challenge the state's responsibility for climate change through litigation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384955.
Abstract:
The Swedish government is legally obliged to conduct climate policy work that will protect nature and humanity from the harmful effects of climate change. Obligations related to the environment arise under Swedish domestic law, European law and international law. This thesis investigates the possibilities for the Swedish public to initiate climate change litigation against the Swedish government due to insufficient climate actions. I examine three climate change litigation approaches from selected jurisdictions, including Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom. By transposing the three litigation approaches into the Swedish legal order I seek to discuss the possibilities for the public to challenge the Swedish state's responsibility in climate matters. This thesis claims that the possibilities for the concerned public to address climate change are restricted. International obligations derived from the European Convention on Human Rights and the Aarhus Convention have given individuals substantive rights and procedural rights in matters related to the environment. However, the implementation of the international obligations are not always enshrined in the national law.
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Linden, Sandra van der. "Icy rivers heating up : modelling hydrological impacts of climate change in the (sub)arctic /." Amsterdam : Utrecht : Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap ; Faculteit Ruimtelijke Wetenschappen, Universiteit Utrecht, 2002. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=010495642&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Geldenhuys, Benjamin Basson. "The North –South divide in international environmental law after the Paris agreement." University of the Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8068.
Abstract:
Magister Legum - LLMGlobal climate change is a serious, severe, and potentially irreversible problem. If no actions are taken to curb greenhouse gas emissions, global temperatures and sea levels will rise, wreaking havoc on earth, particularly in developing countries. The Stockholm Declaration of 1972 facilitated the first international consensus concerning the application of CBDR to international environmental problems. This was in reaction to the developing countries refusal to adhere to the same standards as the developed countries as they perceived this as a burden to their economic growth, which is unjust due to the developed countries historical culpability.